025771   UJJINAPPA S, SREEPATHI L K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, AMC Engineering Coll, Bangalore- 560 083, Email: santhoshujjinappa1986@gmail.com) : Production and quality testing of fuel briquettes made from pongamia and tamarind shell. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 58.

Biomass is receiving greater attention, especially in developed countries, mostly as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy supply security and decreasing their heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. However, the low bulk density of biomass is the major limitation in its usage but briquetting overcomes this limitation. This research was carried out to identify the optimum blending ratio for solid fuel briquettes produced by pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) shell (PS) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) shell (TS) with pongamia cake (PC) (0, 10, 20, 30 %) as an additive. The cylindrical briquettes were produced with diameter of 3.6 cm and length of 4.5 to 5.5 cm at a pressure of 100, 150 and 200 MPa. The produced briquettes were evaluated for different briquette properties like compressed density, relaxed density, relaxation ratio, compressive strength and shattering index. The results indicated that the use of pongamia cake creates an adverse effect on the properties of briquettes and hence use of pongamia cake as an additive is not recommended. Briquettes produced with blending ratio of PS:TS:PC = 60:40:00 at 200 MPa have better quality and met the briquette standards for commercial use. The proximate analysis, the ultimate analysis and the calorific value of briquettes produced with blending ratio of PS:TS:PC = 60:40:00 at 200 MPa were conducted and the results indicated that overall combustion properties of the briquettes were improved than the original raw materials; and better than the agro waste briquettes. Thus, this work proved that the blending of PS and TS gives better quality briquettes which can be used as fuel in several applications.

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

025770   SIMSEK B, UYGUNOGLU T (Chemical Engineering Dep, C¸ankiri Karatekin Univ, C¸ankiri, Turkey, Email: barissimsek@karatekin.edu.tr) : Thermal, electrical, mechanical and fluidity properties of polyester-reinforced concrete composites. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 57.

Polyester particles in concrete are preferred because they provide thermal, chemical and water resistance. In this study, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, mechanical strength and water resistance properties of concretes containing polyester granules such as flame-retardant polyester, cationic dyeable polyester and polyester with a low melting point-filled concrete have been analyzed using a full factorial design via Minitab version 17. The effect of the most influential factors on thermal conductivity of polyester aggregate reinforced concrete composite has been determined as an interaction between the cationic dyeable and lowmelt–point polyester. This mixture is suitable for production of thermal insulating concrete. Moreover, it is concluded that cationic dyeable polyester is the highest corrosion- and water-resistant product among the polyesters used in this study. The recovery rate of 33.94 % in the thermal conductivity and 214.89 % in the electrical resistivity of polyester-reinforced concrete composites has been obtained with a 28-day compressive strength loss of 41.94 % according to the reference concrete in the full factorial design application. These results indicate that the polyester-reinforced concrete composites are quite effective in achieving thermal and corrosion resistance concrete but with noticeable compressive strength loss.

5 illus, 6 tables, 37 ref

025768   FENG Z, TAN J, LIU X, WEI C (School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum Univ, Daqing, China, Email: xueyuanfzm@163.com) : Swept blade influence on aerodynamic performance of steam turbine nozzle cascades. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 56.

To improve the aerodynamic performance of steam turbine nozzle cascades, it is significant to study the effect of swept blades to control the flow field within the cascade. Numerical simulations of three different sweep angle blades (-20°, +20° and 0°) were carried out, using CFD modelling. Simulation results showed that the aft-swept blade can effectively improve the corresponding flow characteristics and reduce the total pressure loss. Meanwhile, it has better aerodynamic performance than the straight blade and the fore-swept blade.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

025767   ANDHARIA B R, PATEL P L, MANEKAR V L, POREY P D (Civil Engineering Dep, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat- 395 007, Email: andharia.bhoomi@gmail.com) : Prediction of bed level variations in nonuniform sediment bed channel. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 55.

In the present study, a numerical model, based on one-dimensional de Saint-Venant equations along with sediment continuity equation, is developed for prediction of bed levels in non-cohesive sediments in aggrading alluvial channels. One-dimensional, unsteady flow equations and sediment continuity equations are solved using ‘shock-capturing’, second order accurate, explicit MacCormack finite difference scheme while considering upstream and downstream boundary conditions in the channel. Series of experimental investigations have been undertaken for measurements of bed and water levels in an aggrading channel due to overloading of nonuniform sediments, extracted from the bed of Tapi River at Surat City, in a flume installed in Advanced Hydraulics Laboratory of SVNIT, Surat, India. A satisfactory coupling between the water flow and sediment flow has been achieved. The sediment continuity equation is used for the each size class to compute the volume of each size class after each time step at any computational node in the computational grid. The fractional bed and suspended load transport capacities for different size fractions have been computed using fractional transport laws for nonuniform sediments. The active bed layer concept has been implemented in finite difference scheme to consider the interaction and exchange of sediment and water flow near the mixing layer. The performance of developed numerical model has been satisfactorily verified with independent experimental data of nonuniform sediment bed. Also, consideration of sediment nonuniformity in computation of bed level variation has been demonstrated by comparing the results based on sediment transport functions of uniform and nonuniform sediments.

6 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

025766   SINGH T S, JAIN A K (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi- 110 016, Email: sumeet.nitw@gmail.com) : Simplified current minimization control of vector controlled Interior Permanent Magnet motor. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 54.

This paper presents a simplified current minimizing technique for Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor. This is primarily achieved by utilizing normalized 2D-Look Up Table (LUT) that is parameter independent except for saliency ratio. In addition, torque-flux reference frame is considered for implementation to reduce the complexity generally present in conventional methods utilizing ids - iqs current reference frame. The proposed algorithm also incorporates both the aspects that lead to field weakening operation, i.e., increase in speed and reduction of dc link voltage. A novel compensation method for incorporating saturation effect is also addressed. The current minimizing technique is analyzed in detail, supported by experimental results.

13 illus, 15 ref

025764   MOHANTY C P, SATPATHY M P, MAHAPATRA S S, SINGH M R (School of Mechanical Engineering and Building Sciences, VIT Univ, Vellore- 632 014, Email: chinmaymohantymech@gmail.com) : Optimization of cryo-treated EDM variables using TOPSIS-based TLBO algorithm. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 51.

In order to machine hard and high-strength-to-weight ratio materials, electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is extensively used in aerospace, automobile and other industrial applications. However, high erosion of tool and improper selection of machining variables have emerged as a major obstruction to achieve productivity in this direction. High erosion of tool not only enhances the cost of machining but also increases the machining time by causing interruption during machining. Therefore, proper selection of machining variables and tool material life are the two vital aspects for the tool engineers working in EDM. In view of this, the present work proposes an extensive experimental investigation and optimization of machining variables of cryogenically treated brass tool materials on machining competences of Inconel 718 workpiece. The study primarily highlights the outcome of cryogenically treated soaking duration of tools along with other important process variables, viz. discharge current, open-circuit voltage, pulse-on time, duty factor and flushing pressure, on the performance measures such as electrode wear ratio (EWR), surface roughness and radial over-cut. The study revealed that soaking duration in deep cryo-treatment of the electrode is a significant variable to achieve improved machining characteristics. The performance measures are converted into equivalent single performance measure by calculating the relative closeness coefficient by the techniques for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach. Finally, a novel teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm has been proposed to find the optimal level of machining variables for the performance measures. The optimal levels of cutting variables obtained through the algorithm are validated through confirmation test, predicting an error of 2.171 percentages between the computational and experimental results. The predicted result suggests that the proposed model can be used to select the ideal process states to achieve productivity for the cryo-treated EDM.

11 illus, 7 tables, 49 ref

025763   SINGH T S, JAIN A K (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi- 110 016, Email: sumeet.nitw@gmail.com) : Maximum power per VA control of vector controlled interior permanent magnet motor. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 50.

Maximum Torque Per Ampere is the commonly used technique for operating interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor while little work is reported towards maximum power-factor operation i.e., Maximum Power Per Volt-Ampere (MPVA). The MPVA operation allows maximum-utilization of the drive-system. The control technique is developed using detailed mathematical model of IPM motor in MPVA, and the solution to the quartic equations involved is derived and analyzed. The solution is utilized to develop LUT for implementation of MPVA control. The comparison of MTPA and MPVA technique is established to demonstrate its merits and demerits. The proposed algorithm is supported by simulation and experimental results on a 5.5 KW vector controlled IPM drive.

12 illus, 21 ref

025762   KOCKAL N U, BEYCAN O, GULMEZ N (Civil Engineering Dep, Akdeniz Univ, Antalya, Turkey, Email: ukockal@yahoo.com) : Effect of binder type and content on physical and mechanical properties of geopolymers. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 49.

In this study, the physical and mechanical behaviors of geopolymers prepared by using different amounts of silica fume and calcium hydroxide as binding materials, acidic pumice as fine aggregate and waste aluminium particles as air-entraining agent were investigated. Test results showed that binder types, amount of binders and alkali activator (sodium hydroxide) significantly affected the physical and mechanical behavior of geopolymer specimens. Bulk density, compressive and flexural strength decreased with the higher alkali activator content. Addition of waste aluminium particles led to decrease in bulk density and strength due to the some extent of entrained air. In the case of same alkali activator content, compressive and flexural strength increased with increase in silica fume and calcium hydroxide up to a certain level.

10 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

025760   SAGAR K, MEHTA H B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat- 395 007, Email: hbm@med.svnit.ac.in) : Experimental investigations on heat transfer characteristics of pulsating single-phase liquid flow and two-phase Taylor bubble flow through a minichannel. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 47.

Experimental investigations are reported for pulsating Taylor bubble (PTB) flow through a 2.12 mm horizontal circular minichannel. Air and water are used as working fluids. A T-junction is used to generate Taylor bubble flow in a minichannel. The superficial gas velocity (USG) is kept as 0.0472 m/s. The superficial liquid velocity (USL) is kept as 0.0472 and 0.0708 m/s. The pulsating liquid flow is generated by developing a pulse generator circuit. The investigations are carried out for various pulsating flow frequencies of 0 Hz (continuous flow), 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 Hz, which correspond to Womersley number (Wo) 0, 0.84, 1.39, 1.88, 2.65 and 3.75, respectively. Heat transfer enhancement is found to be negligible (less than 1 %) for pulsating laminar liquid flow through the minichannel. On the contrary, heat transfer is observed to decrease by 35 % for PTB flow compared with continuous Taylor bubble (CTB) flow for imposed frequency of pulsation up to 1 Hz.

17 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

025759   STEPHEN S J, GETTU R, FERREIRA L E T, JOSE S (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai- 600 036, Email: stefie.j.s@gmail.com) : Assessment of the toughness of fibre-reinforced concrete using the R-curve approach. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 46.

The fracture response of brittle materials like concrete can be characterised using modified linear elastic fracture mechanics models, such as the rising resistance curve (R-curve). In this study, the R-curve, determined by utilising the experimental response in the notched beam test with mode I fracture, is proposed as a measure of the toughness of fibre-reinforced concretes (FRCs). The unambiguity of the R-curve obtained is assessed by comparing the predicted flexural response of specimens of different geometries with experimental data. The variation in the R-curves with the dosage of steel and polymer fibres is also discussed.

7 illus, 31 ref

025758   YADAV H, AGARWAL A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai- 400 076, Email: krishna.04p@gmail.com) : Effect of pulsation on the near flow field of a submerged water jet. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 44.

The current study investigates the effect of pulsation frequency on the near field characteristics of a submerged water jet using the technique of dye visualization. Flow visualization was performed in water over the range: Reynolds number 540–1540, Strouhal number 0.16–1.75, and at constant amplitude of pulsation of 18 %. The results show that the mixing and entrainment process at lower Reynolds number occurs due to diffusion process owing to relatively stable shear layer for the case of a steady jet, whereas the external pulsation promotes an early instability in the shear layer where irregular structures promotes mixing between the jet and surrounding fluids. Images of streaklines show that initial mixing and entrainment processes in the potential core of the jet is due to the development of large vortical structures. While beyond the potential core, mixing and entrainment are governed by the small-scale structures. Further results show that the initiation and growth of vortices in the shear layer depends on the pulse frequency. For a given Reynolds number and amplitude, the number of vortical structures and their size changes with frequency. With an increase in the pulsation frequency, there is an increase in the spreading of the jet along with stretching of the vortical structures. An optimum pulsating frequency at which the effect of pulsation on the flow is maximum occurs at St = 0.44, independent of Reynolds number. These results should eventually lead to a better understanding of the physical phenomena responsible for enhanced mixing and entrainment processes in the presence of pulsating jets.

3 illus, 19 ref

025757   ERSOY H V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Yildiz Technical Univ, Turkey, Email: hversoy@yildiz.edu.tr) : Periodic flow of a second-grade fluid induced by non-torsional oscillations of eccentric rotating disks. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 36.

This paper deals with the periodic flow of a second-grade fluid caused by non-torsional oscillations of two disks rotating about non-coincident axes. While the two parallel disks are initially rotating with the same angular velocity about distinct axes, they start to execute non-torsional oscillations in their own planes and in the opposite directions. An exact solution is obtained for the components of the horizontal force per unit area exerted by the top and bottom disks on the fluid in the periodic state. The results are graphically displayed and the influence of the second-grade fluid parameter, the ratio of the frequency of oscillation to the angular velocity of the disks, the Reynolds number and the dimensionless velocity amplitudes of oscillation is discussed. It is observed that the change in the x-component of the mentioned force gets larger when the second-grade fluid parameter increases. However, an opposite effect is seen for the change in the y-component.

7 illus, 21 ref

025756   GENG Y H, QIN G L, ZHANG J Z (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong Univ, China, Email: ling.zhi.geng@stu.xjtu.edu.cn) : Spectral element method for wave propagation on irregular domains. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 34.

A spectral element approximation of acoustic propagation problems combined with a new mapping method on irregular domains is proposed. Following this method, the Gauss–Lobatto–Chebyshev nodes in the standard space are applied to the spectral element method (SEM). The nodes in the physical space are mapped according to the length scale of the beeline segment or the curve segment. Using the Bubnov–Galerkin method, some acoustic problems with two kinds of irregular domains are simulated in detail. First, the basic problem with analytical solution is analysed numerically. Numerical results show that the SEM integrated with the lengthscale method has the same precision as the isoparametric SEM. Also, it can save nearly half of the time cost. Additionally, the acoustic propagations with inlet flow are simulated numerically. All the results indicate that the SEM integrated with the length-scale method has the ability to simulate the acoustic problems with irregular domains. It is shown that the mapping method maintains the curve edges and provides a useful alternative for isoparametric element, which represents a curved edge with a straight edge.

18 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

025755   MAITY S, KARTIK V, SAHU P P, SWAIN P K, BHUNIA C T, DEBNATH S, (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur- 784 028, Email: santanu.ece@nitap.in) : Unavoidable front contact model of Si solar cell through a generalized effective medium approximation approach. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 31.

Fill factor of the solar cell mainly depends on series resistance and contact resistance, which are the most effective parameters to collect carriers (electrons and holes) from both electrodes of C-Si solar cells. We have used both mathematical and experimental approaches to reduce these resistances for enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) by increasing fill factor. After processing by light-induced plating (LIP) for metal contact, the PCE of solar cell is obtained as 14.43 %, which is 8.8 % more than that before LIP processing.

13 illus, 22 ref

025754   PRAKASH D (School of Mechanical Engineering, SASTRA Deemed Univ, Thanjavur- 613 401, Email: prakash@mech.sastra.edu) : Thermal analysis of building roof assisted with water heater and insulation material. Sadhana 2018, 43(3), 30.

Traditional roof systems are constructed with concrete and weathering coarse layer and these roof systems absorb and reflect a certain amount of solar radiation. The absorbed solar energy is transferred into building indoor and causes significant discomfort to the occupants. Also, this solar energy gets dissipated without any useful energy conversion. Hence this paper is focused to use the available solar energy effectively through a novel solar water heating system and the transfer of heat in the building indoor is arrested by proper roof insulation material. The modified insulated roof with the solar water heater is designed and simulated numerically in commercial computational fluid dynamics code with validation. Through this study, the factors that affect the performance of solar water heating system and thermal insulation capacity are analysed and the best design of the modified roof system is identified. The modified roof system produces 25 L of hot water per day with a temperature raise of 60 ºC in the winter season. Also, the same roof system maintains the ceiling temperature at about 27 ºC for a complete day in a summer season.

10 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

025753   KASAL Y G, GORE A, SHETE P P, THALKAR M (Lovely Professional Univ, Jalandhar) : Effect of travel speed of tractor on rate of application in liquid fertilizer application system. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 987-990.

The study entitled “Development of liquid fertilizer application system for planting mechanism” was conducted in laboratory as well as on field at ASPEE Agricultural Research foundation, Tansa, Tal- Wada, Dist.- Palghar. Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material that is added to soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Conservative estimates report 30 to 50 % of crop yields are attributed to fertilizer. Fertilizer is a key player to enhance crop production by upgrading soil fertility. Liquid fertilizer application has many advantages over solid fertilizer application. Hence, For greatest fertilizer nutrient use efficiency it is important to select the right source, the right timing, the right rate and the right method of application, it can be achieved by developing a mechanism which will place the seed in soil and also precisely apply fertilizer in liquid form at root zone of crop at required rate and discharge. The various components of liquid fertilizer application mechanism such as furrow openers, frame, power transmission system for seed drill, ball valve, liquid tank etc. were designed and developed. The prototype was then tested and evaluated in laboratory by calibrating the ball valve for the required discharge at particular given tractor speed (3.5 km/h, 4.0 km/h and 4.5 km/h), pump pressure (1 kg/cm² , 2kg/cm² and 3 kg/cm² ) and knob position (1, 2 and 3) of ball valve. The optimum requirement of liquid to be applied per meter length was 61-65 ml, hence the maximum value in the optimum range was observed at speed 3 (4.5 km/h), pressure 1 (1 Kg / cm² ) and knob position 3 as 64.4 ml.

1 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

025750   ALEX B K, KOSHY E P, THOMAS G (Molecular and Cellular Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad, Email: eapen.koshy@shiats.edu.in) : Comprehensive metabolite profiling of Haematocarpus validus (Miers) Bakh.f. ex Forman leaf and fruit samples using FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 897-900.

Haematocarpus validus (Khoon Phal) is a member of the family Menispermaceae with folklore medicinal and nutraceutical value. As there are no metabolome studies on this underutilized edible fruit crop, the present study was undertaken to generate a snapshot of plant specific metabolic fingerprint employing Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. FTIR is an ideal tool for assessing the various chemical bonds in a molecule utilizing infrared absorption spectrum. Dried crude powder of khoon phal leaf and fruit samples were made into thin pellets using KBr and IR spectra was obtained for wavenumber ranged from 4000 cm^-1 to 450 cm^-1. From the results obtained it was inferred that the leaf and fruit samples had more or less similar spectra of functional groups and fingerprint regions. The spectra included the functional groups region containing alcohols/phenols (OH- stretch), alkanes (aliphatic C-H stretching band), alkenes (-C=C- stretch) and 1⁰ amines (N-H bend) and the fingerprint regions that represent aromatics (C-C stretch - in ring, C-H loop), aromatic amines (C-N stretch), alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers (C-O stretch) and alkyl halides (C-Cl stretch, C-Br stretch). The FTIR analysis of leaf and fruit samples of H. validus gives an insight into the plant and plant part specific chemical profile and the unique spectra obtained can be used as a marker system for chemotaxonomic investigations.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

025749   VARAN M, AKGUL A (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Sakarya Univ, Sakarya, Turkey, Email: aakgul@sakarya.edu.tr) : Control and synchronisation of a novel seven-dimensional hyperchaotic system with active control. Pramana – J Phys 2018, 90(4), 54.

In this work, active control method is proposed for controlling and synchronising seven-dimensional (7D) hyperchaotic systems. The seven-dimensional hyperchaotic system is considered for the implementation. Seven-dimensional hyperchaotic system is also investigated via time series, phase portraits and bifurcation diagrams. For understanding the impact of active controllers on global asymptotic stability of synchronisation and control errors, the Lyapunov function is used. Numerical analysis is done to reveal the effectiveness of applied active control method and the results are discussed.

6 illus, 61 ref

025748   RAJAGOPAL K, PHAM V-T, TAHIR F R, AKGUL A, ABDOLMOHAMMADI H R, JAFARI S (Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang Univ, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Email: phamvietthanh@tdt.edu.vn) : A chaotic jerk system with non-hyperbolic equilibrium: Dynamics, effect of time delay and circuit realisation. Pramana – J Phys 2018, 90(4), 52.

The literature on chaos has highlighted several chaotic systems with special features. In this work, a novel chaotic jerk system with non-hyperbolic equilibrium is proposed. The dynamics of this new system is revealed through equilibrium analysis, phase portrait, bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents. In addition, we investigate the time-delay effects on the proposed system. Realisation of such a system is presented to verify its feasibility.

9 illus, 1 table, 64 ref

025747   PANAHI S, ARAM Z, JAFARI S, PHAM V, VOLOS C, RAJAGOPAL A (Biomedical Engineering Dep, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: sajadjafari@aut.ac.ir) : A new transiently chaotic flow with ellipsoid equilibria. Pramana – J Phys 2018, 90(3), 31.

In this article, a simple autonomous transiently chaotic flow with cubic nonlinearities is proposed. This system represents some unusual features such as having a surface of equilibria. We shall describe some dynamical properties and behaviours of this system in terms of eigenvalue structures, bifurcation diagrams, time series, and phase portraits. Various behaviours of this system such as periodic and transiently chaotic dynamics can be shown by setting special parameters in proper values. Our system belongs to a newly introduced category of transiently chaotic systems: systems with hidden attractors. Transiently chaotic behaviour of our proposed system has been implemented and tested by the OrCAD-PSpise software. We have found a proper qualitative similarity between circuit and simulation results.

4 illus, 59 ref

025745   LUO L, GUO D, ZHOU G, CHEN K (Engineering Coll, Nanjing Agricultural Univ, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, Email: kunj_chen@sina.com) : An investigation on the relationship among marbling features, physiological age and Warner-Bratzler Shear force of steer Longissimus dorsi muscle. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(4), 1569- 74.

Researchers nowadays have paid much attention to the relationships between tenderness and marbling, or physiological age. While the marbling was mainly evaluated qualitatively with scores or grades, and rarely related with physiological age. Present study was carried out to analyze the marbling features of longissimus dorsi muscle between the 12^th and 13^th ribs from 18, 36, 54 and 72 months old Simmental steers were quantitatively described with area and perimeter using computer vision technique. Relationship between Warner–Bratzler Shear force (WBSF), physiological age and the marbling features were examined performing regression analysis. The results revealed that WBSF positively correlated with physiological age, but negatively with marbling area and perimeter. Regression analysis showed that the relationship between the shear force and the steers’ age was more close to the quadratic curve (R² = 0.996) and exponential curve (R² = 0.957). It was observed during study that marbling grew with steers age. Marbling features were in linear correlation with the steers’ age, with R² = 0.927 for marbling area and R² = 0.935 for marbling perimeter. The industries in future may speculate beef tenderness and physiological age based on the marbling features (area and perimeter), which can be determined through the online image acquisition system and image processing.

2 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

025744   TEWARI S, DUBEY K K, SINGHAL R S (Food Engineering and Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai- 400 019, Email: kritibiotech@gmail.com) : Evaluation and application of prebiotic and probiotic ingredients for development of ready to drink tea beverage. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(4), 1525- 34.

Ready-to-drink (RTD) ice tea is a ready prepared tea, produced from green and black tea originating from same plant Camellia sinensis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prebiotics [galactooligosaccharide (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), and inulin] or synbiotic ingredients (GOS, FOS, inulin, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) on the sensory properties and consumer acceptability of RTD. The quality of green tea extract (GTE) and black tea extract (BTE) was improved with pretreatment of cellulase and pectinase enzymes. The combined enzymatic extraction amplified total extractives up to 76 % in GTE and 72 % in BTE. Total polyphenol was found to be enhanced to 24 % in GTE and 19 % in BTE. GTE was further selected for development of RTD in two different formats; synbiotic RTD and prebiotic RTD premix and analyzed for sensory attributes (colour, aroma, taste, and acceptability). Synbiotic RTD was also evaluated for stability over a period of 28 days at 4 °C. Synbiotic RTD developed an unpleasant flavor and aroma during the shelf life. Premix format of RTD developed using spray drying was reconstituted and found to be functionally and sensorially acceptable.

1 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

025742   GALIC A, PLIESTIC S, FILIPOVIC D, KOVACEV I, COPEC K, JANJECIC Z, BEDEKOVIC D (Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb Univ, Zagreb, Croatia, Email: dfilipovic@agr.hr) : Mechanical properties of ten-egg boxes made of different materials. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(4), 1325- 30.

This study was conducted to evaluate mechanical properties of ten-egg boxes, which are the most commonly used egg boxes in many countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Six ten-egg boxes were tested, two made of cardboard, two made of expanded polystyrene and two made of general purpose solid polystyrene, each from a different producer. There were no significant differences in basic dimensions between tested boxes of various materials, while the significant differences were occurred in weight and box wall thickness. Test included measuring of vertical forces required for deforming complete box and at particular place for each egg in a box till contact with eggs. According to the obtained results, cardboard boxes can provide the best mechanical protection for eggs. The average force required for deforming complete cardboard box was 83.6 % higher than for solid polystyrene box, and even 289.5 % higher than for expanded polystyrene box. The average force required for deforming cardboard box at particular place for each egg in a box was 60.8 % higher than for polystyrene box, and 74.0 % higher than for expanded polystyrene box. The disadvantage of cardboard boxes is that they are not resistant to the impact of moisture as polystyrene boxes and in the case of an increase in box moisture due to storage in inappropriate conditions their mechanical resistance decreases.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

025741   LEIVA-VALENZUELA G A, QUILAQUEO M, LAGOS D, ESTAY D, PEDRESCHI F (Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering Dep, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Email: gmleiva@uc.cl) : Effect of formulation and baking conditions on the structure and development of non-enzymatic browning in biscuit models using images. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(4), 1234- 43.

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of composition (dietary fiber = DF, fat = F, and gluten = G) and baking time on the target microstructural parameters that were observed using images of potato and wheat starch biscuits. Microstructures were studied Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Non-enzymatic browning (NEB) was assessed using color image analysis. Texture and moisture analysis was performed to have a better understanding of the baking process. Analysis of images revealed that the starch granules retained their native form at the end of baking, suggesting their in complete gelatinization. Granules size was similar at several different baking times, with an average equivalent diameter of 9 and 27 µm for wheat and potato starch, respectively. However, samples with different levels of DF and G increased circularity during baking to more than 30 %, and also increasing hardness. NEB developed during baking, with the maximum increase observed between 13 and 19 min. This was reflected in decreased luminosity (L*) values due to a decrease in moisture levels. After 19 min, luminosity did not vary significantly. The ingre-dients that are used, as well as their quantities, can affect sample L* values. Therefore, choosing the correct ingredients and quantities can lead to different microstructures in the biscuits, with varying amounts of NEB products.

2 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

025740   ABDULLAH N, CHIN N L, YUSOF Y A, TALIB R A (Process and Food Engineering Dep, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: chinnl@upm.edu.my) : Modelling of rheological behaviour of guava, pomelo and soursop juice concentrates via shear rate-temperature-concentration superpositioning. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(3), 1207- 13.

The steady-state flow test was conducted on pink-fleshed guava, pink-fleshed pomelo and soursop juice concentrates using a rheometer to understand its rheological behaviour. The power law model was used and a master-curve was created using the shear rate-temperature-concentration superposition technique to predict rheological properties from a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. All three juice concentrates undergo a double horizontal shift whilst the pink-fleshed guava required an additional vertical shift. The final equations show shear-thinning behaviour of pink-fleshed guava, pink-fleshed pomelo and soursop with flow behaviour index of 0.2217, 0.7507 and 0.6347, respectively. The final master-curve predicts shear stress at wide range of shear rates, i.e. between 10^-2 and 10⁶ s^-1 for the pink-fleshed guava, 10⁰ and 106 s^-1 for the pink-fleshed pomelo and 10⁰ and 10⁷ s^-1 for the soursop. The results provide useful information and effective technique to predict fruit juice con-centrates behaviour affected by heat changes during processing.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

025739   RAHAYUNINGSIH E, PAMUNGKAS M S, OLVIANAS M, PUTERA A D P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Gadjah Mada Unv, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: edia_rahayu@ugm.ac.id) : Chlorophyll extraction from suji leaf (Pleomele angustifolia Roxb.) with ZnCl₂ stabilizer. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(3), 1028-36.

Suji (Pleomele angustifolia Roxb.) leaves are a prominent source of chlorophyll and well-known for their ability to produce green color for food ingredients. However, chlorophyll is suspectible to color degradation at hightemperature. Color degradation occurred because porphyrin loses magnesium in its ring and it can be avoided by adding zinc. The aim of this work was to investigate the combined effect of independent variables on chlorophyll extraction process using ZnCl₂ as a stabilizer. Suji leaves were blanched with boiling water for 2 min, Zn-chlorophyll synthesis was done by varying concentration of ZnCl₂, Zn-chlorophyll extraction with ethanol, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry analysis of the final extracted solutions. A full three-level factorial design under response surface methodology was used to obtain the optimum condition of extraction process. The experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance and fitted with second order polynomial equation. The coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be 81.99 %. The optimum operating conditions were obtained at pH 7, ZnCl₂ concentration of 700 ppm and temperature of 85 °C with desirability value of 1.0000. At the optimum conditions, the total chlorophyll content (TCC) was found to be 47.2975 mg/100 g fresh weight.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

025738   ROCHIN-MEDINA J J, RAMIREZ K, RANGEL-PERAZA J G, BUSTOS-TERRONES Y A (Ingeni´eria Bioqui´mica Dep, Instituto Tecnologico de Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Email: kramirez@itculiacan.edu.mx) : Increase of content and bioactivity of total phenolic compounds from spent coffee grounds through solid state fermentation by Bacillus clausii. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(3), 915-23.

Spent coffee grounds are waste material generated during coffee beverage preparation. This by-product disposal causes a negative environmental impact, in addition to the loss of a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. A rotating central composition design was used to determine the optimal conditions for the bioactivity of phenolic compounds obtained after the solid state fermentation of spent coffee grounds by Bacillus clausii.To achieve this, temperature and fermentation time were varied according to the experimental design and the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were determined. Surface response methodology showed that optimum bioprocessing conditions were a temperature of 37 °C and a fermentation time of 39 h. Under these conditions, total phenolic and flavonoid contents increased by 36 and 13 %, respectively, in fermented extracts as compared to non-fermented. In addition, the antioxidant activity was increased by 15 % and higher antimicrobial activity was observed against Gram positive and negative bacteria. These data demonstrated that bioprocessing optimization of spent coffee grounds using the surface response methodology was an important tool to improve phenolic extraction, which could be used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents incorporated into different types of food products.

2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

025737   GARG S, SOOD D, GOPAL K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra- 136 119, Email: deepaksood.uiet@gmail.com) : An ultrathin polarization insensitive frequency selective surface for wide stop band RF applications. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2018, 56(3), 196- 202.

In this paper, a compact, polarization insensitive, wide stop band frequency selective surface (FSS) has been proposed to serve C, X and Ku band applications. The unit cell of the proposed FSS consists of the combination of square loop and Jerusalem cross dipole elements to achieve wide stop band with a -10 dB bandwidth of 15.96 GHz from 5.45 GHz to 21.41 GHz. The periodicity and overall thickness of the structure are 0.32 λ₀ and 0.04 λ₀, respectively. The proposed design is polarization insensitive and provides a wide stop band response for large angles of incident wave with TE or TM polarization. Equivalent circuit analysis has also been performed to verify the simulated results. A prototype of proposed structure has been fabricated and experimentally tested. The measured results have been observed in agreement with the simulated results.

17 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

024702   JANG K-N, CHA H-J, KIM K-T (Dongguk Univ, Gyeongbuk- 38066, Republic of Korea, Email: ktkim@dongguk.ac.kr) : Allowable peak heat-up cladding temperature for spent fuel integrity during interim-dry storage. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1740- 7.

To investigate allowable peak cladding temperature and hoop stress for maintenance of cladding integrity during interim-dry storage and subsequent transport, zirconium alloy cladding tubes were hydrogen-charged to generate 250 ppm and 500 ppm hydrogen contents, simulating spent nuclear fuel degradation. The hydrogen-charged specimens were heated to four peak temperatures of 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C, and then cooled to room temperature at cooling rates of 0.3 C/min under three tensile hoop stresses of 80 MPa, 100 MPa, and 120 MPa. The cool-down specimens showed that high peak heat-up temperature led to lower hydrogen content and that larger tensile hoop stress generated larger radial hydride fraction and consequently lower plastic elongation. Based on these out-of-pile cladding tube test results only, it may be said that peak cladding temperature should be limited to a level < 250°C, regardless of the cladding hoop stress, to ensure cladding integrity during interim-dry storage and subsequent transport.

11 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024701   YU S, LEE J, PARK B, CHO I, LEE H (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Republic of Korea, Email: snyu@kaeri.re.kr) : Design considerations for teleoperation systems operating in gas-tight argon cells. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1717- 26.

In the nuclear industry, mechanical engineers spend a significant portion of their time designing equipment such as manipulators, bogies, mechanical grippers, and so on. Some customized designs can be considered as standard mechanical equipment in this area, although it is not unusual to find that an existing design cannot simply be copied from one project to another. Varied performance requirement scan dictate that redesign, often quite extensive redesign, is required. However, if something similar has been done before, engineers could use that as a starting point for the new project. In this regard, this study presents several guidelines inspired by previous design knowledge for similar development cases. Moreover, this study presents more detailed suggestions such as design guidelines for an argon-based hot cell atmosphere and design experience for a large-scale practical hot cell facility. Design considerations and case studies dealt with in this study are dedicated to teleoperation manipulators that are used at a large-scale argon cell facility for pyroprocess integrated inactive demonstration (PRIDE), at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. In particular, for case studies to support the suggested recommendations, a fabricated telemanipulator system for PRIDE is introduced, and several kinds of experimental results associated with it are presented.

12 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024700   YARMOHAMMADI M, RAHGOSHAY M, SHIRANI A S (Nuclear Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: m.rahgoshay@gmail.com) : Effect of central hole on fuel temperature distribution. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1629- 35.

Reliable prediction of nuclear fuel rod behavior of nuclear power reactors constitutes a basic demand for steady-state calculations, design purposes, and fuel performance assessment. Perfect design of fuel rodsas the first barrier against fission product release is very important. Simulation of fuel rod performance with a code or software is one of the fuel rod design steps. In this study, a software program called MARCODE is developed in MATLAB environment that can analyze the temperature distribution, gap conductance value, and fuel and clad displacement in both solid and annular fuel rods. With a comparison of the maximum fuel temperature, fuel average temperature, fuel surface temperature, and gap conductance in solid and annular fuel, the effects of a central hole on the fuel temperature distribution are investigated.

15 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

024699   YANG Z, MENG Z, YAN C, CHEN K (Harbin Engineering Univ, Heilongjiang- 150001, China, Email: Changqi_yan@163.com) : Heat transfer and flow characteristics of a cooling thimble in a molten salt reactor residual heat removal system. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1617- 28.

In the passive residual heat removal system of a molten salt reactor, one of the residual heat removal methods is to use the thimble-type heat transfer elements of the drain salt tank to remove the residual heat of fuel salts. An experimental loop is designed and built with a single heat transfer element to analyze the heat transfer andflow characteristics. In this research, the influence of the size of a three-layer thimble-type heat transfer element on the heat transfer rate is analyzed. Two methods are used to obtain the heat transfer rate, and a difference of results between methods is approximately 5 %. The gas gap width between the thimble and the bayonet has a large effect on the heat transfer rate. As the gas gap width increases from 1.0 mm to 11.0 mm, the heat transfer rate decreases from 5.2 kW to 1.6 kW. In addition, a natural circulation startup process is described in this paper. Finally, flashing natural circulation instability has been observed in this thimble-type heat transfer element.

12 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

024698   ZHENG Y, LI X, WU H (Xi'an Jiotong Univ, shaanxi- 710 049, Email: yqzheng@mail.xjtu.edu.in) : Effect on high-energy neutron source on predicting the proton beam current in the ADS design. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1600- 9.

The accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) is driven by a neutron source from spallation reactions introduced by the injected proton beam. Part of the neutron source has energy as high as a few hundred MeV to a few GeV. The effects of high-energy source neutrons (En > 20 MeV) are usually approximated by energy cut-off treatment in practical core calculations, which can overestimate the predicted proton beam current in the ADS design. This article intends to quantize this effect and propose a way to solve this problem. To evaluate the effects of high-energy neutrons in the subcritical core, two models are established aiming to cover the features of current experimental facilities and industrial-scale ADS in the future. The results show that high-energy neutrons with En > 20 MeV are of small fraction (2.6 %) in the neutron source, but their contribution to the source efficiency is about 23 % for the large scale ADS. Based on this, a neutron source efficiency correction factor is proposed. Tests show that the new correction method works well in the ADS calculation. This method can effectively improve the accuracy of the prediction of the proton beam current.

19 illus, 7 tables, 28 ref

024697   NIDHIN T S, BHATTACHARYYA A, BEHERA R P, JAYANTHI T, VELUSAMY K (Homi Bhabha National Institute, Tamilnadu- 603 102, Email: ntsnidhin@gmail.com) : Understanding radiation effects in SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays for implementing instrumentation and control systems of nuclear power plants. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1589- 99.

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are getting more attention in safety-related and safety-critical application development of nuclear power plant instrumentation and control systems. The high logic density and advancements in architectural features make static random access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs suitable for complex design implementations. Devices deployed in the nuclear environment face radiation particle strike that causes transient and permanent failures. The major reasons for failures are total ionization dose effects, displacement damage dose effects, and single event effects. Different from the case of space applications, soft errors are the major concern in terrestrial applications. In this article, a review of radiation effects on FPGAs is presented, especially soft errors in SRAM-based FPGAs. Single event upset (SEU) shows a high probability of error in the dependable application development in FPGAs. This survey covers the main sources of radiation and its effects on FPGAs, with emphasis on SEUs as well as on the measurement of radiation upset sensitivity and irradiation experimental results at various facilities. This article also presents a comparison between the major SEU mitigation techniques in the configuration memory and user logics of SRAM-based FPGAs.

10 illus, 6 tables, 116 ref

024696   KIM H-C, HA K S, KIM S J, SEO M, KANG S-H, LEE D Y, SONG Y-M, LEE J, IM H J, CHO C-S, YEON J-W, KIM S I, CHO S-W, SONG J, RYU Y-H (Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, Daejeon- 34142, Republic of Korea, Email: khc@kins.re.kr) : Development of a Korean roadmap for technical issue resolution for fission product behavior during severe accidents. Nucl Eng Tech 2017, 49(8), 1575- 88.

In order to develop a domestic research roadmap for severe accidents, a special committee was estab-lished by the Korean Nuclear Society. One of the subcommittees discussed the characteristics and the relevant technical issues in the stages offission product release and physical forms of radio nuclide release and transport. The group members developed a tree to identify fission product release phe-nomena by tracing failures of individual defense-in-depth barriers and added possible counter measures against failure. For each elemental issue, they searched for technical problems by examining the phe-nomena, accident management actions, and regulatory aspects relevant to the mitigation features for containment, including mitigation strategies against containment bypass accidents. Regulatory concerns, including the source term and the acceptance criteria for radio nuclide release, were also considered. They identified further research needs regarding important technical issues based on the degree of thecurrent knowledge level in Korea and in foreign countries, looking at the significance and urgency ofissues and the expected research period required to reach an advanced level of knowledge. As a result,the group identified the 12 most important and urgent issues, most of which were expected to require mid-term and long-term research periods.

2 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

024695   SOHAIL A, AZIZ A, IMRAN M, OSAMA ZUNAID M, AHEMAD S (Engineering and Technology Univ, Punjab, Pakistan, Email: aamirsohail431@yahoo.com) : Effect of TIG welding parameters on the properties of 304 L automated girth welded pipes using orbital welding machine. J Mater Sci 2017, 5(4), 136-43.

In this study, the effect of TIG welding parameters like pulse rate, pulse frequency, arc travel speed and wire feed rate on the properties of girth welding of SS 304 L were experimentally examined. ER 308 L filler wire was used forreinforcement of weld. The pipes were welded by using orbital welding machine. Samples were made by varying above mentioned parameters. Tensile, bend and hardness tests were performed to examine mechanical properties. It was examined that the sample welded at 90A pulse current was sounder having tensile strength of 605 MPa and hardness ofbase 160HB, HAZ 114HB, weld99 HB.

8 illus, 7 tables, 9 ref

024694   FATYUKHIN D S, NIGMETZYANOV R I, LUZNOV J M, SINEV A V, TRIFONOV O N (Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical Univ, Russia, Email: mitriy2@yandex.ru) : A study of the influence of cavitation structures on the facial layers of structural materials. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1612- 6.

The effect of ultrasonic cavitation is widely used in some technological processes, for example, ultrasonic cleaning. Along with the positive effects, cavitation leads to deformation and destruction (erosion) of treated materials’ surface. Controlling the effects caused by ultrasound in a liquid requires a detailed study of the cavitation structures’ impact on the facial layers of work-pieces. Proposed methodology includes the processing of metal samples in liquid under the impact of ultrasonic field. The process dynamics were recorded using high-speed video camera. Samples’ characteristics were measured before and after treatment. The article presents a study on the effect of cavitation structures on the facial layers of structural materials, as well as modification regularities of physical, mechanical, and geometrical parameters of the metal sample surfaces under the impact of cavitation. The authors revealed the quantitative characteristics of structure transformations, as well as changes in microhardness, roughness, and subroughness of the samples.

2 illus, 12 ref

024693   KHRIPACH N A, IVANOV D A, LEZHNEV L Y, SHUSTROV F A (Moscow Polytechnic Univ, Russia, Email: shustrov@yandex.ru) : Calculation studies of a free-piston stirling engine. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1603- 11.

This paper presents the results of calculation studies of a free-piston Stirling engine. They were done using our proposed method of calculation, which combines adiabatic calculation of the engine's thermodynamic parameters with dynamics of the displacer and working piston oscillations. The purpose of our work is to determine the basic thermodynamic parameters of a free-piston Stirling engine, parameters of the displacer/working piston oscillation system and the range of payload changes, which collectively make it possible to create the necessary conditions for the self-oscillation process in the engine. We demonstrate the principles of determining the FPSE set point. The obtained characteristics of the self-oscillation process are the basis for development and fine-tuning of active control systems and an algorithm of the engine operation. The obtained results facilitate the choice of external load devices that would be well coordinated with the dynamic system of the FPSE. The possible load devices include power generators, pumps and compressors with linear action.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

024692   RAJPUT V S, JATOTH R K, BHOOKYA N, BODA B (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Email: vaibhav.sr@gmail.com) : Hybrid ga-pso based pitch controller design for aircraft control system. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1595- 1602.

In this paper proportional, integral, derivative (PID) controller is used to control the pitch angle of the aircraft when the elevation angle is changed or modified. The pitch angle is dependent on elevation angle; a change in one corresponds to a change in the other. The PID controller helps in restricted change of pitch rate in response to the elevation angle. The PID controller is dependent on different parameters like Kp, Ki, Kd which change the pitch rate as they change. Various methodologies are used for changing those parameters for getting a perfect time response pitch angle, as desired or wished by a concerned person. While reckoning the values of those parameters, trial and guessing may prove to be futile in order to provide comfort to passengers. So, using some meta heuristic techniques can be useful in handling these errors. Hybrid GA-PSO is one such powerful algorithm which can improve transient and steady state response and can give us more reliable results for PID gain scheduling problem.

10 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

024691   SATYANARAYANA N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Lingaya’s Univ, Faridabad, Haryana, Email: nsn.limat@gmail.com) : Characterization of a diesel engine operating with ignition improver as a fuel additive in biodiesel blend. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1589- 94.

Unique Resembling the well ordered consumption of world oil saves, rise the unrefined petroleum cost and consequences for natural contamination of expanding fumes outflow there is a dire requirement for reasonable option fuel for diesel motors. The present investigation covers the stage I, these tests are led on a four stroke single barrel water cooled coordinate infusion diesel motor with consistent speed by utilizing diesel and fundamental information is created through fluctuating burdens. In second stage, test investigation has been done on a similar motor with same working parameters by utilizing the Jatropha oil methyl esters mix with an extent J30 by expansion of DEE (Die Ethyl Ether)(Ignition improver) 5 ml, 10 ml to discover the execution and discharges parameters. The fundamental motivation behind start improver is to enhance the burning procedure and lessen the discharges. The version and discharge parameters got in the above tests were thought about in line fundamental diesel information. The mix J30 with start improver 10 ml demonstrates decreased discharges like CO, HC, NOX, smoke thickness and enhanced effectiveness like brake warm productivity, BSFC.

8 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

024690   ZHARKENOV N B, KABIKENOV S Z H, KUTIENKO S Y U, ESBOSYNOV K T, SUNGATOLLAKYZY A, VLNKA J (Transport Engineering and Logistic Systems Dep, Karaganda State Technical Univ, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Email: zhar_nursultan@mail.ru) : Technique of bit-by-bit reliability calculation of dump trucks electrotransmission. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1184- 7.

The development and updating of production advanced technology should be based on the use of the modern technique. Therefore, the subject of the research is urgent. The purpose of the work is the reliability calculation of dump trucks electrotransmission. With increasing number of the vehicles, the requirements of automobile reliability and reduction of specific metal intensity and labour intensity of maintenance and repair become stricter. Electric transmission of the heavy-load car represents the composite automated system. For the reasoned and precise calculation various methods,such as the analysis,model operation, systematization and others were used. As a result of the research, various failure rates on system were established.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

024689   RABINSKIY L N, RIPETSKIY A V, ZELENOV S V, KUZNETSOVA E L (Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation, Email: lareyna@mail.ru) : Analysis and monitoring methods of technological preparation of the additive production. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1178- 83.

The driver for this research is the consideration of actual processes in the additive production, then the geometry of model may contain various types of mistakes to which led various processes. In order to exploit the potential benefits of this emergent technology, new design, analysis and optimization methods are needed. This paper presents identification of similar mistakes by all available methods extremely important at technological preparation since finally any mistake in geometrical representation of model involves mistakes fiber representation. The results demonstrate that using the considered control devices at each stage of technological preparation it is possible to reveal mistakes to an exit to the press that will allow to save time and material.

10 illus, 7 ref

024688   LIPKOVICH E I, BONDARENKO A M, LIPKOVICH I E (Azov-Black Sea Engineering Institute of Don State Agrarian Univ, Zernograd, Russian Federation, Email: 4ye@mail.ru) : Distribution of masses and technological schemes of agricultural combines. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1163- 70.

The problem of quality of running systems impact of high-performance combine harvesters on productional layers in agro ecosystems is considered in the article. The directions of removal or decrease of this influence on the ways of design redistribution and technological mass of grain-harvesting units are defined. It is offered to carry out processing of a design of high-performance combine harvesters so that to lower unit loads on running devices. Four main design flow diagrams of grain-harvesting units which parts mobile power means of agricultural appointment of the fifth generation are synthesized. All four schemes presented in article are carried out by redistribution of mass of grain-harvesting units on padding running devices that considerably reduces specific pressure on the soil. At the same time motor installation for other use is released in non-harvest time.

6 illus, 10 ref

024687   KUMAR S B S, CHINNAPANDIAN M (Adhi Coll of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: sbs.kumar@yahoo.com) : The performance study of a solar flat plate type air collector with natural and forced convection. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1155- 62.

In developing world, the usage of fossil fuel and electricity charges are being increased day by day and they produce more environmental pollution. In intention of the above factor, there is need to develop alternative energy with low cost. Solar power is one of the best ways to produce energy. Solar flat plate type air collector (SFPTAC) is widely used for many solar applications. Drying of agricultural food products is attractive and cost –effective application of solar power as it becomes a potentially viable substitute for fuel-wood in major development of the world. A SFPTAC is 2 × 1 m2 area and 5 mm thick aluminium sheet is coated with a black paint. An insulated collector of about 10 cm thickness and inside is covered by the glass wool of thickness 25 mm are used on the surface of the enclosure. These tests were conducted to gather data from different atmospheric conditions. The results were examined by both the free and forced convection.

9 illus, 23 ref

024686   GOPI R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Adhi Coll of Engineering and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, Email: gopi.mech@adhi.edu.in) : Experimental investigation of flat plate collector with cylindrical fins in a solar air heater. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1128- 31.

The main objective of this work is to increase the efficiency of solar air heater (SAH). The efficiency of SAH is increased with increasing the rate of heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer can be increased by increasing the surface area by cylindrical fins. The cylindrical fins are arranged tangent to the absorber plate. The flat plate solar air heater with and without cylindrical fins on the absorber plate is constructed and tested for five different mass flow rates of air. From the experimental results, optimum mass flow rate is found for maximum collector efficiency.

4 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

024685   SHARATH D, TEKLE B, SUSHMA K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Wolkite Univ, Wolkite- 07, Ethiopia, Email: daidasharath@gmail.com) : Design of sand filter unit for surface water treatment in Gubre city, SNNPR, and Ethiopia. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1120- 7.

Surface water is the best source of water that satisfies us from our thirst and used for many other houses hold and industrial applications. It can be polluted by different means of contaminations. The presence of these contaminations may be in the form of soluble, insoluble or with other compounds above its limit could alter the usefulness of the water. In the present study, this project is aimed to design a Sand Filter unit, which deals with impurity problem in surface water, by using Sand Filtration as alternative treatment method for treating surface water for drinking in Gubre-City, SNNPR, and Ethiopia. To achieve this goal, three plastic version Sand Filter units were installed at laboratory and performed about nine experiments with different parameters. The results are analyzed by the efficiency of Sand Filter in removing impurity and compared between units with respect to the key design parameters. Three experimental results were selected and compared which have best impurity removal efficiency. Finally, it is observed that all these three Sand Filter units achieved more than 80 % turbidity removal efficiency from surface water. From the experiments, it is clear that the Sand Filter Unit 1 as attained the highest turbidity removal efficiency of 88.4 % as compared to the other two Sand Filter units.

7 illus, 11 tables, 31 ref

024684   DASH S K, DASH S, LINGFA P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, NERIST, Nirjuli- 791 109, Arunachal Pradesh, Email: 90nash@gmail.com) : Comparative assessment of performance and emission analysis of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel prepared from different sources. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1114- 9.

Present study experimentally investigates the use of biodiesel prepared from two potential non-edible oil (Karanja and Jatropha) and waste cooking oil in compression ignition engine. Keeping in view the low temperature operability and other durability issues found in pure biodiesel, B-20 blends were experimented in diesel engine. The performance and emission parameter were observed and analyzed. All the B-20 blends showed performance and emission characteristics similar to that of high speed diesel. WCB-20 showed highest NOx emission at full load. Karanja biodiesel blend showed good performance characteristics compared to Jatropha and waste cooking biodiesel blend. The results reveal that all the 20 % blending test fuel can be used in compression ignition engine as a supplementary fuel.

12 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

024683   RODRIGUEZ-MIRANDA J, MARTINEZ-SANCHEZ C E, HERNANDEZ-SANTOS B, JUAREZ-BARRIENTOS J M, VENTURA-BAEZ E G, HERMAN-LARA E (Ingenieri´a Qui´mica y Bioqui´mica Dep, Instituto Tecnologico de Tuxtepec, Mexico, Email: erasmo_hl@hotmail.com) : Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the physical quality of plantain (Musa ssp., group AAB) employing airflow reversal drying. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(1), 157- 63.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the color and texture of plantain (Musa ssp., group AAB) dried by airflow reversal drying. Plantain slices 1.0 cm thick were used. Pretreatment with two commercial enzymes, Pectinex Ultra SPL (Aspergillus aculeatus) and Pectinex 3XL (Aspergillus niger), was performed. Drying kinetics were determined with and without pretreatment at temperatures of 50, 65 and 80 °C using a fixed bed convective dryer. An air speed of 6 m/s, a bed height of 5 cm and either unidirectional flow or airflow reversal (every 15 min) were used for drying. Color and texture were analyzed, and consumer acceptance of the results of the best treatments was determined. Pretreatment with the enzyme A. niger and airflow reversal gave the best drying kinetics and showed the greatest reduction in drying time (59.0 %) at 80 °C. The best hardness results were found at 80 °C with A. niger enzymatic pretreatment with both types of air flow. Brightness and hue angle showed that samples pretreated with enzymes and dried at 65 °C had a lighter yellow color compared to non-pretreated samples. Plantain samples enzymatically pretreated and dried at 65 and 80 °C were the most accepted by consumers. This kind of enzymatic pretreatment on plantain could allow the conservation of some physical properties and reduction of drying times relative to the current methodology.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

024682   TANASKOVIC S J, LUKOVIC N, GRBAVCIC S, STEFANOVIC A, JOVANOVIC J, BUGARSKI B, KNEZEVIC-JUGOVIC Z (Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology Dep, Belgrade Univ, Republic of Serbia, Email: zknez@tmf.bg.ac.rs) : Production of egg white protein hydrolysates with improved antioxidant capacity in a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor: Optimization of operating parameters by statistical design. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(1), 128- 37.

This study focuses on the influence of operating conditions on Alcalase-catalyzed egg white protein hydrolysis performed in a continuously stirred tank reactor coupled with ultrafiltration module (10 kDa). The permeate flow rate did not significantly affect the degree of hydrolysis (DH), but a significant increase in process productivity was apparent above flow rate of 1.9 cm³min^-1. By contrast, an increase in enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio provided an increase in DH, but a negative correlation was observed between (E/S) ratio and productivity. The relationship between operating conditions and antioxidant properties of the hydrolysates, measured by three methods, was studied using Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology. The statistical analysis showed that each variable (impeller speed, E/Sratio, and permeate flow rate) had a significant effect on the antioxidant capacity of all tested systems. Nevertheless, obtained response functions revealed that antioxidative activity measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods were affected differently by the same operating conditions. High impeller speeds and low permeate flow rates favor ABTS while high impeller speeds and high permeate flow rates had a positive effect on the DPPH scavenging activity. On the other hand, the best results obtained with FRAP method were achieved under moderate operating conditions. The integration of the reaction and ultrafiltration membrane separation in a continuous manner appears to be a right approach to improve and intensify the enzymatic process, enabling the production of peptides with desired antioxidant activity.

6 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

024681   OKUT D, DEVSEREN E, KOC M, OCAK O O, KARATAS H, KAYMAK-ERTEKIN F (Food Engineering Dep, Adnan Menderes Univ, Aydin- 09010, Turkey, Email: mehmetkoc@adu.edu.tr) : Developing a vacuum cooking equipment prototype to produce strawberry jam and optimization of vacuum cooking conditions. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(1), 90- 100.

Purpose of this study was to develop prototype cooking equipment that can work at reduced pressure and to evaluate its performance for production of strawberry jam. The effect of vacuum cooking conditions on color soluble solid content, reducing sugars total sugars HMF and sensory properties were investigated. Also, the optimum vacuum cooking conditions for strawberry jam were optimized for Composite Rotatable Design. The optimum cooking temperature and time were determined targeting maximum soluble solid content and sensory attributes (consistency) and minimum Hue value and HMF content. The optimum vacuum cooking conditions determined were 74.4 °C temperature and 19.8 time. The soluble solid content strawberry jam made by vacuum process were similar to those prepared by traditional method. HMF contents of jams produced with vacuum cooking method were well within limit of standards.

3 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref