015773   Agrawal S;Mohanty S R;Agarwal V (NO, , Electrical Engineering MNNIT Dep, Allahabad) : Bearing fault detection using hilbert and high frequency resolution techniques. IETE J Res 2015, 61(2), 99-108.

This paper presents new methods based on fusion of Hilbert transform and high frequency resolution techniques (estimation of signal parameter by rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT), root multiple signal classification (root MUSIC)) to extract bearing defect frequencies of induction motor bearing faults using vibration signal. Further sliding window concept is introduced to tackle abnormal conditions like load variation and supply frequency variation. It also proposes a decision based approach to classify the severity of bearing fault. A series of results shows that both sliding window Hilbert-ESPRIT and sliding window Hilbert-root MUSIC are capable of extracting bearing defect frequencies accurately but, sliding window Hilbert-ESPRIT takes less computational time than the sliding window Hilbert-root MUSIC.

10 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

014702   Zaghloul Y A (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Email: yaz@ieee.org) : Comments on: Optical computation based on nonlinear total reflectionl optical switch at the interface. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(6), 1257-9.

As we read the paper by Jianqi Zhang and Huan Xu, Pramana - J. Phys. 72, 547 (2009), two issues became clear, that warranted writing this comment. First, the switch, which is the main building block of the devices, and which is used to route the signal, does not work as explained in Section 4.1. Accordingly, the optical router does not work as explained, either. In addition, the half adder does not work as explained and a completely different Truth Table is obtained. The full adder is left to the reader as an exercise. Secondly, the previously published work, which is closely related to the work reported, was not referenced or discussed. In the following paragraphs we discuss each issue in some detail to give the authors the opportunity to better explain their work and clear such issues.

6 ref

014701   Wang C;Ding J;Zhao H (State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing-100 081, Email: wangcheng@bit.edu.cn) : Numerical simulation on jet formation of shaped charge with different liner materials. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 279-86.

In this paper, the effect of liner material of the shaped charge on jet formation and its penetration capability is investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Liner materials investigated in this paper are copper, steel, and aluminium, respectively. Pulse X-ray photographic technology to shoot the formation of jet is employed to obtain the tip velocity and the diameter of jet. A two-dimensional multi-material code is designed to simulate the entire process from jet formation to penetrating a target. A markers on cell lines method is utilised to treat the multi-material interface. The results show that aluminium jet has the highest velocity with the poorest penetration capability. Copper jet has the strongest penetration capability with a velocity higher than that of steel jet, but lower than that of aluminium jet. The simulated results agree with the experimental results very well. It also indicates that the code developed can not only address large distortion problems but also track the variation of multi-material interfaces. It is favourable to simulate the explosive loading on thin-wall structure such as shaped charge. It is proved that authors' method is feasible and reliable for optimising the structure of shaped charge jet to dramatically improve its tip velocity and penetration capability, and provides an important theoretic basis for designing high explosive anti-tank warhead.

8 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

014700   Wagh P B;Ingale S V;Kumar R;Naina R H;Kaushik T C;Gupta S C (Applied Physics Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: pbwagh@barc.gov.in) : Impact sensitivity of RDX and viton compositions prepared by co-precipitation method. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 287-91.

Desensitisation of explosive materials using polymers is an important area in safe utilisation of explosives in various applications. The RDX/viton composition has been developed using co-precipitation method with varying content of viton, ranging from 5 to 35 wt per cent. RDX and viton were dissolved in acetone which is a common solvent for RDX and viton, and then the acetone was extracted from the solution by distillation resulting in homogeneous RDX/viton composition. Infrared spectroscopy studies indicated presence of RDX and viton in the resulting compositions. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis studies made on yielded compositions confirmed that RDX is present in the composition in desired content. The shift in exotherm of RDX/viton composition as compared to RDX showed that polymer-bonded RDX compositions are more stable. The impact sensitivity studies showed that sensitivity of RDX/viton composition decreased with increasing content of viton. The similar trend was observed for friction sensitivity. The co-precipitation method has been found to be advantages to obtain homogeneous composition of RDX and viton (with viton content up to 25 wt per cent) as revealed by linear trend in sensitivity data measurements. It has been demonstrated that the sensitivity of RDX can be tailored within a wide range using viton so as to suit in desired applications.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014699   Vywahare M R;Mohitkar V M (Civil Engineering Dep, B N College of Engineering, Pusad445 204, Email: m.r.vyawahare@gmail.com) : The strength and durability investigation of powder type and VMA type self-consolidating concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(4), 360-9.

Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is an emerging class of concrete materials that offers great potential for improved ease of placement, increased rate of construction, and reduced cost through reduced time and labour. SCC can be manufactured by three ways viz. Powder type, VMA (viscosity modifying admixture) type and combined powder and VMA type. This paper aims to compare performance of powder type and VMA type SCC. To avoid the effect of pozzolanic materials like silica fume and fly ash an inert powder i.e. quarry dust (QD) has been used as filler for manufacturing powder type of SCC. All the mixes have been tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength. For the study of durability characteristics of all test mixes sorptivity test, chloride ingress test and resistance to acid attack have been investigated. The results of strength and durability investigations show that performance of VMA type of SCC was inferior to the powder type of SCC.

4 illus, 10 tables, 12 ref

014698   Vishal V;Pradhan S P;Singh T N (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Email: vik12fes@iitr.ac.in) : Investigation on stability of mine slopes using two dimensional numerical modelling. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2015, 21(1), 49-56.

The expansion of open cast mines and accessing deeper reserves of coal have tremendously contributed to meeting the growing energy demands of the country. Working slopes are being made steeper to extract the left over coal and is indeed a threat to men and machinery located in the active slope areas. Steep slopes were encountered in an open cast mine in Jharia coal field that produces good quality of bituminous coal. Two distinct slopes were identified based on lithological variations and joint sets and a detailed investigation was conducted to establish the stability of the slopes. Although, random occurrences of failures were seen on both - working as well as left over slopes, it was important to understand the behaviour of slopes from within. The pertinent geo-mechanical characteristics of the rock specimens were determined in the laboratory. These parameters were used as inputs during simulation. The results were corroborated with the field conditions and a detailed understanding of the mechanics of rock behaviour was established. Slope with highly fractured sandstone showed considerable failure scenario in the numerical model. It was interesting to note that slope with a visibly stable condition turned out to contain possible failure planes within the rock strata. This plane could prove to act as a plane of weakness and cause large scale failure along the slope. Numerical modelling proved extremely useful to visualize the state of slopes and identify the zones of maximum deformation not only on the surface but also at sub surface levels.

7 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

014697   Vinod Kumar (NO, , Director Hydro, Gammon Infrastructure Projects Ltd.) : Use of roadheader in underground construction. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 51-3.

TBM's are certainly the best choice for excavation of long tunnels provided geology is favourable or found as anticipated. Roadheaders are also useful equipment for short tunnels, the tunnels with variable dimensions, top down excavation of underground metro stations and at many other places where blasting is either not permitted or restricted. Nevertheless detailed investigations are required; the choice of Roadheader over the other available options of tunneling is also a delicate option. There are many limitations of Roadheaders, the major being - its high cost and risk factor involved in case of variation between the predicted and actual rock conditions. Two Roadheaders AM-75 were inducted for the excavation of Tunnel No.2 and Tunnel No.5 by Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. at Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link Project (USBRL) in 2005. The machine from tunnel no. T-2 at Katra face was stuck for a long time, being in Reasi Thrust, encountering ingress of water and later contractor abandoning the job. The second machine at tunnel no. T-5 performed reasonably well but unfortunately the project was suspended in 2008 for some alignment problem and the contractor demobilized. The execution of Udhampur Srinagar Baramullah Rail Link Project (USBRL) was entrusted to Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. (KRCL) and IRCON International who are the two Public Section Undertakings under the administrative control of Ministry of Railways. The Project was allotted in Aug 2002 with completion date of Aug'08. The benchmark while fixing this target was completion of 741 km Konkan Railway Project in Western Ghats between Roha and Mangalore, commissioned in 7 years involving about 93 tunnels of 83km length; the longest being 6.5 km Karbude tunnel, near Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. Almost 13 years have passed since inception and the project is still not completed. Some experience gained on this project from the use of Roadheaders is summarized in this article.

3 ref

014696   Verma G;Sahu O P (Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: gaurav@nitkkr.ac.in) : Interference aware optimisation of throughput in cognitive radio system. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 312-18.

In the cognitive radio (CR) system where spectrum sensing and data transmissions are performed simultaneously, the proper selection of frame duration (τ) is of utmost importance. Small τ leads to an increased false alarm probability while large value of it delays implementation of sensing decision of the current frame to the next. The former case decreases the achievable throughput of the CR user while latter one may disturb the licensed user communication. Under the constraints of maintaining a target detection probability of d_P, this paper attempts to design a frame duration t where achieved throughput of the CR system is maximised. To do so, an analysis of achievable throughput with τ was performed which reveals that, initially, with the increase in t, the achievable throughput increases sharply, but after its certain value, the increments are negligible and achievable throughput appears to maintain a constant value. The performed analysis shows that, it is not possible to perfectly optimize τ, however, a close optimisation can still be performed which can maximise the achievable throughput. From the realistic point of view, the CR system is further modelled under uncertain noise conditions. The achieved simulation results well justify the presented analysis.

11 illus, 13 ref

014695   Sundar K J A;Vaithiyanathan V;Namdeo N; Thangadurai G R S (School of Computing, SASTRA Univ, Thanjavur-613 401, Email: joseph@sastra.ac.in) : Design and analysis of fusion algorithm for multi-frame super-resolution image reconstruction using framelet. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 292-9.

A enhanced fusion algorithm for generating a super resolution image from a sequence of low-resolution images captured from identical scene apparently a video, based on framelet have been designed and analyzed. In this paper an improved analytical method of image registration is used which integrates nearest neighbor method and gradient method. Comparing to Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) the Framelet Transform (FrT) have tight frame filter bank that offers symmetry and permits shift in invariance. Therefore using framelet this paper also present a framelet based enhanced fusion for choosing the fused framelet co-efficient that provides detailed edges and good spatial information with adequate de-noising. The proposed algorithm also has high advantage and computationally fast which are most needed for satellite imaging, medical imaging diagnosis, military surveillance, remote sensing etc.

8 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

014694   Srinivasan K;Balamurugan V;Jayanti S (NO, Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment, Chennai-600 054, Email: srinivasan.k2@cvrde.drdo.in) : Shape optimisation of curved interconnecting ducts. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 300-6.

Practical ducting layout in process plants needs to satisfy a number of on-site constraints. The search for an optimal flow path around the obstructions is a multi-parameter problem and is computationally prohibitively expensive. In this study, authors proposed a rapid and efficient methodology for the optimal linkage of arbitrarily oriented fluid flow ducts using a single-parameter quadratic/cubic Bezier curves in two/three dimensions to describe the centreline of the curved duct. A smooth interconnecting duct can then be generated by extruding the duct face along the curve. By varying the parameter either along the angular bisector or along the axes of the ducts, a family of Bezier curves is generated. Computational fluid dynamics simulations show that the relationship between pressure drop and the adjustable parameter is a unimodal curve and the optimal connecting duct is the one which has the least pressure drop while satisfying on-site constraints can be used for linking the ducts. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by applying it to some cases of practical interest.

10 illus, 18 ref

014693   Srihari P;Mallesh M A;Prasad G S K;Charyulu B V N;Reddy D N (NO, Defence Research & Development Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: psrihari@hotmail.com) : Numerical study of pulse detonation engine with one-step overall reaction model. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 265-71.

This paper presents an insight for the study of transient, compressible, intermittent pulsed detonation engine with one-step overall reaction model to reduce the computational complexity in detonation simulations. Investigations are done on flow field conditions developing inside the tube with the usage of irreversible one-step chemical reactions for detonations. In the present simulations 1-D and 2-D axisymmetric tubes are considered for the investigation. The flow conditions inside the detonation tube are estimated as a function of time and distance. Studies are also performed with different grid sizes which influence the prediction of Von-Neumann spike, CJ Pressure and detonation velocity. The simulation result from the single-cycle reaction model agrees well with the previous published literature of multi-step reaction models. The present studies shows that one-step overall reaction model is sufficient to predict the flow properties with reasonable accuracy. Finally, the results from the present study were compared and validated using NASA CEA.

12 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

014692   Singh O P (NO, , NJHPS, Jhakri) : Residual life assessment (RLA)/ life expectancy (LE) studies & life extension plan of francis runners (250 MW) of the Nathpa Jhakri hydro power station. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 29-36.

14 illus

014691   Singh B L;Saxena A;Gupta A K (NO, , BHEL, Bhopal) : Case studies of Tehri, Mahi and Ranjit sagar hydro generators. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 19-22.

5 illus, 1 table

014690   Singh A (NO, , ASE/ Trans Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB)) : Effective earthing - requirement of system. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(6), 20.

1 illus

014689   Shirule P A;Husain M (Civil Engineering Dep, S S B T College of Engineering and Technology, Jalgaon425 001, Email: pashirule@gmail.com) : Reuse of scrap tyre partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete and its impact on properties of concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(4), 353-9.

This paper will suggests a safe and environmentally consistent method of disposal of tyre waste material. The fine rubber particles obtained during remolding process of tyre at State Transport workshop, Jalgaon are used for replacement of fine aggregate (sand) in certain percentage in concrete. The blends are prepared by replacing 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15% and 18% of fine aggregate (sand) by fine rubber particle by weight. The mechanical property of wet concrete like compaction factor is test for workability. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete like density, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are test for strength of concrete.

6 illus, 10 ref

014688   Sharma R (NO, , Consultant-Hydro Power (E&M), JacobsCES-Gurgaon) : Diagnostic studies to initiate RM&U of hydro set. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 23-8.

014687   Shamim M (NO, Delhi Metro, Delhi) : Modern high performance spray applied waterproofing system-best practice - a case study of Delhi metro phase -3. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 49-50.

Waterproofing is one of the most essential part of any construction as it is not only important to protect the structure by penetration of water, but also to protect it from the attack of various external substances (environmental or chemical) for which water is a main carrier. There are number of solutions available in the market, but the important part is selection of the right solution on the basis of its chemistry and various other important parameters which collectively define its performance and durability such as ease of application, mechanical properties and its robustness. Delhi Metro has consistently shown improvement in the selection of waterproofing system in their specifications from phase-1 to phase-3, from APP membrane to PVC and now Spray applied waterproofing system which is more robustand capable of meeting all challenges which are the main cause of the struggle in previous phases.

2 illus

014686   Sarma R (NO, North Eastern Electric Power Corporation, Guwahati, Assam) : Commercial viability of new hydro projects in Arunachal Pradesh, India : a discussion. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(7), 53-6.

Hydro project development in Arunachal Pradesh with huge promises has lost its initial momentum with a very low visibility of execution of projects on ground. The project development has suffered due to various technical, commercial and administrative reasons. Commercial viability of some of the projects could not be established on account of various environmental obligatory issues like release of increased quantum of environmental flow, provision of free unhindered river stretch of specific minimum length between two cascading reservoirs, etc. Provision of flood storage component in selected project at the cost of electricity generation has influenced commercial viability of the concerned projects. High cost of land and latest provisions of Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) have also pushed up the tariff of projects. Development of hydro projects in Arunachal Pradesh is imperative duly considering India's commitment for reduction of carbon emission in coming decades. Therefore, some modifications in policy are necessary to bring back the hydro sector in the state to the right path. In this paper, some discussions have been made vis-a-vis policy changes for rectification of the situation.

3 tables

014685   Raza S;Khan M K I (Civil Engineering Dep, National Univ of Sciences and Technology44000, Islamabad, Pakistan, Email: saimraza92@yahoo.com) : Seismic vulnerability assessment of bare and masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame structures. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(4), 392-402.

Construction of masonry infilled RC frames is common practice in many countries. Infills contribute to the performance of structures which is generally neglected in analysis and design by considering it as non-structural element. The purpose of this study is to evaluate band compare the seismic vulnerability of bare and masonry infilled RC frames. Different types of infill materials have been considered in this study. These infill materials include brick masonry, solid concrete block masonry and hollow concrete block masonry. Experimental testing has been performed to determine the compressive strength of the masonry infill. Three, five, seven and nine story, RC frames designed under gravity loads have been considered in this study. Seismic Vulnerability assessment is conducted to evaluate the seismic hazards corresponding to various levels of damage in the building. Perform-3D has been used as an analytical tool for this purpose. Cyclic pushover analysis followed by the capacity spectrum method and seismic vulnerability assessment framework proposed by (Kyriakides, 2007) have been used to derive the vulnerability curves for bare and masonry infilled RC frames. The vulnerability curves show an improvement in overall performance of RC frames with the inclusion of infill panel.

11 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

014684   Ratish Kumar (NO, , NHPC Limited) : Renovation, modernization, refurbishment, life extension and capacity addition in Indian context. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 14-18.

In a span of more than 100 years since the first hydro project was commissioned in India, phenomenon progress has been made on exploitation of water power potential. As a part of national policy on hydro development, renovation, modernization and operation of old hydro power plants is being accorded priority. This being a faster and cheaper way of capacity addition than installing new capacity. As per global experience, 10-15% capacity addition can be achieved by simply encroaching upon overload margins, safety factors. Capacity addition up to 30% is achievable by changing the F-class insulation of the stator and by changing the Hydraulic profile of the runner and capacity addition up to 50% is achievable by changing the complete unit and retaining only embedded parts and some major foundation components of the generator. In India, 150 such hydro schemes with an aggregate capacity of 27000.3 MW having expected benefit of 7282.76 MW already been identified for renovation, modernization and capacity addition. Out of these 95 hydro schemes with an aggregate capacity of 17247.9 MW have been completed providing a benefit of 3317.4 MW, 11 hydro schemes with an aggregate capacity of 1665.9 MW having expected benefit of 965.3 MW is under implementation, 17 hydro schemes with an aggregate capacity of 2981.75 MW having expected benefit of 1319.95 MW is under tendering, 13 hydro schemes with an aggregate capacity of 2225.75 MW having expected benefit of 1206 MW is under DPR preparation/finalization & approval and 10 hydro schemes with an aggregate capacity of 905 MW having expected benefit of 60 MW is under RLA studies. The paper attempts to discuss about the need of renovation, modernization and capacity addition of hydropower units in Indian context. The paper sets an over all attention to highlight major concept in regard to phenomenon leading to renovation, refurbishment and quick capacity addition cost effectively.

10 ref

014683   Rao A S;Rao G A (NO, RSR Engineering College, Kadanuthala, Kavali-524 142) : Effect of silica fume and granite powder of fracture of steel fiber reinforced concrete under mode II loading. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(4), 308-23.

The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation which assesses the effect of silica fume and also granite powder on fracture of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Mode II loading. Tests have been conducted on new notched beam specimens under pure shear (proposed in earlier paper of the authors), The test specimens made from concretes in which partial cement replacement (10%) by 1. silica fume and 2. granite powder were used. The shear strength, shear fracture energy, critical stress intensity factor and toughness indices were calculated and compared. With the silica fume, increase in the values of mechanical and fracture properties was observed whereas, with granite powder decrease in all the values was found.

10 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

014682   Rana S (NO, , PARSAN Overseas (P) Limited) : Subsurface investigations for tunnels, caverns & underground projects. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 40-3.

Modern major construction is inconceivable without high-level engineering explorations, which play a major role in increasing the economic efficiency of capital investments. For the design of structures it is indispensable to procure comprehensive high-quality information about the subsurface, within very short periods. The study of diverse natural conditions predetermines a variety of methods and technical means which can be used for carrying out exploratory work. Most of the time, while working on tunnels, caverns and other underground projects, decision makers are working with limited and imperfect information. Engineering geophysics is an efficient means of subsurface investigation to fill in the information gaps and provide a complimentary source of information to enhance our understanding of subsurface conditions. The merit of application of this low cost aid lies in its ease of deployment and rapidity in providing a reliable knowledge of the underground over a large area, substantiating the requisite geotechnical evaluation studies thereby. Technological advancements and development of portable digital data acquisition instrument systems have increased the versatility in evaluating underground conditions and site characterization. The state-of-the-art subsurface geophysical investigations are helpful towards minimizing & optimizing involvement of the conventional direct exploration methods, aiding in accelerated and economical development of the underground construction projects. The investigations also play a key role in quality checks of construction and non-destructive health checks during entire life cycle of tunnels, caverns and other underground projects. The present paper aims at presenting various possible applications for geophysical techniques for investigations in planning, pre-construction, construction and maintenance stages of underground projects.

7 illus, 3 ref

014681   Ramesh M V L;Srinivasa Rao P;Venkateswara Rao V (NO, Advanced System Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: r_mvl@yahoo.co.in) : Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam welds of 15CDV6 steel. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 339-342.

Present study is concerned with laser beam welding of 15CDV6 steel, that is in the hardened (quenched and tempered) condition before welding. Autogenously butt-welded joints are made using carbon dioxide laser with a maximum output of 3.5 kw in the continuous wave mode. Weld microstructure, microhardness measurement across the weldment, transverse tensile properties, and room temperature impact properties of the weldment have been evaluated. The fusion zone exhibits a epitaxial grain growth. The microstrutural features of heat-affected zone and fusion zone vary, due to different thermal cycles for which these were subjected during welding. The average weld metal hardness was 480 Hv. The observed hardness distribution across the welds were correlated with the microstructures. The welds exhibited lower toughness of 50 joules as compared to parent metal of 55 joules and the tensile strength values of the welded specimens are close to that obtained for sheet specimens.

4 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

014680   Rajesh Kumar;Bansal K;Saini D K;Paul I P S (NO, , Delhi Transco Ltd.) : Two layer soil modelling & optimal designing of grounding system of high voltage gas insulated substation (GIS) & air insulted substation (AIS) using matlab GUI. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(6), 21-6.

This paper presents an accurate method cum procedure for soil modeling & designing the grounding system of gas-insulated substation (GIS) and air insulted substation (AIS). A grounding system design of the gas- insulated substation (GIS) is a complicated task to provide an adequate grounding system and meet specific criteria with regards to personnel safety and integrity of equipment during a fault condition. Similarly design of air insulated system (AIS) also need special attention. MATLAB GUI has been used to find the two soil model and accurate designing of grounding system of high voltage GIS/AIS.

9 illus, 12 ref

014679   Pattanaik P K;Pradhan P K;Singh S C;Pattanaik K C (NO, , Odisha Power Transmission Corporation Ltd., Odisha) : Case studies on different concepts on earthing system in sub-station. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(6), 15-19.

5 illus

014678   Patil A V;Bahuguna N;Umashankar J (NO, , HCC Ltd.) : Safety monitoring during construction of tunnels and underground works in urban environments. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 54-9.

Tunnels in India play a vital role in water supply, power generation and transportation. At one time, tunnel accidents claimed one life for every half mile of tunnel constructed. Tunneling and underground works involves both general construction risks and risks which are specific to the work environment. Tunnel construction in urban environments represents significant challenges due to subsidence phenomena and possible affections to surrounding structures. Therefore, careful consideration of safety and structural integrity during design & construction is necessary. This paper discusses major safety aspects during design & construction of tunnels and underground works in urban conditions, and also described the features of sophisticated instrumentation available & adopted today for geotechnical monitoring.

3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014677   Parvathi I S;Praveen T V (Civil Engineering Dep, College of Engineering Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: isparvathi@gmail.com) : Influence of support pressure on stress variation in cracked concrete lined pressure tunnels. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2015, 21(1), 7-20.

In the design of hydro-electric projects, the trend is towards the using of turbines of ever increasing capacity necessitating larger pressure conduits and penstocks. These pressure conduits and penstocks work in inhomogeneous rock mass condition and under high internal hydrostatic pressure. In tunnel lining design, it is necessary to know the share of the rock load and internal pressure, on the lining which depends on the quality of the rock mass. The rock mass may be selfsupporting or may require rock bolting or steel ribs to support the rock while driving the tunnel. When the tunnel is under internal pressure due to water, the resulting stresses get superposed on the stresses for tunnel in empty condition. With large internal water pressure, the construction joints which are generally provided are likely to open up and the number of cracks in the lining may also increase. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the influence of support pressure and number of cracks on stress distribution in concrete lining using finite element method. To study the influence of support pressure on stress distribution in the concrete lining, two categories of rocks, viz., hard and intact rock (Category-I) and completely crushed but chemically intact rock (Category-VI) in non-squeezing rock condition are considered. For the study, a predetermined distribution of cracks is assumed in the tunnel lining and the resulting stress distributions in the concrete and rock mass for tunnel under water-pressure and empty condition have been obtained. Cracks are modelled with nodal discontinuity and concrete-rock interface are modelled with two noded interface elements. The results are presented for hoop stress, shear stress and maximum radial displacement.

15 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

014676   Murugan T;De S;Thiagarajan V (NO, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-713 209) : Validation of three-dimensional simulation of flow through hypersonic air-breathing engine. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 272-8.

The flow path of a conceptual hypersonic air-breathing scramjet engine integrated with the vehicle (without combustion) has been simulated numerically using ANSYS CFX software with the SST turbulence model. The computations were performed for the free stream Mach number of 6 and angle-of-attack of 5°. A strong separation bubble was observed on the bodyside wall in the internal compression region where the reflected cowl shock impinges on body which in turn increases the static pressure substantially. The external-internal flow field of the hypersonic mixed compression intake, shock-boundary layer interactions, and the shock-shock interactions present in the internal compression region have qualitatively been obtained and analysed. The variation of centreline pressure along the bodyside wall close to the symmetry plane obtained from numerical simulation centreline has been compared with the experimentally measured data. It has been observed that the computed wall pressure matches fairly well with the measured values in the external ramp compression region, internal compression region and in the combustion chamber. The flow patterns and the pressure variations near the middle wall and the fuel injecting strut locations have also been analysed.

13 illus, 25 ref

014675   More S;Krishna Naik K (Communication Laboratory, Electronics Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune-411 025, Email: sangrammore300@gmail.com) : Modelling and simulation of IDMA-OFDM for underwater acoustic communication. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 307-11.

The Ocean exhibits phenomenon of changing acoustic signal transmission due to its non-stationary nature. Water columns in between transmitter and receiver are not fixed at any point of time. Thus, designing of a wireless communication systems for underwater applications becomes significantly challenging. The speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s which introduces large delay spread in acoustic signal due to multipath phenomenon. The large time delay causes Inter-symbol Interference; this ISI degrades the performance of many receivers. However orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is multi-tone modulation reduces long time delay spreads of acoustic channels. The interleave division multiple access distinguishes each user with the unique random interleaver code. The IDMA-OFDM is superior design for reducing error bursts in multi-access underwater applications. A Simulink based simulation modell of IDMA-OFDM system has been discussed in this paper. Satisfactory performance of the implementation was observed through analysis of BER with respect to SNR. The results have been concluded by comparing simulated data in BER tool of Simulink.

10 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

014674   Magarpatil H R;Jangid R S (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: rsjangid@civil.iitb.ac.in ) : Development and analusis of passive hybrid energy dissipation system for steel moment resisting frame. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(4), 339-52.

A passive hybrid energy dissipation system (PHEDS) consists of rate dependent devices in series with rate independent devices, is installed in Steel moment resisting frame (SMRF) to improve energy dissipation capacity while any seismic event. Analytical development of model in SAP 2000 and performance based design of energy dissipating devices (EDD), were the basic objectives of the study. High damping rubber damper (HDRD) is a rate dependent device whereas elastic springs and buckling restrained braces (BRB) are rate independent devices. The analytical models confirmed the expected phased behavior and energy dissipation capabilities. An incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was carried out to compare the effect of energy dissipating devices on overall seismic response of SMRF, a dual BRB-SMRF system, and a dual PHEDS-SMRF system. The results demonstrate that the PHEDS has potential as an energy dissipation system and improve the performance of the structure during a seismic event.

14 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

014673   Kumbhani B;Kshetrimayum R S (Electronics and Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati) : Analysis of TAS/MRC based MIMO systems over η-μ fading channels. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(4), 252-9.

In this paper, we derive expressions for exact, approximate, and asymptotic symbol error rate (SER) of transmit antenna selection with maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems for several modulation schemes. We have assumed independent and identically distributed η - μ fading channels. We use a moment generating function (MGF) based approach to derive the expressions of SER. The expression for approximate SER is derived by approximating Q Function as a sum of exponentials. The expressions of SER are in the form of sum of converging infinite series for all values of fading parameters. The analytical expressions derived in this paper are also applicable to the SER performance analysis of TAS with selection combining at receiver (TAS/SC) systems. The analytical results are validated by comparing them with the results of extensive Monte Carlo simulations for different values of fading parameters. Finally, the SER performance of TAS/MRC systems and TAS/SC systems has been compared and superiority of TAS/MRC systems over TAS/SC systems has been demonstrated.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

014672   Kaul A (NO, , BASF India Limited (Construction Chemicals Div)) : Composite shell lining for tunnels and mined stations. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 44-8.

During the last two decades, significant progress was made in sprayed concrete technology, with advanced admixtures, as well as in the application of sprayed concrete, with sophisticated spraying robots and in water proofing, with spray applied membranes. Also numerical design techniques have improved. All these factors have enabled designers to use sprayed concrete linings increasingly for long-term service life. In many cases the traditional double-shell lining system was replaced by the composite shell lining system, which consists of two concrete linings with a sprayed waterproofing membrane between linings. This paper introduces thisinnovative tunnel lining system and related design aspects. It also describes the main advantages of this lining system in comparison to the traditional double shell lining system.

12 illus, 2 ref

014671   Ephraim M E;Rowland-Lato E O (Civil Engineering Dep, Rivers State Univ of Science and Technology, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, Email: rowlandlato@yahoo.com) : Experimental modeling of stability of single bay single storey frames. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(4), 324.

Rigid frames subjected to critical loads are assumed to fail when the columns fail. The attached beams act as partial elastic restraints to the columns while the base supports are assumed to be pinned or fixed. This study presents the results of extensive laboratory investigation of the critical load of steel frames models of various stiffness values (K = 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5) with fixed and pinned supports respectively. The critical load values and lateral deflection obtained from experiments are plotted against the beam column stiffness ratios k_b/k_c. Based on the test results, a linear relationship between the critical load and the selected stiffness ratios of the frame models was established within the elastic range. The results were used to validate the works of some recently proposed approximate formulae and empirical model for stability of frame. These results deviate from the selected approximate method approach by approximately ± 10%.

7 illus, 7 tables, 25 ref

014670   Dhawan K R (NO, Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune, Email: dhawankr2008@yahoo.com) : Shear strength evaluation for dam foundations on rock. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2015, 21(1), 21-38.

The rock formations at the foundations of dam sites mostly consist of hard rocks like quartzites interbedded with soft rocks like shales. Strength of rock mass is highly influenced by the discontinuities like joints present in it because of the fact that foundation may fail due to shear displacement of the jointed blocks. Therefore, a detailed investigation of shear strength parameters of rock mass is necessary to assess the requirement of strengthening measures. Any horizontal load on the dam body is to be resisted by the shear strength of the foundation rock mass. Thus for a realistic assessment of the stability of the structure against shear and sliding, estimation of the shear resistance of rock joints and concrete-rock contact surface is essential. Present study deals with the assessment of shear strength of foundation to resist the loading on dam. Data of in situ investigation from sixteen dam sites have been included for the study. On the basis of values, shear strength parameters have been obtained in the field and remedial measures have also been suggested for long-term stability of the dams.

2 tables, 26 illus, 35 ref

014669   Dev H;Singh R (NO, Central Soil and Material Research Station, New Delhi, Email: haridev65@gmail.com) : Analysis of in situ test data for deformation modulus of weak pyroclastic rock mass. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2015, 21(1), 39-48.

This paper discusses the deformability characteristics of pyroclastic rock mass by plate loading in the drifts and Goodman jack tests inside the drill-holes. These tests were carried out at Shwezaye project in Myanmar. Thirteen plate load tests were performed inside the exploratory drifts and 24 Goodman jack tests were carried out in NX size drill-holes upto a depth of 42.5 m from the ground surface. These drifts were excavated using the mechanical breakers, thus eliminating the effects of blasting on the rock mass properties. Results of rock mass deformability obtained by plate load and Goodman jack tests have been compared and reported in the present study.

9 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

014668   Deng Z;Zeng G;Wang W (Computer Science and Technology Dep, Tongji Univ, Shanghai 201804, China) : Energy consumption analysis satisfying time-energy-probability constraints for modern DVFS microprocessor. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(4), 260-72.

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a popular technique to save energy for modern microprocessor. DVFS-based energy-aware scheduling technique is a critical energy saving technology for multi-task execution on modern DVFS processor. Many DVFS-based energy-aware scheduling technologies are unsatisfying for the trade-off between optimizing scheduling length and saving energy, and most of these technologies do not consider task execution time with probability distribution in real world. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware probabilistic scheduling approach to balancing between optimizing scheduling length and saving energy in a time-energy-probability constrained multi-task uniprocessor system, and we consider that each task execution time follows a probability distribution. We first construct system models, including DVFS operating environment, task model with each task execution time following a probability distribution, and energy model. In order to balance between task scheduling length and energy consumption, we propose time-energy-probability constraints scheduling (TEPcs) problem for the DVFS processor system. To solve TEPcs problem, we use a probabilistic weighted timed automaton to model the running behaviours of the processor system. Then, we devise a polynomial time heuristic algorithm through the probabilistic weighted timed automaton to find the optimal energy path as the solution of TEPcs problem. A case study and repeated experimental analysis demonstrate that our method is feasible and effective.

5 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

014667   Demir K A;Cicibas H;Africa N (NO, Turkish Naval Research Centre Command, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey, Email: kadiralpaslandemir@gmail.com) : Unmanned aerial vehicle domain: areas of research. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 319-29.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) domain has seen rapid developments in recent years. As the number of UAVs increases and as the missions involving UAVs vary, new research issues surface. An overview of the existing research areas in the UAV domain has been presented including the nature of the work categorised under different groups. These research areas are divided into two main streams: Technological and operational research areas. The research areas in technology are divided into onboard and ground technologies. The research areas in operations are divided into organization level, brigade level, user level, standards and certifications, regulations and legal, moral, and ethical issues. This overview is intended to serve as a starting point for fellow researchers new to the domain, to help researchers in positioning their research, identifying related research areas, and focusing on the right issues.

3 illus, 5 tables, 80 ref

014666   Dela Vega J L V S;Tlelo-Cuautle E (Electronics Dep, Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica (INAOE) Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico) : Simulation of piecewise-linear one-dimensional chaotic maps by verilog-A. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(4), 304-10.

Piecewise-linear one-dimensional (PL1D) chaotic maps have simple mathematical descriptions, while their behaviour is rich and complex. This nature is ideal for the development of integrated circuit (IC) designs and applications. Moreover, one needs to determine the conditions from which PL1D maps can become chaotic. With this in mind, this article introduces the high-level behavioural simulation of PL1D chaotic maps by Verilog-A descriptions, from which one can find the values guaranteeing the conditions to maintain chaotic behaviour, and then one can synthesize the block descriptions to the transistor level of abstraction, e.g. linking simulation program with integrated circuits emphasis (SPICE) simulations. In this manner, we highlight that this can be the first step in a top-down IC design flow for the successful implementation of integrated PL1D chaotic maps.

14 illus, 17 ref

014665   Chandra Murty M S R;Chakraborty D (Directorate of Computational Dynamics, Defence Research and Development Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: debasis_cfd@drdl.drdo.in ) : Numerical characterisation of jet-vane based thrust vector control systems. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 261-4.

Computational fluid dynamics methodology was used in characterising jet vane based thrust vector control systems of tactical missiles. Three-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved along with two-equation turbulence model for different operating conditions. Nonlinear regression analysis was applied to the detailed CFD database to evolve a mathematical model for the thrust vector control system. The developed model was validated with series of ground based 6-Component static tests. The proven methodology is applied toa new configuration.

7 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

014664   Cao F;An B;Qin C (College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime Univ, Shanghai 200135, China) : Multi-planar image stitching method based on structural feature matching. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(4), 284-93.

In the paper, an optimal-seam-based multi-planar image stitching method using the feature matching of geometric structure is proposed. Based on the analysis of the brightness inconsistency caused by the exposure-duration difference and lens vignetting, the value of curvature is utilized as the matching structural feature in the calculation for the accumulated error on the stitching seam. Also, after the process of multi-plane detection, the searched optimal stitching seam is restricted to only pass through its corresponding planar structure constructed by the triangulation and homographic matrix, which can avoid the structural errors on the stitching seam and achieve satisfactory stitched results. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

18 illus, 17 ref

014663   Bansal S;Saini J S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Thapar Univ, Patiala-147 004, Email: jsaini@thapar.edu) : Mechanical and wear properties of SiC/graphite reinforced A1359 alloy-based metal matrix composite. Def Sci J 2015, 65(4), 330-8.

Al359 alloy was reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Silicon Carbide/Graphite particles using stir casting process. Thereafter their mechanical and wear properties were investigated. It was found that the hardness of the Al359-Silicon Carbide composite is better than Al359-Silicon Carbide-Graphite composite. The Silicon Carbide/Graphite reinforced composite exhibits a superior ultimate tensile strength against Silicon Carbide reinforced composite. The wear test was conducted at different loading, sliding velocities and sliding distances conditions. Results showed that the wear resistance of Al359 alloy increased with the reinforcement of Silicon Carbide/Graphite material for higher loading, sliding velocities and sliding distance conditions. SEM images of the worn surface of the pin were examined to study their wear mechanism.

11 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

014662   Bansal A K;Dixit A (Integrated Electronic Circuits Group, Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Advances in logic device scaling. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(4), 311-17.

Major industry trends that have the potential to take logic device scaling to the next level are reviewed in this article. Contemporary device designs competing for mainstream in future complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nodes have been discussed. Recent advances in process modules such as gate, channel, and source/drain are discussed. Impact of these advanced process modules on device performance and short channel control has been briefly reviewed. Furthermore, status of variability in terms of known as well as new sources is reviewed. We find the introduction of extreme ultraviolet lithography and 450-mm wafer size as two upcoming challenges and gate-all-around architecture with Si and III-V nanowires as the most natural extension of existing technology for next CMOS node at 7 nm.

5 illus, 34 ref

014661   Arulkumaran S;Sukumar S (Civil Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Salem, Tamil Nadu, Email: geo_arul@yahoo.com) : Planning of infrastructures using remote sensing data and GIS for sustainable environment. Pollut Res 2015, 34(3), 591-6.

Healthier city require sustainable environment by planning the infrastructures not for the cost effectiveness and safety but also to maintain the nature. An undesirable situation in developing countries is the haphazard growth of city in unplanned manner. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the usage of information system and technology to provide subsurface data and establish a guide for the future expansion of the study area in a planned manner. This study highlighs the importance of Remote sensing data in decision making process to plan the future developments. Their subsequent application helps the planners and design engineers in decision making process to protect the sustainability of nature. The results expressed in the form of maps are very much useful to the planner for the optimize utilization of land and environment.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

014660   Ajit Kumar;Vagrecha K;Dash A P (NO, , PTC, Delhi) : Present and future power generation technologies : options in Indian context. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(6), 27-34.

Both IEA forecast and WEC's world energy scenarios of 2050 show that fossil fuels will still play a crucial role for both power generation and transport. Coal is going to play an important role in the long run especially for power generation in China and India. India is entering an era of unprecedented change in the way we produce and use energy. The conventional thinking about how energy is extracted, converted, and consumed is being challenged by growing concerns about the environmental impacts of power generation on land, water, air quality, and climate. In the Symphony scenario, the WEC anticipates a large increase of non-CO2 technologies globally, including hydro, other renewables such as solar PV and wind, nuclear and carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, as coal is anticipated to be the backbone for power generation, high efficient thermal power technologies such as Ultra Super Critical technologies (USC) with 700 degree temperature have to be deployed to minimize the effect on environment. Further, thrust has to be given to Solar PV and CSP technologies to tap the renewables to a greater extent.

9 ref

014659   Agrawal M (NO, , BHEL (Corporate R&D), Hyderabad) : Case study on development of vibration monitoring and analysis system for hydro machines (HyVAM). Wat Energy int 2015, 58(8), 37-9.

014658    (NO, , ) : Role of HVDC transmission in India. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(7), 6-21.

11 illus, 3 tables

013799   Zocco A;Paolis L T D (NO, Product Innovations and Advanced EW Solutions, Elettronica S.p.a., Rome, Italy) : Augmented command and control table to support network-centric operations. Def Sci J 2015, 65(1), 39-45.

Success in network-centric warfare requires information superiority to obtain dominant battlespace awareness. The time required to take a decision has been reduced by orders of magnitude, while the volume of accessible data has been increased exponentially. When this volume is displayed to an operator, the risk of reaching a state of information overload is real and great care shall be taken to make sure that what is provided is actually information and not noise. In this paper we propose a novel interaction environment that leverages the augmented reality technology to provide a digitally enhanced view of a real command and control table. The operator equipped with an optical see-through head-mounted display controls the virtual context, a synthetic view of the common operational picture, remaining connected to the real world. Technical details of the system are described together with the evaluation method. The results showed effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of understanding perception, depth impression, and level of immersion. A relevant reduction of the reaction time and of the number of errors made during the execution of complex tasks, have been obtained.

9 illus, 16 ref

013798   Zargar G;Gholami A;Asoodeh M;Bagheripour P; Vaezzade-Asadi M (Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum Univ of Technology, Abadan, Iran, Email: p.bagheripour@gmail.com ) : PSO-fuzzy eliminates deficiency of neuro-fuzzy in assessment of asphaltene stability. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(3-4), 135-40.

Precipitation and deposition of asphaltene during petroleum production is a challenging problem confronted by the oil industry compromising the profitability of production fields through loss efficiency of recovery process as well as create remedial cost. Hence, developing a robust model for assessment of asphaltene stability in crude oil is necessary. ΔRI (ΔRI = RI - PRI) is a novel criterion for stability determination of asphaltene in crudes. An integrated intelligent method, called neuro-fuzzy (NF) has been used in this study for estimation of ΔRI from SARA fraction data. NF develops a fuzzy inference system which is subsequently optimized by virtue of learning capability of neural network (NN). Since NN structure, embedded in NF systems is highly at risk of sticking in local minima, another improved fuzzy model is constructed and is subsequently optimized by virtue of particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. Correlation coefficients for neuro-fuzzy and PSO-fuzzy model are found to be 0.857 and 0.9102, respectively. Comparison between constructed models show optimization of fuzzy model by virtue of PSO technique significantly improves accuracy of final prediction. Implementation of the proposed method indicate that PSO-fuzzy model is capable of accurately predicting asphaltene stability.

5 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

013797   Xu J;Li H;Zhou S (School of Computer and Control Engineering, Univ of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing-101 408, China) : Overview of deep generative models. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(2), 131-9.

As an important category of deep models, deep generative model has attracted more and more attention with the proposal of Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) and the fast greedy training algorithm based on restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs). In the past few years, many different deep generative models are proposed and used in the area of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, three important deep generative models including DBNs, deep autoencoder, and deep Boltzmann machine are reviewed. In addition, some successful applications of deep generative models in image processing, speech recognition and information retrieval are also introduced and analysed.

5 illus, 75 ref

013796   Wang Y;Guo H (School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China Univ of Science and Technology, Shanghai-200 237, P.R. China) : Shape recognition of tyre marking points based on support vector machine. IETE Tech Rev 2015, 32(2), 123-30.

With the rapid development of automobile industry, the demand of tyre is increasing greatly. But tyre classification implementation is still not efficient and effective for tyre industry. This paper proposes a method of tyre classification using tyre marking points indicating shapes based on support vector machine (SVM). First, the tyre marking points printed on the profiles of tyre are acquired by a designed image acquisition device. Second, those tyre marking points images are handled by image preprocessing methods of image denoising, segmentation, and edge detection. After image preprocessing, the contour coordinates of tyre marking points are extracted. The Fourier transform method is further applied to the extracted contour coordinates to acquire the Fourier descriptors of tyre marking points as feature vectors. Followed, those extracted Fourier descriptors are inputted as SVM classifiers. Finally, the proposed classification techniques based on SVM is employed to classify tyre as corresponding types according to shape recognition of tyre marking points. The experimental results show that the proposed tyre classification method can meet the requirement of tyre industry by a mean shape recognition accuracy of 97.25%.

10 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref