044193   KRISHNA S G , REDDY K A , KUMAR M S , RAMU G , RAJESWARI B U, KIRANMAI M (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, St Pauls College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad - 501 510, Telangana, Email: gchaitra.kiran@gmail.com) : Effect of polyherbal combinations and essential oils against biofilm of Streptococcus mutans. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 264-7.

Herbal extracts have been used in dental products for many years owing to their anti-adherence effect on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in the biofilm formation. Dental caries are developed by the colonization of oral bacteria on the surface of teeth and adherence is the first step in the colonization process. The objective of the present study was to explore the anti-biofilm effect of the various combinations of herbal extracts and essential oils against S. mutans which play a central role in causing dental caries. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extracts of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula), Psidium guajava (P. guajava), Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and Pongamia pinnata (P. pinnata) were prepared separately and dried. Various combinations of herbal extracts, as well as essential oils Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Mentha piperita (Peppermint oil), were tested for anti-biofilm potential on the glass surface. The number of adhering bacteria (CFU/ml) was determined by the plate count method. It was found that all extract combinations and essential oils have shown anti-biofilm activity. The 2:2:1:1 of extracts and 2:2 ratio of essential oils has shown less bacterial count compared to all other tested ratios. Furthermore the herbal extract ratio of 2:2:1:1 has shown significant ((P<0.01) anti-biofilm activity when compared to standard chlorhexidine mouthwash. These findings suggest that the active constituents present in the combined extracts could synergize the anti-biofilm activity owing to the reinforcement effect of constituents present in the combined mixture.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

044192   REDDY M S, KUBER B R (Pharmacognosy Dep, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tirupathi - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: rkuberpharma@yahoo.com) : Antiplasmodial activity of Aganosma cymosa. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 246-54.

Ethylacetate leaf extract of Aganosma cymosa was screened for antimalarial activities in-vivo in rats inoculated with red blood cells parasitized with Plasmodium falcipuram using 4-day Suppressive test and Rane’s test. The result of mean parasitemia by 4-day Suppressive test for the Group AC600, AC400 & AC200 was 4.62 ± 3.63, 13.34 ± 2.42, 19.29 ± 3.23 and percentage suppression were 80.1 %, 42.54 % and 16.9 % respectively. However, standard drug chloroquine (15 mg/kg) was found to exert a considerable lower percentage parasitemia of 2.73 ± 1.6 and higher percentage suppression of 88.24 %. From the results of the Ranes test, the parasitemia levels on day 7 for AC200, AC400, AC600 were 16 ± 0.4, 12 ± 0.4 and 2 ± 0.6 and the percentage inhibition was found to be 23.80, 45.45 and 65 respectively. While the chloroquine treated group had a mean parasitemia 6 ± 0.2 and percentage inhibition of 70 %.The plant extracts showed significant dose-dependent antiplasmodial activity with the decrease in parasitemia, rectal temperature, body weight and increase in suppression, packed cell volume in all treated groups viz. AC200, AC400 & AC600 when compared to standard chloroquine and control groups by both the models.

11 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

044190   DESHMUKH S V, GHANAWAT N A (Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara- 415 001, Maharashtra, Email: coolshitaldeshmukh@gmail.com) : Phytochemical studies, ftir and gc-ms analysis of Hardwickia binata roxb. (fabaceae / caesalpiniaceae). Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 233-40.

Hardwickia binata belongs to family Fabaceae / Caesalpiniaceae and commonly known as ‘Anjan’. The present study includes phytochemical screening, FTIR and GC-MS analysis. Shade dried powdered leaves, seed and husk of H. binata extracted in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethanol, distilled water using Soxhlet apparatus and used for phytochemical analysis. Crude powder of plant used for FTIR analysis and ethanolic extracts was analyzed using GC-MS. The phytochemical screening of H. binata revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, lipids, tannins, phenolic compounds, quinones, mucilage, volatile oils, fats, and fixed oils whereas alkaloids, emodins and resins were not detected in any extracts of leaves, seed, and husk. The majorities of compounds are present in acetone, methanol, ethanol and distilled water and glycosides, lipids and mucilage are present in all extracts. FTIR analysis showed the presence of alcohol, phenols, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, aromatics, alkenes, alkanes, aliphatic amines, esters, ethers, alkynes, alkyl halides in leaves, seed and husk; saturated aliphatic found in only seed and aldehydes only in husk and GC-MS analysis confirmed ten different chemical compounds 1,1-diethoxyethane, tetradecamethyl-cycloheptasiloxane, linoleic acid, ethyl ester, ethyl oleate in leaves, seed and husk; hexadecanoic acid and ethyl ester found in only leaves and seed; 1-methyl-4 -(1-methylethyl)-Benzene, 2-methyl-5-(1- methylethyl)-Phenol, 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-o1 are found in only leaves; dodecamethyl-cyclohexasiloxane only in seed; thymol only in husk shows various biological activities. The different extracts of H. binata revealed several phytochemical components as a rich source of pharmaceutically and biologically important bioactive compounds that may build up new medicines with more efficiency.

2 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

044189   SHAFAAT S W , AHMED A , KHAN G J, ANAS S, QURESHI A A (Quality Assurance Dep, Ali-Allana Coll of Pharmacy, Nandurbar - 425 415, Maharashtra, Email: sdwajahat07@gmail.com) : Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of ertugliflozin and metformin hcl in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by hplc. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 226-32.

Analytical method for simultaneous estimation of Ertugliflozin (ERT) and Metformin hydrochloride (MET) was developed and validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as per ICH guidelines. The drugs were injected into the inertsil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) maintained at room temp and wavelength 220 nm. The mobile phase consists of buffer (potassium dihydrogen pH 4.0) and methanol (65:35 v/v). The flow rate is maintained at 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curve was linear and regression coefficient (R2 ) value was found to be 0.999 and concentration ranging from 1.5-4.5 µg/mL and 100-300 µg/mL for Ertugliflozin and Metformin hydrochloride respectively. The LOD and LOQ of the method were found 1.04 μg/mL, 9.61 µg/mL and 0.0007 µg/mL, 0.006 µg/mL for Ertugliflozin and Metformin HCl. The developed method was found to be simple, precise, specific, linear and accurate as validated as per USP and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

5 illus, 8 tables, 18 ref

044188   MANE R S, VEDAMURTHY A B (Biotechnology and Microbiology Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad - 580 003, Karnataka, Email: vedamurthybt@gmail.com) : Structure elucidation and therapeutic applications of endophytic fungi derived bioactive compounds obtained from Ximenia Americana western ghats of Karnataka India. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 212-25.

The objective of the present investigation was the bioprospection of pharmaceutically vital bioactive compounds from endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola with antagonistic and antioxidant activity isolated from Ximenia americana, Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The fresh and healthy leaves and roots of Ximenia americana were collected from the forests of Western Ghats of Karnataka, India and submerged for the enumeration and Purification of fungal endophytes by using different media. Isolated fungal endophytes were processed for the bioprospection of pharmaceutically vital bioactive compounds by referring to standard protocols. At a glance, endophyte derived bioactive compounds were used in-vitro antagonistic and antioxidant activity. A total of 32 pure isolates were obtained, 8 morphologically distinct fungal endophytes were identified from 200 explants of X. americana. Endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola was a core candidate identified and cultivated in submerged fermentation in potato dextrose broth under the controlled condition at 25 ℃ ± 2℃ for 15 days in incubator shaker. From this fermented medium, 3.30 g of aqueous crude extract per 100 ml of potato dextrose broth was obtained by the solvent-solvent extraction method. The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and glycosides. It was found that the aqueous crude extract contains 23.0090 ± 0.04129 mg of phenol and 53.47 ± 0.88059 mg of flavonoids content. From these crude extract TBXA1 and TBXA2, two fractions were purified by column chromatography and spotted potent bioactive compounds on thin-layer chromatography. The FTIR data of TBXA1 and TBXA2 showed different functional groups such as alcohol, phenols, alkanes, alkenes, aromatic, alkyl halides, amines, ether, and nitrile. The TBXA1 exhibited prominent antagonistic activity and MIC against Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm with 100 µg/mL) and Candida albicans (22 mm with 75 µg/mL) while TBXA2 exhibited against Salmonella typhi (22 mm with 75 µg/mL) and Aspergillus fumigatus (18 mm with 75 µg/mL). The TBXA1 showed potent antioxidant activity (86.24 ± 0.35) with 5.26 µg/mL of IC50 value as compared with TBXA2. This is the first innovative report of endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola for their phytochemicals detection and prominent in-vitro activities.

5 tables, 35 ref

044187   ANWAR S,KHAN P M A A (Analytical Research and Development Dep, Mylan Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad - 500 034, Telangana, Email: anwar.chem79@gmail.com) : Stability indicating rp-hplc method for estimation of two synthetic antibiotics, amoxicillin and enrofloxacin, simultaneously. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 204-11.

This work proposes a precise, accurate, sensitive and selective stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in bulk powder and oral suspension formulations. Chromatographic separation was performed on the reverse phase C18 analytical column using 0.1M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate–methanol (65:35, v/v) as mobile phase and with detection at 235 nm. The retention times of amoxicillin and enrofloxacin were 3.364 min and 6.604 min, respectively. The linearity ranges were found to be 38.5- 115.5-10 µg/ml (for amoxicillin) and 17.5-52.50 µg/ml (for enrofloxacin). The developed method was validated following International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. All validation parameters are fulfilled by the proposed method. Amoxicillin and enrofloxacin was subjected to different stress conditions like acid, alkali, oxidation, thermal, photo, and hydrolytic degradation. Both the analytes undergo degradation in all stress conditions. Since, the method effectively separated the analytes from their degradation products, it can be used as a stability-indicating method.

4 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

044185   PUTRI A N, FORESTRYANA D (Pharmacy Dep, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Borneo Lestari, South Kalimantan - 70714, Indonesia, Email: aristhanovyra@gmail.com) : Drug development and optimization formula of ranitdin hcl gastroretentive muccoadhesive floating system tablet. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 192-7.

Ranitidine hydrochloride (RHCl) is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, it’s widely in active duodenum ulcers, gastric ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and erosive esophagitis. Ranitidine HCl has a short biological half-life of drug 2 - 3 h, has 50 % absolute bioavailability, colonic metabolism of ranitidine HCl was partly responsible for the poor bioavailability. Based on these, gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) using floatingmucoadhesive system dosage form of Ranitidine HCl has been developed that makes less frequent administering of the drug also improve bioavailability. Factorial design 23 was applied to optimize the formula of ranitidine HCl floating-mucoadhesive tablet by the varying level of polymer, it was chitosan 50 - 100 mg as a mucoadhesive agent, HPMC K4M 20 - 50 mg as a swelling agent, and drug release controlled, and sodium bicarbonate 20 - 40 mg as gas generating agent. The optimum formula determined by superimposed contour plot from various parameters: physical properties of granule, tablet, and drug release 6 h using a design expert ® program. Based on superimposed contour plot design expert ® obtained an optimum formula for the area in the range of chitosan 100 mg; HPMC K4M 50 mg; and Sodium bicarbonate 26, 25 mg.

5 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

044184   UTIKAR M C , PENTEWAR R S, THONTE S S, BHOSALE P H, NARHARE M T (Pharmaceutics Dep, Channabasweshwar Pharmacy Coll, Latur - 413 512, Maharashtra, Email: mokshutikar0006@gmail.com) : Standardization, formulation development and characterization of antiulcer drug: Mukta bhasma. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 183-91.

Ayurveda is the holistic approach towards life, health, disease management through medicinal herbs minerals, diet and lifestyle leads to the great need for standardization of herbal medicine to maintain its safety and efficacy. Mukta bhasma is used in the treatment of bone metabolic disorders associated with calcium deficiency. It was prepared by Shodhana, Marana and Sharava samputa and the Standardization of bhasma are very necessary to confirm its identity and to determine its quality and purity. An attempt has been made to summarize the ancient and the advanced methods available for the standardization of bhasma. The dosage uniformity and patient compliance can be increased and adulteration can be decreased in ayurvedic powders by formulating them into tablets. The aim of the present work is to develop and evaluate Mukta Bhasma tablets using starch and acacia as a binder. The granules were prepared by the wet granulation method. The prepared tablets were evaluated for different parameters, acute toxicity of Mukta bhasma was conducted on albino rats. Mukta bhasma was administered orally in albino rats of single maximum limit dose 2000 mg/kg and general behavioral observation along with any mortality was recorded. Acute toxicity study shows that there is no adverse effect of bhasma on albino rats even at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight that reveals that Mukta bhasma is safe in albino rats. The results suggest that this ayurvedic preparation cannot show any signs and symptoms of toxicity.

7 illus, 8 tables, 20 ref

046831   IRIANTO B G, RAHARIYANI L D (Electromedical Engineering Dep, Poltekkes Kemenkes, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: bgi_ps@yahoo.com) : Cardiac emergency prevention through personal and environmental factors. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194484.

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death for non-communicable diseases. There are many types of cardiovascular disease, but the most common and well-known one is Coronary Heart Disease. Those who are diagnosed with coronary heart disease need to always be vigilant since it is highly possible for them to experience the cardiac emergency at any time, which can cause death. This study aims to determine how the efforts to prevent coronary heart disease patients against cardiac emergency through personal and environmental factors. The results of this study are expected to improve the quality of health services in coronary heart disease patients and increase the efforts of preventing cardiac emergencies in the patients with coronary heart disease independently. There were 118 patients with a medical diagnosis of coronary heart disease as the sample of this study. It utilizes the observational analytic method with cross sectional research design. The analysis technique used was variance or component-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that there were coronary heart disease patients who had suffered from the disease for more than 1 (one) year (87.3%), had comorbidities: hypertension or diabetes mellitus (85.6 %), had experienced a chest pain (79.7 %), had a hereditary factor of heart disease (69.5 %), and had a healthy lifestyle (69.9 %). The results of the structural model analysis between personal factors and environmental factors indicate that there is a significant influence on preventing the cardiac emergencies.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

044183   SMOLENTSEV S Y, MATROSOVA L E , CHEKHODARIDI F N , GADZAONOV R K , KOZYREV S G , GUGKAEVA M S, KORNAEVA A K (Mari State Univ, Yoshkar-Ola City - 424000, Russia, Email: Smolentsev82@mail.ru) : Effectiveness of probiotics use in poultry farming. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 179-82.

A bird is often subjected to dysbacteriosis with a low quality of feed. As a result, live weight gain and livability are reduced in broilers. This problem has become particularly acute now when most countries have abandoned the use of feed antibiotics. Significant assistance in this situation is provided by new regulators of intestinal biosynthesis - probiotics. In our research, we used biosporin produced by the Military and Technical Problems Centre of the Research Institute of Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Scientific and household experience was conducted on the basis of ZAO “Ural broiler”. Three groups were formed: one control group and two experimental ones. There were 100 units in each group. The results of scientific and household experience lead to the conclusion that biostim is more preferable with the comparative use of two liquid probiotic products from the point of view of production figures. Feeding it to a bird in accordance with the instruction allows increasing the live weight of broiler chickens by 11.5 %, reducing the cost of feed per unit of production by 8.7 % and increasing the payment of feed by 9.1-10.1 %.

4 tables, 9 ref

044182   GOUD V M, SWAPNA G (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Joginpally B. R. Pharmacy Coll, Hyderabad - 500 075, Telangana, Email: mohanvanga@yahoo.com) : Stability indicating method development and validation for the estimation of ertugliflozin and metformin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by ultra performance liquid chromatography. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 173-8.

A simple, accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Ertugliflozin and Metformin in Tablet dosage form. For the method development, Chromatogram was run through HSS C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7µ) column at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. and buffer used in this method was Ortho Phosphoric Acid buffer. The temperature was maintained at 30 °C. The optimized wavelength selected was 240 nm. The retention time of Ertugliflozin and Metformin was found to be 0.736 min and 1.286 min. % RSD of the Ertugliflozin and Metformin were and found to be 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. % Recovery was obtained as 100.98 % and 99.81 % for Ertugliflozin and Metformin, respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Ertugliflozin and Metformin were 0.02 µg/ml, 0.08 µg/ml and 1.04 µ/ml, 3016 µg/ml respectively. The regression equation of validated method for Ertugliflozin is y = 4132.x + 239.4 and y = 3921.x + 4097 of Metformin, respectively. Retention times were decreased so that run time was decreased, the developed method was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries.

6 illus, 8 tables, 16 ref

044181   KURAGANTI G, EDLA S, DASARI T (Microbiology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal-506 009, Telangana, Email: Sujathaedla_1973@kakatiya.ac.in) : Cyanobacteria assisted bio-reduction of silver nanoparticle conjugates and study on their characterization and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 163-72.

Green nanotechnology has recently emerged as an area of research involving more eco-friendly and energy-efficient approaches for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. The point of the present investigation is to evaluate the capacity of selected strains of freshwater Cyanobacteria (Microalgae) for their capability to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles by utilizing both live biomass of microalgae and cell-free extract by suspending in AgNO3 solution for 72 h of incubation period in both in presence of light and dark conditions. In most of the cases, silver nanoparticles were formed both in the presence of biomass as well as in the cell-free extract under continues light emission, which indicates that formation of silver nanoparticles involves an extracellular compounds. Synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was indicated by observing gradual colour change of the extract pale yellow to visible brownish-yellow. UV-Vis spectrophotometry study showed absorption maxima at 420-470 nm. The embedment and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and TEM. The bioreducted silver nanoparticles size ranged between 20-22 nm depending on organism used in TEM analysis. The presence of bio-component in Cyanobacteria was confirmed by Fourier Transmittance Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) analysis, which is a source of nanoparticle synthesis. The antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was studied on clinically important gram+ve and gram –ve pathogenic bacteria.

8 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

044180   NAGULWAR V P, DESHPANDE S A (VMV Road, Amravati - 444 604, Maharashtra, Email: vaishalinagulwar@yahoo.com) : Phytochemical screening and evaluation of pharmacological activities of Buchanania lanzan spreng leaves. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 156-62.

The aim of this research was to perform phytochemical screening and evaluation of the pharmacological activities of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. leaves. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytoconstituents like steroids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Three leaf extracts were prepared by using solvents e.g. chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by using the paper disc method against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The chloroform extract was found to be more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a zone of inhibition 20 mm as compared to the standard anti-biotic ampicillin with a zone of inhibition 20 mm. Antifungal activities were evaluated by well diffusion assay against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger. The chloroform extract was found be more effective against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans with a zone of inhibition 22 mm and 20 mm respectively as compared to the standard antifungal ketoconazole with a zone of inhibition 22 mm. Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger with zone of inhibition 22 mm was comparable to standard Ketoconazole with zone of inhibition 24 mm. Anthelmintic activity was performed on Pheritima posthuma using Albendazole as standard and ethanolic extract was found to be more effective. Hepatoprotective activity performed on Wistar albino rats revealed that ethyl acetate extract was more promising using LIV 52 as standard. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Buchanania Lanzan leaves specific extracts possess antimicrobial, anthelmintic and hepatoprotective activity which can be further explored for the development of formulation and their structural elucidation.

4 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

044179   RAKNAM P, PINSUWAN S, AMNUAIKIT T (Pharmaceutical Dep, Prince of Songkla Univ, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand, Email: chomchan.a@psu.ac.th) : Rubber seed cleansing oil formulation and its efficacy of makeup remover. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 146-55.

The objective of this study was to determine the safety of rubber seed oil in terms of toxicity, residual solvent and to develop rubber seed cleansing oil as a makeup remover. The cytotoxicity of rubber seed was determined on human fibroblast cell. It was not cytotoxic to human fibroblast cell at >1000 µg/ml. Rubber seed oil was further examined for the presence of linamarin toxin and determining the solvent residual. FTIR spectrum revealed that there was no presence of cyanide peak and, n-hexane residual was 60.35 ± 1.12 ppm. Based on these results, it was suggested that rubber seed oil was safe to be developed as a product for cosmetic applications. The rubber seed cleansing oil was formulated in various compositions of rubber seed oil (5, 10 and 15 %) combined with sorbeth-30 tetraoleate (HLB 11.5) and sorbitan sesquioleate (HLB 3.7) and the ratio of surfactant was 10, 15 and 20 % respectively. The most suitable formulation with good physical properties was obtained from 5 % of rubber seed oil, and 15 % of surfactant. The makeup removal efficacy of rubber seed cleansing oil was 89.89 ± 2.75 % against the liquid foundation.

5 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

044178   SARAFROZ M , KHATOON Y , AHMAD N , AMIR M , SALAHUDDIN , POTTOO F H , TALEUZZAMAN M, AHMAD W (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, P.O. Box 1982, City Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Email: drsarafroz@gmail.com) : Design and synthesis of novel hydrazones of ethyl3-amino-4- hydroxybenzoate as promising anticonvulsant agents. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 137-A series of hydrazide-hydrazones (3a-o) have been synthesized by the reaction of acid hydrazide .

A series of hydrazide-hydrazones (3a-o) have been synthesized by the reaction of acid hydrazide (2) which is obtained from 4-carbomethoxy-2- aminophenol with aromatic acid through multi-steps. The bioactivities of the final compounds were tested with MES and scPTZ methods. The CNS toxicity was studied by the rotarod experiment. Based on the results, compounds 3d and 3o were found to be most active at 30 mgkg^-1 in the MES test with prolonged duration of action; they exhibited activity comparable to standard drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine. Compounds 3f, 3j and 3m exposed toxicity (300 mgkg^-1 ) at 0.5 h of the time period and compounds 3i, 3n and 3o exhibited late toxicity after 4.0 h as compared to carbamazepine. The rest of the compounds did not face toxicity at a maximum dose level (300 mgkg^-1 ). This study shows that increased lipophilicity is directly related to the anticonvulsant activity. Further studies need to be carried out on other seizure tests and models of epilepsy to ascertain the precise mechanism of action of these molecules.

2 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

044177   DAMLE M C, TODKAR S R (Quality Assurance Dep, (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune Univ), Pune - 411 001, Maharashtra, Email: mcdamle@rediffmail.com) : validated stability indicating hptlc method for protocatechuic acid. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 130-6.

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a type of widely distributed naturally occurring phenolic acid, commonly found in bran, grain, brown rice, fruits such as plums, gooseberries, grapes and also in onion peels. A new, simple, precise, accurate and sensitive stabilityindicating HPTLC method for Protocatechuic acid was successfully developed. This method is based on HPTLC separation followed by UV detection at 258 nm. The HPTLC method is used to determine the presence and quantify the protocatechuic acid in onion peel extract. The separation was carried out on Merck TLC aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel 60F254 using Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic acid (6:6:1.2 v/v/v) as a mobile phase and scanning was done by using TLC Scanner III. Protocatechuic acid gave well defined and sharp peak at R_f 0.52 ± 0.03 at 258 nm. The calibration curve was linear in range 100-500 ng/band. Protocatechuic acid was subjected to stress conditions like hydrolysis under acidic, basic and neutral conditions, oxidation, heat, and photolysis.

11 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

044176   GUPTA R K, CHAURASIYA A (MJRP Univ, Jaipur - 302 019, Rajasthan, Email: rkpipraiya@gmail.com) : Stability indicating assay for diltiazem and its metabolites in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 121-9.

A simple and sensitive Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry method was developed to perform a stability study of diltiazem and its metabolites in human plasma using various buffer reagents at a different strength. The method was applied for the quantification of diltiazem and its two major metabolites N-desmethyl diltiazem and desacetyl diltiazem in human plasma. The analytes were separated using a binary solvent delivery mode on a reversed-phase column and analyzed by Mass Spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective (M+H)+ ions, m/z 415.05/178.03 for diltiazem, m/z 401.09/150.04 for N-desmethyl diltiazem m/z 373.21/108.85 for desacetyl diltiazem, m/z 419.22/314.0 for diltiazem-D4 (internal standard). The linearity was 0.93 to 250.10 ng/mL for diltiazem, 0.24 to 64.00 ng/mL for N-desmethyl diltiazem and 0.15 to 40.69 ng/mL for desacetyl diltiazem in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.93 ng/mL, 0.24 ng/mL and 0.15 ng/mL for diltiazem, N-desmethyl diltiazem, and desacetyl diltiazem, respectively. The plasma samples buffered with 1 % of 0.1 M NaF solution was able to limit the degradation of diltiazem to desacetyl diltiazem for longer storage periods at -70 °C.

7 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

044176   GUPTA R K, CHAURASIYA A (MJRP Univ, Jaipur - 302 019, Rajasthan, Email: rkpipraiya@gmail.com) : Stability indicating assay for diltiazem and its metabolites in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 121-9.

A simple and sensitive Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry method was developed to perform a stability study of diltiazem and its metabolites in human plasma using various buffer reagents at a different strength. The method was applied for the quantification of diltiazem and its two major metabolites N-desmethyl diltiazem and desacetyl diltiazem in human plasma. The analytes were separated using a binary solvent delivery mode on a reversed-phase column and analyzed by Mass Spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective (M+H)+ ions, m/z 415.05/178.03 for diltiazem, m/z 401.09/150.04 for N-desmethyl diltiazem m/z 373.21/108.85 for desacetyl diltiazem, m/z 419.22/314.0 for diltiazem-D4 (internal standard). The linearity was 0.93 to 250.10 ng/mL for diltiazem, 0.24 to 64.00 ng/mL for N-desmethyl diltiazem and 0.15 to 40.69 ng/mL for desacetyl diltiazem in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.93 ng/mL, 0.24 ng/mL and 0.15 ng/mL for diltiazem, N-desmethyl diltiazem, and desacetyl diltiazem, respectively. The plasma samples buffered with 1 % of 0.1 M NaF solution was able to limit the degradation of diltiazem to desacetyl diltiazem for longer storage periods at -70 °C.

7 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

044175   JANGRA K, VERMA R, KAUSHIK D (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak - 124 001, Haryana, Email: deepkaushik@rediffmail.com) : Development of osmotically controlled drug delivery system of metformin hydrochloride. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 114-20.

The aim of the present study was to formulate an osmotically controlled drug delivery system (O-CDDS) of Metformin hydrochloride to reduce the frequency of multiple dosing in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus-II which is a lifelong disease. Metformin hydrochloride a BCS Class-III drug having a poor biological half-life of 6 h. O-CDDS of Metformin hydrochloride is a recent approach for the zero-order release profile. Different factors X1 (effect of percentage of plasticizer), X2 (effect of percentage of release modifier), X3 (effect of percentage of coating) were optimized using central composite design. The granules were prepared by wet granulation technique using PVP K90 as a binding agent. Evaluations of granules like bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, carr’s compressibility index, angle of repose was done. Then core tablets were prepared using 16 station tablet press and evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation. For the preparation of a semi-permeable membrane, the coating of cellulose acetate using polyethylene glycol 400 as a plasticizer was done. Then drilling was done mechanically to create the delivery orifice. Finally, the dissolution was performed and formulation (F-4) was found the best which delivered the drug at zero order. The dissolution data of F-4 was compared with the marketed formulation. This study demonstrated the zeroorder release which is independent of pH and hydrodynamics of dissolution.

4 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

044174   MEHER A , BEHERA B, NANDA B K (Pharmacognosy Dep, The Pharmaceutical Coll, Bargarh - 768 029, Odisha, Email: mashumeher@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical standardization of plant cryptolepis buchanani roem. & schult. Aerial part. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 104-13.

Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult. (Family: Asclepiadaceae) commonly-known as Wax leaved climber, Kali Sariva in English and Sanskrit. It is broadly used in Ayurveda as a remedy of ailment. Though, its diverse medicinal aspects, no detail pharmacognostical study is available till date. The present study is to investigate the pharmacognostical characteristics of C. buchanani aerial part. The investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopical, microscopical, leaf constant, powder behavioral with chemical reagents and fluorescence analysis by using yardstick methods. Sensory and macroscopic studies found that leaves are lanceolate, thin, spirally arranged, dark green in colour, with an astringent taste and acute apex. In transverse section, cuticularised epidermis having polygonal cells was found. Mesophyll cells were differentiated into single-layered palisade cells on each surface and 2 to 3 layered spongy parenchyma. Bowlshaped vascular bundle in mid rib portion containing xylem and phloem tissues. The quantitative microscopy of leaves showed the presence of anomocytic stomata with cicatrix which is an identifying character. The stomatal number and stomatal indexes of the lower surface of leaves were found as 33.33 and 16.99. Leaves venation were parallel, vein islet and vein termination were calculated as 16.16 and 33.66. Powder microscopy of the plant showed the presence of unicellular and uniseriate hollow trichomes, stellate trichomes, crystal, stone cells, brown masses, pollen grain, starch grain, xylem vessels, fibres and fragment endosperms. The present investigations reveal that the presence of key diagnostic characteristics may serve to establish identity, purity and quality control standards of drugs.

10 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

044173   SREEDHAR A , MALLYA R, APTE M (SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati Coll of Pharmacy, Mumbai - 400 056, Maharashtra, Email: abnasreedhar@gmail.com) : Development and characterization of anti-dandruff niosomal hair gel containing tea tree oil. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 91-103.

Dandruff is the excessive shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp, apparently caused by a fungus called Malassezia restricta and M. globosa. Malassezia formerly called Pityrosporum is a yeast causing infection of skin and scalp. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil that is obtained by steam distillation of the leaves and terminal branches of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae). Tea tree oil shows promise as a topical antifungal agent, with recent clinical data indicating efficacy in the treatment of dandruff and oral candidiasis. In the present research, niosomal vesicles were selected for tea tree oil delivery because of their penetration enhancing ability. Niosomes containing tea tree oil were prepared using a thin-film hydration method. A 32 factorial design (DOE analysis) was carried out to reduce the number of experiments. Parameters contribution was determined using a 3-D response curve. Prepared optimized batch (NB7) exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 81 % and percent cumulative drug diffusion of 57.56 ± 0.092 %. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed vesicular, spherical particles with a smooth surface in the nano range. Niosomal gel of optimized batch (NB7) was prepared to incorporate 1% w/w carbopol 974NF. The ex-vivo permeation study was performed in the Franz diffusion apparatus using excised porcine ear skin in phosphate buffer pH 5.5, which showed prolonged drug permeation of 30.39% and hence maximum retention on the scalp up to 69.61%. G7 exhibited good stability throughout 90 days at different temperatures and humidity.

14 illus, 9 tables, 24 ref

044172   EL-ZAHER A A, HASHEM H A, ELKADY E F, ALLAM M A (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Cairo Univ, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo - 11562, Egypt, Email: marwa.allam@pharma.cu.edu.eg) : A validated lc-ms/ms bioanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of three ace-inhibitors in human plasma. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 80-90.

A selective and rapid LC-MS/MS spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of three ACE-inhibitors used in anti-hypertensive therapy, namely enalapril maleate, perindopril, and ramipril in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). Separation of analytes and internal standard; atorvastatin was performed on X-terra C8 (3.5 µm, 4.6 × 50 mm) column with a run time of 2 min. The mobile phase consisted of methanol: 20 mM ammonium formate, pH 6.3 ± 0.05 with formic acid (80:20, v/v). Analytes were extracted from human plasma using a simple protein precipitation technique with methanol, allowing fast analysis. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery and stability as per FDA and EMA guidelines. The method showed linearity over the concentration range 4- 400 ng/mL, 2 - 200 ng/mL and 0.5 - 50 ng/mL for enalapril, perindopril and ramipril, respectively, applying weighted (1/X2) linear regression. The method is simple, fast, precise, accurate and suitable for its application for bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies.

5 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

044171   RANI K C , PARFATI N,STEPHANIE (Pharmaceutics Dep, Surabaya Univ, East Java, 60293, Indonesia, Email: karinabellamy89@gmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin orally disintegrating tablets. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 68-79.

Atenolol is a hypertension drug that has a low solubility characteristic in water and gastric fluid. The rate of absorption of the drug with poor solubility characteristics is determined by the dissolution process. In this study, an attempt has been conducted to increase the dissolution of atenolol by increasing its solubility. The solubility of atenolol has been enhanced by the inclusion complex using βcyclodextrin made by several methods (physical mixing, kneading, and solvent evaporation). Evaluation and characterization of atenolol-βcyclodextrin inclusion complex consist of drug content, dissolution test, Fourier Transformed Infrared analysis (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the drug content analysis, dissolution test, and characterization showed that atenolol- β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex, which has been made by the solvent evaporation method was the best approach. Therefore, a solvent evaporation method was chosen to formulate orally disintegrating tablets of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin using direct compression technique. Orally disintegrating tablets of atenolol-βcyclodextrin were prepared using crospovidone as disintegrant. The results of pre-compression test and the post-compression test revealed that orally disintegrating tablets of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex disintegrate within 8.17 ± 0.41 sec. In-vitro dispersion time in simulated saliva was found to be 45.33 ± 0.58 sec and the percentage of atenolol dissolved from this formula was 92.22% in 30 min. Hence, this formula shows good physicochemical characteristics and fulfill pharmaceutical quality requirements of orally disintegrating tablet.

6 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

044169   MAYURI M, KUMAR G V N (Pharmacology Dep, Dr. D. P. Rastogi Central Research Institute for Homeopathy, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, Email: mayuri.jayanag@gmail.com) : Pten-a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 35-40.

PTEN (phosphatase and tension homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is an important key factor in regulating intracellular for cell growth and proliferation by blocking the phosphatidylinositol -3kinase/ AKT protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway alteration in PTEN is concomitant with many diseases. PTEN is recurrently mutated in several pathological diseases which indicate its significance in general physiological activity. Various cellular proteins are initiated by phosphorylation; in contrast, PTEN is deactivated based on phosphorylation by specific kinases. Therefore, the development of therapeutic agents includes selectively targeting quickness and kinase-domain containing proteins affecting PTEN associated diseases. The present review focuses on the role of PTEN in pathological conditions and a comprehensive list of currently identified modulators of PTEN and explains potential new molecular targets which could be help in the development of drugs for the management of PTEN associated diseases like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancer, autism, and Alzheimer’s diseases.

1 illus, 1 tables, 36 ref

044168   CHATTERJEE A, MATHEW A M, GEORGE A, SENGUPTA P, PUNDIR P, XAVIER F J, VENKATANAGARAJU E (Life Sciences Dep, CHRIST (Deemed to be Univ), Bengaluru - 560 029, Karnataka, Email: venkatanagarajue@gmail.com) : Purification strategies for microbial phytase. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 25-34.

Phytase catalyzes the formation and release of inorganic phosphate from phytic acid. A few monogastric animals that lack phytase is incapable of digesting phytate obtained from plants and gets excreted, which results in the accumulation of phosphorus in the form of phytate in the environment which has a detrimental effect. In order to combat this problem, researchers have focused on production and purification of phytase from different microbial sources, which converts phytate to useful form of phosphorous that facilitates plant growth. This review paper summaries the various methods adopted for isolation, production, and purification of phytases from various sources.

28 ref

044166   GUPTA J, GUPTA R, VARSHNEY K K (GLA Univ, Mathura - 281406, Uttar Pradesh, Email: smartjitu79@gmail.com) : Emerging mechanisms and potential antidepressant action of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 1-13.

Depression is a common heterogeneous, debilitating and lifethreatening mood disorder affecting different segments of the community. Several chemical and synthetic medicines as standard are being employed to treat depression and may lead to complete recovery in only 50% of clinically depressed patients but causes many adverse effects. Thus, scientists are increasing their interest in research towards the utility of medicinal plants for antidepressant activity. Several medicinal plants and its derived medicinal products have been reported to exert antidepressant action in different animal models by the combined effect of their phytoconstituents. In the brain, the alteration in level of various endogenous molecules likes noradrenaline (NA), acetylcholine (Ach), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, glucocorticoid, γaminobutyric acid (GABA), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and hippocampal volume are responsible for depression. Therefore, most medicinal plants through synaptic regulation of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine, overcome the altered level of monoamines in the brain and also reinforcing antioxidant defense mechanism, regulate hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis activity and reducing inflammatory mediators. So, herbal medicines are widely used in contrast to allopathic or synthetic medicines globally because of their least side effects and wide therapeutic applications. The present review aims to highlight the medicinal plants and their antidepressant mechanism involved in the treatment of depression by animal model studies.

3 illus, 1 table, 122 ref

044165   HARIDY L A M, THAIBAN M A , ALSRWANI A A (Food and Nutrition Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: Anood.abed @ outlook.com) : Physio-chemical properties of fresh, clarified and commercial brands pomegranate juice. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 176-90.

Juice can be considered as an important and functional ingredient in food products. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) consumption has been increased recently due to scientific evidence increase on its high content of health beneficial compounds. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the physio-chemical properties of fresh, clarified and commercial pomegranate juice (commercial PJ). Materials and Methods : Four commercially available (labeled A, B, C and D), and one homemade (Clarified) and fresh pomegranate juice were evaluated for their physicochemical properties including total ash, pH value, titratable acidity (TA), total sugars (T.S), total soluble solids (T.S.S) and fruit percentage. Antioxidant properties such as anthocyanin, antioxidant activity (A.A) and total phenolic compound (TPC) were examined. Results : T.S.S and T.S at (P ≤ 0.05) were significantly higher in clarified PJ than those of all commercials and fresh juice by 19.3 % and 16.9 %, respectively. The control fresh PJ recorded the highest significant content of pH value (4.17 %) and lowest content of T.A % (6.4 %) compared with commercial PJ sample B (32 %). TPC of commercial PJ samples B and C had 81.99 mg GAE/ml juice and 55.57 mg GAE/ml juice, respectively. The highest percentages of A.A were shown in the control fresh and clarified PJ sample as 84.5 % and 75.1 %, respectively. Commercial PJ sample B recorded the highest content of anthocyanin (36.24 mg /100 ml) followed by commercial PJ samples C and D. The results ascertained that natural fresh PJ sample recorded the highest fruit percentage in juice (33.62 %) followed by commercial PJ sample B and clarified PJ. Conclusion : The clarified PJ sample had the highest contents of T.S.S and total sugars than the control fresh PJ and all commercial PJ sample. Also, it was established that the control fresh PJ sample had a high antioxidant activity, fruit percentage and pH value, and low acidity. The commercial PJ sample B also contained a high percentage of total phenolic compounds and high percentage of total anthocyanin.

6 illus, 4 tables, 63 ref

044164   GHAMRI K A , GHAMRI R A (Family Medicine Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: raghamri @ kau.edu.sa ) : Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies among subjects with gestational and pre-gestational diabetes at king abdulaziz university hospital, Jeddah: A retrospective analysis (2014-2018). Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 168-75.

To evaluate data from a five-year period (2014-2018) regarding the presence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies among subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (pre-GDM) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (SA). Subjects and Methods: The present retrospective analysis was conducted from January to June 2019; it evaluated five years’ (2014-2018) data of patients with GDM and pre-GDM from the patients’ electronic record. Results: Of the 485 subjects, 348 (71.8 %) were Saudi nationals; whereas, 137 (28.2 %) were non-Saudis, and 318 (65.6 %) had GDM and 167 (34.4 %) had pre-GDM. Five (3.2 %) hyperthyroid subjects were in the GDM group as compared to 6 (4.7 %) in the pre-GDM group; whereas, 21 (13.3 %) hypothyroid subjects were found in the GDM group as compared to 26 (20.3 %) in the pre-GDM group. Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) was positive among 6 (4.7 %) pre-GDM subjects as compared to 2 (1.3 %) among GDM subjects (p=0.03). In the GDM group, 5 (3.2 %) subjects had positive thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb); whereas, in the pre-GDM group, 7 (5.5 %) were TPOAbpositive (p=0.54). TgAb was positive among 1 (0.44 %), 3 (27.27 %), and 4 (8.51 %) euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects, respectively. TPOAb was positive among 4 (1.76 %), 4 (36.36 %), and 4 (8.51 %) euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects, respectively. Thyroid dysfunction was more common in pregnant females of age range 35-44.9 years. Conclusions: Hypo- and hyperthyroid cases were present in both GDM and pre-GDM groups. Thyroid antibodies were found more frequently in the pre-GDM group, and thyroid dysfunction was more common in the older age group.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

044161   KHATTAB H A H, MOSELHY S S, ALJAFRI A A O (Nutrition and Food Science Dep, Helwan Univ, Egypt, Email: haya_khattab @ hotmail.com) : Olive leaves extract alleviate diabetic nephropathy in diabetic male rats: Impact on oxidative stress and protein glycation. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 130-41.

Diabetes (DM) is one of the top five causes of death worldwide. Controlling glucose level is vital for protecting the complications and improving the diabetics’ health. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leave extract (OLE) contains biologically active antioxidant phenolic compounds. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of OLE on oxidative status and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in DM rats. Male Wister rats (n=40, 200 ± 20 g) were divided into Group (1); Control rats and Groups (2-5); DM rats were intraperitoneal(i.p.) injected with STZ (65 mg/kg), only DM rats (fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dl) were randomly classified into DM , DM+ metformin (MT) (600 mg/kg) as reference drug, DM+OLE (200 mg/kg), and DM+OLE (400 mg/kg) groups. At the end of the experiment (6 weeks), blood and kidney samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological studies. Serum glucose, renal functions (creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)), electrolyte ions (sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)), as well as renal oxidative statusbiomarkers (nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and AGEs) were determined. The results revealed that there were significant increases in glucose, Cr, BUN, and K+ with a significant decrease in Na+ levels, as well as significant decrease in renal oxidative stress and elevated AGEs levels compared to the control rats. Although MT treatment was more effective than OLE (400 mg/kg) in reducing glucose level, while OLE treatment was more effective than MT in reducing oxidative stress and AGEs levels. Oral administration of OLE (400 mg/kg) showed significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects as well as improved renal functions and inhibited AGEs levels compared to the DM rats. Also overcome most of the renal histopathological changes induced by DM. Therefore, co-administration of MT and OLE is recommended in preventing DM complications.

7 illus, 2 tables, 68 ref

044160   KARADERI S, MAZI C, YILMAZBILEK S (Analytical Chemistry Dep, Marmara Univ-34668, Haydarpa?a, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: skaraderi @ marmara.edu.tr) : Determination of the stability constants comlexes of metformin hydrochloride With Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II). Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 121-9.

In the present work, binary complexes of Copper(II), Cadmium(II) and Zinc(II) with metformin hydrochloride have been studied potentiometrically. Stability constants of binary complex systems have been estimated by the method proposed by Irving-Rossotti at 25 ºC and 0.11M ionic strength (NaClO4) in aqueous solution. The conditional formation constants of the complexes formed between ligand and metal were calculated according to pH function. The maximum values of the conditional formation constants were found to be in accordance with the mixed metal-ligand complex formation constants in a given pH region. In addition to these, the molar fractions were calculated using the formation constants of the mixed metal-ligand complexes. As a result of the experimental study, the values of stability constants of metal-ligand complexes at 25 ºCare as noted below: logK₁=8.45; logK₂=8.30 for Zn(II)-Metformin hydrochloride; logK₁=8.78 ; logK₂=8.00 for Cu(II)-Metformin hydrochloride: logK₁=8.18; logK₂=7.36 for Cd(II) – Metformin hydrochloride.

13 illus, 12 ref

044159   ALZAID A , ALOSAIMI M , ALKAHTANI K F , ALSHEHRI B A , ASIRI A E , ASIRI A M, ALTHIBAIT S A S , ALDREES W S , ALTHUWAYQIB A K , ALMAKHAYITAH O A, et al. (Family Medicine Dep, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Mealosaimi @ gmail.com) : Saudi parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in children. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 115-20.

A lot of experiments have been carried out in Saudi Arabia concerning the misuse of antibiotics and buying them without being prescribed by a doctor. However, despite all these studies, a few or none of them have appraised the parental awareness, practices and attitude toward the use of antibiotics in the treatment of URTIs in their children. As such, the objective of this experiment was to document and analyze the parental levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding the use for upper respiratory tract infections in children. This is a crosssectional study that was conducted across 8 cities: Riyadh, Jeddah, Taif, Makkah, Dammam, Al Ahsa, Albaha and Asir Saudi Arabia from 01/09/2019 to 26/09/2019, according to which a total of 714 parents took part in the study. Convenience sampling was the method that was used to select the participants of the experiment. The findings of the current research were found to be the same as those of the studies that were conducted before in Palestine. The researcher found out that the parents in Saudi Arabia lack adequate knowledge regarding the use of antibiotics in the treatment of URTIs and this led to their wrong practices and attitudes toward the same. Despite all these, the study established a relationship of trust between the subjects and the doctors, meaning that there is a trust in the information and recommendations that the doctors give them concerning the medications.

10 ref

044158   AHMED I A B , ALOSAIMI M, SAHLI A A , ALATEEQ A A , ASIRI A A , ASIRI A N , ALMARASHI A S , ALFARID N M , ALGARNI S A , ALOSAIMI R A (Family Medicine Dep, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Mealosaimi@gmail.com) : Knowledge, attitude, and practice of type 2 diabetes mellitus saudi patients regarding diabetic retinopathy: A multi-center cross sectional survey. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 110-4.

This study is aimed at investigating the knowledge, practice and attitude of the patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus regarding diabetic retinopathy in Saudi Arabia. Introduction: Diabetes self-management is defined as a crucial factor in patients’ care. Many studies show that the lack of sufficient knowledge, good practice, and positive attitude among the patients concerning their disease and its complications is due to illiteracy. Therefore, presenting knowledge, practices, and attitudes towards the management of diabetes should be done before considering any possible intervention. The materials and methods section explains the data collection and analysis along with their limitations. In the results part, the data collected from each section are explained and summarized in tables. In the discussion section, the results are explained and then related to the previous studies. Then the conclusion sums up all the results found and subsequently recommends the best way for the future researchers to improve the results of the research.

3 tables, 5 ref

044157   ALMUQATI A L , ALLUQMANI M S , BALHARETH S H , ALOSAIMI M A , ALOSAIMI M M , ALZUGHAIBI A M, ALSHAMMARY A M F, ALZAMEL N A, ALWOHAIBI N M , ALQURASHI A A , ALANAZI D FM (Medical Science Dep, Princess Norah Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Aroob01 @ hotmail.com) : Evaluation of role of family physicians in management and diagnosis of hypertension in primary health care centers: A simple literature review. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 105-9.

Hypertension is a prevalent disease in many countries, either developing alone as essential hypertension or passing as co-morbid in atherosclerotic diseases and fibrodysplasia. Hypertension has a variable presentation, with most patients being asymptomatic; clinical signs do occur, such as headaches, and should alert the physician to the possibility of advanced disease or uncontrolled blood pressure. PubMed database was used for articles selection, and the following keywords were used in the mesh; "Hypertension"[Mesh] and “Evaluation"[Mesh] or "Management"[Mesh] or "Treatment"[Mesh] and “Family Physician” [Mesh]. Many articles on the topic were found, with further restriction by PubMed filters, and with reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles, the final results were included in this paper. Family physicians should focus on maintaining blood pressure to appropriate levels by combining updated guidelines and clinical judgment. Beta-blockers, thiazides, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors continue to be the mainstay of treatment in hypertensive diseases; newer novel drugs are being tested with promising results.

1 table, 34 ref

044156   TURKISTANI Y A , ALSHAMI T M , ALMATRAFI S J , ALAHMADI A O , EDRISY S A H A , BAZUHAIR G Y , RAJAB F H , ALQAWAIN A H A , JALAWI B A S , HASHEM S A , KHINKAR H J (Medical Science Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: zedturk14 @ gmail.com) : Evaluation of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI): A literature review. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 99-104.

The risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) has been accepted lately by medical literature and practice since it is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients. Different measures in practice are being used to prevent the incidence of CI-AKI. In this review, we aimed to discuss the different methods of prevention of CI-AKI mentioned in the literature. A comprehensive search was done using biomedical databases including Medline, and PubMed, for studies concerned with the assessment of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Keywords used in our search through the databases were “Contrast-Induced Kidney Failure” and “Diagnosis & Management”. Intravenous (IV) fluid hydration is the mainstay of practice in the prevention of CI-AKI. Intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate has also gained notable importance in the prevention of CI-AKI, but it is still not confirmed. Despite that the application of N-acetyl cysteine to prevent CI-AKI is controversial, N-acetyl cysteine remains a commonly utilized agent even without solid scientific evidence. The application of statins for the prevention of CI-AKI after intravascular contrast medium administration revealed some promising results but it is still premature to implement their application in daily clinical practice. Therefore, there is a need for additional well designed and sufficiently powered randomized controlled trials to clarify these issues and to assess the risk vs benefit of all other methods for the purpose of CI-AKI prevention.

1 illus, 31 ref

044154   ALQAHTANI Z N , ALGHUSN M A , ALROWAILI A M Z , ALRASHEEDI F A A , ALDUGHMI A N , BOHASSAN E A, ALOTAIBI H T , ALSHARIF N M H, ALNAHDI H T , ALSHGARI B A (Medical Science Dep, Almaarefa Univ, Riyadh, KSA, Email: zozonasser80 @ gmail.com) : Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Primary Health Care Settings. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 89-92.

: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) despite being the most common type of sleep disorder, may present a myriad of clinical features, ranging from simple fatigue and lack of concentration to per-sonality changes and heart diseases. The association between the genetic, physiological built, so-cial status, and behaviour plays the major role in disease risk factors diagnosis and management plans. The most often used treatment method of OSA is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) aimed at monitoring respiratory effort and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) measuring the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep or the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). The focus of this paper is providing a review on obstructive sleep apnea, different treatment ap-proaches and the recent perspectives with regard to family physicians’ enrolment in management and modulation of pain in OSA patients. PubMed database was used for articles selection using the keywords obstructive sleep apnea, its evaluation, management, and diagnosis. In summary, family doctors and primary care providers play a major role in controlling OSA and are involved in dealing with CPAP, AHI measurement and RDI. Obstructive sleep apnea re-quires a high cost which may further contribute to late detection, complications deterioration, and increasing in the drop of follow-ups. Increasing awareness of the primary care providers especial-ly family physicians would help to avoid such outcomes. OSA remains a common condition that requires attention, identification, and more directed research.

13 ref

044153   ALISMAIL A I, ALOSAIMI W A, FAQIHI A Y , AL-SAHAGI R J N , ALFRAIJI A F , ALOOFY O A , ALHAIDAR S M, ALFAIFI A A, ALRASHEED M S , ALKHURAYB N T (Medical Science Dep, Hashemite Univ, Amman, Jordan, Email: Jooode44 @ hotmail.com) : Hypertension diagnosis and management approach. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 84-8.

Hypertension is one of the most common diseases nowadays. It affects about 25 % of the adult global population and can lead to highly morbid cardiovascular or cerebrovascular complications. However, when recognized early, appropriate lifestyle-related measures and occasionally pharmacologic interventions can help greatly reduce its risks. In this study, we aim to provide summarized, yet comprehensive review paper focusing on diagnosis and management of hypertension. We searched PubMed using keywords such as hypertension, its screening, diagnosis, and treatment, and family medicine. Essential hypertension is a systemic disease that can kill the affected people silently. Nevertheless, knowing a lot about its risk factors and how they can be tackled to prevent it or even to greatly reduce its effects once it develops is of high importance; and here the major role of a family physician is revealed.

3 tables, 13 ref

044152   ALRUWAILI A , ALOSAIMI M, ALNAHAS T M , ALFERAYAN T A , ALSULAMI G O , ALHULAYBI A , ALSULAIMAN A A , HABTAR H S , ALQARNI S A , ALQHTANI H M, et al. (Family Medicine Dep, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Mealosaimi @ gmail.com) : Adhesion awareness among saudi surgeons: A national survey. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 75-83.

Postoperative adhesions which are defined as the abdominal fibrous connections that develop between the organs and the peritoneum as a result of surgical trauma are a significant clinical problem. Studies are yet to understand the mechanisms of adhesions; however, most studies have reported that they involve disruption of the mesothelial surface with subsequent signaling processes of inflammation and fibrinocoagulation. 124 surgeons from 57 hospitals in Riyadh, Jeddah, Taif, Makkah, Dammam, Al Ahsa, Albaha, and Air Saudi Arabia were recruited from 04/09/2019 till 24/09/2019 by convenient sampling method. A questionnaire from a previous study “Adhesion Awareness: A National Survey of Surgeons” was adapted and sent to the surgeons to understand their perspectives on post-operative adhesions. The use of antiadhesives, the role of adhesiolysis, and electrocautery were also assessed. All the respondents (n=124) responded to the questions giving a response rate of 100 %, which was highly commendable for the validity of the study. A cumulative 79.8 % (CI, 95) of the sample agreed that adhesions are of clinical interests. And, 36.7 % of the respondents expressed a positive attitude towards adhesion prevention; while, 26.7 % of the sample were not in support of adhesion prevention. 49.2 % disagreed with the notion that they experience a lack of clarity about when to use anti-adhesives; while, 29.9 % agreed that they experience a lack of clarity on when to use ant-adhesives. While surgeons are increasingly becoming aware of the effects of postoperative adhesions, more awareness needs to be conducted.

1 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

044151   ALMUTAIRI N M , ALZAIDI S A, ALOTAIBI S M , ALSHARARI A M H , ALSALEH A I , ALOTAIBI S S , JABER ALMALKI A S J, AL-REBH Q J , ALBALAWI H A F, AL-NEFAIE A A (Mdical Science Dep, Tabuk Univ, Tabuk, KSA, Email: DR7.balawi @ gmail.com) : Liver trauma diagnosis and surgical management. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 70-4.

Liver trauma is one of the most common affected organs in blunt abdominal trauma. It is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, choosing the best modality for diagnosis and managing such high-risk patients is crucial. In this study, we aim to review the literature focused on mechanism of liver trauma, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management with a focus on surgical approach. PubMed database was used for articles selection using the following keywords: liver injury, and its management, and evaluation. Management of liver trauma patients depends on their status during the general assessment of the case. In hemodynamically unstable patients and those with gun-shot wounds, the first line is surgery. However, non-operative management remains the mainstay of therapy in blunt liver injury. The main rule dictating this decision is hemodynamic stability. Certain factors increase the risk of failed conservative therapy, and these should alert the surgeon to the possibility of conversion to the surgical intervention.

1 table, 20 ref

044150   AHMED I B, ALOSAIMI M, ALGHAMDI M, ALQARAWI A, ALZAHRANI S, ALMUTAIRI M, ALOTAIBI Y, ALDHAFEERI Y, SUWAILEM M B (Medicine Dep, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Mealosaimi @ gmail.com) : Diabetic retinopathy knowledge, awareness and practices of physicians in primary health care centers. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 63-9.

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is one of the fatal causes of permanent and irreversible blindness infection that is prevalent making individuals suffer from diabetic conditions; however, annual medical examination is a critical interventional approach that not only limits the extent of infection but aids in timely formulation of relevant mitigation strategies and control of DR. Common to other healthcare systems in advance economies, the primary care physicians (PCP) are the immediate providers of primary care for diabetes across the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The aim of the present research paper is to assess the current awareness, practices, and knowledge of PCP on DR. The present research adopted a crosssectional design that covered three cities in Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire with three different parts was submitted to physicians in the healthcare facilities across the three cities. In addition, the research adopted a convenience sampling method during which the designated regions were selected due to convenience in proximity as well as accessibility. The research paper considered a sample size of 710 participants. An in-depth and compressive analysis of the results elucidated underlying defects as well as shortfalls on the physicians’ awareness, knowledge, and practices on DR. The results demonstrated defects in screening methods as well as referral procedures among physicians. Overall, the extent of knowledge, practices, and awareness among the PCP in the three cities were satisfactory. Hence, it is highly recommended that future awareness campaigns should focus on timely and detailed screening approaches in order to manage diabetic conditions among patients.

2 tables, 7 ref

044149   ALARADI B I, OMAIR S S , ALSHAHRANI M Y M , ALGHAMDI Y A S , QAHTANI S S H A , ALGHAMDI A K S , DHAFER ALSHEHRI D S D, ALDHAFEERI B M , ALMOSSALLEM A S , ALHUMIDI A V (Medical Science Dep, Tabuk Univ, Tabuk, KSA, Email: bayanmed551 @ gmail.com) : Infective endocarditis diagnosis and management. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 56-62.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial (usually bacteria) infection affecting the heart tissue or the adjacent vascular endothelium. The blood-circulating microbes usually need to be available in a certain inoculum to allow invasion and thus infect the heart. Moreover, if the valve annulus is affected, the infection will spread into the extravascular areas. The main causative agents in IE are bacteria; however, other causes such as fungi are still a possibility in many cases. The most common bacteria seen are staphylococci and streptococci, and they collectively account for approximately 80 % of cases; while S. Aureus, in particular is the most aggressive one. We aimed to review the literature regarding the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of this disease. PubMed database was used for articles selection. Diagnosing of infective endocarditis remains the pivotal step in management of these patients; thus, it had been studied widely for many years. Duke or modified Duke Criteria remain the most famous tool in diagnostic assessment, and they incorporate information from multiple sources into minor and major criteria which will reflect the probability of the disease in the suspected patients. The mainstay treatment of infective endocarditis is intravenous antibiotics, titred to serum levels, and the choice depends on the suspected causative organism and the valve involved in IE being native or prosthetic. Infective endocarditis prophylaxis is still a major point of difference among clinicians. Some institutions advocate for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing any dental procedure; while, others advised against prophylactic antibiotic.

1 table, 23 ref

044148   SHOUSHOU I M, MELEBARI A N , ALALAWI H A , ALGHAITH T A , ALAITHAN M S, ALBRIMAN M H A , ALWTHAINANI A S F , ALYAMI H H , ALALI M J , HAWSAWI H H (Medical Science Dep, Umm Alqura Univ, Makkah, KSA) : Evaluation of metabolic syndrome in primary health care. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 52-5.

Metabolic syndrome includes atherogenic dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. This complex of metabolic abnormalities is a risk factor for DM2, stroke, adverse cardiac events, and hepatic necrosis. In the last few years, studies showed a significant high prevalence of this syndrome among Saudi males. Central visceral adiposity is thought to be the primary trigger of most pathogenic events involved in the advent of the syndrome. In this paper, our aim is to discuss metabolic syndrome, its definitions, pathophysiology, diagnosis, screening, and the management done for such patients in general with special focus to primary healthcare. PubMed database was used for articles selection. The syndrome is linked with significant impacts on the patient health; as a result, the health care providers shall be alarmed on how to screen, diagnose and manage such disease. Prevention of childhood obesity is critical through screening and early diagnosis to save major burden and prevent future complications. Thus, nowadays, the new trend is towards incorporating screening of this syndrome in primary health care centers.

1 table, 15 ref

044147   AHME I A B, ALOSAIMI M E, ALKHATHAMI S M, ALKHURAYB N T, ALRASHEED M S, ALANAZI Z M, ALSHEHRI M A, ALAZWARY M N (Family Medicine Dep, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Mealosaimi @ gmail.com) : Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards diabetes mellitus among non-diabetes community members of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 41-51.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is in the midst of a diabetes mellitus (DM) epidemic whose origins can be traced to (a) the widespread adoption of the Western diet that is high in sugar, (b) an increase in sedentary activity, and (c) ignorance of the importance of DM. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to quantify various aspects of (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, and (c) practice relating to DM The three research questions addressed in this study were: (1) Is there any significant relationship between attitudes to DM and practices related to DM? (2) Is there any significant relationship between knowledge of DM and practices related to DM? (3) Is there any significant relationship between knowledge of DM and attitudes to DM? Separate surveys for each question collected data from a representative sample of 1,067 adult both male and female Saudis from Riyadh who have not been diagnosed with DM. Data analysis of the data from the study indicated that for each of the three research questions, the null hypothesis could not be rejected, indicating that none of the relationships were statistically significant. The absence of significance for each of the findings has important implications, including (a) the possibility that many Saudis incorrectly believe themselves to be unsusceptible to DM and (b) the high prevalence of DM-causing behaviors in the Saudi population. These two implications should be of particular concern to public health authorities and health educators in Saudi Arabia, who may need to work more diligently to educate non-DM-diagnosed Saudis on their vulnerability to DM

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

044146   ABDULLAH I B, AL-MUTAIRI M M , ALGHUBAYAN M A , ALAMIR A A , BU-JUBARAH A Y , ALMAJED N , ALMOAIBED G , ALMUBADDIL M S , ALQAHTANI A M , ALGHAITH T A, et. al. (Family Medicine Dep, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Ibrahim.Bin.Abdullah@gmail.com) : Literature review on prevalence, risk factors and, evaluation of acute lower back pain. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 35-40.

Acute back pain is any pain located at the back that lasts for less than 4 weeks duration. The prevalence is fair with as many as 84% of the adult population around the globe experience back pain at some point in life and is often self-limiting. However, in few selected patients it may serve as indicator of a serious underlying disease making it crucial to properly evaluate, characterize and address this concern. In this review we intend to explore the prevalence, risk factors and highlight the available methods using diagnostic imaging modalities to evaluate and address this condition. A review of relevant articles published from 1987 onwards in English language was done using the electronic databases of PubMed Pico and, Google Scholar with preset keywords.  Acute back pain prevalence range between 22 to 48 percent and risk factors are non-modifiable such as advanced age and female gender while modifiable risk factors are obesity, smoking, low education, sedentary lifestyle, etc. Employment related factors such as physically strenuous work also increase the risk of developing back pain. Notably, under-appreciated risk factors including psychological risk factors such as anxiety should be screened for while evaluating patients. Evaluation of back pain mostly relies on comprehensive history and physical examination, as most cases are self-limited. Diagnostic imaging is only recommended in cases presenting with red flag symptoms.

35 ref

044145   AL-MOAIGEL H M , ALBAIK N Z, AL-SHEHAB H T , ALDOSSARY A W , ABALKHAIL S A , ALOMANI A M (Medical Intern at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Email: Nadeer.albaik @ gmail.com) : The incident of acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in pediatric age group at king fahad university hospital in eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 27-34.

The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence and prognosis of PIGN in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. We retrospectively collected the data of all subjects who were diagnosed and got admitted with PIGN in King Fahd hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. Fifteen subjects were identified with PIGN during the study period (2009-2018). All subjects were Saudi. The mean age was 7.27 years and the majority were males (53.3 %). Eleven subjects (73.3 %) had recent history of URTI, eleven subjects (73.3 %) had history of gross hematuria, nine subjects (60 %) had history of eye puffiness, thirteen subjects (86.7 %) had edema, and eight subjects (53.3 %) had a fever at presentation. BP was elevated in eleven subjects (73.3 %). All subjects (100 %) had microscopic hematuria, urine protein to creatinine ratio was elevated in twelve subjects (median 13), ASO titer was elevated in five subjects (62.5 %), C3 was decreased in twelve subjects (80 %), serum albumin was low in 12 subjects (85.7 %), and ANA, IgA and C4 were normal in all tested subjects. Renal biopsy was performed in two subjects and the results confirmed the diagnosis of PIGN. The incidence of PIGN in our pediatric population at King Fahd University Hospital in the period from 2009-2018 was 3 cases per 100000 which indicate that (PIGN) in pediatric age group in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is as common as in the developed countries.

3 tables, 19 ref

044144   ALSHAHWAN G A , ALOMAIR A M , ALMNDIL N A , KHARS A F A , AKRAM A S , ALKORBI A L , ALSEHLY M A , H A , ALABDALI F K , ALSHEHRI A M (Medical Science Dep, Alfaisal Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: ghada.shahwan5@gmail.com) : Updates in management of achilles tendon rupture: Simple literature review. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 21-6.

Achilles tendon rupture (AT) is considered a subversive injury for the young athletes since its full recovery takes12 months. In addition to this, there is escalation in the risk of re-injury of the same tendon. In this review, we aim to assess and evaluate Achilles tendon rupture mechanism of injury, and its diagnosis and management published in the current literature. A comprehensive search was done using biomedical databases including Medline, and PubMed, for studies concerned with evaluation of Achilles Tendon Rupture published in English language. Keywords used in our search through the databases were “Achilles Tendon Rupture Mechanism and Pathophysiology”, “Achilles Tendon Rupture Management”, and “Achilles Tendon Rupture Diagnosis”. The incidence of Achilles tendon rapture among athletes is common and increasing. Determining the best management option is still controversy among orthopedic surgeons. Open surgery is associated with the lowest rates of re- rupture incidence, but increase risk of other complications. Percutaneous repair was found to have a low complications rate in comparison to open surgery, but it is associated with increased risk of sural nerve injury. The recent studies have clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of functional rehabilitation techniques, with biotherapy as potential future for development.

1 tables, 32 ref

044143   ALHUZAIM W , ALOSAIMI M, ALMESFER A M , SHAHRANI N M A , ALALI A H , ALIBRAHIM K I F , BEAYARI S M F , TURKI BUGSHAN T F , KAMAL A J , ALMURAYDHI K M , ALMUKHAITAH A A (Family Medicine Dep, Al Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Dr.Mealosaimi@gmail.com) : Saudi patients' knowledge, behavior, beliefs, self-efficacy and barriers regarding colorectal cancer screening. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 14-20.

Colorectal cancer is a common type of cancer in Saudi Arabia and globally. Timely screening is needed to improved treatment outcomes. The success of colorectal cancer (CRC) depends on the compliance by the targeted population. The aim of this study is to determine how patients’ knowledge, beliefs, behavior, selfefficacy, and barriers affect CRC screening. A cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 925 patients were recruited as participants from 38 hospitals in Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Dammam, Al Ahsa, and Albaha. Data was collected using questionnaire delivered to the participants. Most of the participants (over 95%) were aware of CRC. More than half knew about CRC screening. However, response to screening programs was low due to the lack of knowledge, fear, and insufficient patient awareness programs. Conclusion: Majority of the patients are willing to get regular CRC screening. However, there are low rates of actual screening due to fear and embarrassment, lack of knowledge, and other barriers. Healthcare workers need to intervene by creating enough public awareness.

1 tables, 10 ref

044142   MOGHADDAM Z A, DEHKHODANIA A (Islamic Azad Univ, West Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, Email: Alireza.dehkhodania @ gamil.com) : Study of feasibility, validity, reliability, and norm-finding of scale of social styles in employees of tehran regional electricity company. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 9-13.

In this study, the feasibility, validity, reliability, and normality of social style scales are investigated among the employees of Regional Electricity Company of Tehran. In this exploratory study, a descriptive method was used. The sample size was 350 people (194 males and 156 females), which were selected using a random sampling method. The social style scale pointed based on a 4-point Likert scale containing 30 items. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha and no item was excluded from the questionnaire. To test the construct validity of the instrument, the principal component analysis (PCA) method was used. To test the structure of the scale of derived factors, the Bartlett test was used by means of tilt rotation and 6 factors were derived including driving, expressive, analytical, amiable, compassion, and lawful.

2 tables, 8 ref

044141   ZHYTNIK T, YERMAK H, MOSKALYOVA L, PODPLOTA S, FEDOROVA O, LIAPUNOVA V (Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical Univ, Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine) : Socio-psychological aspects of hiv infection prevention among first-year university students as a health-saving factor. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 1-8.

The purpose of the study is to check the HIV awareness of the first-year university students in Melitopol, Ukraine experimentally to substantiate its importance (particularly about the way of its transmission and prevention) as a health-preserving factor. The study was conducted among the first-year university students in Melitopol, Ukraine. A total of 163 students (42 male and 121 female) participated in the survey in order to ascertain the students’ HIV awareness and develop particular methods of filling the gaps in their knowledge about HIV/AIDS, as well as promote preventive measures against HIV spread in Ukraine. A questionnaire was developed for the survey, and it consisted of two blocks: the first one contained the questions concerning the students’ HIV awareness; the second block was aimed at determining the sources of information from which the students received knowledge about HIV. The results of the survey demonstrated that the students have low HIV awareness that can lead to HIV infection. It has been found out that educational activities at universities and schools are the most effective means of HIV awareness formation and HIV infection prevention among youth (37.4 %). Formation of preventive programs should be aimed at reducing the risk behaviour of young people. The existence of a correlation between the level of awareness and the probability of HIV infection has been revealed. It was found out that educational activities on HIV/AIDS should be understood as a set of timely provided knowledge about the ways of HIV infection and methods of its prevention. It was proved that the acquired knowledge influences the first-year students inner motivation to change behaviour which is a health saving factor.

4 tables, 18 ref

045613   UPPARI R, CHANDRASHEKAR M S (Civil Engineering Dep, BITS PILANI Hyderabad Campus, Telangana- 500 078) : Vibration control of dynamically similar buildings optimally connected by viscoelastic dampers. J Inst Eng India Ser A 2020, 101(4), 809-21.

Recently, the construction of similar high-rise buildings has increased due to the increasing population. Moreover, due to space constraints, these structures are being built next to each other. When such tall buildings are located in high seismic zones, earthquake protection becomes essential. There have been many studies on vibration control by connecting dampers to adjacent dissimilar buildings. However, reviews with specific recommendations on damper connections to adjacent similar buildings are found to be scarce. This study aims to control the building vibration that is dynamically similar and adjacent to each other through damper connections. In this study, two adjacent ten-storied, dynamically similar RC buildings are considered. The buildings are modeled with shear frame and lumped mass for efficient yet straightforward analysis. The idealized shear buildings were connected with viscoelastic dampers using different damper configurations and then subjected to seven seismic ground motions. A numerical integration technique is used to obtain the seismic response, and a single objective particle swarm optimization technique is employed to optimize the position of dampers. The viscoelastic dampers provided at their optimal locations improved the seismic performance of coupled buildings in an economical way.

26 ref

045612   ARUMUGAM J, MAIYA M P P, NAGENDRA S M S (Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai- 600 036) : Thermal comfort assessment of tropically acclimatized occupants in an air conditioned microenvironment. J Inst Eng India Ser A 2020, 101(4), 795-807.

Air conditioning is a predominant technique widely used to condition the indoor environment. Thermal comfort of occupants in an air conditioned microenvironment depends on several factors. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of indoor operative temperature, air velocity and thermal sensation of tropically acclimatized subjects in air conditioned microenvironment. A classroom size of 31 students (subjects) was considered in the present investigation. Several experiments were conducted in a microenvironment by varying indoor operative temperature between 25.5 and 29.7 °C and air velocity from 0.1 to 0.25 m/s. The results indicate that the thermal sensation vote of subjects was always above 80 %. The neutral comfort temperature from the present study (28 °C) is comparable with the Griffiths comfort temperature (27.7 °C). The present study reveals that cooling asymmetry is a cause of concern for subjects in the air conditioned room since the air was directed toward the head and back of subjects.

24 ref