043994   ALHOSSAN A, ALSUWAILEM H, ALGHAMDI A (Clinical Pharmacy Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: hnalsuwailem1@gmail.com) : Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin 10 mg as add-on to metformin versus metformin with or without other hypoglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, retrospective observational study. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(6), 43-53.

To assess 10 mg dapagliflozin effectiveness and safety in a real-world setting as add-on therapy and compare it with metformin with or without other hypoglycemic agents (HGA) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Retrospective chart review observational study at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients were divided into two groups. Dapagliflozin group who had a prescription of dapagliflozin added to metformin (Met) ± 1 or more HGA. The control group was patients using Met ± 1 or more HGA and who didn’t have any sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) prescription. The primary outcome is the change of HbA1c during follow-up period from baseline. 114 patients had at least one prescription for dapagliflozin. For control group 78 patients were included. The decrease in the mean change of HbA1c for dapagliflozin group was significantly higher compared to control group between baseline and during 12-months follow-up period (-1.22 % vs. -0.12 %; p<0.001), respectively. The change in body weight and body mass index (BMI) were significantly decreased during follow-up from baseline with dapagliflozin group, while increased with control group (-1.74 kg, vs. +0.27 kg; p<0.001) and (-0.70 kg/m² , vs. 0.10 kg/m² ; p<0.001), respectively. There was significant difference in urinary tract infection (UTI) with dapagliflozin group [10 (12.8 %)], compared to control group [2 (2.6 %)] (p=0.032). Dapagliflozin showed extra HbA1c reduction when added to metformin with or without a broad range of HGA in comparison to other HGA in patients with T2DM

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

043993   IYER S, KHARCHE J S (Physiology Dep, Symbiosis International (Deemed Univ), Pune, Maharashtra, Email: jayshree.kharche@smcw.siu.edu.in) : Assessment of computer vision syndrome in software professionals. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(6), 38-42.

According to National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, computer vision syndrome affects 90% people who spend more than 3 hours a day on the computer. It is a group of eye and vision related problems. It is a temporary condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer display for prolonged, uninterrupted period of time. Also different reactions of the eye and the brain to the characters on the screen cause strain. Hence, this study is planned to assess computer vision syndrome in software professionals. Objectives: To assess Computer Vision Syndrome by history and clinical examination. According to National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, computer vision syndrome affects 90 % people who spend more than 3 hours a day on the computer. It is a group of eye and vision related problems. It is a temporary condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer display for prolonged, uninterrupted period of time. Also different reactions of the eye and the brain to the characters on the screen cause strain. Hence, this study is planned to assess computer vision syndrome in software professionals. Objectives: To assess Computer Vision Syndrome by history and clinical examination. It was observed that 80 % of subjects suffer from backache, wrist and shoulder pain. 72 % subjects complained of eyestrain and 70 % complained of dry and irritated eyes. 62 % subjects complained of headache. More than 60% subjects gave history of watering and redness of eyes. Study shows that more than 60 % subjects suffer from some or the other symptom of computer vision syndrome. Early detection and prevention of computer vision syndrome is necessary to prevent future complications and better health of software professionals.

13 tables, 2 ref

043992   OMOLEKE S A, KANMODI K K (Mental and Oral Health Development Organization Inc, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria, Email: kanmodikehinde@yahoo.com) : Seasonal meningococcal meningitis outbreaks in Nigeria: A need for an accelerated introduction of a conjugated meningococcal vaccine into the national routine immunization schedule. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(6), 31-7.

Epidemic meningococcal meningitis affects huge populations annually in sub-Saharan Africa with differentially higher death rates among children. Nigeria is one of the twenty-six countries that lie in ‘African meningitis belt’. This paper briefly describes the epidemiology of seasonal recurrent meningococcal meningitis, current efforts to address the epidemics, and then argues for an accelerated introduction of conjugated meningococcal vaccine into routine immunization in Nigeria. This paper also highlights the nature of the epidemics with its attendant impacts on the population; the weaknesses of the current strategies; the emergence of mixed pathogens; the challenges and potential opportunities associated with an introduction of routine vaccination against meningococcal meningitis. The quick introduction of the conjugated meningococcal vaccine into expanded program on immunization (EPI) schedule will mitigate the risk of future massive outbreaks and its attendant morbidity, mortality and larger societal cost. Furthermore, authors suggest the introduction of polyvalent conjugated meningococcal vaccine rather than monovalent (targeting only serotype A), as this will potentially prevent emerging outbreaks of other serotypes such as NmC and W135.

47 ref

043991   AGARWAL A, IBRAHIEM A, AHMAD L M (Pathology Dep, Northern Border Univ, Arar, Saudi Arabia, Email: dranshoo3@gmail.com) : A simple assessing method for screening prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (the thief of womanhood) and emotional distress in female students at northern border university (NBU) in Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(6), 22-30.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine condition which is caused due to disturbance in hormonal balances. There are more than one influencing factors that can lead to cause of PCOS. Yet, there are few reports that have fully elucidated the connection of conventional factors linked with PCOS so far. 1. To study the prevalence of risk factors associated with PCOS among female students of NBU, Arar, KSA. 2. To study the correlation between emotional distress and associated risk factors of PCOS among female students of NBU. 3. To create the awareness of PCOS and its associated risk factors among female students of NBU. Material and methods: The Northern Border University female students those were willing to participate were selected to enroll in our study. A pre-validated self-structured questionnaire was used as a tool for the collection of the data. Students were grouped into two viz PCOS-group and non-PCOS-group founded on criteria’s given by NIH (National Institutes of Health Criteria). As per this criteria diagnosis of PCOS is established founded on incidence of both chronic anovulation (ANOVU) characterized by occurrence of vaginal bleeding for more than 35 days gaps or 8 cycles/year to understand absence of menstruation and clinical hyperandrogenism (CH). CH is defined as the occurrence of acne, androgenic alopecia, acanthosis and hirsutism. Students recognized with linked risk factors for PCOS were guided and counseled to have complete investigations done including radiological and hormonal assays for confirming diagnosis and starting treatment.

2 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

043990   ALHARGANEE A, ALABEDI H , ABDULRAHMAN M, WIGMORE P (Oncology Dep, Nottingham Univ Hospital/QMC, Baghdad Medical City Complex, Iraq, Email: dr_harganee@yahoo.com) : The impact of methotrexate on neural stem cells and the protection provided by cells in the neurogenic niche. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(6), 13-21.

While the survival rates for cancer have dramatically increased with the use of chemotherapy, substantial numbers of patients complain of cognitive impairments associated with this treatment. These symptoms are known as “chemobrain” and include loss of concentration and memory associated with poor work performance. One cause of chemobrain appears to be a decrease in the neural stem cell proliferation essential for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This produces new neurons required for memory consolidation. Neural stem cell proliferation occurs in a stem cell niche within the sub granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. Recent in vivo studies have shown that in the SGZ, neural stem cells associated with blood vessels survive chemotherapy better than those not in contact with the vasculature. Our in vitro study tested the effect of Methotrexate (MTX) on dividing neural stem cells and brain endothelial cells separately and when co-cultured in contact with one another. The results, using MTT assays, show that neural cells are significantly more sensitive to MTX than endothelial cells. Marked neural cells were then cultured on a mono layer of either endothelial or non-neural cells (3T3 fibroblasts) and treated with MTX. Co-culture with endothelial cells offered significant protection from MTX compared with culture with non-neural cells or neural cells on their own. This in vitro model replicates in vivo observations and can be used to study the protective role of endothelial cells on neural stem cells. An understanding of this may be used to preserve hippocampal neurogenesis and reduce the incidence of chemobrain.

4 illus, 37 ref

043939   CHIBDE G D , MASCARENHAS M C (Computer Engineering Dep, Goa Coll of Engineering, Farmagudi-Goa, Email: gaurav73c@gmail.com) : Lung extraction techniques for lung CT images. Int J Info Comp Sci 2020, 7(10), 0972-1347.

Lung cancer is a growing cancer in the world; the cancer needs to be treated with right method at the right time. The early detection of cancer is better than the last stage treatment. There are different methods for early diagnosis of lung cancer. CT scan is one of the methods used to view the inside of human body. This image helps doctors to get an idea of what is wrong with the human organs. CT scans of lung are used by doctors to get a better insight of the patient. The techniques used in this paper helps to extract the details of the lung from a lung CT image. In the lung cancer diagnosis, the lung is a key element in the CT scan image. This lung area becomes a region of interest for the classification of lung cancer. When the CT scan machine captures the image, some other parts of the body also get captured in the image. This is mainly because the machine is not made specifically to capture the lung images only. Moreover, the human body has parts that are too close or are nearby or some are overlapping, hence it might be difficult to get a specific organ in the image. In order to get specific part or highlight specific parts of the body, image processing domain plays an important role. Using the methods available in this domain we can get the specific part highlighted. In this paper we propose image processing methods, to extract a lung area from the lung CT image.

6 illus, 9 ref

042053   MEKALA M, CHIMMIRI V (Chemical Engineering Dep, BV Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur - 502 313, Email: mmyadav2001@gmail.com) : Kinetic modelling and simulation studies for the esterification process with Amberlyst 16 resin. Indian J Chem Sec A 2020, 59A(10), 1494-503.

Methyl acetate has been synthesized by the reaction between acetic acid and methanol in an experimental batch reactor. The reaction has been carried out homogeneously without using any catalyst and heterogeneously by using Amberlyst 16 resin catalyst. The reaction is performed using different temperatures in the range of 318.15-333.15 K. The reaction catalyzed by Amberlyst 16 is found faster than the uncatalyzed reaction and the influence of process parameters such as catalyst loading, reaction mixture temperature, initial reactant mole ratio, catalyst size, agitation speed on acetic acid conversion has been investigated experimentally for the catalyzed reaction. Further, pseudo-homogeneous kinetic models have been developed for the catalyzed reaction and the uncatalyzed reaction. The reaction rate expressions of catalyzed reaction and uncatalyzed reaction are used to derive the reaction rate equation influenced by the catalyst alone. This rate equation is useful to examine the influence of catalyst alone in the heterogeneously catalyzed methanol esterification reaction.

11 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

043933   LAVHATE S S , UPADHYE O , GAWADE A , AKSHAY S (Electronics Engineering Dep, Pravara Rural Engineering Coll, Loni, Email: seema.arote@gmail.com) : Smart adaptive headlighting system and potholes detection system. Int J Info Comp Sci 2020, 7(8), 0972-1347.

In today’s condition driving at night time is pretty unsafe because of major road accidents are happen during night time. About 55 % of hike in accidents during night time and most of this on curve roads. One of the main reason is conventional headlamps which are not able to provide illumination in right direction. Due to oncoming vehicle headlights driver becomes temporarily blind. Here we proposed a solution to solve this problem using Adaptive Headlight System (AHS) for vehicles using camera and Raspberry Pi to assist the driver by automatically controlling headlights which are steerable one. To get maximum efficiency we are using the same system for pothole detection during daytime. This data can be used for the future work or remedial actions by Government.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

042033   SHANKAR J S, KUMAR S A, PERIYASAMI B K, NAYAK S K (Plastics Technology Dep, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: kpusha27@gmail.com) : Mechanism of photoinduced charge transfer at MEH-PPV and titanium dioxide nanoparticle interface. Indian J Chem Sec A 2020, 59A(09), 1278-84.

In this study, we investigated mechanisms of photoinduced electron transfer from a conjugated polymer (poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy) 1,4-phenylenevinylene (MEH-PPV) to titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (acceptor) through steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Since mixed phase TiO₂ has better photocatalytic compared to single phase, it is an efficient charge separation process during photoexcitation of polymer nanocomposites by incorporating the mixed phase TiO₂ nanoparticles into the MEH-PPV polymer matrix through in situ polymerization. Structural characterization revealed only physical interaction between the polymer matrix and dispersed nanoparticles. The absorbance spectra of nanocomposites also indicated the absence of ground state complex formation. Luminescence quenching of polymer nanocomposites compared to pristine MEH-PVV signifies the charge transfer taking place at the MEH-PPV/TiO₂ interfaces. Thus, the MEH-PPV/ mixed phase TiO₂ nanocomposite serves as an active layer for photovoltaic application.

6 illus, 18 ref

042031   BHAVANIA R, SIVASAMY A (CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai - 600 020, Tamil Nadu, Email: arumugamsivasamy@yahoo.co.in) : Novel homogeneous catalyst assisted sonocatalytic degradation of dye Direct Blue 71. Indian J Chem Sec A 2020, 59A(09), 1265-72.

Industrial effluents, particularly from dye industry, is one of the major causes of serious concern as it contaminates the environmental water resources and affect human health. Treatment of such contaminants is a challenging area of interest to researchers. In this context, here, we have explored degradation and mineralization of Direct Blue (DB71) dye in aqueous solution by means of ultrasound irradiation at a frequency of 25 kHz and its combination with a novel homogenous sonocatalyst is investigated. The following experiments have been conducted to achieve complete degradation of the dye molecule. In-situ generation of the radicals under ultrasonic irradiation is measured by EPR technique. The effects of various operational parameters such as the effects of pH, dye concentration, catalyst dosage, electrolytes, energy input and kinetics of oxidation processes on the degradation efficiency are studied. COD measurements are also carried out in order to evaluate the mineralization efficiency of DB71. The effect of electrolytes on dye degradation is studied with different inorganic electrolytes. The rate constant decreases with increasing dye concentration. The degradation increases with increasing catalyst concentration and decreases with increasing dye concentration. Sonocatalytic degradation of the dye molecules are observed by UV-visible absorption and TOC measurements. The by-products formation of the sonocalytically degraded dye samples are analyzed by ESI-MS+ analysis. The catalyst is also tested for its efficiency in the degradation of real dye house effluents.

9 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

043883   MANJUNATH NS, RANGASWAMY BE, JAVEED H, GANAVI D, SAHANA JK, KOTIHAL U (Biotechnology Dep, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka) : Evaluation of Nigella sativa (Black cumin) for anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 01-9.

Natural products obtained from plants are used to treat various diseases in folk medicine including Cancer and inflammation. Nigella sativais annual flowering plants that appertain to Ranunculaceae family. Numerous studies have shown that naturally occurring compounds may support prevention and treatment of various diseases. The aim of our study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity studies for AGS and PANC^-1 cell lines and Anti-inflammatory study using RAW264.7 cell line. The N.sativa oil is extracted by soxhelt extraction by using petroleum ether as the whole solvent. For cytotoxicity study the MTT assay is done, which is simple, accurate and yield reproducible result, cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cell. The activity of RAW264.7 cells against iNOS release post LPS stimulation, which is observed calorimetrically. Hence by the graphical studies we can conclude that the crude of N. sativa is consequential for our successive evaluation of Anticancer and Anti-inflammatory modalities.

10 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

043882   BABU NG R, SURESH M, ZAVITH M, BOOPATHI R, PARVATHY S (Biotechnology Dep, Adhiyamaan Coll of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu) : Standardization of ginger callus culture and its comparison with ginger rhizome and callus treated with extrinsic molecule on their antioxidant activity. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 49-54.

Zingiber officinale as a medicinal plant exhibits good antioxidant properties. In this study, the ginger leaves and ginger rhizome were selected as explants for the callus induction and plantlet production and were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various growth regulators. In addition to the induced callus, elicitors such as Salicylic acid, Yeast extract and Glycine were used as extrinsic molecules to check for the enhancement of antioxidants and phytochemicals compared to the callus and rhizome produced cultures without elicitors The highest significant amount of antioxidant was (45 % to 50 %) recorded by DPPH assay. This proved the effect of the elicitation of ginger cultured tissues in the antioxidant study that would be of immense importance for pharmacological, cosmetic and agronomic industries in the future as induction of callus reduces time.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

043858   DEB N K, DEB J, SAHA S, MAITY S, GHOSH B (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Chakdaha, Nadia, West Bengal) : Anthelmintic activity on Mirabilis jalapa L., (Nyctaginaceae). Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(2), 19-21.

Mirabilis jalapa L. is distributed as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics of the world. The whole plant as well as individual parts is also used medicinally in Ayurveda, Siddha and other traditional system of medicine for curing various ailments. The literature survey reveals that Mirabilis jalapa L. is used to treat various types of diseases like gastrointestinal problems, intestinal pains, muscular pain, diarrhea, abdominal colic, constipation, genitourinary system disorders, helminthasis etc. The present study is therefore aimed at validating one of the ethnomedicinal claims for its use as an anthelmintic. Preliminary phytochemical studies of the methanolic extract of leaves and aerial parts revealed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids etc. The methanolic extract of leaves and aerial parts of Mirabillis jalapa L. has shown anthelmintic activity on earth worm Phertima prosthuma in a dose dependent manner. Concentration of 30 mg/ml has taken less time to cause paralysis, and little more time to cause death of earthworms which is comparable with Standard Drug Albendazole of 10 mg/ml concentration.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

043857   SAHA S, DEB J, DEB N K (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Chakdaha, Nadia, West Bengal) : Review on Mirabilis jalapa L., (Nyctaginaceae): A medicinal plant. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(2), 14-8.

Mirabilis jalapa L. commonly known as Four O’ Clock plant is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant well known for its traditional uses. Conventionally, the plant is used in the treatment of a variety of human ailments like skin diseases, cathartic, purgative, stomachic, tonic, anti-dysenteric, anti-parasitic, wound healing properties, digestive, stimulant etc. The active constituents reported in this plant includes alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, tannins, saponins, lignin and carbohydrates. A number of pharmacological activities are reported in this plant like anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-spasmodic, antinociceptive, anti-viral, diuretic, anthelmintic and urinary tract disorder. The present study is therefore aimed at providing a review of the literature on its ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties.

1 illus, 55 ref

043856   GUPTA A K, GUPTA T, GOYAL C (L.N. Ayurveda Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Empirical analysis of veerya by exothermic reaction in context of ayurvedic drugs. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(2), 12-3.

Veerya is inherently the ultra-chemical accomplishment of the drugs that is principally of two types as per Ayurvedic lexicon-Ushna (hot) and Sheeta (cold). Veerya is given prime connotation in classics as it adopts the karma of a dravya because nir veerya dravya is prepensed as worthless. So veerya (potency) of drug exhibits an indispensable role in the treatment principles. Aims and Objectives are to analyse the veerya, exothermic and endothermic reactions plays an imperative role which is exhibited hereby taking Ayurvedic drugs as paradigm. 10 gram powder each of Masha, Kola, Kulattha, Suradaru, Rasna, Atasi, Gokshura, Kusha, Bala and Jeevanti was individually mixed with 10 ml water taken in 10 different beakers and temperature was acclaimed after 1, 3 and 5 minutes. These study shows Ushna veerya dravya unveiled accretion in the temperature from 10 -4 0 f, while Sheeta veerya disported abatement in temperature varied from 1-3 0 f whilst temperature of water remaining constant So we can conclude that, Perception of Veerya can be scientifically corroborated taking exothermic reaction analysis as an intervention.

2 tables, 12 ref

043855   DELE O S, SUNDAY A, AJOKE O B (Plant Science and Biotechnology Dep, Ekiti State Univ, Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B, 5363, Nigeria) : Phytochemical profile and proximate composition of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) harvested at different times of the day. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 07-11.

The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of time of collection on the concentration of bioactive phytochemical constituents and proximate composition of Azadirachta indica leaves. The plant materials were collected in a day in the month of November at 6am, 9am, 12noon, 3pm and 6pm. phytochemical analysis of crude and methanol extracts, proximate parameters (moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fat and ash) were evaluated in the plant sample using the standard procedure of AOAC. The results from qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides and reducing sugar in both the crude and methanol extract of A. indica leaf. The quantitative phytochemical estimations of the methanol extract showed highest value of saponins, total phenols and tannins at 12noon, flavonoids and alkaloids at 3pm while least values of saponins, total phenol and tannins were recorded at 6am. Highest amount of crude protein, ash and crude fiber were recorded in the morning. This result together with low crude fat in the morning could make the plant nutritionally good for collection before 9am. Our findings suggest that A. indica leaves could be harvested in the evening for medicinal purpose and best utilized by pharmaceutical industries.

4 tables, 34 ref

043853   CREDO D, MACHUMI F, MASIMBA P, MWAKIGONJA A R (Natural Products Dep, Medicine-Muhimbili Univ of Health and Allied Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) : Comparative evaluation of hypoglycemic activity and phytochemical contents of three Tanzanian medicinal plants. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 58-62.

Diabetes is the commonest endocrine disease reported to affect about 10% of the world population. Medicinal plants are widely used for diabetes management because of their easy availability, affordability and less or no side effects when compared to the present synthetic antidiabetic drugs. This in vivo study aimed to compare hypoglycaemic activity of three commonly medicinal plants used traditionally for diabetes management in northern Tanzania Artemisia afra Willd. (Aerial parts), Moringaoleifera Lam. (Leaves) and Perseaamericana Mill. (Leaves).Evaluation for hypoglycaemic activity of 80% aqueous ethanol plant extracts was conducted at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, orally in glucose loaded normal white albino mice by using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) method. The statistical analysis of results was carried out by using Student t-test followed by one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparisons at probability value (p˂ 0.05).Phytochemical evaluation focused on the normal reactions of characterization based on precipitation and coloration with standard reagents. At a dose of 200 mg/kg bw.t, the three plants showed significant hypoglycaemic activity by lowering blood glucose level in glucose loaded normal white albino mice at a rate of 23 %, 15 % and 10 % for M. oleifera, P. americana and A. afra four (4) hours administration respectively. Phytochemical evaluation indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins and glycosides. The results indicated that 80 % aqueous ethanol extracts of the three plants are capable of managing hyperglycemia in oral glucose loaded normal white albino mice. Thus, confirmed the previously reported hypoglycaemic activities of the plants, besides, the study identified M. oleifera as the most potent hypoglycaemic plant among the three plants.

3 tables, 29 ref

043852   GOYAL S, MUKIM M, SHARMA P, SHARMA A, NAGAR J C, JAIN V, AHMAD N, SINGH P (Pharmacy Coll, Kota, Rajasthan) : Prosopiscineria: An updated review. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 54-7.

In ancient literature. Prosopis cineraria are mention as a vital natural herbal plant. In the present review, an attempt has been made to congregate the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies done on important medicinal plant Prosopis cineraria of Family Fabaceae. Various phytoconstituents like Fatty acids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides were the major phytochemical compounds studied from this medicinal plant. The plant possesses the major pharmacological activities like antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor antihyperglycemic, antihypercholesterolemic, nootropicleucoderma, leprosy, asthma, dysentery, dyspepsia, and antidiabetic activity, etc have been reported from various extracts of the plant. The current paper deals with the review of Prosopis cineraria on phytoconstituents and pharmacological action.

3 tables, 22 ref

043851   VERENHITACH M D, CABRAL L G D S, ALVES R C B, MARIA D A (Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil) : Evaluation of the antitumor and antiproliferative effects of the INKKI peptide on MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 46-53.

In this study we investigated the in vitro effect of the INKKI peptide in breast tumor cell lines and normal cells. The evaluation assessed the cytotoxicity activity effects, cell viability, mitochondrial electrical potential changing, effects on progression and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis markers involved. The results showed that the peptide INKKI features selective dose-dependent cytotoxicity in tumor cells, negatively modulating the mitochondrial electrical potential. The cell proliferation rate of the treated cells decreased, with cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. The peptide also able to induce apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway, which occurred independently of caspase 3 active. The INKKI peptide showed to be a potent modulator of antiproliferative and antitumor activities of the adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 human breast.

5 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

043849   THANGADURAI K , AMANI P, GLADYS R J, RENGASUNDARI , MADHAVI G, LENIN M, YUVARAJ MS (Maruthuvam Dep, JSA Siddha Medical Coll, Ulundurpet, Tamil Nadu) : A review on hepatoprotective and Anti-HIV action of traditional herbs to reduce the hepatotoxicity of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 32-8.

Drugs are well thought-out to be one among the significant causes of liver injury and drug-induced hepatotoxicity may result in asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to hepatic failure. In the present scenario, the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. However to date, hepatotoxicity has been associated with all currently used antiretroviral (ARV) drug regimens. Therefore it is the need of this hour to seek for solutions from ancient herbs that has been reported to have antiretroviral as well as hepatoprotective activity in order to maximize the benefit and minimize the risk of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Since age-old times, medicinal plants play a significant role against on various diseases. The traditional Siddha system of medicine is one among the oldest traditional system which holds enormous literary evidences of various medicinal herbs that have potent hepatoprotective activity. The present article explores the scientific basis for the traditional literature evidences on the hepatoprotective and antiretroviral action of selective herbs so that they can complement in reducing the hepatotoxicity of conventional antiretrovirals.

65 ref

043848   TRIPATHI A N, KUMAR P, SATI S C (Botany Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital, Uttarakhand) : Uses of invasive alien plants in Kumaun Himalayan folk medicinal system. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 27-31.

Kumaun Himalayan region of Uttarakhand is characterized by a rich diversity of medicinal plants. This region occupies an important place in traditional medicinal system of India. The present investigation is carried out on invasive plants and their medico potentialities. It reveals that there are 48 invasive plants species belonging to 25 families used by the local people for curing various kinds of ailments including cut, wounds, indigestion, itching, headache, jaundice, diabeties etc. The part used and their traditional use of these plant are described in this study. A detail documentation of the utilization of invasive plants by the natives of Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya in traditional medicine system is provided here under.

3 illus, 1 table, 52 ref

043847   HAMID K M, SANI S A, KALGO M U, YAKUBU A, BALA Y G, UMAHI N P F, YAHAYA I S, ABUBAKAR U (Immunology Dep, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria) : Immunostimulatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis on human neutrophils. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 21-6.

The use of herbal extract in the treatment of infectious disease has been a regular practice in Nigeria and other developing countries. The study aim was to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of aqueous leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis on human neutrophils. Thirty (30) healthy volunteers were recruited into this study, consisting of 15 male and 15 female. Blood sample collected was used to isolate the Neutrophils. Different concentrations (25 µg/ml 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml and 1mg/ml) of the plant extract were prepared. Giemsa stain was used to determine the neutrophils phagocytic function while methylene blue was used to carryout micro bicidal capacity analysis. There was significant increase in phagocytic index and micro bicidal capacity of neutrophils with increase in the plant extract concentration (p<0.0001). This study suggested that Cassia occidentalis leaf has potential immunostimulation of phagocytic activity and micro bicidal capacity on human neutrophils. As such this will enhance the phagocytic activity and micro bicidal capacity of the neutrophils.

3 tables, 45 ref

043846   ECHAVARRÍA A P, D’ARMAS H, MATUTE N, CANO J A (Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería- Universidad Estatal, Milagro-091050 ZIP/Zone, Milagro) : Phytochemical analyses of eight plants from two provinces of Ecuador by GC-MS. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 10-20.

Vegetal extracts are mixes of secondary metabolites that exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacology effects. The aim of this work was to identify the chemical constituents in ethanol extracts of eight plants from Ecuador and to relate it with biological activities reported for those compounds. Extracts were obtained from leaves of Coriandrum sativum, Cynara scolymus, Artemisia absinthium, Cnidoscolus chayamansa, Melissa officinalis, Moringa oleifera, Bougainvillea spectabilis, and Lippia citrodora by maceration with ethanol. Characterization of chemical composition was carried out by the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Study showed that Ecuadorian plants are source of essential fatty acids and derivatives, benzenoids, and terpenoids such as phytosteroles and pentacyclic triterpenes. According to literature, almost all of constituents identified in the eight Ecuadorian plants have shown biological activity, such as antimicrobial and antitumor activities. This confirms that Ecuadorian plants could be important resources of bioactive compounds for treatment of illnesses such as cancer.

8 illus, 1 table, 74 ref

043845   ISWARYA P, LAKSHMIKANTHAM T, MOHAN S (Maruthuvam Dep, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : In vitro Anti-diabetic evaluation of Pereechangai Nei by alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 06-9.

Ancient Indian system of medicine believed that a healthy soul can only be developed through a healthy body. Any derangements in body’s three humors namely, vatham, pitham, kabam results in disease. Siddha system is one of the oldest among Indian systems of medicine originated in southern parts of India. In its texts, Siddha system classified diseases into 4448 types. Madhumegam is one among the pitha types of Meganoi which is also called as Thithippu Neer or Inippuneer. The causes, signs and symptoms of Madhumegam could be correlated with Diabetes Mellitus in modern system. Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problem in developing countries whose management is still a challenge for modern system of medicine. As a solution Siddha system serves as a hope with its pure herbal medicines which serve the purpose for long term use in the management of chronic diseases like Diabetes. This article discusses and presents the study of Anti-Diabetic Evaluation of Pereechangai Nei (PCN) by Invitro methods in Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibition Assays. The results of the study indicate that the drug Pereechangainei possess anti diabetic activity.

4 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

043844   SATPUDKE S, PANSARE T, KHANDEKAR S (Dravyaguna Dep, Government ayurvedic Coll, Osmanabad, Maharashtra) : Review on Khadira (Acacia catechu Willd.) with special reference to Prameha (Diabetes). Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(1), 01-5.

Prameha (Diabetes) is one amongst the refractory disease conditions recognised by medical scholars of ancient India. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally with a rise from about 30million in 1985 to 177 million cases in 2000 and worldwide estimates project that more than 360 million people will be suffered diabetes by the year 2030. There are many ayurvedic formulations, herbs, minerals available for treatment of Prameha. Khadira is an important medicinal plant used in ayurvedic formulation and also well documented in Indian pharmacopeia. Ayurvedic classics texts mentioned Khadira in treatment of Prameha due to its dominance of Tikta, Kashayarasa, Katuvipaka and Laghu, Rukshaguna and Kaphashoshan (Absorption of Kapha), Shophhara (Anti-inflammatory), Vranaropan (Wound healing), Medohara (Anti-obesity) actions. Modern research shows that Khadira possesses Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids which work against diabetes. This review gives detail information regarding importance and role of Khadira in treatment of Prameha.

7 tables, 30 ref

041958   CHAIKLIENG S, SUGGARAVETSIRI P (Environmental health Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen-40002, Thailand, Email: csunis@kku.ac.th) : Low Back Pain (LBP) incidence, ergonomics risk and workers’ characteristics in relations to lbp in electronics assembly manufacturing. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020, 24(3), 183-7.

Electronics industry workers might have increased the risk of low back pain (LPB). This cohort study aimed to investigate LBP incidence and provide a baseline of ergonomic factors and workers’ characteristics associated with LBP. A six-month monitoring phase was designed using 196 electronic workers to identify LBP incidence. Baseline data were collected for ergonomic risk by RULA and lighting intensity measurement. Personal factors and work stress were surveyed by job content questionnaires (JCQ). Ergonomic risk related to sitting posture was indicated at inspection with lamp (66.7 %; change needed). High risk was shown among standing workers at punching and E-check processes. The lighting intensity did not meet the recommended standard in the arm range zone 2 of inspection and E‑check stations. Dissatisfaction was reported due to work stress, workload, work rhythm, and job control. The six‑month LBP incidence was 52.5 %. Work experience less than three years (RR = 1.41; 95 % CI: 1.031.90) and chronic diseases (RR = 1.41; 95 % CI: 1.091.82) were significantly correlated with LBP incidence. Ergonomic and lighting conditions at E-check and inspection should be improved, and the promotion of short break exercise during shiftwork period is suggested. LBP should be closely surveilled in workers who had less job experience and underlying diseases.

6 tables, 16 ref

041949   YAZDANIRAD S, GOLBABAEI F, MONAZZAM M R, DEHGHAN H, FOROUSHANI A R (Occupational Health Engineering Dep, Tehran Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: fgolbabaei@tums.ac.ir) : Identification, classification, and prioritization of effective factors in producing thermal strain in men at workplaces using fuzzy AHP technique. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020, 24(2), 106-13.

Various factors can affect thermal strain at workplaces. To prevent heat illnesses due to the heat strain, one must identify and prioritize these factors. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the relative importance of the effective factors in producing thermal strain in men at workplaces using fuzzy AHP technique. This qualitative practical study was performed in 2019. Effective factors in producing heat strain were identified by a literature review. Then, an expert panel reviewed the identified factors and omitted some of them. Further, the balance theory of job design was applied to classify the heat strain factors. Later, these factors were categorized into six groups, including environmental, personal, job, clothing, administrative, and lifestyle elements. In the end, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy technique was used for prioritizing the elements and factors involved in each of them. Based on the results, the environmental element had the highest relative weight and priority (0.178). Other priorities were assigned to the job element (0.171), clothing element (0.171), personal element (0.169), administrative element (0.169), and lifestyle element (0.142), respectively. In general, the results showed that environmental factors are the most effective ones in producing heat strain. The results of the present study can be helpful in controlling the thermal strain.

2 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

041948   NANDI S, NIMJE S, DHUMNE U, DHATRAK S (National Institute of Miners’ Health, Nagpur - 440023, Maharashtra, Email: sdhatrak@rediffmail.com) : Pulmonary tuberculosis among stone miners of India vis à vis silica exposure. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020, 24(2), 102-5.

Tuberculosis is one of the biggest public health concerns in India with a prevalence of 195 cases per 100000. Silica is cytotoxic to macrophage which is primary defense mechanism to tubercular bacilli and, hence, exposure to silica dust increases risk for TB. Silica exposed persons are at 2.8 to 39 times greater risk of affected by pulmonary tuberculosis in comparison to healthy subjects. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 935 workers in sandstone mining. Full-size posteroanterior view (PA) chest X-ray in full inspiration was evaluated and evidence of tuberculosis was noted. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used for determining the free silica in 23 dust samples. 6.4 % X-rays showed evidence of TB and silica dust concentration was 0.11 to 0.16 mg/m3 . The TB cases significantly increased from 2 % to 6 % to 12.7 % as the work exposure increased from 20 years respectively. 8.5 % of the TB cases were seen among the workers having more than 10 years of work exposure. The odds ratio (95 % CI) for work exposure more than 10 years to less than 10 years was 4.53 (1.92–10.65). Reduction of silica particles from work environment can significantly reduce the number of TB cases and hence wet drilling should be practiced and personal protective equipment should be regularly used.

4 tables, 23 ref

043842   RAVISHANKAR K , RAO S N , SASTRY V G (Aditya Pharmacy Coll, East Godavari - 533 437, Andhra Pradesh, Email: nag3_au@yahoo.com) : Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of Nymphoides hydrophylla in experimental animals. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 393-402.

The ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of Nymphoides hydrophylla at the doses of 250  mg/kg and 500  mg/kg were administered for the evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities (both in vitro and in vivo). Analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing, tailflick method, and Eddy’s hot plate method in albino rats. Paracetamol and tramadol were used as a standard reference drugs for analgesic activity. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method and protein denaturation method. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino rats. Diclofenac sodium was employed as reference drugs for antiinflammatory studies. The administration of ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of N. hydrophylla in rats with 250 and 500  mg/kg  body weight (b.wt.) reduced pain and inflammation, indicating that ethanolic extract possesses better analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities compared to other two extracts. The maximum analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were observed in rats receiving 500  mg/kg  b.wt. of N. hydrophylla ethanolic extract. Our study indicates that N. hydrophylla extracts possess both antiinflammatory and analgesic activities and it may be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammation-related disorders.

7 tables, 42 ref

043840   AYYANNA C , RAMESH B , SUDHA T Y S , THANGARAJU P (Pharmacology Dep, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Email: sudhambbs2010@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anticonvulsant and antioxidant properties of Cyperus esculentus Linn. in various types of experimentally induced seizures in rats. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 381-7.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus using three animal models maximal electroshock seizure (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and strychnine nitrate (STN) for inducing seizures in rats. In the entire three animal models, MES, PTZ, and STN, each model was included four groups, in which albino rats (n = 6) were used in each group. The first group was considered as control, the 2^nd group as standard where diazepam 4 mg/kg is administered, and the 3^rd and 4^th served as test groups which were treated with ethanolic extract of C. esculentus (EECE) 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. In all the three experimental animal models, all the groups were treated for 14 days. On the last day, that is, 14^th day after completion of all drugs administration in all three animal models which is total 12 groups of rats, within 30–40 min seizures were induced by exposing them to a shock of 150 mA with convulsiometer using ear electrodes for 2 s in MES model, 75 mg/kg of intraperitoneal injection of PTZ model and 2 mg/kg of strychnine (STN) model. Anticonvulsant activity was appreciated better only after abolition of hindlimb tonic extension (HLTE) in MES model and by measuring the duration of seizures and latency-induced seizure threshold in the PTZ and STN experimental rat models. In MES model, EECE at a dose of 400 mg/kg abolishes complete HLTE in the rats, similarly at the same dose observed prolonged latency in the onset of seizures in both PTZ and STN experimental animal models. It is concluded that EECE has shown effective anticonvulsant activity in these animal models as it abolishes HLTE in MES model and delayed the latency of seizure threshold in PTZ and STN models.

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

043838   KAUSHIK S, SINGH R, YADAV P, PRAJAPATI P K (Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Dep, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, Email: dr.shreesharma92@gmail.com) : Validation of pharmacopoeial characters of marketed samples of Embelia species (Vidanga). Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 367-74.

Embelia ribes Burm. f., Myrsinaceae is a promising medicinal herb valued for its digestive, carminative, anthelmintic, and laxative property since Vedic period. Due to its excessive harvesting, it is reported in red list data book as vulnerable. Hence, in markets, E. ribes is generally found adulterated with E. robusta due to its close morphological similarity with ribes. Thus, the present study attempts to validate and compare physicochemical parameters and chromatographic profile of fruits of two species of Vidanga, that is, E. ribes and E. robusta for proper identification of the drug in dry form and to check adulteration. Evaluation of macroscopic characters, physicochemical parameters such as organoleptic, loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, alcohol, and water soluble extractives as well as high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis were performed for fruits of both the species of Vidanga, namely, E. ribes and E. robusta as per standard guidelines. The macroscopic study section revealed that the fruits of both the species vary in color, size, and presence of beak such as projection and membrane over the pericarp. The distinct character of E. ribes is the presence of whitish spots on its seeds (Chitratandula) which is found to be absent in robusta seeds. All the physicochemical parameters of E. ribes were found in compliance with the official standards laid down by Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. These findings accomplished the chief objective of validating the pharmacopoeial characters. Moreover, it was observed that there are no significant differences in the physicochemical constants of both the species except one parameter, that is, water soluble extractives. Apart, HPTLC proffered some identical as well as some dissimilar Rf . As no remarkable differences were observed in conventional quality control assays for possible phyto and physicochemical variations between the samples, it is concluded that the spotless vidanga, that is, E. robusta can also be utilized in pharmaceutics. Moreover, extended studies with multiple samples from different market sources can be carried out to generate further evidences on analytical and therapeutic ground.

5 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

043837   SRIVASTAVA A, TRIPATHI P K (Pharmacy Dep, Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: tripathi.pushpendra@ rediffmail.com) : Pamam dendrimer - vitamin conjugate for delivery of paclitaxel as anticancer agent. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 360-6.

The major issues with anticancer agent are that they randomly attack cancerous as well as healthy cell. These are injurious and its side effects can be reduced by developing a drug delivery vehicle. That is particular to tumor cells and this may be achieved by employing a strategy called active targeting strategy wherein the functionalities that respond to over expressed receptors (e.g., biotin, and folate conjunction on dendrimers surface) on tumor cells are attached to the drug carrier. In the present study, biotin- G₄ PAMAM dendrimer conjugates were synthesized and structures were characterized. G₄ -PAMAM Dendrimers were biotinylated using sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin and structural characterization was performed using 1 H NMR and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of generation and release rate, hemotoxicity with biotinylated dendrimer was performed. The results suggested that biotinylated G4 PAMAM dendrimers may be potential drug carriers for paclitaxel targeting to cancer. Biotinylated G₄ -PAMAM dendrimers show potential as nanocarriers in targeted drug delivery. Biotinylation of dendrimer thus reduces the distracted charge-mediated uptake and as well as also rising the in vivo biocompatibility, as seen with decrease in hemotoxicity with biotinylated dendrimers.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

043836   SUJANA M , KUMAR P P N V K (Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Email: vijaykumarppn@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile of Sargassum wightii and its antioxidant activity. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 355-9.

The present study was aimed to screening the phytochemical constituents present in various solvent extracts such as hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and methanol of Sargassum wightii. Selected extract was subjected to high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profile and its antioxidant activity. All extracts were screening of phytochemicals using standard procedures as described by Harborne. The maximum constituents contained in extract were subjected to identify the functional groups using FT-IR and also subjected for HPTLC screening with suitable mobile phase as hexane:toluene:chloroform:ethyl acetate. The HPTLC fingerprint exhibited the bands of phytochemical constituents and was visualized under UV 254 nm and 366 nm. TLC spots were scanned by CAMAG TLC scanner. Anti-oxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract was determined by DPPH free-radical scavenging activity. Ethyl acetate extract was contained maximum number of components such as alkaloids, phenols, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. HPTLC chromatogram of Ethyl acetate extract recorded seven bands at 254 nm with different Rf values whereas at 366 nm, 12 bands were recorded with maximum Rf values. The DPPH assay indicates S. wightii as a potential antioxidant. IC₅₀ value of S. wightii is 320.05 µg/ml. The results suggest that S. wightii has an edible source for many nutrients show potential antioxidant activity.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

043835   KIRANMAYI G V N, PUSHPAVATHI V H (Pharmacology Dep, Aditya Coll of Pharmacy, Surampalem, East Godavari, Email: kiranmayi54@yahoo.com) : Anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of ethanolic root extract of Carica papaya in mice. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 348-54.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of ethanolic root extract of Carica papaya in mice. Anxiolytic activity was observed using behavior paradigms such as elevated plus maze, Ymaze, open field test, and hole board apparatus, while the hypnotic activity was assessed by sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in mice. In elevated plus maze and Y maze, the animals were treated with the extract at dose (75 and 150 mg/kg) po for 7 days and were observed on 7th day of treatment. Anxiolytic activity using open-field apparatus and in sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, the effects were observed on day 1, 7, 15, and 30 days of treatment. In the elevated plus maze, there was an increase in the number of entries and time spent in the open arm. In Y maze decrease in the number of visits to three arms was observed. In the hole board test observed increase in the number of head dippings. In sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, there is a significant increase in the duration of sleep and a decrease in the latency of sleep. The anxiolytic and hypnotic effects were substantially greater at dose 150 mg/kg in comparison to dose 75 mg/kg. The results obtained indicate that ethanolic C. papaya root extract might have significant anxiolytic and hypnotic activity.

5 tables, 26 ref

043834   SHAH R H , RAJNEESH M , ARORA M T , RAHUL G (Kaumarabhritya Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be Univ, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: rahul.gujarathi@bharatividyapeeth.edu) : Anjīra (Ficus carica L) – A food supplement with medicinal benefits. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 343-7.

Natural products and derivatives such as plants and mineral derivatives have been in extensive use as food and as medicines for ages. Āyurveda has used crude plants or plant product, singly, or as combinations for securing health benefits. Food and food products have been considered as the Primary source of maintaining health. Food and food articles have been accorded immense importance for the source of maintain and deriving health as a whole and thus have been advised as a co-entity during the treatment of an illness, described specifically as Pathya and Apathya aiding in better and faster recovery from a disease. In one of the Āyurveda classics, the Kāśyapa Saṃhitā, food is considered as Mahābheśaja, the supreme medicine. With the rise of the present day medicine few centuries ago, natural medicine, and diet was somewhat neglected as a part of health. However, looking at the limitations of the present modern medicine and with the rise of a new branch, Lifestyle Diseases, food items and plant derivatives have again started regaining the past glory. It is necessary to evaluate the benefits of food items on the present day parameters and study their biological activities in detail so as to reconsider and re-include and promote them into the routine diet. Ficus carica L. colloquially known as Anjīra, a common dietary fruit, is used in traditional medicine as remedies for many health problems, and its biological activities. The plant has been used traditionally to treat various ailments such as gastric problems, inflammations, blood disorders, reproductive disorders, and also as a health booster. This review paper is an attempt to relate and confirm the traditional uses and benefits of Anjīra on the modern scientific analysis and experiments.

2 tables, 33 ref

043833   SINGH A , SINGH L , MISHRA G P, KUMAR S (Swami Vivekanand Subharti Univ, Meerut - 250 005, Uttar Pradesh, Email: akanshsingh121295@gmail.com) : Natural polyphenols in central nervous system disorders – A review. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(4), 334-42.

Polyphenols are widespread constituent present in plants that provide a shield against various stress-causing factors. They are naturally present in our diet and their consumption is inversely associated with harmful central nervous system-related variables due to stress. The rich source of polyphenol is tea, coffee, vegetables, cocoa, etc. Cocoa is also a very rich source of polyphenol origin. Flavon-3-ols, cocoa reduces of the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetics, as well as healthier systematic inflammation in endothelial lipid dependent on blood flow and the insulin immune to blood pressure. The cardiometabolic safety was also linked to flavonoids quercetin and stilbene resveratrol. Flavonoids and other polyphenols are all-encompassing plant chemicals that perform a number of bionomic functions for their home plant. Polyphenol dietary consumption is known for decreased oxidative stress. Intake of polyphenols in the form of diet well known for reduced oxidative stress. Reduced oxidative stress causes the suppression of the risk of associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Consequently, the analysis indicates that polyphenol beneficial effects on human brain activity and this review describe these implications by discussing the latest mechanistic hypothesis.

4 illus, 1 tables, 76 ref

043832   SUDHAN S H H , GNANAPRAKASH K , CHANDRASEKAR K B (Pharmaceutics Dep, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Autonomous), Anantapur - 515 721, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sudhankrnt@gmail.com) : Screening and isolation of antibiotic-producing microbes from sea cucumber and testing their broad-spectrum activity. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 316-9.

Multidrug resistance of microbes forced the scientific community to search for newer antibiotics to treat infectious diseases. The literature review revealed that fishermen used the sea cucumber species for healing the wounds. As sea cucumber is rich in microbial flora, an attempt has been made to screen the antibiotic-producing microbes from them. Five sea cucumbers were collected from Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, and dissected. The intestinal fluids and coelomic fluids were collected and named as IF and cystic fibrosis CF, respectively. The crowded plate method was followed to screen the antibiotic-producing microbes. As part of the primary screening, the perpendicular streak method was carried out to reveal the broad-spectrum potential of isolates. The selected isolates which showed the broad spectrum of activity were grown in soyabean casein broth media to produce the antibiotic principles. After the separation of cells from the fermented media, the agar well method was carried out against test organisms to reveal the broad spectrum of activity of the fermented broths. The present investigation resulted in the isolation of 35 isolates with antibiotic-producing ability in crowded plate method. Out of 35 isolates, only 9 of them passed the primary screening. The secondary screening revealed that the fermented broths of three isolates (named IF₃₂, IF₅₂, and CF₄₂) were found to have a better broad spectrum of activity.

1 illus, 1 tables, 13 ref

043831   SHARMA A, JAIN A P, GANGWAR M (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, SRK Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rkdfcp95@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial evaluation of some new 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazole derivatives. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 304-15.

The objective of the paper was to design, synthesis, and characterization of new 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2- pyrazolines derivative and evaluate for antibacterial activity. The 1,3,5-tri-substituted-2- pyrazolines derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of chalcone derivatives with succinic hydrazide in the environment of pyridine. A total of 20 compounds have been synthesized and characterized by the infrared, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral analysis. Antibacterial activity of the compounds carried out on five Grampositive bacterial strains, that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus pumilus and two Gram-negative bacterial strains, that is, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in two different concentrations, that is, 50 and 100 µg/ml by agar diffusion method using cup-plate method. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were used as standard antibacterial drug. The data of antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterial strains (S. aureus, S. faecalis, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, and B. pumilus) suggested the order of activity of compounds: BR-3 >BR-2>BR-1>CL-4>BR-4>CL-3> CL-2>CL-5>CL-6>ME-3>ME-2>ME4>ME-5>ME-6>ME-7>CL-7>CL-8>CL-1>ME-8>ME-1. The compounds series BR-1 to BR-4 has shown the highest activity. Compound ME-8, CL-8, CL-7, CL-1, ME-5, ME-6, and ME-1 have showed mild activity, compounds CL-2, CL-5, ME-4, CL-6, ME-3, ME-2, and ME-7 showed moderate activity, and compounds BR-3, BR-2, BR-1, CL-4, BR-4, and CL-3 have showed good activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The result data of antibacterial activity suggested that Cl, Br, F, and nitro substitution at the third and fifth position may enhance the antibacterial activity of the compounds but the methyl and methoxy substitution may result in reduction of the activity.

9 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

043830   RAJESWARI G , LATHA D S , SEKHAR K B C (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, Email: rajeswarim.pharm6@gmail.com) : Preliminary phytochemical screening, RP-HPLC, HPTLC and anti-oxidant studies of Pinus maritimus. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 293-303.

The aim of the present study is to screen for the phytochemical constituents present in the ethanolic extract of whole plant of Pinus maritimus (PM). The ethanolic extract of the dried whole plant of PM is subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which showed the presence of major phytoconstituents such as phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The extract was screened for its antioxidant activity by 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Further, the ethanolic extract was subjected to fingerprinting technique high-pressure thin-layer chromatography. Reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to estimate the amount of total phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids quantitatively in isocratic mode. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of the plant showed the presence of important active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. The study also revealed the potential antioxidant activity of the extract with IC₅₀ value. Reverse-phase HPLC showed 0.119 μg/ml of total phenolics, 0.257 μg/ml of alkaloids, and 0.0016 μg /ml of flavonoids. Scientific evaluation of this plant was carried out which is very important for the standardization of the plant-based drug. PM is one which has therapeutic importance as it showed important phytoconstituents.

14 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

043829   MAQBUL M S , IKBAL A R , MOHAMMED T , DAWOUD A , KHAN A A , IQUBAL S M S , KHAN K A , MUDDAPUR U M , SHEIK G B , SINGH S K (General Science Dep, Ibn Sina National Coll of Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21418, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: shakeeliqubal@gmail.com) : Determination of biochemical constituents of Argan essential oil and its antimicrobial efficacy against tinea infections of Trichophyton rubrum. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 286-92.

The aim of this study to focus on these tinea infections caused by the mold Trichophyton rubrum by collecting the clinical specimens by means of skin scraping samples from the affected sites of the patients and to evaluate the susceptibility of the isolates of the obtained clinical specimens toward the Argan essential oil. A rapid phytochemical analysis study was also performed. Argan essential oil procured from Jeddah local market, clinical skin scrape samples from the patient. The phytochemical study was done to find out the chemical compounds present in the Argan essential oil, which plays a key role in determining the antimicrobial efficacy of the Argan essential oil. The interpretation of the observation and results for the Argan essential oil showed the promising study results. Regarding its efficacy as potential antifungal agents when compared to that of the standard synthetic chemical agents used against the clinical skin scrape isolates of T. rubrum. The phytochemical compounds present in the Argan essential oil acts as an effective remedy toward the clinical skin scrape isolates of T. rubrum compared to the standard antifungal agents.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

043827   SUBASHINI S, SHAKILA R (Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai - 600 106, Tamil Nadu, Email: shakilasiva@gmail.com) : Identification of phytoconstituents of Cirunakappu by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 274-9.

Cirunakappu is the regional name of Cinnamomum wightii (flower bud) which is also known as Nagakesaram in Tamil. The flower bud of C. wightii is used in many Siddha formulations. The aim of this communication is to identify the phytoconstituents of few column chromatographic fractions of the ethanolic extract of Cirunakappu through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Cirunakappu flower bud was coarsely powdered, extracted with ethanol at room temperature (yield: 184 g). This extract was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel and eluted with hexane and mixture of hexane and chloroform in increasing polarities. Fraction I eluted with hexane-chloroform (98:2), fraction II eluted with hexane-chloroform (90:10), fraction III eluted with hexane-chloroform (80:20), and fraction IV eluted with hexane-chloroform (50:50) were subjected to GC–MS using the HP 5 MS column of 30 m × 0.25 mm ID and 0.25 µm film thickness analysis. Fraction I yielded six peaks in which linalool, γ-muurolene, α-cadinol, γ-sitosterol, and n-hexadecanoic acid were identified. The fraction II separated 15 peaks, among which eugenol, δ-cadinene, epiglobulol, cadina-1,4-diene, triacontyl acetate, and 3,5-bis-tert-butylphenol were identified. Fraction III showed 15 peaks: α-copaene, cetene, (+)-epibicyclo-sesquiphellandrene, tetradecene, 1-octadecene, 1,2-dimethylcyclo hexadecane, 1-docosene, cyclotetracosane, and 1-nanodecene were identified. From fraction IV, γ-sitosterol, cetene, 1,2-diethyl-cyclohexadecane, 1-tetradecene, 1-eicosene, cyclotetracosane, 1-nanodecene, 1-octadecene, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone were identified. These chemicals are 1st time explored from this plant.

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

043826   HUSSAIN N , KAKOTI B B , RUDRAPAL M , JUNEJO J A , LASKAR M A , LAL M , SARWA K K (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh, Assam, Email: nhussain116@gmail.com) : Anticancer and antioxidant activities of Cordia dichotoma Forst. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 265-73.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antitumor and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Cordia dichotoma (MECD) against EAC in Swiss albino mice. The present study evaluated the anticancer effect of the methanolic extract of C. dichotoma (MECD) bark against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells induced in albino mice and against human cancer cell lines (malondialdehyde-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells). There was significant fall in the red blood cell count and hemoglobin (Hb) content, and a significant increase in white blood cell (WBC) count in the EAC control mice as compared to normal control mice. Treatment with MECD (500 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) or 5-Fluorouracil (20 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) in EAC-cell bearing mice caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in Hb levels while a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in WBC levels compared to EAC control rats. Furthermore, increase in the concentration of MECD dosedependently increased the percent cytotoxicity and decreased the cell viability in both cell line types. The results with MECD were comparable to the tamoxifen. The maximum gain of body weight was observed in the EAC control group. In case of MECD and 5-Fluorouracil treated groups, the body weight was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced. The tumor volume and tumor weight were found to be significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) decreased in MECD treated animals at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg and 5-Fluorouracil (20 mg/kg) when compared with EAC control animals. With MECD treatment, the survival of EAC bearing mice significantly (P < 0.01) increased as compared to EAC bearing control group. In treated group, mean survival time (MST) was significantly increased to 29.0 ± 1.98 (% ILS = 69.04), 34.12 ± 1.84 (% ILS = 81.25), and 36.87 ± 1.67 (% ILS = 87.79), respectively, when compared to EAC control group. The results of the current study propose that the antitumor activity of MECD can be inferred from the increased life span of EAC bearing mice which is due to its antioxidant activity.

6 illus, 5 tables, 44 ref

043825   JAYANTHI M K , BEGUM N S , RAMU R (Pharmacology Dep, JSS Medical Coll, Mysuru, Karnataka, Email: mkjayanthi@jssuni.edu.in) : Evaluation of anticancer activity of ethanol extract of Leucas aspera flower. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 257-64.

Cancer has received a major attention globally due to its high mortality rates. Yet, few successful therapies are available. Plant-based products are gaining momentum in the treatment of most diseases including cancer. The present study aims to assess the antitumor potential of one of the popularly known weed plants Leucas aspera flower (LAE) extract against Ehrlich ascetic tumor in vitro and in vivo models. A preliminary antioxidant assay was carried out to assess the extract showing optimal activity. Based on this, ethanol extract was used for studying the in vitro cytotoxicity by Trypan blue assay. Further, in vivo studies were performed on Ehrlich ascetic carcinoma-induced mice. The parameters assessed were mean survival time (MST) and increase in the lifespan along with hematological and enzyme profiles. The study revealed that optimal activity was observed in the ethanol extract of LAE. Further, antioxidant studies using ferric-reducing antioxidant power and diphenylpicrylhydrazy assays revealed that best radical scavenging potential was exerted by 100 μg/ml of LAE in both the assays. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity showed a concentration-dependent increase in the cytotoxicity up to 200 μg/ml with an IC₅₀ value of 102.14 µg/ml. Further, in vivo studies showed that LAE treatment enhanced the MST of tumor-bearing mice in a dose-dependent manner and this enhancement was better in 400 mg/kg body weight. The percent increase in lifespan was 119.65 % at same concentration. The reduced blood cells and enzyme levels also reached normal in the treated mice groups with better results in the group treated with 400 mg/kg body weight. The study forms the basis for establishing L. aspera as a plant with potent anticancer activity. Further studies on these lines will pave avenues for preparing an optimal formulation from the plant for therapy against cancer.

1 illus, 7 tables, 45 ref

043823   DHANASEKAR V , AISHWARYA R , CHAMUNDEESWARI D , SANGEETHA M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Sri Ramachandra Univ, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, Email: sangeethamoorthy@ yahoo. com) : Free radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts of Synedrella nodiflora. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(3), 235-8.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae) is a native shrub of Ghana also found in the tropics and subtropics. The plant parts have been used in the treatment of rheumatism and mixtures used in the mitigation of stomach pain, interestingly, it is used in the cure of epilepsy and threatened abortion. Aim: This study focuses at investigating the probable mechanisms of free radical scavenging effects of the ethanolic and chloroform extract of the whole plant. Since the lipid cells are highly susceptible to peroxidase damage, our plant extract can be used to prevent the peroxidation of lipid cells. With the help of thiobarbituric acid, the extract was screened for percentage inhibition. Similarly, the total reducing power assay was performed with respect to ferrous reduction and absorbance was studied. The extract with the increase in the concentration showed increase in the activity. Among all, the highest concentration of 200 µg/ml showed the greatest response and was relatively close to the standards used. In total reducing power and lipid peroxidation assay, ethanolic extracts of the plant seemed to show quite equal results.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

043817   DHARMAMOORTHY G , NATARAJ K S , PAWAR A K (Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Email: dharmamoorthy111@ gmail.com) : Development and validation of a stabilityindicating reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of netarsudil and latanoprost in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(2), 179-85.

A new sensitive and simple stability-indicating reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of netarsudil (NT) and latanoprost (LT) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Chromatographic separation was achieved through BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.8 mm i.d × 1.8 µm particle size) using water: methanol (70:30 v/v) mixture used as the mobile phase. The water ACQUITY Model UPLC system with TUV detector and EMPOWER version 2.0 software was monitored at detection wave length 220 nm on isocratic mode with flow rate 0.3 ml/min and the method was validated as per ICH guidelines. By applying the proposed method, the retention times of NT and LT were found to be 1.448 and 1.868 min, respectively, and the peak shapes were good. The resolution was found to be 3.8, which indicate good separation between the drug peaks. Quantitative linearity was obeyed in the concentration range of 2.5–15 μg/mL for NT and 0.625–3.75 µg/ml for latanoprost. The proposed stability-indicating RP-UPLC method has been developed and validated and found to be simple, specific, accurate, precise, and less time consuming. This method was successfully applied for the determination of NT and LT in their pharmaceutical formulation and hence can be used for the routine analysis of these drugs in combined dosage form.

5 illus, 9 tables, 11 ref

043816   KARTHIKA S, KANNAPPAN N , SURIYAPRAKASH T N K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Al Shifa Coll of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam - 679 325, Kerala, Email: karthikaselvam1990@ gmail.com) : Investigating apoptotic effects of different extracts of medicinal plants on SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(2), 175-8.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs naturally during development and has recently gained attention as an important factor in central nervous system disease and injury. Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate the apoptotic effects of the different extracts of Hydrocotyle javanica (HJ) and Peristrophe bicalyculata (PB) on SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma cells. The different extracts of HJ and PB were obtained by soxhlation process with petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, alcohol, and water as menstrual. Phytochemical screening was performed for the different extracts of medicinal plants. MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the plant extracts, then the induction of apoptosis on SHSY5Y cells by different extracts of HJ and PB was validated by DNA fragmentation analysis using gel electrophoresis technique. The DNA bands obtained from different extracts of both medicinal plants produced a ladder pattern, as observed from Lane 3 to 10. A ladder formation was used to indicate that the DNA has undergone fragmentation and each fragment corresponded to a band in the ladder. Alcoholic extract of PB showed the fragmentation of DNA at the lowest concentration when compared with other extracts which indicate the potential apoptotic activity at 10 µg/ml. According to our findings, Our data well established the antiproliferative effect of different extracts of medicinal plants and clearly showed that the plant extracts can induce apoptosis and not necrosis in vitro.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

043815   HANIF H M A, HASAN M N , HOSSAIN M M , KHAN M R H , BHUIYA N M M A (Pharmacy Dep, Jagannath Univ, Dhaka1100, Bangladesh, Email: mahmudbhuiya007@gmail.com) : Investigation on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract of Combretum indicum leaf. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(2), 169-74.

Study with the medicinal plant is growing to be familiar with the value in a healthy life. A traditional medicinal plant Combretum indicum leaf was selected to investigate its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The leaf extract was prepared with methanol solvent. Antioxidant potentiality was assessed by free radical scavenging assay with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using ascorbic acid (AA) as standard and reducing power capacity was examined by the development of Perl’s Prussian method with AA as standard. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by the method of disc diffusion with standard antibiotic Kanamycin. The antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the plant extract exhibits a dose-dependent scavenging of DPPH with IC₅₀ 48.87 µg/ml while in standard AA showed an IC₅₀ value of 21.14 µg/ml. In reducing power capacity assay, the extract was put on view moderate action in a dose-dependent way. In antimicrobial assessment, it was observed that the extract was active against a number of the Gram-positive microorganisms and Gram-negative microorganisms exercised in the study. Kanamycin was engaged as standard, which demonstrated very high action compared to the extract. The observed therapeutic potentiality encourages further in-depth investigation to understand and explain possible mechanisms of action of C. indicum extract as well as to consider this plant as a potential source of alternative medicines.

2 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

043814   PALEI N N, RAMU S, VIJAYA V, THAMIZHVANAN K, BALAJI A (Sree Vidyanikethan Coll of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: narahari.palei@gmail.com) : Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Lantana camara and its antimicrobial activity. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(2), 155-61.

To synthesize silver nitrate nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara as a reducing agent and evaluates its antimicrobial activity. L. camara extract acts both reducing agents as well as capping agent. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) study was used for identifying the compounds responsible for the reduction of silver ions, the functional groups present in the plant extract. Various techniques used to characterize synthesized nanoparticles are dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy diffraction X-ray, and ultraviolet–visible (UV Vis) spectrophotometer were performed to characterize synthesized AgNPs. From the FTIR study, it was confirmed the presence of some functional groups capping the AgNPs. UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed an absorbance peak in the range of 436–446 nm. The average particle size of the prepared AgNPs was found to be 86 nm. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of prepared AgNPs was found to be higher than plain extract using various Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. From the results, it can be concluded that green synthesis of AgNPs from L. camera extract is easy, fast, one step, eco-friendly, and alternative conventional methods. The synthesized AgNP preparations from L. camara leaf extract show potential for application as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

043813   KUMARI R, MISHRA R C, YADAV J P (Genetics Dep, Dayanand Univ, Rohtak - 124 001, Haryana, Email: yadav1964@rediffmail.com) : Preparation and in vitro antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extracts of selected Indian plants against oral pathogens and their phytochemicals and statistical analysis. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(2), 146-54.

In this study, extracts of Acacia nilotica, Elettaria cardamomum, Psidium guajava, and Glycyrrhiza glabra were prepared using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) at different pressures and 50°C constant temperature. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated against oral pathogens, namely, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated against oral pathogens using agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis of A. nilotica twig was done using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Statistical analyses of data were performed by one-way ANOVA using MS-Excel and principal component analysis was performed using statistical software XLSTAT 2018. All plants extracts exhibited significant activity at P < 0.05 with inhibitory zones ranging from 8 to 42 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 0.19 to 3.12 mg/ml. A. nilotica twig extract obtained at 400 bar pressure showed the highest zone of inhibition (42.07 mm) and lowest MIC (190 µg/mL). E. cardamomum and G. glabra extracts showed moderate activity while P. guajava extracts showed least activity against the oral pathogens. GC-MS analysis of A. nilotica twig confirm the presence of functional moieties of stigmasterol, clionasterol, betulinaldehyde, eugenol, α-terpinyl acetate, and 22,23-dihydrobrassicasterol in the extract which could be responsible for its antimicrobial efficacy and may prove beneficial in oral care products. The extraction of antimicrobial agents from plant materials using SFE at low temperatures avoids the thermal degradation and use of toxic solvents. A. nilotica twig at 50°C and 400 bar showed the significant antimicrobial potential, hence it can be processed to obtain effective and cheaper drug due to higher biomass availability. Chemical profiling of SFE extract by GC-MS analysis proved helpful in the identification of compounds. Furthermore, bioactive compounds should be explicated for their exact mechanism of action with the target pathogens.

3 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

043812   DATTATRAY D S , RAKESH G , SHUKLA V J , ACHARYA R (Dravyaguna Dep, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar - 361 008, Gujarat, Email: dr.sarvade@gmail.com) : dr.sarvade@gmail.com. Int J Green Pharm 2020, 14(2), 138-45.

The aim of the present work was to assess the total alkaloid content (TAC), total tannin content (TTC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of crude methanolic extract of root, stem, and leaf of Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. which is a medicinally important plant belonging to the family Vitaceae and used extensively in ethnomedicine with its significant therapeutic significance. This article also aims to assess chlorogenic acid content in root, stem, and leaf of plant using high profile thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Root, stem, and leaf powder of L. macrophylla were used for extract preparation and quantification. The amount of total alkaloids analyzed by modern method of analysis, total tannin by titrimetric method, the amount of total flavonoids by aluminum chloride assay, and total phenols by Folin–Ciocalteu assay. HPTLC method has been used for quantification of chlorogenic acid. The TAC of the methanolic extract of root, stem, and leaf was 0.37 %, 0.50 %, and 0.52 % w/w, respectively, TTC was 2.01 %, 1.23 %, and 3.67 % w/w, respectively. The TFC and TPC of the methanolic extract of root, stem, and leaf were 361.67 ± 14.43, 233.33 ± 5.77, and 395 ± 25 mg chrysin equivalent per gram and 243.33 ± 18.01, 232.33 ± 2.31, and 376 ± 8.54 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram, respectively. Chlorogenic acid contents of stem and leaf are 27.24 and 12.21 µg/mg, while root does not show its presence using this method. The results of the study highlighted a potent alkaloid, tannins, flavonoid, phenol, and chlorogenic acid contents in the methanolic extract of L. macrophylla and thus can be used for medicinal purposes as components present in the plant possesses varied biological activities.

5 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref