039273   MEIKANDAN M, KUMAR P G, SUNDARRAJ M, KARTHICK M, MALARMOHAN K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Techno, Avadi, Email: meikandan013@gmail.com) : Fabrication and investigation of superhydrophobic surface by dip coating. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 60-6.

The present research work is focused on to fabricate and examine the characteristics of a superhydrophobic surface on copper (Cu) substrates by dip coating method. Three different samples of ‘Cu’ are set with chemical etching, mechanical rubbing and the combination of above two methods. The variations in the exteriorsurface morphologies have been examined by profilometer, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The adapted samples are immersed in a solution of silver nitrate follow by immersing in a combination of ethanol and perflurodecyltriethoxysilane for 10 min. The presence of leaf and dendrites assemblies have been observed on the surface, which are useful to trap the air between them and the entrapment allows water to roll off from the surface. The outcomes reveal that the modified substrates have a water contact angle (WCA) of 159 ° in the case of ‘Cu’ using combination of chemical etching and mechanical rubbing followed by immersion coating. The proposed methodology has the advantage of size compatibility and easy scale up for the development of superhydrophobic surface on copper in a cost and time effective manner.

5 illus, 22 ref

039271   PARVEEN N, ZAIDI S, DANISH M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Email: sadaf63in@yahoo.com) : Support vector regression: A novel soft computing technique for predicting the removal of cadmium from wastewater. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 43-50.

The presence of toxic heavy metals in the wastewater coming from industries is of great concern across the world. In the present work, a novel soft computing technique support vector regression (SVR) technique has been used to predict the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater with agricultural waste ‘rice polish’ as a low-cost adsorbent, with contact time, initial adsorbate concentration, pH of the medium, and temperature as the independent parameters. The developed SVR-based model has been compared with the widely used multiple regression (MR) model based on the statistical parameters such as coefficient of determination (R²), average relative error (AARE) etc. The prediction performance of SVR-based model has been found to be more accurate and generalized in comparison to MR model with low AARE values of 0.67 % and high R² values of 0.9997 while MR model gives an AARE value of 29.27 % and 0.2161 as coefficient of determination (R²). Furthermore, it has also been observed that the SVR model effectively predicts the behavior of the complex interaction process of cadmium ions removal from waste water under various experimental conditions.

9 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

039268   WAVEL A S, PATEL P, NEMADE P R, MATHHPATI C S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga- 400 019, Email: cs.mathpati@ictmumbai.edu.in) : Experimental studies in antisolvent crystallization: Effect of antisolvent ratio and mixing patterns. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 18-25.

The crystals size and distribution play an important role in drug properties which has a major impact on the performance e.g., stability, solubility and bioavailability. The crystal size distribution (CSD) depends on the hydrodynamics and local degree of supersaturation in the crystallizer. In this study, we have investigated the effects of various operating conditions (antisolvent ratio, power, agitator design) using different mixing techniques such as impellers and ultrasound on CSD andaverage crystal size (ACS). It is found that mixing plays a dominant role in CSD and ACS. The hydrofoil (axial flow impeller) provides a wide range of ACS (406 to 240 μm) at lower power as compared to Rushton turbine (radial flow impeller) (395 to 375 μm). The mixed flow impeller produces the intermediate crystal size (365 to 345 μm). The increase in the antisolvent ratio results in a decrease in ACS. The same results observed for the power input.

7 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

039267   SELVAKUMAR C, DEEPA M (Sri Sairam Engineering Coll, Chennai- 600 044, Email: selvakumar.chem@sairam.edu.in) : Optical and anti-oxidant application of zinc doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27, 9-17.

Present work explains about optical and oxidant activity of zinc doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Compare with undoped cadmium sulfide, zinc doped nanoparticles have different results in IR, SEM, TEM and XRD. EDAX image shows the crystalline arrangement of nanoparticles. Anti-oxidant activity describes using DHHP‘s radical scavenging method and optical relation determine by Tauc‘s equation.

15 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

039223   DASH D, SINGH R, SAMANTA S, RAI R N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, NERIST, Arunachal Pradesh - 791 109, Email: suta_sama@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of TiC on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of magnesium alloy (AZ91D) matrix composites. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 164-9.

This paper deals with the wear and mechanical (tensile, compressive, and microhardness) properties of Mg/TiC composites over magnesium alloy (AZ91D). Magnesium based metal matrix (AZ91D) composites were synthesized by using TiC particles varying wt % from 0 % to 20 % with a step of 5 % by stir casting. The mechanical properties shows there is significant improvement of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) & % elongation, compressive strength, and microhardness with % increase of TiC content in Mg alloy. The fracture mechanism of the tensile and compressive specimen was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A Pin-on-Disk (POD) tribotester was used to determine the wear rate (WR) and specific wear rate (SWR) of the composites. The test was carried out in a dry sliding condition of varying load of 10N, 30N and 50 N corresponding to a constant sliding distance & sliding speed of 1000 m and 1 m/s respectively and the worn surface of the pin is examined by SEM after the test.

4 illus, 14 ref

039222   GUPTA M, SHARMA K, SARASWAT M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, GLA Univ, UP, Email: kamal.sharma@gla.ac.in) : Heat transfer and pressure drop investigation in a circular tube by the use of various kinds of inserts. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 160-3.

The ability of a traditional heat exchanger in transferring heat requires improvement for conveying a considerable proportion of energy at cheaper rate and amount. For augmenting the heat transfer coefficient, different means have been employed. However, the use of inserts has become an assured method in enhancing heat transfer through endurable escalation of frictional losses. The grinding factor improvement proportions are observed to be in the scope of 2.68-3.43, 3.14-4.14, 4.30-5.34, 5.22-6.18 and 6.53-6.96 for the previously mentioned configurations of additions.The objective of the investigation is the examination of a circular tube fitted with multiple inserts with regard to its characteristics related to fluid flow & heat transfer; these inserts are organized in co-swirl and counter-swirl directions.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

039218   GUERRERO M R, CARRANZA R, TRONCOSO R R, RIOS R A O (Autonomous Univ, Mexico, Email: raosornio@hspdigital.org) : High rate report synchrophasor technique during dynamic conditions. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 139-43.

Current industrial applications of synchrophasors in intelligent grids depend to a great extent on highly trustable measurements, mainly during dynamic conditions of a power system, like a power swing which exhibits simultaneous variations of amplitude and phase in both voltage and current. This work presents the assessment of the performance of a novel synchrophasor technique following tests of the dynamic section of the IEEE Std. C37.118.1-2011, which requests testing the simultaneous variations of amplitude and phase.

2 illus, 10 ref

039217   HEMANTHA G R, VARADARAJAN S, GIRIPRASAD M N (ECE Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Ananthapuram, Email: hemanthag75@gmail.com) : Low latency prefix accumulation driven compound MAC unit for efficient FIR filter implementation. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 135-8.

This article presents hierarchical single compound adder-based MAC with assertion based error correction for speculation variations in the prefix addition for FIR filter design. The VLSI implementation of approximation in prefix adder results show a significant delay and complexity reductions, all this at the cost of latency measures when speculation fails during carry propagation, which is the main reason preventing the use of speculation in parallel-prefix adders in DSP applications. The speculative adder which is based on Han Carlson parallel prefix adder structure accomplishes better reduction in latency. Introducing a structured and efficient shift-add technique and explore latency reduction by incorporating approximation in addition. The improvements made in terms of reduction in latency and merits in performance by the proposed MAC unit are showed through the synthesis done by FPGA hardware. Results show that proposed method outpaces both formerly projected MAC designs using multiplication methods for attaining high speed.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

039216   KANGARAJ G, KUMAR P S (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, AVS Engineering Coll, Salem-003, Email: raj.techstorm@gmail.com) : Pulmonary tumor detection by virtue of GLCM. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(02), 132-4.

As per the technical evolution and latest trend, Image processing techniques has become a boon in medical domain especially for tumor detection. Presence of tumor in Lungs which leads to lung cancer is a prominent and trivial disease at 18 %. This is important to be detected at early stage thereby decreasing the mortality rate. The survival rate among people increased by early diagnosis of lung tumor. Detection of tumor cell will improve the survival rate from 14 to 49 %. The aim of this research work is to design a lung tumor detection system based on analysis of microscopic image of biopsy using digital image processing. This can be done using Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method and classified using back propagation neural network. This method is used for extracting texture features based on parameters such as contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity from the lung nodule. The microscopic lung biopsy images are classified into either cancer or non-cancer class using the artificial neural network algorithm. The proposed system has proven results in lung tumor detection and diagnosis.

2 illus, 1 tables, 6 ref

039209   GOPINATH S, SUMA N (ECE Dep, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Email: gopinath.ece@karpagamtech.ac.in) : Fuzzy enhanced cluster based energy efficient multicast protocol for increasing network lifetime in WSN. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 99-102.

Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSN) consists of sensor node which is mobile roaming inside and outside the network region. The difficulty in existing models observed is to identify the best routes for forwarding packets. If the balancing of packet arrivals and energy conservation is not achieved, it may lead to reduction of network lifetime. In our research work, Fuzzy enhanced Cluster based Energy Efficient Multicast Protocol (FCEEMP) is developed based on three aspects. First one, the establishment of multicast routing based on the calculation of best route metric and average reliability metric. Second, the cluster is formed based on node stability and route capability. Three set of nodes are formed in the cluster network model i.e. sensor node, cluster member and Cluster Head (CH) to estimate energy consumption. Third, enhancement of fuzzy model is implemented to produce optimal energy and the value of network lifetime. From the simulation analysis, proposed protocol achieves better improvement over existing schemes.

3 illus, 1 tables, 12 ref

039208   SAIKIA M, BORA D K, KALITA K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh- 786 004, Email: madhurjyasaikia3@gmail.com) : Effect of TBHQ on the combustion characteristics of pomelo oil biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 81-3.

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models allow for probabilistic estimations with the aim of formulating macroeconomic policies and monitoring them. In this study, we propose to apply the Sequential Monte Carlo Multilevel algorithm and Approximate Bayesian Computation (MLSMC-ABC) to increase the robustness of DSGE models built for small samples and with irregular data. Our results indicate that MLSMC-ABC improves the estimation of these models in two aspects. Firstly, the accuracy levels of the existing models are increased, and secondly, the cost of the resources used is reduced due to the need for shorter execution time Biodiesel is a biomass-based fuel. Biodiesel faces the difficult issue of storage stability. The storage stability of a biodiesel can be enhanced by adding an antioxidant to the fuel, which represses oxidation reactions that take place upon exposure to sunlight, heat, moisture, humidity, and metal. In the present study, biodiesel is synthesized from pomelo oil (Citrus maxima) and treated with a synthetic antioxidant called TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone). The engine andemission performance of the biodiesel with TBHQ in various concentrations have been determined in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. It is observed that brake specific fuel consumption increases with the increasing concentration of TBHQ. Brake power stays unaltered for the biodiesel with or without TBHQ. Considerable reduction in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide has been observed for biodiesel irrespective of antioxidant treatment.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

039207   SARASWAT M, CHAUHAN N R, SHARMA V K, SHUKLA R K, SHARMA K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, ABES Engineering Coll, Ghaziabad, Email: er.manishsaraswat@gmail.com) : Assessment of biomass potential in engine emission reduction. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 77-80.

The twin crisis of environmental degradation and fossil fuel depletion has confronted the world with the upcoming threat to seek the solution for some alternate fuel. The present condition of environment forces the search of some suitable alternate fuel. The present degradation of environment is also mainly influenced by the diesel vehicles. The emissions released by these diesel vehicles not only degrade the environment but also increase the number of health diseases. The present research on bio-fuels will lead to develop a sustainable solution to this problem and also create a harmonic relationship between the economy and ecosystem. The present research will provide the optimized blending ratio compression ratio and other operating parameters to be selected while approaching to sustainable output. The present study will depict the behavior of different bio-fuels poured in VCR engine at different compression ratio at different operating parameters. The outcomes of this research paper reveals the discussion on the potential assessment of different biofuels in the reduction of engine emissions.

3 illus, 1 tables, 6 ref

039205   BEIGH M A, HUSSAIN S Z, NASEER B, ROUF A, WANI F (Agricultural Sciences and Technology Univ, Shalimar- 190 025, Email: zameerskuastj@rediffmail.com) : Grade classification for water chestnuts, their dimensional properties and correlation analysis. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 66-70.

The aim of the present study was to devise the grade classification for whole water chestnuts and kernels and to determine their dimensional properties. The data generated during the study will help in designing post-harvest handling equipments for water chestnuts in future. The mean values of length, width and thickness for whole water chestnuts ranged between ≤ 30 - > 45mm; ≤ 23- > 35mm and ≤ 9 - >18mm from grade I (very small) to grade V (very large) respectively, whereas, the corresponding values for whole water chestnut kernels ranged between ≤ 18 - > 36 mm; ≤ 13- > 22mm and ≤ 7 - > 16 mm from grade I to grade V respectively. For all the five devised grades, the mean values of derived dimensional properties were significantly (p<0.05) different in both whole water chestnuts as well as in kernels. Correlation analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) positive correlation among all the dimensional properties of whole water chestnuts. In case of whole water chestnut kernels, all the dimensional properties showed significant positive correlation with each other, except sphericity and aspect ratio, which showed non-significant positive and negative correlations with all the dimensional properties respectively.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

039202   HAMEED A Z (Industrial Engineering Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: abdulzubar@gmail.com) : Prioritizing and achieving quality services in gas stations using analytical hierarchy process and quality function deployment. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 53-5.

Identifying customer requirement and modifying the services as per expectation of customer in service sector leads to achieve the profit of organization and sustain in the market. The customer expectations towards the service organization dramatically increased in recent years, in order to sustain in the market, the organization should identify the customer requirements, adopting the system, process, services as per expectation of customer in the organization. This article highlights the expectation of customer in gas stations located at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data collection done at various gas stations, a questioner-based survey conducted to identify the customer requirements from 10 gas stations, 250 responds collected from different category of customer based on the driving vehicle such as four wheelers and heavy vehicle. The data collection validated by SPSS software and Analytical Hierarchy process used for prioritizing the customer requirements and House of quality constructed as per requirement of customer, the quality function deployment introduced to enhance the services in gas stations. The article concludes that, the following requirements were highly expected from gas stations, the requirements were need space between one pump to another pump, payment by credit card also to be considered, services for cleaning car windows, quick wash, availably of rest room and the proper maintenance of gas stations (calibration of air machine, cleaning of work station frequently, introducing 5S Concept and displaying in and exit board). The article suggests the function modification required in gas stations for achieving customer requirement.

3 tables, 6 ref

039200   DEBNATH R, SINGH R, SASTRY G R K, RAI R N (Production Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Email: rabi101991@gmail.com) : A RSM based grey relation analysis of process parameters in a CI engine using various bio diesel blends. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 44-8.

This work exhibits the performance output and emission results of Undi bio diesel with butanol blend in a CI engine at varying load conditions. In this work two butanol blends has been exploited for the experiment along with Undi bio diesel and diesel. The other blend contained 50 % Undi also 50 % diesel and compared with base fuel diesel. From the experimental results it was found that blend containing 50 % Undi bio diesel and 50 % diesel displayed better results for BThE, bsfc and UHC among all the blends where as lower NO_x was obtained for the butanol blends. After that Grey relation analysis based RSM was executed in the work to see the significance of the experimental results through GRA and validation of the work was executed which resulted adequate response.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

039195   ALAMINOS D, RAMIREZ A, GAMEZ M A F, VICARIO R B (Mechanical Engineering and Energy Efficiency Dep, Málaga Univ, Spain, Email: jasantos@ualg.pt) : Estimating DSGE models using multilevel sequential Monte Carlo in approximate Bayesian computation. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 21-5.

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models allow for probabilistic estimations with the aim of formulating macroeconomic policies and monitoring them. In this study, we propose to apply the Sequential Monte Carlo Multilevel algorithm and Approximate Bayesian Computation (MLSMC-ABC) to increase the robustness of DSGE models built for small samples and with irregular data. Our results indicate that MLSMC-ABC improves the estimation of these models in two aspects. Firstly, the accuracy levels of the existing models are increased, and secondly, the cost of the resources used is reduced due to the need for shorter execution time.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

039161   BHATTACHARYA A, DE A, ROY B, BHATTACHARJEE A K (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur - 713 209, Email: bhattacharya.ankan1987@gmail.com) : Investigations on a low-profile, filter backed, printed monopole antenna for UWB communication. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2020, 58(02), 106-12.

A compact, printed dual band-notched, filter backed antenna or filtenna, with suppressed radiation characteristics outside the ultra-wide frequency band (UWB) has been scripted in this manuscript. Te filtenna has been designed  to work in the UWB frequency domain (03.1 - 10.6 GHz), as prescribed by federal communications commission (FCC). Band-notching structures have been incorported in the radiating element for realization of dual band- notchs for WLAN and WiMAX. The noovelty lies in the fact that, a microstrip band pass filter has been itroduced in the antenna feeding section for improvement of the cut-off frequency selectivity. An impendance bandwith (S₁₁  _ -10.0 d B) of 03.1 - 10.6GHz has been obtained excepting two frequency-notches having centre frequencies of 03.5 GHz, respectively. Promise able simulation results followed by measurement,  justify the applicity of the novel filtenna for UWB communications. 

13 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

039147   PRABAKARAN G, VAITHIYANATHAN D, GANESAN M (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai - 600 025, Email: kgp.com@outlook.com) : Relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic in natural subsystems. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2020, 58, 44-9.

The purpose of this research is to present a comparison between the two ad hoc appearance and control techniques of conceptual systems. In that respect, it is a description of the interconnected notion between the principle of qualitative physics and of ambiguous quality. On that basis the first point is to determine the key feature of each approach is significant. In the early stages of the product development and forecasting process, a large number of input energies were used for its creation. However, they are still being used in nature, though not subjectively impure. Therefore, this research presents the concept of the relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic in terms of developing predictive outputs and using logical resources. Finally, the relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic processes has been proven with the support of the selected natural subsystem.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

039048   LI G, ZHAO K, YANG H (Xi’an Univ of Posts and Telecommunications, Shaanxi- 710 121, Email: lghcd@163.com) : A new method for detecting line spectrum of ship-radiated noise based on a new double duffing oscillator differential system. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(1), 34-43.

In order to detect line spectrum of ship-radiated noise under the ocean background noise and improve the method of detecting duffing oscillator intermittent chaos, a method of detecting intermittent chaos based on variable step size dual duffing oscillator differential system is proposed. Based on the duffing oscillator, two independent and incompletely coupled duffing oscillators can be differentiated based on the differential principle by using the proposed method, which reduces the computational complexity and makes the timing diagram more intuitive. In order to further improve the detection efficiency and reduce the computational complexity of the system, the author put forward that a sequence of solving steps can be built by using only one duffing oscillator and the method of detecting the unknown frequency signal can be achieved by changing the step size of the system. Simulation results show that compared with the conventional duffing oscillator detection method, the proposed method has improved the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) by at least 10.6 dB. Comparing with duffing system chaotic oscillator column and double duffing system chaotic oscillator column detection method, the proposed method is most effective in detecting line spectrum of ship-radiated noise.

10 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

007258   KUMAR D, SUMAN K G (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Punjab- 148 106) : Noninvasive temperature measuring and early fault detecting system for manufacturing industry. MAPAN- J Metrol Soc India 2019, 34(4), 541–50.

Over the past few years, in industry the maintenance workers are still using handheld equipment to measure and collect the data periodically to monitor the health of the running machine. In industry, the bearing temperature is an intensively studied parameter for indicating various faults of a rotating machine because mainly the life of the machine parts reduced more than 50% when the bearing temperature exceeds 70 °C that may results catastrophic failures. This paper presents noninvasive temperature measuring system for predicting the early faults occurring in the running machine. The normal operating temperature of a machine is 60–70 °C. The Hall effect sensor can measure the increased bearing temperature remotely. In addition, the measured Hall effect sensor output is greater in case of stainless steel than aluminum plate at 4 cm. The importance of length/diameter (L/D) ratio and demagnetization curve is also illustrated for the selection of permanent magnets. By using cloud, the data gather at higher speed can be stored, monitored, analyzed and control remotely by industrial staffs to predict the mechanical faults occurring in a machine well in advance because the cost implications are massive when they go wrong.

10 illus, 21 ref

007270   RIM C-H, SUN B-Q, KIM Y-G, KIM P (Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin- 150 001, China) : Analysis of random factors affecting measurement accuracy of portable coordinate measuring arm. MAPAN- J Metrol Soc India 2019, 34(4), 529–9.

To improve the measurement and calibration accuracy of Portable Coordinate Measuring Arm, it is very important to accurately identify the system and random errors of the measuring machine. From the kinematic error model, system errors can be identified during calibration. But identifying random errors remains a difficult problem. First, we use the SolidWorks software to analyze the structure of each joint. Second, CETOL 6σ tolerance analysis software is used to calculate the random error of the probe generated by the clearance of bearings in each joint. Finally, the random error due to the systematic uncertainty of the rotary encoder is calculated. The experimental results show that the total value of the random error due to the bearing clearance, the systematic uncertainty of the rotary encoder and the thermal expansion of the mechanical structure according to the temperature variation does not exceed 0.1112 mm. This value is theoretically the limit of the single point repeatability accuracy that can be achieved by this measuring machine. The use of the CETOL 6σ not only allows the design to be carried out scientifically, but also reduces production costs.

24 illus, 17 ref

007274   SAXENA R, GHOSHAL S K, KUMAR H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Delhi- 110 040) : Design investigations of axis-symmetrical force transducers. MAPAN- J Metrol Soc India 2019, 34(4), 511–9.

The presented investigation is an attempt to discuss the design-related issues of force transducers of ring shape. The force transducer has been analysed for deflection, stress-strain. A comparison has been made for the deflection of the transducer in accordance with the analytical, computational and experimental methods. There has been consistency of deflection as reported by the methods mentioned above. The paper further reports the comparison of the reiterated findings of a ring-shaped force transducer discussed by Chen et al. (Sens Actuators A Phys 139:66–69, 2007). It has been found that the previous findings seem inconsistent and adequate attention is required.

13 illus, 10 ref

007262   MISHRA A K, CHAUDHARY R K, PUNETHA P, AHMED I (Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project Authority, Trongsa, Bhutan, Email: md.mhpa@gmail.com) : Cut-off wall- A boon for deep dam foundation pits: A case study of Mangdechhu hydro-electric project, Bhutan. J Eng Geo 2019, 44(1&2), 74-110.

Ingress of water from upstream and downstream coffer dams poses a serious risk in successful excavation of the deep dam foundation pit. It may seriously affect the construction schedule and result in excessive cost overrun along with threatening the stability of the coffer dams itself. Therefore adequately planned seepage control measures benefits both the owner and contractor in reducing the risk in terms of schedule, cost and stability. In order to restrict the seepage in dam foundation, impermeable curtains in the form of grout curtain, clay core and cut-off walls are used as barriers in the dam projects. Out of all, the cut-off wall is the most effective solution for control of ground water seepage underneath the dam. In view of this, foundation of the 22m high upstream coffer dam of Mangdechhu Hydro-Electric Project was systematically explored to arrive at a suitable seepage control measure, which was achieved by replacing the permeation grouting seepage control measure as suggested in tender drawings by a cut-off wall.

7 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

007279   SRIVASTAVA S, RATHOD B (Engineering Geology Div, GERI, Gujarat- 390 007) : Petrographic evaluation of natural aggregates as construction material from Bhogavo river basins, Surendranagar District, Gujarat. J Eng Geo 2019, 44(1&2), 56-62.

Petrographically analyzed data of natural fine aggregate (sand) around Wadhwan Bhogavo (from Muli to Gedi villages) and Limdi Bhogavo (from Sudamada to Panshina villages) river basins in Surendranagar district of Gujarat, were studied for evaluating the quality of aggregate as construction material. Geologically the area is occupied with Wadhwan, Dhrangadhra and trap formations from Cretaceous to recent age. Major constituents of the natural aggregates comprise of quartz, basalt and sandstone which are easily available in good quantum. A small proportion of amygdaloidal basalt, moderately weathered basalt and sandstone are also found to be present. Weathered amygdaloidal basalt, moderately weathered sandstone and carbonates are also present as physically poor materials throughout the basin, though in lesser quantity. Cryptocrystalline silica with very little percentage of shell fragments at one or two places is found to be the deleterious materials constituting the natural aggregates but well within the prescribed limit of BIS.

8 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

007255   KAPIL, NAGAR S L, VIPUL, SHWETA (NHPC Limited, Faridabad- 121 003) : Technological advancements in topographical survey- Utility of digital elevation models and GIS. J Eng Geo 2019, 44(1&2), 51-5.

For infrastructure projects, located in highly rugged inaccessible Himalayan terrain, feasibility to carry out conventional topographical surveys is very limited. In such areas, Digital Elevation Model(DEM) plays vital role in representing topography using the raster data model. DEMs can be generated from various sources such as field measurements/surveys or from existing topographic maps, from aerial/satellite stereo data using photogrammetric methods, from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data using interferometric techniques or from LIDAR surveys. Many of these complete global coverage data are freely available for users on open platforms of USGS and NASA Earth-Data, NRSC, etc. Now a days SAR based DEMs such as SRTM, ASTER and ALOS PALSAR are very useful for generation of contours with adequate precision. These RADAR based data are more accurate as compared as compared to DEMs generated through photogrammetric Remote Sensing because very less human intervention in preparation of DEMs and it reduces the effect of vegetation cover considerably. The present study highlights the effective applications of DEMs through case study examples correlating contours developed based on DEMs with Ground Control Points (GCPs). Using this DEM as input in state-of the-art Geographical Information System software QGIS, contours have been generated for two different regions, viz., Khardung Laarea in Laddakh, India and Trongsa Dzong area in Central Bhutan. DEM based contours and the ground topographical maps were perfectly matched in horizontal coordinates and a good match has been observed in elevation ranging from 1.7m to 6.8m. It has been found that, for the study areas, under horizontal near even ground conditions, the delineated elevation lies within the error limits of 1-2m, however, under steep topographical conditions, the error level increased to about 6.7m. The study revealed that DEMs and GIS have immense application in planning and management of infrastructure projects in fast and cost effective manner.

5 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

007268   RAJ A, KHAN S, PATHAK L, KHULLAR A (the Consulting Division of Aimil Ltd, New Delhi- 110 044) : Challenges in rock slope stability analysis. J Eng Geo 2019, 44(1&2), 41-50.

Analyzing the stability of rock slopes using empirical methods or by numerical modeling of is of great challenge. Determining the design parameter for the analysis may not be much realistic to the field conditions. An attempt for calculating the factor of safety the rock slope along the joint plane was put forward in this paper. Using the kinematic analysis, the critical joint sets were identified which were then analyzed using limit equilibrium method to find out the factor of safety with different combination of loading. Numerical modeling was used to study the behavior of slope during failure in a global scale. The effects of discontinuities have been incorporated in the rock mass by strength reduction method. A case study was performed over proposed dam abutments. The challenges in obtaining the representative design parameters, modeling of the rock slope, analyzing the slope behavior and designing the structural support systems are provided in this paper.

4 illus, 6 ref

007278   SINHARAY, RAJIB K (Petroleum Engineering Dep, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune- 411 038, Email: rsrism@gmail.com) : Applications and future of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a near surface geophysical technique: A review. J Eng Geo 2019, 44(1&2), 12-7.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology has grown rapidly in last two decades significantly increasing depth of penetration, resolution, speed of acquisition, advanced 3D modeling, precession of location etc. Numerous GPR surveys have been carried out nationally and internationally during this period and several works have been published in different journals and workshops. This review work on GPR technology shows that GPR has been successfully used almost in every possible near surface investigation including polar studies, geotechnical investigations, soil studies, land mine detection, tunnel surveys, monitoring active fault etc. High resolution GPR with both shielded and un-shielded antennas can be efficiently used in several river valley and hydroelectric projects to detect cavities below the concrete dam, seepage path of the canals, assessment the health of old concrete structures, mapping the fracture patterns, faults etc. GPR also have been used to detect the lineaments, lithological boundaries, active faults and very useful for geological characterization of the civil project sites. GPR also has proven its tremendous potential to study the glaciers, sub-glacial lakes, permafrost, crevasses, yearly snow depositional pattern etc. Presently the use of GPR for utility surveys has been increase many fold and tens of Indian companies are providing GPR services. Ease, speed, resolution, availability and scope has made GPR the most celebrated near-surface geophysical technique of the present decade. In future, we may expect few advanced features such as artificial intelligence (AI) for automatic 3D object mapping facilities, remote controlled surveys with robotics, significantly increased survey depth, 4D GPR surveys for hazard monitoring and real time alarming system etc.

3 illus, 18 ref

007256   KARMAKAR S, MESHRAM S, KALATHIRIPI H (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela– 769 008, Email: karmakar.subrata@gmail.com) : Evaluation of partial discharge aged transformer oil using optical spectroscopy techniques. Cent Power Res Inst 2019, 15(2), 130-5.

In recent times, optical spectroscopy techniques are being widely accepted for chemical analysis of transformer oil. These techniques gained popularity because of the advantages like they are quite simple to perform, give results very quickly, outcome is reliable, and they are economical. Unlike traditional methods, these can also be carried out online with cost effective equipments. In this work, breakdown voltage test is done and then, UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques have been used to investigate the condition of the transformer oil. To replicate the actual aging of oil in field, partial discharge (PD) in the laboratory environment has aged oil samples. Test re-sults obtained from UV-Vis spectroscopy gives the qualitative analysis of transformer oil and FTIR spectroscopy evaluates the functional group present in it. The analysis is done precisely by relating the optical spectra obtained by spectroscopy techniques with the duration of aging. The results obtained justify that the optical spectroscopy techniques used, can ac-curately analyze the condition of aged transformer oil.

10 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

007250   GNANAVEL B K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Saveetha Engineering Coll, Chennai– 602 105, Email: gnanavelbk@gmail.com) : Effect of interfacial contact forces in ACSR dog conductor. Cent Power Res Inst 2019, 15(2), 110-5.

The mechanical behaviour of single layer cables used in engineering applications, have been studied for the past three decades and it varies widely depending on the numerical models adopted. Though these models predict the global response reasonably well, they differ widely in modelling the local contact conditions, the frictional effects at the interfaces and predicting the loss of stiffness of the single layer cable assemblies. The behaviour of the single layer cable can be well understood if the appropriate mode of contact prevalent at every stage of loading is adopted in the model. This paper analyses the contact modes present in a single layer cable assembly and considers its response under an axial tensile load and an axial twisting moment. Also this paper has formulated a sound theoretical model to find the response of a single layer cable considering all the interfacial forces in a coupled and radial contact mode and validate the experimental. Also proposes an arrangement to consider the axial and twist slip, by considering the tangential and the normal distributed forces at the contact interfaces. The effect of the friction and the associated slip of the wires have been included. Apartfromconsideration of the radial contraction of the wires due to the Poisson effect, as accounted by few authors, this paper considers the radial deformation due to contact forces, as a special feature. This has resulted in refined expressions for the curvatures and twist of the wire and the associated forces in the normal and binormal directions. The predictions with these inclusions are compared with the existing works and the importance of the refinements to the cable designers is highlighted.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

007276   SELVARAJ M, SHUKLA V K (Mechanical Engineering Div, Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore– 560 080, Email: vshuklacivil@gmail.com) : Review of failed transmission line towers during full scale testing. Cent Power Res Inst 2019, 15(2), 100-9.

Towers are the most important component of the overhead power transmission line system. When failure occurs, direct and indirect losses are very high; hence accurate prediction of tower failure becomes very important for the reliability and safety of the transmission system. One cannot accurately predict the behavior of tower after practical loading conditions, so testing of tower for various loading conditions before installing in field becomes very important. The present paper discusses the structural behavior of towers during full scale testing carried out at Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore, India. Although, the towers were safe for various loading conditions based on the design/analysis, during full scale testing, different types of premature failures were observed. Necessary modifications in towers have been carried out and these towers were retested successfully. The details of remedial measures / strengthening of members carried out during testing are brought out in this paper.

11 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

007253   JOHNSON S C (Erode Sengunthar Engineering Coll, Erode– 638 057) : Methodologies for enhancing durability of transmission line tower foundations. Cent Power Res Inst 2019, 15(2), 91-9.

The problem of early deterioration of some of the reinforced and pre stressed concrete structures has come to the forefront in recent years. In most of the advanced countries nearly 40% of the construction industry’s budget is spent on repair, restoration and strengthening of the damaged concrete structures. All this has tarnished the image of concrete as a durable, maintenance free material. As India has a large coastal line and a number of cities and metropolis located in the vicinity of coastal belt, the civil structures including transmission line tower foundations in these areas are witnessing early deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, methodologies for enhancing durability of new and old transmission line tower foundations in different filed environments have been presented based on a research taken up on the topic Durability of transmission tower foundations.

13 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

007243   ADRIANSYAH A, FERDANA N, BUDIYANTO S, ANDIKA J (Electrical Engineering Dep, Mercu Buana Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia, Email: andi@mercubuana.ac.id) : Design of telemedicine robot using behavior-based control architecture with two-step fuzzy logic optimization. J Comput Sci 2019, 15(11), 1617-26.

Designing a telemedicine robot is a challenging task. Complexity, incomplete prior knowledge of the environment and unexpected situations set strict requirements for both the hardware and software components of the robot. Several robotics architectures have been proposed that try to cope with the above problems. The behaviorbased approach has been established as the main alternative to new robot control. The paper presents the design and prototype of a telemedicine robot using behavior-based control architecture. Several behaviors will design to assist the robot, such as: Remotely control, seeing the situation and detecting obstacles when the robot maneuvers. A fuzzy behaviorbased used in one of the behaviors. A Two-Step Fuzzy Optimization is used to optimize the fuzzy parameters and generate a robust and smooth braking system. Based on several experiments, the robot can maneuver properly as instructed. In general, it can be said that the design of telemedicine robots works with excellent performance.

13 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

007249   GHOZZI D, MANAI Y, NOURI K (Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie, La Marsa, 2078 Tunisie, Email: ghozzidorsaf113@gmail.com) : Comparison of linear and non-linear regression models for non-invasive blood glucose measurement. J Comput Sci 2019, 15(11), 1607-16.

This paper deals with a new approach of non-invasive glucose monitoring based on near infrared spectroscopy. The proposed approach is coupled with a regression analysis in order to improve the predictive capacity of the designed device. Basic spectral data is a comparison that has been established between linear and non-linear machine learning regression algorithms. The experimental results show that feed forward backpropagation neural network improves more the performance of the designed prototype than partial least square models. The squared correlation coefficient and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) regression model built were 0.9804 and 0.0784 respectively. The ANN regression model was then used in the validation step using 300 human serums with a concentration range of 08- 297 mg/dl. Clarke Error Grid Analysis (EGA) showed that 97% of the measured concentrations fall within the clinically acceptable regions. Results showed that the created model can open a new path to a noninvasive glucose monitoring.

6 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

007272   SARKAR P, MAYENGBAM R, TRIPATHY S K, BAISHNAB K L (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Silchar- 788 010, Email: susanta96@gmail.com) : Cubic methylammonium lead chloride perovskite as a transparent conductor in solar cell applications: An experimental and theoretical study. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2019, 57(11), 891-9.

The cubic methylammonium lead chloride (CH₃NH₃PbCl₃) perovskite has been investigated as a transparent conductor using the experimental method and well-known density functional theory (DFT). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the as-prepared film confirms the good crystallinity and cubic phase of the material. The lattice constants are calculated from XRD data and compared with the lattice constants predicted employing DFT. The bandgap of the film has been studied to investigate the electronic properties and compared with the calculated bandgap of bulk CH₃NH₃PbCl₃ using DFT. In both the cases, the bandgap has been found to be direct in nature. Also, the partial and total density of states (PDOS and TDOS) have been discussed in detail. Further, the effective mass of electrons and holes are analyzed along the high symmetry points in the brillouin zone. The UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer has been used to measure the transmittance and reflectance of CH₃NH₃PbCl₃ film and established that films are highly transparent in visible and near IR regions. The optical properties such as dielectric functions, refractive index and absorption coefficients of bulk CH₃NH₃PbCl₃ perovskite have been calculated in the energy range 0-5 eV. All the calculated parameters are compared with the available experimental, and the theoretical state of art results and a fair agreement has been obtained between them.

14 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

007251   ISLAM M S, REZA K M S, ISLAM M R (Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dep, Islamic Univ of Technology, Gazipur- 1704, Email: msohidul@iut-dhaka.edu) : Low loss topas based porous core single mode photonic crystal fiber for THz communications. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 2019, 57(11), 836-41.

In this paper, an extremely low loss hybrid hexagonal porous core and octagonally structured circular cladding photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for low loss terahertz (THz) wave propagation has been designed and proposed.  We have analyzed ultralow effective material loss (EML), high core power fraction and ultra-flattened dispersion in our proposed design. To investigate the transmission characteristics, perfectly matched layer (PML) is used in the outer boundary of the PCF. At an operating frequency of 1 THz, this design exhibits a low effective material loss of 0.045 cm^-1 at a high core power fraction of 58.2 % with 88 % porosity. The proposed PCF shows dispersion variation of 0.225 ps/THz/cm. Also, this designed PCF can operate in single-mode condition successfully. It is anticipated that designed PCF can be employed in applications such as fiber optics communications, sensing and spectroscopy.

9 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

007277   SINGH S K, CHOUDHURI S G (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand- 247 667) : Proportional integral control realized in stationary and synchronous reference frames for a single-phase ups inverter system: A comparative study. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 633-46.

Voltage regulation of the single-phase UPS inverter has design challenges in terms of dynamic performances and control complexity. Widely used conventional integral controllers, such as proportional integral and proportional resonant in stationary frame (SF) of reference have limitations of either steady state error or implementation difficulties. Although a mature technique in three-phase applications, the synchronous referenceframe (SRF) control scheme has not been exhaustively investigated for single-phase UPS inverters due to complex multiple transformations. This paper suggests a voltage control scheme which can be alternatively used in both stationary and synchronous reference frames. Three integral controllers namely, SF-proportional integral (SF-PI), SF-proportional resonant (SF-PR) and SRF-proportional integral (SRF-PI) are comparatively evaluated for steady state and transient performances. A systematic procedure for the design of control parameters with stability analysis in the frequency domain for the closed loop control system is also presented. Respective controllers are simulated in discrete time frame using MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally implemented using the TMS320F2812 Digital Signal Processor based laboratory prototype.

18 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

007266   PINAPATI A, PADMAVATHY R (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana) : Reversible data hiding using prior pixel pairs in two-dimensional histogram with tri-directional modification of difference histogram. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 623-32.

Histogram shifting and modification brought a new trend in contemporary world especially in the field of reversible data hiding (RDH) because of its rich applications. A new approach of RDH with histogram modification is introduced in the proposed work: tri-directional modification of difference histogram (TDMDH). Compared with previous proposed methods in RDH, the TDMDH method gives better embedding capacity (EC) and PSNR experimentally. Li’s method proposed a difference pixel pair mapping, which embeds the data in four different directions (i.e. up, down, left, right). The proposed method enhance the work of Li’s method with one more different direction embed data (i.e. diagonally up and down). This modification gives a better PSNR because of diverting more number of prior pixel pairs (PPPs) participating in embedding and fewer for shifting. This modification will gradually increase the EC with the persistence of signal-to-noise ratio. TDMDH alters two pixels to embed a bit. This modification leads to low PSNR value especially in low texture images, to improve it difference expansion is used for double-bit embedding on diagonally expanded or shifted pixel pairs. The information about embed data will be embedded to watermarked image for blind decoding. Gradient adjusted prediction and noiselevel were used to assess the PPPs, which are suitable for embedding or shifting. The proposed method secures better PSNR value (more than 50dB) from USC-SIPI image database when compared with existing methods of RDH.

7 illus, 7 tables, 22 ref

007257   KUMAR D, PRAKASH N R, SINGH S (DRDO, Chandigarh- 160 030) : Electric field sensor for electromagnetic pulse measurement. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 614-22.

A high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) pulse blast of few kV/m with a sharp rise-time in the order of nanoseconds and even picoseconds levels may be generated in many ways using a flux compression generator (FCG) or wideband pulse generator that may operate on varying frequencies from 1 to 100 GHz and their accurate detection is a necessity for efficient research and development of the HPEM systems. A simple dipole antenna may not be used for this purpose due to their extreme deficiency in capturing the abrupt rise-time. In spite of that, there is a need for an array of the sensor for measurement with the wideband HPEM system, which enhances overall measurement system cost. An electric field (or D-dot) sensor is the most suitable choice for accurate detection of such electromagnetic pulse owing to their sharp rise-time. In this paper, a new conceptual design of the ground-plane D-dot sensor, followed by the design philosophy is discussed. Two types of optimized prototypes of the wideband D-dot sensor with a different combination of matters has been designed using a thorough analytical investigation with FEM analysis and verification by VNA and 5 kVA pulse source. The developed D-dot sensor has a bandwidth range of, but not limited to 10.50 to 11.19 GHz, which minimize multi-sensor requirement with wideband EMP or HPEM systems development.

13 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007264   PANNA B, KUMAR S, JHA R K (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna- 801 103) : Image encryption based on block-wise fractional Fourier transform with wavelet transform. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 600-13.

In the era of multimedia, images excessively present a backbone of communication. When images are transferred over an unsecured network, then the confidentiality of information is a big challenge to us. Encryption is a way to maintain the secrecy of information of the images. Here, in this paper, we propose a new method of image encryption using block-wise fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) with the subsequent use of discrete wavelet transform. The FRFT has been applied to the four non overlapping blocks of the different planes (R, G, and B) of the image. The proposed method gives high security as it is quite difficult to decrypt the image without knowing the proper keys. The computer simulations of the algorithm have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Different quantitative parameters have also been discussed in order to compare the proposed method with state-of-the-art methods and it has been found that our proposed method gives better or comparable results.

10 illus, 8 tables, 33 ref

007259   KUMAR S, MISHRA P K, KUMAR J (CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad- 826 015) : Evaluation of measured digital output of gas sensors during spontaneous heating of coal. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 594-9.

Spontaneous heating is the major cause of unintentional coal burning in the underground coal mine. It is responsible for releasing a number of combustible gases. For measuring the concentration of these gases, the role of gas sensors becomes very important to plan efficient preventive measures. In general, the outputs of sensor produced in digital format after processing through the microcontroller platform. However, the sensor data need to be displayed in a standard format. Therefore, a tool is needed to convert the digital output of the sensors to the standard format (PPM or %) in actual environmental condition. Hence, in the present paper, mathematical expressions have been deduced for each sensor to produce the output in a standard format for test environmental condition and the same were compared simultaneously with the handheld gas analyzer. The results were found in agreement.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

007273   SAURABH S, SHAH H, SINGH S (ECE Dep, IIIT, Delhi- 110 020) : Timing closure problem: Review of challenges at advanced process nodes and solutions. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 580-93.

Attaining timing closure marks the culmination of an arduous VLSI design process. The targets set for timing closure and the time taken to achieve it can critically impact the success of a product in a highly competitive semiconductor market. Therefore, methodologies employed in VLSI design process are strategized to attain quick timing closure along with reasonable design metrics. However, at advanced process nodes, attaining timing closure becomes quite challenging. As a result, at advanced process nodes, innovative solutions are required to be incorporated in VLSI design processes, as well as in Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools and technologies. In this review paper, we discuss timing closure problem explaining the root cause of its difficulty. We also explain traditional techniques that address timing closure problem. Furthermore, we highlight new challenges that appear at advanced process nodes and discuss solutions to these problems that are being employed or are proposed in literature.

5 illus, 1 table, 60 ref

007271   SAIN D, SWAIN S K, SAHA A, MISHRA S K, CHAKRABORTY S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur- 721 302) : Real-Time performance analysis of FOI-PD controller for twin rotor MIMO system. IETE Tech Rev 2019, 36(6), 547-67.

Designing a controller for the Twin Rotor MIMO System (TRMS) is a challenging task due to the presence of high non-linearity and cross-coupling between different elements. In this paper, a Fractional Order Integral–Proportional Derivative (FOI-PD) controller has been realized and implemented in both simulation and real-time for the control of pitch and yaw angle of the TRMS. The novelty of the present work lies in the implementation of the robust FOI-PD controller, which has not yet been explored by the researchers for the TRMS kit to the best of authors’ knowledge. The nonlinear interior point optimization technique (fmincon function available in MATLAB optimization toolbox) has been utilized to identify the suitable controller parameter values by minimizing the cost functions within a predefined interval of controller parameters. The transient performance of the FOI-PD controller is studied and compared with those of the IOPID and IOI-PD controller. The observation reveals that the FOI-PD controller outperforms both the IOPID and IOI-PD controller in terms of overshoot and settling time. It has been further observed that the control signal gets improved as the structure moves from the PID to I-PD and integer order to the fractional order. The robustness analysis has also been incorporated to show the effectiveness of the FOI-PD controller.

48 illus, 8 tables, 32 ref

007260   MA S-C (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Taipei Univ of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan) : Trellis-Coded multilevel coset codes. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 887-90.

Two novel designs of multilevel coset codes are proposed. The systems are designed by combining convolutional codes and set partitioning of a binary linear block code. Several example codes are given. The simulation results show that the proposed coding schemes outperform the existing convolutional codes of similar trellis complexity.

5 illus, 7 ref

007263   MOLLABASHI H E, MAZINAN A H, HAMIDI H (Control Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran) : Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy-based CNF control approach considering a class of constrained nonlinear systems. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 872-86.

This paper proposes a parallel distributed compensation-based composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control approach for a class of constrained nonlinear systems, which is described based on Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy models with input saturation. By producing invariant sets, the sufficient conditions guarantee the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. The presence of input saturation nonlinearity is derived in terms of linear matrix inequality. To the best knowledge of the authors, the research presented here is taken into real consideration as the first attempt to propose a new T-S fuzzy-based CNF control approach. Contrary to the existing CNF outcomes for the linear systems, the proposed one is now applicable to cope with a class of nonlinear systems. In a word, the present CNF control approach comprises two nonlinear parts. It is to note that the first term assures the stability of the closed-loop nonlinear system and provides a fast convergence response, as long as the second term reduces the overshoot of the response, correspondingly. In one such case, the overall CNF control approach satisfies the predefined input saturation, as well. In the sequel, in order to illustrate the merits of the proposed control approach, the continuous stirred tank reactors and the electromagnetic suspension system are chosen to verify the investigated results in comparison with those obtained from the existing results.

12 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

007244   BASHA A R, YAASHUWANTH C (Information Technology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Coll of Engineering, Tamil Nadu- 602 117) : Optimal partial aggregation based energy delay compromise technique for wireless sensor network. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 855-71.

Wireless sensor networks mostly use aggregated node to collect data from sensor nodes in the network. The data aggregation process creates a major problem in normal data transmission such as energy consumption and delay. Many researchers have handled many time data aggregation problems and some aggregation functions used to aggregate multiple data into one or every data into one, which reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we propose optimal partial aggregation technique for compromise of both energy and delay. First, we compute data aggregation node in sensor networks based on the lifetime. The lifetime of sensor nodes depends on time-varying factors, such as consumed energy for sending data from leaves to aggregated node, queuing delay during aggregation, and tree depth delay. The time-varying lifetime is optimized by modified multi-fruit fly optimization algorithm and then higher lifetime nodes are selected as aggregated nodes. Second, the modified time on task (ToT) algorithm is used to minimize waiting time of aggregation delay. Third, a non-dominated sorting gravitational searching algorithm (NSGSA) is used to compute lifetime efficient routing path between source and destination via aggregated nodes. Simulations show that the proposed OPA technique improves energy and delay consumption with efficient lifetime compared with existing data aggregation techniques.

14 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

007267   PRAJAPATI A K, PRASAD R (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee- 247 667) : Model order reduction by using the balanced truncation and factor division methods. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 827-42.

The aim of this paper is to construct a new model order reduction method for linear dynamic systems. In this technique, the denominator polynomial of the reduced order model (ROM) is obtained by the balanced truncation method and the numerator polynomial is calculated by thefactor division technique. This method is proposed for overcoming the existing problems of the balanced truncation method such as mismatch of steady-state values of the reduced model and the original model. The proposed method guarantees the preservation of stability and steady-state value of the original system in the ROM; hence, it preserves the advantages of balanced truncation and factor division methods in the reduced model. A special advantage of the proposed technique is that it guarantees the preservation of the first few time moments of the original system in the ROM. The mathematical modeling of the dc–dc converter is also developed and by using the proposed method its fourthorder original system is reduced to a second-order model in such a way that the reduced system preserves the fundamental features of the original system. In order to show the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed technique, three standard numerical examples are taken from the literature. The proposed method is compared with the recent and popular techniques of model order reduction with the help of MATLAB.

9 illus, 5 tables, 61 ref

007245   CHOI G, YOON W (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, Ajou Univ, Suwon, South Korea) : Joint throughput optimization for multi channel multi radio multirate wireless network with network coding. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 818-26.

Network coding has been proposed to increase network throughput by combining packets at intermediate nodes. In this paper, we propose a joint throughput optimization method for a multirate multichannel multiradio wireless network with network coding. We propose algorithms for congestion control, joint distributed rate control, and heuristic resource allocation to solve the utility maximization problem in the wireless network environment with network coding. To minimize performance degradation generated by packet loss, we propose a congestion control algorithm. Furthermore, we present a sophisticated resource allocation algorithm which finds a node for the worst traffic jam and selects a session that needs to be first transferred in the node. Then, the node is allocated with the channels and radios for the packets of the selected session. Furthermore, a rate selection method is presented to determine the rate of each node. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves the optimal performance in a multirate multichannel multiradio wireless network.

6 illus, 41 ref

007248   DOU X, LIANG H (China Univ of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China) : Frequency estimation of sinusoidal signals using ASIQ–Rife interpolation method. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 810-7.

To establish a trade off between complexity and performance of frequency estimation of sinusoidal signals, a novel automatic segmentation-improved Quinn–Rife method is proposed. The proposed method first utilizes a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm to obtain a coarse estimation, and then divides the frequency deviation into three domains with different processing schemes, which could be suitable for low-delay applications. Simulation results show that the proposed method can overcome the inherent flaws of the classic Quinn and Rife methods, and that the root mean square error closely approaches the Cramer–Rao lower bound at a low signal-to-noise ratio with different estimation ranges. Furthermore, the method does not significantly increase the computational cost under the premise of guaranteed performance, which is beneficial for engineering applications.

8 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

007269   RAY P K, PANIGRAHI B K, ROUT P K, MOHANTY A, EDDY F Y S, GOOI H B (Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education, Singapore- 138 602) : Detection of islanding and fault disturbances in microgrid using wavelet packet transform. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 796-809.

Fast detection of islanding is very important for effective operation and control in distributed generation (DG) penetrated distribution networks. The islanding detection techniques such as passive, active, communication, and hybrid have their own merits and demerits. This paper proposed wavelet transform (WT) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) based techniques for detection of islanding and fault disturbances in a microgrid consisting of resources like wind turbine generator, fuel cell (FC), and microturbine. Voltage signal is extracted at the point of common coupling (PCC) and is passed through these detection techniques to obtain the timefrequency multi-resolution analysis. Further, to validate the graphical study, performance indices (PIs) like standard deviation and entropy are calculated for the disturbance detection using suitable selection of threshold. A comparative analysis using WT and WPT is presented in the form of graphical simulation as well as in terms of PIs to analyse their effectiveness and robustness under different operating conditions. It is observed that WPT shows better detection capability in comparison to WT even under 20-dB noisy scenarios.

19 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

007275   SEDGHI T (Electrical Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Urmia, Iran) : Compact unit-cell-based semi-fractal antenna with filtering properties of interference bands embedded with CBP Strips. IETE J Res 2019, 65(6), 790-5.

In this paper, a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed Ultra Wide Band (UWB) semi-fractal (SF) antenna with dual band filtering characteristics and enhanced bandwidth is presented. The main features of the proposed SF-antenna are the small size of 15 X 15 mm² dimensions and bandnotched characteristics that are obtained without changing the SF radiator. Dual band-notched characteristics are achieved by having a pair of a specific form of shaped strips embedded as conductor back plane (CBP) and defecting CPW ground surface. Also, wider impedance bandwidth can be achieved with this unit-cell-based fractal structure on the radiator. The measured results illustrate that the proposed SF-antenna operates over the VSWR < 2, except two notched bands (3.25–4.32 and 5.02–5.97 GHz), aimed at suppressing any interference from WiMAX IEEE802.16 (3.3– 3.6 GHz), C-band (3.7–4.2 GHz), and wireless local area network IEEE802.11a (5.15–5.825 GHz). The SF-antenna has a desirable radiation pattern and gain characteristics for UWB frequency band range. Measured results of the fabricated SF-antenna with the specific form of CBP, unit-cell patterns for radiator and defected CPW ground are presented.

10 illus, 10 ref