039997   KANNADHASAN M S, CHANDER M, BARDHAN D (Extension Education Div, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drmahesh.chander@gmail.com) : Migratory sheep farming practices in cauvery delta zone in Tamil nadu. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 62-5.

Migratory sheep, due to its movement, poses threat of spreading diseases among small ruminants. Considering this, the study was carried out to identify the focus area of extension intervention among the migratory sheep farmers to disseminate scientifically recommended practices which minimize disease risk and enhance flock health. The study was conducted following ex post fact research design at Venganur village, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. Using a semi-structured interview schedule, data were personally collected from 30 migratory sheep farmers who were selected purposively. The findings were subjected to focussed group interview involving seven farmers. The results envisaged a wider difference among the farmers from 100 per cent non-adoption of balanced ration to 100.00 per cent adoption of deworming. Therefore, extension interventions need to be intensified to educate the farmers on technologies which help in disease prevention and control.

2 tables, 4 ref

039996   PANDYA N R, MANDALI G C, DAVE K M, RAVAL S K (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 001, Email: nidhipandya596@gmail.com) : Epidemiology and haemato-biochemical changes in mange infested camels. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 58-61.

Mange in camel, also named as sarcopticosis is defined as an extremely contagious skin disease characterized by scab formation, pruritic dermatitis, thickening and corrugation of skin and hair loss. A total of 21 positive cases of mange infestation were selected from those presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College, in Anand and from surrounding villages. The affected camels were divided into 3 groups, viz., B, C, D each group comprised of 7 camels, while seven healthy camels in group A served as control. The maximum prevalence of sarcoptic mange among infected animals was found in the age group of >6 years (52.38 %), followed by 4-6 years (38.09 %) and in <3 years age groups (9.52 %), and also in females than the males (85.71 vs 14.29 %). The levels of haematological values, viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count, packed cell volume, neutrophils, basophils, MCV and MCH were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, whereas the total leukocytes count, lymphocytes and eosinophils were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in mange affected camel as compared to healthy ones. The biochemical constituents, viz., total serum protein, alanine aminotransferase and zinc concentrations were found significantly (p < 0.05) lower. In contrast, serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and copper concentrations were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in mange affected camels. The changes reflected that the mange infestation causes hepatocellular and renal damage, apart from general stress to the camel.

4 tables, 15 ref

039995   JANMEDA M, PANDYA G, RAMANI U, BRAHMKSHTRI B, PATEL N, KHARADI V (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Gujarat, Email: mamtajanmeda@nau.in) : Relative gene expression study on casein protein and its regulatory genes in mammary epithelial cells of surti goat. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 54-7.

This investigation was carried out to study the relative gene expression of casein proteins and its regulatory genes in mammary epithelial cells of Surti goats at 30 and 90 days interval postpartum. 10 healthy Surti goats were selected from Livestock Research Station, Navsari. The non-invasive method was used for the isolation of Mammary Epithelial Cells (MEC) from goat milk samples. The relative gene expression of CSN1S1 (αs1-casein), CSN1S2 (αs2-casein), CSN2 (β-casein), CSN3 (κ-casein) and its regulatory genes C/EBP and STAT5A genes and KRT14 (epithelial cell marker) gene were studied in MEC. The relative gene expression of CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN3 and C/EBP genes were significantly up-regulated with the advancement of lactation at 90 days postpartum. The relative gene expression of CSN2 was highly significant and had a positive correlation with its regulatory genes C/EBP and STAT5A at 30 days and 90 days, respectively. The relative gene expression of CSN1S2, CSN3, and C/EBP genes was positively correlated with protein percent at 30 days and 90 days postpartum in Surti goats.

7 tables, 21 ref

039994   POTDAR V V, KHADSE J R, JOSHI S, SWAMINATHAN M (BAIF Development Research Foundation, Maharashtra, Email: vinod.potdar@baif.org.in) : Factors affecting conception rate in ai bred cattle under field conditions of Maharashtra. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 49-53.

Data on 98336 artificial inseminations (AI) performed during 6 years (January 2010 to November 2015) on 56037 field animals owned by 29097 farmers’ from 44 cattle development centres spread across two districts of Maharashtra state were collected and analyzed. Whole data set was classified according to districts (Beed, Jalgaon), economic status of farmers (APL, BPL), animal breed (HF cross, Indigenous, Jersey cross, Non-descript), parity of animal (heifer, first, second, third, fourth, fifth calvers), animal body condition score (no rib exposed, one rib exposed, two ribs exposed, three ribs exposed), heat stage (early, mid, late), season of AI (rainy-June to September, winter-October to January, summer-February to May), bull breed used for AI ( HF, HF crossbreed, Jersey, Jersey crossbreed, Indigenous), AI sequence number (1,2,3) and AI Year (2010 to 2015). Least square analysis was used to compute conception rate. The results revealed overall mean conception rate as 46.2 ± 0.51 % and it was significantly (p<0.01) higher in Beed district, Jersey crossbreed animals, animals having fourth parity, animals exhibiting one rib exposed, early heat and animals inseminated with Indigenous breed bulls semen, first AI sequence number and during the year 2015 compared with respective groups of parameters under study. However, effect of season of AI and economic condition of farmers did not affect conception rate in animals under field conditions of Maharashtra.

11 tables, 18 ref

039993   MONTSHO T T, MOREKI J C, TSOPITO C M, NSOSO S J (Animal Science and Production Dep, Botswana Univ of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private Bag- 0027, Gaborone, Email: jcmoreki@gmail.com) : Effect of weaning age on carcass characteristics of crossbred piglets reared under intensive system and slaughtered at 70 kilogram body weight. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 44-8.

This study investigated the effect of weaning age on carcass characteristics of crossbred piglets reared up to 70 kg body weight (BW) under intensive system. A total of 24 piglets were used in a completely randomized design. The experiment comprised three treatments: piglets weaned at 21, 28, and 35 days of age with four replicates each with two piglets (castrate and female). At 70 kg BW two piglets (castrate and female) were randomly selected from each replicate and sacrificed for carcass evaluation. Hot carcass weight (HCW) was measured and thereafter dressing out percentage was calculated. Carcasses were chilled at 7 0C for 24 hours to determine cold dressed weight (CDW). Carcasses were cut into the left and right halves along the median line. The left half of the carcass was used to measure carcass length (CRLTH), average backfat depth and longissimus muscle area (LMA) at the 10th rib, while the right half of the carcass was physically dissected into bone, muscle and fat and thereafter tissue ratios calculated. Longissimus muscle was removed at the 10^th and 11^th ribs from the left half of the carcass for chemical composition analysis. Data were analysed using General Linear Model. Weaning age had no influence (p > 0.05) on HCW, dressing percentage, CDW, CRLTH, average backfat thickness, average backfat depth, LMA and carcass lean percentage. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed on average percentages of bone, muscle and fat tissue and their tissue ratios. Weaning age did not influence (p > 0.05) moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the meat. In addition, weaning age had no (p > 0.05) effect on carcass characteristics, physical and chemical body composition of meat. These results indicate that piglets can be weaned at 21, 28 and 35 days of age without detrimental effects on carcass characteristics, physical and chemical body composition of pork.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

039992   DESAI D, KALYANI I, PATEL D, MAKWANA P, SOLANKI J, VALA J (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396450, Gujarat, Email: dhruvdesai24vet@gmail.com) : Rapid detection based prevalence of canine corona virus (CCOV) and canine parvo virus (CPV) infection in diarrheic dogs in south Gujarat. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 41-3.

The study was done on detection and prevalence of canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) from the diarrhoeic dogs. Dogs presented with the diarrhoea and symptomatic illness, were tested for the CCoV and CPV infection. Diarrhoeic samples were directly processed for rapid diagnostic test using Immuno-chromatography based lateral flow assay test (LFA). It is a fast, rapid and specific for the CCoV and CPV detection. Out of total 109 samples processed by the LFA, 05 (4.58 %) were found positive for CCoV and 37 (33.94 %) were positive for CPV. None of the samples showed concomitant infection of both the viruses. Age-wise prevalence of CCoV was found to be 7.93 (5/63) % in ≤3 months age group, and no positive case was found in other age groups. Similarly, the age wise prevalence of CPV was found to be 41.26 (26/63), 25.00 (9/26) and 20.00 (2/10) % in ≤3 months, 3 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months of age group, respectively. The prevalence of CCoV and CPV was found more in young puppies.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

039991   PATEL J V, CHAUHAN H D, SRIVASTAVA A K, PAWAR M M, PATEL V K (Livestock Production Management Dep, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar- 385 506, Gujarat, Email: p.jigar99@gmail.com) : Effect of different floor types on growth performance and feed conversion ratio of mehsana goat kids. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 37-40.

This study was done to evaluate the effect of different floor types on growth performance and feed conversion ratio of weaned Mehsana goat kids for a period of 84 days. Twenty-seven weaned (3 months old) Mehsana goat kids having nearly identical body weights (10-12 kg) were randomly divided into three uniform groups having 9 kids (4 males and 5 females) in each group and reared on three different types of floors, viz., group A: katcha floor, B: bricks floor, and C: concrete floor. All the kids were reared under standard management system of goat rearing with strict hygiene and various parameters of production performance were recorded. Mean body weights in kids of groups A, B and C were 13.56±0.25, 13.60±0.26, and 13.87±0.27 kg, respectively. The corresponding average daily body weight gains were 35.89±2.74, 34.08±2.24, 39.23±4.10 g/day and feed conversion ratio 09.95±0.70, 08.99±0.52, 08.92±0.81, respectively. The differences among treatment groups were found non-significant for all three parameters. Incidences of disease occurrence and parasitic infestation were not noticed in kids of any group. It may be concluded that provision of different floor types, viz., katcha, bricks and concrete had no significant effect on growth performance, feed conversion ratio, disease incidence and parasitic infestation in the Mehsana kids. Further, from the study it may be inferred that economically weaker farmers may rear their kids on katcha floor with strict hygiene and attain the growth rate at par with other flooring systems.

3 tables, 16 ref

039990   PATEL D C, SOLANKI J B, KUMAR N (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Gujarat- 396 450, Email: dr_dcpatel@yahoo.co.in) : In vitro detection of acaricidal resistance status of Rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus against commercial preparation of deltamethrin in coastal areas of south Gujarat, India. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 32-6.

A total of 2617 bovines (1682 cattle and 935 buffaloes) of coastal districts (Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad) of South Gujarat were screened for tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the most economically important ectoparasite of bovines worldwide. Farmers chiefly relied on chemical acaricides (67.52 %) to kill the ticks, and under chemical method 44.09, 24.17, 30.50 and 1.24 % animals had received cypermethrin, deltamethrin, ivermectin and fipronil, respectively, thus favouring the resistance. In adult immersion test (AIT), the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 144.23, 93.97, 141.67 and 57.89 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was I in Valsad and II in other 3 districts for deltamethrin in AIT. In larval packet test (LPT), the median LC50 was 297.29, 126.81, 127.83 and 93.92 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was III in Bharuch and II in other district in LPT.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

039989   PATEL R N, ROY A, BHANDERI B B, VAGHESHWARI D H (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 001, Gujarat, Email: rit.patel0000@gmail.com) : Isolation, Biochemical Characterization, Antibiogram Pattern and PCR Based Confirmation of Brucella from Cows and buffaloes. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 27-31.

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that still constitutes a major public health problem in India. In the current study, Brucella were isolated from aborted samples and typed by both molecular and conventional techniques. A total 114 aborted samples were collected from cows and buffaloes in and around Anand district. Aborted samples were cultured on the Brucella agar medium and incubated for 24–48 h. Three samples from cow were found to be positive for Brucella. All the isolates were positive for catalase, oxidase and nitrate reduction while negative for urease reaction, indole test, VP test, motility examination and production of H₂S. For the detection of Brucella DNA by PCR, three different genus-specific primer pairs viz., B4/B5, JPF/JPR, and F4/R2 were used. All three Brucella isolates were positive by B4/B5 and F4/R2, while two isolates were positive for JPF/JPR. For species-level identification of Brucella isolates were subjected to AMOS PCR and Bruce-ladder PCR, and were found to be B. abortus.

5 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

039988   DIVEKAR B S, TRIVEDI M M (Veterinary Science Coll, Anand- 388 110, Email: bsdivekar@aau.in) : Adoption status of improved animal husbandry practices and its relationship with the profile of dairy farmers in Kheda district of Gujarat. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 22-6.

This study was conducted to ascertain the extent of adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices and its relationship with the profile of the dairy farmers in the Kheda district of Gujarat. The study was undertaken in four randomly selected talukas of the district, from which 100 dairy farmers were selected randomly. The study revealed that the overall extent of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices in the study area was found to be about 62.78 %. The overall highest adoption rate was for reproductive and healthcare management (81.40 and 81.33 %) followed by feeding and calf management (77.00 and 62.00 %), while the adoption of scientific milking and general management (37.60 and 37.30 %) was the lowest. Education, landholding, annual income, and herd size of the dairy farmers had a highly significant (p <0.01) positive relationship. In comparison, social participation and mass media of the dairy farmers had significant (p <0.05) positive relationship with adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. However, family size, experience, and attitude towards dairy farming had a significant negative correlation with the improved animal husbandry practices. The independent variables considered in the present study explained about 38.20 % variation (r² = 0.38) in adoption of the improved dairy husbandry practices.

2 tables, 17 ref

039987   KUMAR J, SRIVASTAVA S, KUMAR R (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Coll, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drrajesh25@gmail.com) : Effect of herbal, homeopathic and hormonal drug on hematology, ovarian cyclicity and conception rate in postpartum anoestrus cows. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 17-21.

The study was designed to assess the effect of herbal, homeopathic, and hormonal drugs namely Janova, Sepia and GnRH-PG-GnRH on hematological parameters, resumption of ovarian cyclicity and conception rate in 40 postpartum anoestrus and 8 normal cyclic cows. The anoestrus cows were randomly divided into five groups as G0, GI, GII, GIII, GIV; 8 cows in each group. Group G0 (untreated anoestrus) and GV (normal cyclic cows) served as positive and negative control, respectively. All cows in GI, GII, GIII and GIV were subjected to dewormer and mineral mixture supplementation for 10 days, while group GII, GIII, and GIV were additionally treated with Janova (herbal heat inducer), Sepia (a homeopathic drug) and GnRH-PG-GnRH (Ovsynch) protocol, respectively. Different therapeutic protocols revealed variable and significant effects on most of the hematological parameters, except differential leucocyte count, before and after treatment. The values were also significantly higher in normal cyclic than anoestrus groups. The oestrus induction response in G0, GI, GII, GIII, GIV, and GV was 0.00, 50.00, 62.50, 75.00, 87.50, and 100.00 %, and corresponding overall conception rates of 3 cycles were 0.00, 75.00, 80.00, 66.66, 57.13 and 75.00 %, respectively. In conclusion, aforesaid therapeutic regimens have definite bearings on oestrus induction as well as on conception and can be used to manage postpartum anoestrus in cows.

3 tables, 21 ref

039986   RAJALEKSHMI C, MISHRA R K, SAVALIYA F P, PATEL A B, LUNAGARIYA P M, BHAGORA N J (Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Email: rkmishra@aau.in) : Effects of dietary supplementation of essential oils as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on performance of commercial broilers. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 11-6.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of thyme and peppermint essential oils (EO) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on the performance of broiler chicken. Total 256 day-old Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into eight experimental groups with four replicates of eight birds each. Experimental groups were fed with control diet without supplementation of AGP and essential oils (T1), BMD (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate) antibiotic @ 500 mg/kg diet (T2), thyme essential oil @ 150 mg/kg diet (T3), 200 mg/kg diet (T4), 250 mg/kg diet (T5), peppermint essential oil @ 200 mg/kg diet (T6), 250 mg/kg diet (T7) and 300 mg/kg diet (T8). The supplementation of thyme oil @ 200 mg/kg and peppermint oil @ 300 mg/kg broiler diet significantly (p <0.05) improved b.wt. and b.wt gain. The peppermint oil supplementation @ 300 mg/kg was found to be more beneficial when compared among different oil-supplemented groups. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) improved with peppermint oil supplementation @ 300 mg/kg diet. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mean abdominal fat was observed in diet supplemented with higher levels of thyme oil (@ 250 mg/kg diet) and peppermint oil (@ 300 mg/kg diet). Return over feed cost was the highest in broilers assigned diet with AGP; however, it was statistically similar to the basal diet. Considering the net return over fed cost of broilers, use of thyme oil was uneconomical, but supplementation of peppermint essential oil @ 200 and 300 mg/kg diet increased the net return over feed cost and were economical, however less as compared to T1 and T2.

5 tables, 18 ref

039985   GOHEL M M, KAVANI F S, DHAMI A J, HADIYA K K (Amul Research and Development Association, Ode, Anand, Email: mmgohel@amuldairy.com) : Electrolytes profile of estrual mucus of Gir cows with reference to body condition score and fertility. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 7-10.

Fifty Gir cows of different reproductive status (10 = normal cyclic, 20 = repeat breeders and 20=induced estrus) were selected to determine the association of electrolytes mainly the macro-minerals profile of their estrual cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) to their body condition score (BCS) and fertility post-AI. The overall pooled mean concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium obtained in CVM of Gir cows were 14.27 ± 0.33 mg/dL, 1.87 ± 0.13 mg/dL, 4.24 ± 0.10 mEq/L, 159.85 ± 5.52 mEq/L and 29.50 ± 0.78 mEq/L, respectively. The repeat breeding cows had significantly (p<0.01) higher calcium and lower inorganic phosphorus, sodium and potassium in their CVM than the normal cyclic and/or induced estrus cows. Similarly, the conceived cows, overall and of repeater group, had significantly (p < 0.05) lower calcium and higher phosphorus, sodium and potassium than the non-conceived cows. However, no such variation was found in the magnesium content of CVM of these groups. Further, the levels of calcium in CVM showed an increasing trend, while other elements showed a decreasing trend with an increase in BCS from 2.5 to 3.5 (on 0-5 point scale) in all three categories of animals, but the differences were not significant for BCS within the group/category. It was thus inferred that significantly increased or widened Ca:P ratio and absolute lower levels of sodium and potassium in CVM could be responsible for conception failure and repeat breeding in dairy cows.

2 tables, 23 ref

039984   NAIKOO M, DHAMI A J, PARMAR B C (Animal Reproduction Dep, Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Coll, Gujarat, Email: drmehraj@gmail.com) : Effect of rumen mega mineral bolus insertion at calving on blood biochemical and minerals profile and postpartum fertility in Kankrej cows. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 16(1), 1-6.

A study was conducted on 12 pluriparous parturient Kankrej cows of the University Farm, in Anand, randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 6 each). Group-I cows were administered on the day of calving with a sustained release 80 g mega mineral rumen bolus (Prepavel® 1 bolus/animal, Neolait, France) intra-ruminal through a specially designed applicator, while group-II animals served as untreated control. The animals were monitored periodically from the day of calving till 140 days postpartum along with other herd mates. Blood samples were obtained at 10 days interval in heparinized vacutainers for plasma progesterone, biochemical, and macro-micro mineral profiling. Among the six Kankrej cows of group-I, only one animal exhibited prominent estrus signs on day 96 postpartum and conceived at first service (AI) giving CR of 16.66 %, while in group-II three cows exhibited estrus between day 73 and 86 postpartum, and conceived with one or two AI giving CR of 50 % by 150 days postpartum. In both the groups, all other cows remained subestrus for more than 150 days postpartum and conceived very late, though mostly with single service at spontaneous estrus. The mean values of plasma progesterone (0.74 ± 0.32 to 5.57 ± 0.78 ng/mL), total cholesterol (103.88 ± 3.20 to 237.17 ± 24.66 mg/dL) and triglycerides (17.07 ± 1.16 to 28.29 ± 1.75 mg/dL) differed significantly (p < 0.01) between postpartum intervals in both the groups, but not between groups at any of the intervals. The values of plasma total protein, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium as well as trace elements, viz., zinc, iron, copper, cobalt, and manganese, however varied insignificantly and inconsistently between intervals and also between groups from day 0 to day 140 postpartum. Thus, the insertion of Mega mineral ruminal bolus on the day of calving did not influence the plasma profile of biochemical/ metabolic constituents and macro-micro minerals profile in lactating postpartum Kankrej cows and was not beneficial in improving postpartum fertility. However, further study on a larger sample size is required to draw a valid conclusion.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

039983   GADHAVI D N, SORATHIYA L M, RATHVA A L (Kamdhenu Univ, Gujarat, Email: lalitchandra.sorathiya@gmail.com) : Adoption of breeding and calf rearing practices in modern dairy farms of Gujarat. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 43-6.

A study was carried out to compare the breeding and calf rearing practices of modern specialized dairy farms of north and south Gujarat. The data was collected from ten specialized dairy farms, each from the north and south Gujarat. The study revealed that farms of the southern region mostly reared buffaloes, which relied on natural service, whereas northern farms mostly reared cows, and AI was more popular. Around 22.2 and 16.7 % of dairy farms preferred pedigreed and sex-sorted semen from the private sector, respectively. Most of the dairy farms (60 %) purchased frozen semen doses from the co-operative sector. About 20 % of dairy farms used sex-sorted semen at the price of Rs. 2100-3000 per dose. One farm from the north and another one from south were using Delaval® heat detector system. The majority (75 %) of the dairy farms adopted the practice of colostrum feeding by allowing for natural suckling. The majority (70 %) of the dairy farms provided first colostrum feeding within 2 to 4 hours of calf birth. Some dairy farms (20 %) possessed individual calf boxes. From the research finding, it can be concluded that artificial insemination was more famous in north Gujarat. Many specialized dairy farms of north Gujarat were adopting most advanced breeding practices by the use of sex-sorted and pedigreed semen of private companies to produce an offspring of the desired sex, high milk yielding potential and healthy one.

2 tables, 13 ref

039982   JAVEED M A, VEERANNA K C, THIRUMALESH T, RATHOD P, GOPALA G T, BIRADAR C (Veterinary and A H Extension Education Dep, Veterinary Coll, Karnataka, Email: prakashkumarkr@gmail.com) : Adoption of green fodder production practices in watersheds of Bidar district, Karnataka. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 38-42.

An ex-post-facto study was conducted to know the adoption status of green fodder production, reasons for adoption or non-adoption, and constraints faced by using a pretested interview schedule through personal interview method. The study involved 120 respondents of Bidar District , Karnataka, which revealed that the majority of the respondents were non-adopters of fodder production practices followed by adopters (38 %). Although this adoption seems to be low, it should be further noted that the status of fodder adoption had improved over the period, which might be due to the implementation of KWDP-Sujala-III project activities in the study area. Further, this study has also focused on the reasons for adoption, non-adoption, and discontinuation of fodder production practices. The study also revealed that farmers faced constraints like scarcity of water, non-availability of inputs, lack of knowledge, etc. in the study area. The study concluded that there is a need to maximize participatory demonstrations and capacity building programs to make the farmers adopt fodder production practices through need-based and demand-driven research and extension approaches for improved dairy
production.

2 tables, 8 ref

039981   ARAKERI S, TANDLE M K, VINAY P T, BIJURKAR R G, SURANAGI M D, RAO J, KULKARNI S (Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary Coll, Bidar- 585 401, Email: vetdrsuresharakeri @gmail.com) : Evaluation of sperm velocity parameters with glutathione and honey in skim milk based extenders by casa on boer buck. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 34-7.

The study aimed to evaluate the Boer buck sperm velocity (μm/sec) parameters (VCL: Curvilinear Velocity, VAP: Average Path Velocity and VSL: Straight line Velocity) with 5 mM Glutathione (G) and 1 % or 2 % Honey (H) in Skim milk (SM) based extenders preserved at refrigeration temperature for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hrs. A total of 72 ejaculates were collected equally from 6 mature bucks at the weekly interval by using Artificial Vagina (AV) as per the standard procedure. All the ejaculates were diluted using six Skim milk-based extenders, viz. SME, SMGE, SMGH (1 %) E, SMGH (2 %) E, SMH (1 %) E and SMH (2 %) E. The sperm motility was evaluated by CASA (Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer). The data obtained was statistically analyzed. The results showed that sperm velocity parameters (VCL, VAP, and VSL) differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the extender to extender at 24, 48, and 72 hours of refrigeration. Supplementation of optimum concentration of glutathione (5 mM) and honey (1 %) maintained better sperm velocity parameters up to 72 hours of storage compared to other extenders and was successful in the preservation of buck spermatozoa at refrigeration temperature. Hence, It was concluded that Boer buck semen could be preserved effectively with SMGH (1 %) E at refrigeration temperature for sperm velocity parameters up to 72 hours of storage.

1 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

039980   MAHA A G, EMAN M E, EL-HADY M, SAAD M, SOLIMAN Y A (Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Egypt, Email: dryousefadel@gamil.com) : Comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of glycoprotein B, C, and G of infectious laryngotracheitis virus isolated in Egypt during 2016-2018. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 24-33.

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important disease of poultry, causing a high mortality rate and /or reduced egg production. Tracheas from sever morbid and recently died unvaccinated household chicken were subjected to PCR assay to detect the presence of the virus through amplification of the glycoprotein B gene. All tested samples gave positive c_t ranging from 13.32 to 25.53. Virus isolation was performed by inoculation—the processed tracheal swaps onto the chorioallantoic membrane. Positive pock lesion has been developed within 7 days post-inoculation. The pock lesions were subjected to PCR assay for amplification of both the full-length glycoprotein B, C, and G for sequencing analysis. Positive amplicons migrating about 2600, 1250, and 890 bp were amplified corresponding to the orf of gpB, gpC and gpG genes. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree revealed that all sequenced isolates gave a high degree with wild type isolate of ILT and a high degree of genetic stability was clearly evident among strains isolated in different periods (2016-2018), indicating that these glycoproteins could be used as a vaccine candidate.

4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

039979   KHATARIYA M D, TALEKAR S H, AHLAWAT A R, DODIA V D, KALARIA V A (Surgery and Radiology Dep, JAU, Junagadh- 362 001, Email: shivaji.talekar@gmail.com) : Periodontal diseases and their surgical management in dogs. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 19-23.

The present retrospective surveillance (n = 48) and actual dental scaling (n = 20) work were conducted on dogs of either sex from 2 to 12 years in different breeds with periodontal diseases (PD) presented to the VCC, Junagadh. Among the 48 retrospective cases, the higher incidence was recorded in dogs above 6 years of age (56.25 %) followed by 3-6 years (37.5 %) and < 3 years of age (6.25 %), particularly affecting male dogs (70.83 %). Pomeranian/Spitz breed was affected the most (39.58 %, 19/48), followed by German shepherd (16.67 %), Labrador retriever (14.58 %), non-descript (14.58 %), and other 4 to 6%. The highest incidence of stage 4 PD was noticed in the dogs of > 6 years of age (53.84 %). Among 20 dogs of the current year, the major complaint was halitosis (70 %) and sticky salivation (55 %), followed by anorexia (35 %), pawing at mouth (20 %) and facial swelling (15 %). 11 out of 20 dogs (55 %) were maintained on a purely vegetarian diet and rest 9 (45 %) on veg and non-veg diet. Oral examination of dogs revealed a varying degree of dental plaque in all 20 cases (100 %), followed by dental calculus (85 %), gingival recession (45 %), gingival hyperplasia (30 %) and tooth fracture (15 %). Plaque index (PI) 2 was observed maximum in 11 (55 %) dogs, followed by PI 1 in 7 (35 %) and PI 3 in 2 (10 %) dogs. Dogs suffered maximum with CI 2 type calculus (45 %), followed by CI 1 (25 %) and CI 3 (20 %). Furcation of a varying degree was noticed only in 8 40% dogs out of 20, which was classified as FE 1 in 4 (20 %), followed by FE 3 and FE 2 in 2 cases each (10 %). In 13 out of 20 dogs, periodontal probing depth was < 3 mm, whereas it was 4 mm and > 5 mm in 4 (20 %) and 3 (15 %) dogs, respectively. Most effective dental scaling could be performed under diazepam-ketamine general anesthesia by using an ultrasonic piezo scaler tip at a 45° angle to the tooth surface for removal of calculus.

2 illus, 20 ref

039978   RATHVA A L, SORATHIYA L M (Kamdhenu Univ, Gujarat, Email: lalitchandra.sorathiya@gmail.com) : Prevailing housing and healthcare management practices in urban and peri-urban dairy farms of Navsari district, Gujarat state. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 15-8.

Personal interviews collected the required information from a total of 40 dairy farms from urban and peri-urban areas in and around Navsari. Frequency distribution was made from collected data, and significance between two categories was tested by the Chi-square test. Data revealed that all farms provided housing round the year. The majority of the sheds had cement type of pillars and pucca floor. Gabled roof was more popular in peri-urban areas. The majority of the farms had animal shed away from human dwelling, east-west directional, a double row with head to head. The majority of the sheds had adequate light and good ventilation with drainage facility and manure pit located at an adjacent distance. The majority of farms (90 %) practiced regular vaccination to their animals against foot and mouth disease and hemorrhagic Septicaemia disease. The majority (82.5 %) of the respondents practiced deworming of their dairy animals regularly and also followed practices to control ectoparasites. However, only 37.5 % of the farmers got their sick animals treated by veterinary officers, and 40 % of farmers segregate disease affected animals. The study concluded that the majority of the farmers followed housing and health care management practices for improving the production potential and health of the dairy animals.

4 tables, 9 ref

039976   EMAN M E, MAHA A G, ZAKI F F, SAAD M A, SOLIMAN Y A (Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Egypt, Email: dryousefadel@gamil.com) : A novel dna vaccine coding for H5 and N1 genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(4), 1-11.

Control of avian influenza infection requires a good vaccine that could induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune response, specifically IFN-ɣ production, to maintain a high level of protection along with the minimal level of viral shedding after the infection to prevent secondary epidemics. In the current study, deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) vaccine coding for full-length H5 and N1 genes have been produced and evaluated in SPF-chicken. Humoral immune response estimated by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay revealed that the DNA vaccine gave a high titer of antibodies at the day 28-post vaccination and 14 days post-challenge. However, the shedding level was minimal with the DNA vaccine (0.1 Log 10 EID₅₀). The IFN-ɣ transcript was upregulated at a higher level in the DNA vaccinated group. The results revealed that the DNA vaccine could induce a high level of humoral and IFN-ɣ level that maintains a high level of protection (92 %) with the advantage of limiting the shedding level and thus, prevent secondary epidemics.

5 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

039974   DODIYA P G, PATEL J S, PRASAD A, PARMAR V L, VAJA V B (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Gujarat-362001, Email: drpiyush.dodiya@gmail.com) : Prevalence of trypanosomiasis (surra) in horses of Saurashtra region in Gujarat. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 57-60.

Surra is one of the fatal diseases of the horse caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The disease is characterized by fever, progressive emaciation, anemia, subcutaneous edema, nervous signs, and death. To know the epidemiological status of surra in horses, retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the Veterinary Clinical Complex, JAU, Junagadh for three years (2013-15) covering 633 equine cases. According to symptoms, the incidence of surra was 10.64 % (28/263) among medicinal cases, of which 57.14 % (16/28) had shown signs of hemoprotozoon disease and 50.00 % (8/16) were confirmed to have Trypanosoma evansi on blood smear examinations. Overall the clinical prevalence of T. evansi was 2.52 % of the total equine cases (16/633). The age-wise incidence was higher in adult horses (68.75 %) followed by yearling (25.00 %) and foal (6.25 %). The breed-wise incidence of T. evansi was higher in Kathiawari breed (68.75 %) followed in descending order in non-descript (18.75 %) and Marwari breed (12.50 %). The incidence was higher in female (68.75%) than the male. The season-wise prevalence rate of T. evansi was higher in monsoon (July-October) (75.00%) than winter season (25.00 %), while no case was observed in summer.

3 tables, 12 ref

039973   GEHANI M T, RAVAL S K, PANDYA S, DAVE K (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Gujarat, Email: mukeshgehani0@gmail.com) : Effect of extracts of Bryophyllum Calycinum and Achyranthes Aspera on urine profile in male wistar rats having adenine induced chronic kidney disease. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 52-6.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of aqueous and alcoholic uniherbal and biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum calycinum and Achyranthes aspera on adenine induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in male Wistar rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into eight equal groups, each of six animals. The rats of group I and II served as normal and adenine control, respectively. In group II to VIII, CKD was induced by administration of adenine (200 mg/kg b.wt.) daily along with drinking water for 28 days. After the 28^th day, the rats of CKD induced Groups III to VIII were given aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts of B. calycinum and A. aspera @ 300 mg/kg b.wt. orally either as single extract or a combination as biherbal extracts (3:1) in 0.5 % sodium bicarbonate using syringe and rat gavage needle. CKD was confirmed by evaluating urine parameters. Significantly (p <0.01) increased levels of urine output, urine specific gravity, urine calcium, phosphorus, and total protein, with decreased levels of urine creatinine and urine pH were observed in all CKD groups as compared to normal control group by 28^th day. These changes were significantly (p<0.05) reverted to near normal levels within next 42 days of daily administration of either single aqueous/alcoholic extract or a combination as biherbal extract (3:1), without statistical differences among formulations with regard to therapeutic/nephroprotective efficacy against CKD in terms of reducing the altered urine values towards near-normal by 42 days of oral administration.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

039972   BHARAI M J, PATEL J S, PARMAR V L, PATEL U D, FEFAR D T (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Coll, JAU, Email: bharaimunja93@gmail.com) : Prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in and around Junagadh in horses. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 49-51.

Equine piroplasmosis (EP), also called babesiosis is a notifiable disease of equines. In the early nineties, equine piroplasmosis was not recognized as a different disease and was often confused with other diseases of equines. To be familiar with the epidemiological status of equine piroplasmosis in horses, retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Junagadh for two years (Jan 2017 to Dec 2018) covering 711 equine cases. According to symptoms, the incidence of equine piroplasmosis was 20.00 % (41/205) among equine medicinal cases (205/711; 28.83 %), of which 63.41 % (26/41) were confirmed on blood smear examinations. Symptomatically, the age-wise incidence was higher in adult horses (68.29 %), followed by yearlings (17.07 %). The breed-wise incidence of equine piroplasmosis was higher in Kathiawari breed (53.65%), followed by Marwari (26.83 %) and non-descript (12.20 %). The sex-wise incidence was higher in females (85.37 %). The season-wise incidence of equine piroplasmosis was the highest during summer (39.02 %), followed by monsoon (36.59 %) and winter (24.39 %). The highest occurrence was in June. The findings showed the susceptibility of age, breed, sex of horses, and the seasonal influence on the prevalence of equine piroplasmosis for anticipated preventive measures.

3 tables, 8 ref

039971   LIU Z, SONG X, YE F (Proctology Dep, Beilun People’s Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, China) : Comparative study of postoperative complications after rubber band ligation (RBL) and RBL combined with sclerotherapy in treatment of second- and third-degree internal hemorrhoids. Indian J Surg 2020, 82(3), 345-9.

Hemorrhoid is a very common disease in surgical departments. Internal hemorrhoids of second degree or above often require surgical treatment due to the persistent bleeding and prolapse symptoms. Rubber band ligation (RBL) is the most common procedure available for hemorrhoids because of its safety, efficacy, and effectiveness. The study evaluates comparative results of postoperative complications after RBL and RBL combined with sclerotherapy. It included 300 patients having second- or third-degree internal hemorrhoids who attended the colorectal surgical department in Beilun People’s Hospital of Ningbo, China, over a period of 1 year from July 2015 to June 2016. These 300 patients were selected randomly and divided into two groups, with 150 for RBL group and 150 for RBL combined with sclerotherapy group. All the patients were asked to return to an out-patient clinic for follow-up at 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 2 months, and 6 months and through a telephone call every 6 months for 2 years. The data of all the patients including gender, age, postoperative pain, postoperative bleeding, the days of rubber band slippage, and postoperative recurrence were recorded. The statistical analysis of the study was done using SPSS statistical package in which we used descriptive statistics and chi-square test for the final evaluation. There was no significant difference between the two groups in postoperative pain. However, RBL combined with sclerotherapy achieves better results than RBL, less postoperative bleeding, less unexpected rubber band slippage, and less postoperative recurrence.

4 tables, 15 ref

039968   CHAUHAN J H, HADIYA K K, DHAMI A J, MADHIRA S P (Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Coll, Anand- 388 001, Email: ajdhami@aau.in) : Influence of different treatment protocols on blood biochemical profile and fertility in crossbred cows with cystic ovarian degeneration. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 36-40.

The present study was conducted under field conditions on >90 days postpartum HF crossbred cows with cystic ovaries (n=58). The diagnosis was confirmed by history and trans-rectal palpation and ultrasonographic examinations twice at weekly interval using linear array transducer with 5.0-7.5 MHz frequency. The animals with follicular cysts were randomly treated either with conventional Ovsynch or with Ovsynch + CIDR protocol (n=10 each), and those having luteal cysts were treated either with Double PG injections 11 days apart or with modified Ovsynch protocol (n=16 each) with fixed time AI. A group of six cows having ovarian cyst was kept as untreated Control. Estrus response and conception rates at induced estrus/ fixed time AI were recorded. Blood samples were collected simultaneous to hormonal treatments on four occasions, i.e., on day 0 (day of first treatment), on day 7/11/14 (day of last PGF₂α inj.), on day of induced estrus/FTAI, and on day 12 post-AI. The estrus induction response noted within 48 to 96 hrs of last PG injection among cystic cows treated with Ovsynch, Ovsynch + CIDR, Modified Ovsynch and Double PG protocols was 90.00, 100.00, 87.50 and 81.25 %, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus with FTAI in cows under these protocols were 50.00, 40.00, 50.00 and 43.75 %, respectively. The variations in blood glucose, plasma cortisol, total protein and creatinine concentrations between periods of treatment were, however, statistically non-significant in cows under all four protocols, except creatinine in Ovsynch protocol. Furthermore, the effect of treatment/ period was also statistically non-significant among conceived and non-conceived cows in all four treatment protocols, except blood glucose which was significantly higher in non-conceived cows.

3 tables, 20 ref

039967   YENGE G D, LONKAR V D, RANADE A S, DOIPHODE A Y, PATODKAR V R, MOTE C S (Poultry Science Dep, Veterinary Science Coll, Satara, Maharashtra, Email: vijulvet@rediffmail.com) : Effect of dietary inclusion of combination of inulin and saponin on egg qualities of laying hens. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 74-6.

Effect of supplementation of combination of two feed additives, inulin from Chicory root powder (Cichorium intybus L.) and saponin from Sapindaceae plant powder on egg qualities in laying hens of “BV300” strain was studied from 21-52 week of age (32 weeks period). Total 300 laying hens at 21 week of age were randomly assigned to three equal groups (A, B and C) of 100 hens each. Group A received control basal diet. Group B received basal diet with combination of 0.1g inulin and 0.005g of saponin /kg of feed Group C received basal diet with combination of 0.167 g inulin and 0.0083 g saponin/kg of feed. Egg quality parameters like Egg Weight (EW), Yolk Weight (YW), Albumen Weight (AW) and Shell Weight (SW), Shape Index (SI) and Shell Thickness (ST) were recorded at monthly interval from 21 to 52 week of age. Results of the study indicated that the EW, AW and SW were improved significantly (p<0.05) in group B compared to group C and group A without any adverse effect. However, there was no adverse effect of additives on these egg quality parameters at higher dose level in the diet.

1 table, 11 ref

039966   RATHVA A L, SORATHIYA L M, GADHVI D N, PATEL N B (Kamdhenu Univ, Himmatnagar, Gujarat, Email: lalitchandra.sorathiya@gmail.com) : Feed and fodder availability and utilization pattern in urban-peri-urban dairy farms in and around Navsari city of South Gujarat. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 32-5.

This investigation was carried out to study the fodder resource management practices followed by selected 40 commercial dairy farmers in and around Navsari city of South Gujarat. The required information was collected through personal interview. Data analyzed revealed that buffalo consisted more than two third of total strength. Population of younger animals like calves and heifers were 33 and 9 % of total herd strength, respectively. The annual green and dry fodder availability calendar showed that 95 % farmers used sugarcane top during November to March. During April to July 100 % respondents fed whole sugarcane, whereas during August to October 34, 15 and 4 farms were using green grass, green sorghum and green maize, respectively. Among dry fodder, paddy straw was popular and used by 37 farms, whereas 10 farms were using sorghum straw. The quantity of fodder used by each farm revealed that sugarcane tops fulfilled average 39.27 % of ration requirement in 38 farms. Similarly, green sugarcane fulfilled average 23 % of ration requirement in all 40 farms. Green cut and carry grass fulfilled 13.15 % of ration in 34 farms. As far as dry fodder was concerned, paddy straw and sorghum straw were used to fulfill 41.49 and 31.70 % of their ration requirement in farms, where it was used. Among concentrates cotton seed cake, wheat bran and compound concentrate (Sumul Dan) were used by 38, 20 and 16 farms, respectively. They were using cotton seed cake at proportion of 33 % in their ration. Analysis of demand and supply of feed and fodder resources revealed that all farms studied together required annually 10124, 2248 and 2248 tons of green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate as per thumb rule feeding of dry matter at 3 % of body weight. However, all feed resources were in shortfall by 21-51 %. Annual shortage of dry fodder was the highest, i.e., 51.33 % and shortage of concentrate was the lowest (14.64 %).

3 tables, 10 ref

039965   MAHIMA, MEHTA H K, BAGHERWAL R K, CHAURASIA R (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science Univ, Jabalpur, Email: hemantmehta63@gmail.com) : Clinical and ultrasonographic alterations in canine babesiosis. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 30-1.

Canine babesiosis is a worldwide tick borne disease. Dogs with fever, in appetence and enlarged lymph nodes were screened for the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites during the one year period of study at T.V.C.C., C.V.Sc., Mhow (M.P. , India ). Based on the stained peripheral blood smears examination, dogs were found to be affected with babesiosis. Clinical examination of the dogs revealed ticks over the body, highest frequency (75.00 %) of petechial/epistaxis followed by ticks (72.22 %) on the body, recumbency (69.44 %), dullness (66.66 %), dehydration (63.88 %), pale mucous membrane (50.00 %) . Sonographic changes in dogs infected with babesiosis revealed hepatomegaly with architectural changes, hypo-echoic changes in the liver parenchyma in 7 dogs, splenomegaly with disturbed architecture and multiple lesions was observed in 9 dogs, cystitis in 5 dogs , distended gall bladder in 3 dogs and in 4 dogs Kidneys structures were not clear in image and no demarcation noticed between cortex and medulla.

3 illus, 5 ref

039964   MAHIMA, MEHTA H K, BAGHERWAL R K, CHAURASIA R (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science Univ, Jabalpur, Email: hemantmehta63@gmail.com) : Prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in canines. Indain J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 69-71.

The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in dogs at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College of Veterinary Science, Mhow (M.P.) during July 2018 to March 2019. Blood sample of 3500 suspected cases of haemoprotozoans affected dogs on the basis of clinical history were microscopically examined after Giemsa stain. The overall prevalence of haemoprotozoan disease was 2.48 %. The highest prevalence of Ehrlichiosis (1.342 %) was observed followed by Babesia (1.028 %), Anaplasmosis (0.057 %) and mixed infection (0.057 %). The highest prevalence (4.03 %) was found in the month of March followed by 3.52 % in the month of August. Age wise study showed that the highest prevalence (3.57 %) was found in above 18 months age, followed by (2.85 %) 7 to 18 months. Sex wise prevalence revealed that males were more susceptible as compared to females.

2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

039963   PATEL T M, DHAMI A J, CHAUDHARI D V (Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Coll, Anand- 388 001, Email: ajdhami@aau.in) : Correlations amongst functional and morphological attributes and oxidative markers of fresh and cryopreserved semen of Gir and Murrah bulls. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 24-9.

This study was undertaken during the winter season on healthy mature Gir cattle and Murrah buffalo bulls (n=3 each). The semen samples (6 ejaculates/bull, total 36 ejaculates) collected in the morning using artificial vagina were evaluated for routine seminal attributes, including acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity. The samples were then diluted @ 100 million sperm/ml with tris fructose yolk glycerol extender without and with sericin @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 % (w/v), filled in French mini-straws, and frozen in LN2 using biofreezer as per standard freezing protocol. Straws were thawed in water bath at 37° C for 30 sec and evaluated for post-thaw quality, viz., motility, viability, morphology, acrosome integrity and plasma membrane integrity (HOST). Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde - MDA production) and activities of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed as oxidative markers in seminal plasma of freshly diluted and frozen-thawed semen samples. Sericn at 0.5 % level significantly (p<0.01) improved the post-thaw sperm quality with reduced oxidative stress in both the species. The breed-wise correlation coefficients (r) among sperm quality attributes and oxidative markers were studied in fresh and frozen-thawed semen of each species, and also for fresh with frozen-thawed semen. The findings revealed significant interrelationships amongst most of the attributes of fresh as well as post-thawed semen and also of fresh semen attributes with those of cryopreserved semen including oxidative markers in both the species. Sperm motility estimation in fresh, pre-freeze and post-thawed semen was a legitimately good indicator of quality of spermatozoa at various steps of semen processing/freezing, and its fertilizing potential. Thus, the sperm motility, HOS test and either MDA or SOD/GPx activity alone may be used as valuable and practical tools for routine assessment of bovine semen quality considering significant correlations found between them.

4 tables, 21 ref

039962   PARMAR C P, DHAMI A J, PATEL J A, BELSARE V P (Gynaecology & Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Coll, Anand- 388 001, Email: chiragvety@gmail.com) : . Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 21-3.

A total of 54-adult non-pregnant Surti goats were selected and randomly divided into three equal groups (n=18 each). Two groups were put under estrus synchronization protocols, viz., Double PGF2α protocol (Inj. Dinoprost 12.5 mg, i/m, 11 days apart with natural breeding from 72-144 hours of second PG inj.) and NC Synch protocol (PG 12.5 mg - GnRH 0.004 mg - PG 12.5 mg - GnRH 0.004 mg on days 0, 8, 15 and 18, respectively with natural breeding during 19-21 days) using standard management practices and 3^rd group was kept as untreated control. All the goats were dewormed before initiation of treatment. The estrus response (100 % each), duration of estrus, pregnancy rate at 60 days post-breeding (55.55 vs. 44.44 and 55.55 %), and kidding rate (100 % each) were statistically same in control and synchronized goats. However, twins were in almost 50 % of kidding under the NC Synch group compared to 25 % in Double PG protocol and 40 % in the control group, with almost 100 % kid survival till weaning. Thus, NC Synch Protocol was better in terms of pregnancy rate (55 vs. 44 %) and fecundity (1.5 vs. 1.0) over double PGF₂α protocol, and even untreated control goats.

1 table, 18 ref

039961   VALA K B, DHAMI A J, KAVANI F S, BHANDERI B B, PARMAR S C (Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics Dep, Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Coll, Gujarat- 362 001, Email: ajdhami@aau.in) : Impact of peripartum nutritional supplementation on thyroid hormones, metabolites and reproductive peridata in Jafarabadi buffaloes. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 16-20.

Forty advanced pregnant Jafarabadi buffaloes of 2-4 parity were divided into two equal groups, viz., control and treatment (n = 20 each). The animals of control group were maintained on routine farm feeding schedule and those under treatment group were subjected to additional oral supplements daily with 50 g of chelated mineral mixture and 150 g of bypass fat along with concentrates for 6 weeks prepartum till 2 weeks postpartum, and then bypass fat was given @ 15 g/litre of milk produced till 60 days postpartum. All the buffaloes were subjected to blood collection on day -45, -30, -7, 0, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 peripartum. Postpartum animals were followed at weekly interval by per rectal palpation and ultrasonographically for uterine involution, first postpartum estrus and conception. The overall mean blood glucose of prepartum period increased significantly (p<0.01) on the day of calving and reduced back to prepartum levels within next 7 days postpartum in both the groups. The buffaloes supplemented with peripartum nutrients had significantly (p<0.01) higher blood glucose levels than the control group. The mean plasma total protein (7.96 ± 0.04 g/dl) and thyroid hormones T3 (1.44 ± 0.05 ng/ml) and T4 (28.25 ± 0.86 ng/ml) were found to be within the normal range, and did not vary between sampling days or between groups. The peripartum supplementation of bypass fat did not influence the levels of plasma total cholesterol. However, the levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) tended to be higher in control than treatment group at most of the peripartum intervals. The period of uterine involution (32.75 ± 0.57 vs 37.00 ± 0.56 days) and service period (107.10 ± 4.43 vs 133.65 ± 6.04 days) were significantly (p<0.05) shorter with higher postpartum fertility (85 vs 50 % CR) in nutrient supplemented than control group. It was concluded that peripartum bypass fat and mineral supplementation prevented negative energy balance and/or ketosis and improved postpartum fertility in high yielding Jaffrabadi buffaloes.

3 illus, 23 ref

039960   VADALIA J V, TANK P H, DODIA V D, TALEKAR S H, PADALIYA N R, BHATT R H (Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh- 362001, Email: dr.jvvpatel@gmail.com) : Clinical survey on preputial prolapse in Gir bulls. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 66-8.

A clinical survey was carried out to assess the etiopathology of preputial prolapse in Gir bulls at 41 Gaushalas of the Saurashtra region in Gujarat. A total of 202 Gir bulls under the breeding program were surveyed. The mean age of Gir bulls was recorded as 5.71 years, which ranged from 2.5 to 12 years. Preputial prolapse was diagnosed in all the surveyed Gir bulls. The first degree preputial prolapse was common in all the bulls because of the breed anatomical character. Out of the 202 breeding bulls, 30 (14.85 %) bulls had pathological preputial prolapse, which varied between 2nd and 4th degrees. Among the 30 affected bulls, 12 (40 %) bulls had preputial prolapse of 2nd degree, 6 (20 %) bulls had 3rd degree of preputial prolapse and 12 (40 %) bulls had 4th degree of preputial prolapse. Traumatic injury to prepuce, followed by its contamination, was the main etiology for the preputial prolapse and its aggravations in all the animals. All Gir bulls had common anatomical / structural deformities of the preputial sheath.

13 ref

039959   VERMA A K, CHANDER M, KUMAR S, VERMA M R, KANNADHASAN M S (Extension Education Div, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drmahesh.chander@gmail.com) : Livestock farmers' perception on animal husbandry services rendered under corporate social responsibility (CSR). Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 13-5.

The Animal Husbandry sector receives only 12 percent of the total public expenditure on agriculture and allied areas resulting in underperformance of the sector. However, companies are offering different animal husbandry services under their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs abiding Section 135(1) of Companies Act 2013. The present study was carried out to assess the perception of livestock farmers on the availability and effectiveness of animal husbandry services rendered under CSR activities. A total of 120 livestock farmers, each with a minimum one adult dairy animal was selected from the villages adopted by the selected companies for delivering CSR activities. Data were collected using a well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule through personal interviews with the respondents and analyzed appropriately to reveal the perception of livestock farmers about the availability and effectiveness of different CSR services. Most of the respondents perceived that extension, production, healthcare, and marketing services were occasionally available with average effectiveness due to the efficiency of services offered through CSR activities. Further, they perceived that the rarely available credit service had poor effectiveness. Healthcare service was the most preferred service in terms of availability and effectiveness, while credit service was the least preferred both in terms of availability and effectiveness.

4 tables, 11 ref

039957   GADHAVI D N , SORATHIYA L M, RATHVA A L (Livestock Research Station Navsari Agricultural Univ, Gujarat- 396 450, Email: lalitchandra.sorathiya@gmail.com) : Comparative socio-economic and personal characteristics of specialized dairy farms of North and South Gujarat regions. Indain J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 9-12.

A study was carried out to compare the socio-economic and personal characteristics of commercial dairy farms/owners of north and south Gujarat. The data were collected from specialized dairy farms, each from the north and south Gujarat. Ten specialized dairy farms with a herd size of more than 40 heads were selected randomly from Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts as a sample of north Gujarat agro-climatic region and 10 farms were selected from Surat, Bharuch and Navsari districts as a sample from south Gujarat agro-climatic zone. The data were collected from dairy farm owners by administering the questionnaire. The results showed that the majority (60 %) of dairy farms had livestock along with agriculture as main source of income, whereas 40 % respondents had only livestock enterprise as a main source of income. Only 15 % of dairy farms had other non-agricultural activities or business together with livestock. The percentage of dairy farms that had other business together with livestock was slightly higher in south region. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (55 %) were of the middle age group, 40 % were graduates, and 75 % had experience in dairy farming for 5-10 years. Regarding the benefits of subsidy, most of the respondents availed subsidy for various farm-related purposes. About 80 % of the dairy farms had taken subsidy for livestock in the north region compared to only 30 % of the dairy farms in south Gujarat.

3 tables, 15 ref

039955   PATEL M, RAVAL S K, MODI R J (Veterinary Medicine Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Gujarat- 388001, Email: skraval23@aau.in) : Effect of seed extracts of Vigna unguiculta and Hordeum vulgare on kidney homogenate and rat kidney injury molecule-1 in ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride induced urolithasis in rats. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 5-8.

The experiment was carried out to study the therapeutic efficacy of aqueous, alcoholic, and biherbal extracts of Vigna unguiculata (VU) and Hordeum vulgare (HV) in ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride-induced urolithiasis in female Wistar rats. Rats were divided into 14 groups, each of 6 rats, except the lithiatic control group, which consisted of 8 rats. Group I and II served as lithiatic and vehicle control, respectively. In group I and III to XIV urolithiasis were induced by administration of 0.75 % (v/v) ethylene glycol and 2 % (w/v) ammonium chloride along with drinking water for 28 days. Group II was given 0.5 % sodium bicarbonate. After the 28^th day, the rats of urolithiatic treatment Groups III to XIV were given aqueous and alcoholic seed extracts of VU and HV @ 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg b.wt. orally as either single extract or combination as biherbal extracts (1:1) in 0.5 % sodium bicarbonate for another 35 days using syringe and rat gavage needle. Blood samples were collected twice: on the 28^th day of induction of urolithiasis and 63rd day experiment/herbal treatment. Significantly (p < 0.01) increased levels of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and decreased levels of magnesium in the kidney homogenate were observed in the calculi induced groups as compared to the vehicle control group on 28^th day. However, significantly increased rat Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) was observed in the calculi induced groups as compared to the vehicle control group in serum on the 28^th day. Results of kidney homogenate and KIM-1 revealed that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of VU and HV possess good therapeutic efficacy against urolithiasis. The effect of biherbal alcoholic extract of the seeds at higher dose rate was much better in reducing or normalizing the values of most traits by 35 days of treatment, i.e., by 63^rd day of the experiment and thus the continuation of treatment for some more days would be expected to restore the normal profile.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

039954   Heba A Khafagy, Heba MG Abdel Aziz, Amal AM, Barghooth WM, Nermeen G Shafik (Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Egypt, Email: dr.hebakhafgy@gmail.com) : Correlation between rift valley fever virus (rvfv) neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated sheep and effective dose 50 (ed₅₀) in vaccinated mice. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2020, 15(3), 1-4.

Rift valley fever is an arthropod-born, multispecies zoonotic viral disease. Control of RVF disease depends mainly on vector control and vaccination of susceptible animals. The present work aims to detect the correlation between Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated sheep using Serum Neutralization test as in vitro test and effective dose fifty in vaccinated mice as in vivo potency test and determine if they can be alternative to each other. In this work,17 inactivated RVFV vaccine batches were evaluated, applying SNT for serum samples of vaccinated sheep and ED₅₀ in vaccinated mice. The two models of tests showed compatible results, where the same 14 vaccine batches showed satisfactory results [(SNT >1.5) and (ED₅₀ <0.02)], while the other three batches revealed unsatisfactory results in both two tests. Statistical analysis of results using Wilcoxon’s test was (0.0001), indicating a significant correlation between the tests so it could be recommended to depend on SNT instead of mice inoculation in the evaluation of RVF vaccine to reduce the numbers of animals being used and to avoid the possible public health hazard.

2 illus, 24 ref

039947   DUTT M, DHARAVATH R N, KAUR T, KAUR N, CHOPRA K, SHARMA S (Panjab Univ, Chandigarh- 160 014, Email: 25shweta@pu.ac. in) : Co-abuse of alprazolam augments the hepato-renal toxic effects of methylphenidate. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(3), 216-21.

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a first‑line treatment option for attention‑deficit hyperactive disorder and narcolepsy. MPH is one of the most abused psychostimulants by the adults and young population to stay awake, perform better, or improve concentration. The scanty reports say that the medical users or abusers mostly consider the administration of benzodiazepines to overcome the adverse effects, i.e., mood‑ and anxiety‑related problems associated with MPH chronic abuse. This work aims to study the effect of alprazolam (ALZ) on MPH‑associated adverse effects on liver and kidney. Female Wistar rats (n = 58) were administered with MPH (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and ALZ (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) alone and in combination for 28 days. Bodyweight, feed intake, and water intake were monitored weekly. Parameters related to liver and renal function, oxidative stress, and histopathology were performed to evaluate the toxic impacts on the liver and kidneys. ALZ, along with MPH, increased the serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea levels. The co‑abuse also led to elevated oxidative stress and structural abnormalities in the liver and kidney tissues. The co‑abuse of ALZ has amplified the hepato-renal toxic effects of MPH. Therefore, it is a significant concern for public safety, and their co‑abuse must be restricted and discouraged.

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

039946   ARYA P, BHANDARI U (Pharmacology Dep, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110 062, Email: uma_bora@ hotmail.com) : Involvement of the toll-like receptors-2/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in atherosclerosis induced by high-fat diet and zymosan A in C57BL/6 mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(3), 203-9.

Accumulated evidence reported a link between the immune system, microbial infection, and the development of atherosclerosis. Excess intake of high‑fat diet (HFD) increases blood lipid levels and induces inflammatory pathways whereas zymosan A (Zym), a microbial component, mediates inflammatory response through the stimulation of specific ligand of toll‑like receptors (TLRs) of the immune system. The current research work was aimed to evaluate the mechanism behind atherosclerosis mediated by HFD and Zym in C57BL/6 mice.  The mice were orally fed with HFD for 30 days and Zym (80 mg/kg, single intraperitoneal injection on day 8th). On the 31st day, blood was withdrawn from overnight fasted mice by tail vein puncture and estimated for serum lipids and tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α). Animals were sacrificed, and cardiac, liver, and aortic tissues were isolated for the estimation of cardiac TLR‑2, nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF‑ƙB); hepatic low‑density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR); and base of aorta analyzed for histopathology. It was found that HFD and Zym administration increased arterial inflammation directly through modulation of the TLR‑2/NF‑ƙB pathway, thereby upregulate serum TNF‑α, cardiac TLR‑2, and NF‑ƙB levels. Further, HFD and Zym treatment significantly increased serum lipid levels and marked decrease in LDLR protein expression in the liver when compared to normal control mice. Histopathological analysis showed the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. The study is first, to our current knowledge, to demonstrate the involvement of the TLR‑2/NF‑ƙB signaling pathway in atherosclerosis induced by HFD and Zym in C57BL/6 mice, resulting in increased degradation of LDLR protein, thereby, increasing the serum lipid levels.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

039945   KORAH M C, RAHMAN J, RAJESWARI R, SHERIEF H, LALITHA V, SENGOTTAVELU S, SIVAKUMAR T (Pharmacology Dep, Nandha Coll of Pharmacy and Research Institute, Erode, Tamil Nadu, Email: mckpharma@ gmail.com) : Evaluation of diuretic efficacy and antiurolithiatic potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in experimental animal models. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(3), 196-202.

The study is to investigate the diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in experimental animals. For both studies, Wistar albino rats and two doses of extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) were used. Diuretic activity was evaluated by Lipschitz model. Urine volume and urine pH were noted, the concentration of sodium and potassium was estimated by flame photometry, and diuretic index, natriuretic index, and Lipschitz values were calculated from the results. Furosemide was used as a positive control. Ethylene glycol‑induced urolithiasis model was used for antiurolithiatic study. Urine volume, urine pH, body weight, and biochemical parameters such as calcium, urea, uric acid, and creatine both from serum and urine were estimated. Antioxidant parameters and histopathological analysis of the kidney were evaluated. Cystone was used as a positive control in this study. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. Statistical analysis was carried out using one‑way analysis of variance, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests. In both diuretic and antiurolithiatic studies, both doses of the extract showed efficacy, and the dose of 500 mg/kg has shown a significant effect compared to positive control and negative control. The dose of 500 mg/kg showed a promising diuretic and antiurolithiatic activity.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

039944   DHUYA M, PAL M M, HAZRA A, CHATTERJEE S, GOGTAY N (Pharmacology Dep, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata- 700 020, West Bengal, Email: blowfans@yahoo. co.in) : Cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphism in eastern Indian population. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(3), 189-95.

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme metabolizes a quarter of prescription drugs. Polymorphisms of CYP2D6 gene and resultant phenotypic variations in metabolic activity have been described in various populations. We assessed the prevalence of CYP2D6 activity phenotypes, employing dextromethorphan (DXM) as probe drug in subjects with at least two parental generations residing in eastern India. Unrelated healthy subjects took 60 mg DXM after fasting overnight. Blood samples were collected 3 h after dosing and plasma separated. DXM and its primary metabolite dextrorphan (DXT) were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The DXM‑to‑DXT metabolic ratio (MR) was obtained for each subject. Histogram of MR values suggested bimodal distribution. A polynomial regression equation derived through probit analysis was solved to identify the antimode of the MR values. Subjects with log(MR) < antimode were extensive metabolizers (EMs). Log(MR) ≥ antimode indicated poor metabolizers (PMs). We evaluated the results from 97 participants. The median MR was 0.209 (interquartile range: 0.090–0.609), while the antimode for MR was 3.055. From these, it was inferred that three subjects were PMs, while the rest were EMs. CYP2D6 polymorphism prevalence is low (3.09 %; 95 % confidence interval: 0.35 %–6.54 %) in the population of eastern India and matches the prevalence in other zones of the country.  Differences in CYP2D6 activity has treatment implications and may lead to adverse events or therapeutic failure. Phenotyping of subjects receiving CYP2D6 metabolized drugs may help clinicians personalize treatment and avert adverse drug‑drug interactions. However, the frequency of the PM phenotype is low in India, and routinely phenotyping for CYP2D6 activity will not be cost‑effective. We cannot recommend it at this stage.

4 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

039943   BIMBA H V, ROY V, BATTA A, DAGA M K (Pharmacology Dep, Maulana Azad Medical Coll, New Delhi- 110 002, Email: roy.vandana@ gmail.com) : Drug utilization, rationality, and cost analysis of antimicrobial medicines in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Northern India: A prospective, observational study. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(3), 179-88.

The burden of bacterial infections is huge and grossly under‑represented in the current health‑care system. Inappropriate use of antimicrobial medicines (AMMs) poses a potential hazard to patients by causing antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to assess the: (i) AMM consumption and use patterns in patients attending the outpatients and inpatients of Medicine and Surgery departments of the hospital. (ii) Appropriateness of the AMM in the treatment prescribed, and (iii) cost incurred on their use in admitted patients. An observational, prospective study was conducted among inpatients and outpatients of the Medicine and Surgery departments of a tertiary care hospital of northern India. Analysis of 2128 prescriptions and 200 inpatient records was performed using a predesigned format. The use of AMMs was reviewed using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification and defined daily doses (DDDs). To evaluate the expenditure incurred on AMMs, ABC analysis was performed. AMMs were prescribed to 37.9 % outpatients and 73 % of admitted patients. The percentage encounters with AMMs was 40.6 % (medicine) and 25.6 % (surgery) outpatients. The total DDDs/100 patient days of AMMs in medicine and surgery were 3369 and 2247. Bacteriological evidence of infection and AMM sensitivity was present in only 8.5 % of cases. Over 90 % of AMMs were prescribed from the hospital essential medicines list. Most of the AMMs were administered parenterally (64.9 %). Multiple AMMs were prescribed more to inpatients (84.2 % vs. 4.2 % outpatients). Overall, expenditure on AMM was 33 % of the total cost of treatment on medicine. ABC analysis showed that 74 % of the expenditure was due to newer, expensive AMM, which constituted only 9 % of the AMM used. The AMM therapy was found to be appropriate in 88 % of cases as per Kunin’s criteria for rationality. AMMs are being commonly prescribed without confirmation of AMM sensitivity in the hospital. A large proportion of expenditure is being incurred on expensive AMM used in a few number of patients. There is a need for developing a policy for rational use of AMM in the health facility.

3 illus, 9 tables, 35 ref

039942   PANIGRAHI M, SWAIN T, JENA R K, PANIGRAHI A, DEBTA N (Pharmacology Dep, SLN Medical Coll, Sambalpur- 768 004, Odisha, Email: mousumee1989@ gmail.com) : Effectiveness of deferasirox in pediatric thalassemia patients: Experience from a tertiary care hospital of Odisha. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 172-8.

Patients with beta‑thalassemia require lifelong blood transfusions, leading to chronic iron overload, which can lead to growth retardation, as well as hinder sexual development during the adolescent period and dysfunction of organs such as heart, pancreas, and endocrine glands. These patients are in need of lifelong transfusion therapy and hence lifelong iron chelation therapy as well. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of deferasirox for iron chelation in pediatric thalassemia cases in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. This prospective, observational, hospital‑based study was conducted from June 2015 to December 2016. Two hundred and fifty patients were assessed for eligibility, of which 174 were included. Effectiveness of deferasirox was observed by measuring serum ferritin levels which were monitored at the end of every 3 months till 1 year. We also evaluated the compliance with deferasirox therapy in the same study cohort. The serum ferritin level reduced significantly at the end of 12 months in comparison to baseline (P = 0.04). There was a mean absolute decrease in serum ferritin only in the dose range of 21–30 mg/kg/day. Approximately 90 % of the patients had 100 % compliance with deferasirox therapy. Deferasirox is an effective iron chelator when started at an optimum time and with optimum dose. At least 1 year of deferasirox therapy is needed for a significant lowering of serum ferritin levels of pediatric thalassemia patients on multiple blood transfusions.

6 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

039941   KUSUMASTUTI K, JAERI S (Medical Biology and Biochemistry Dep, Diponegoro Univ, Semarang- 50232, Indonesia, Email: jw.santoso@gmail. com) : The effect of long-term valproic acid treatment in the level of total cholesterol among adult. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 134-7.

Valproic acid (VA) is the antiepileptic, antimigraine and anti-mental disturbances agent. The use of VA is correlated to metabolic rearrangements including changes of lipoproteins; however, these effects still in debate. Herewith we analyze the effect of long‑term VA treatment in the level of total cholesterol among adult. Sixty (30 case groups and 30 control groups) participants were asked for venous blood collection to examine the level of total cholesterol by enzymatic cholesterol oxidase phenol 4‑aminoantipyrine peroxidase. The relationship of the long‑term VA treatment and the level of total cholesterol was obtained from the analysis using the logistic regression analysis. Our analysis depicts that there is a relationship between the long‑term VA treatment and the level of total cholesterol (P=0.024, odds ratio 0.272, 95 % confidence interval 0.088–0.844). in conclusion, the long‑term VA treatment reduces the level of total cholesterol in adult.

3 tables, 11 ref

039940   YING Z, JIANG M, WANG L, YING X, YANG G (Cardiology Dep, Liaoning Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang- 110847, China, Email: yang_guanlin@163. com) : Bioactivities of 7'-ethoxy-trans-feruloyltyramine from Portulaca oleracea L. and its metabolism in rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 130-3.

This research aims to study the antioxidation and anticholinesterase activities of 7’‑ethoxy‑trans‑feruloyltyramine (ETFT), which was an alkaloid isolated from Portulaca oleracea for the first time. Furthermore, its main metabolites and metabolic pathways in rats were also explored. The antioxidation and anticholinesterase effects of ETFT were, respectively, examined using 1,1‑diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl assay and modified Ellman’s method. The results showed that ETFT exhibited both the good antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects. Its main metabolites in rats were implemented, and nine metabolites were finally found in the rat’s plasma and urine, including the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, glucuronidation, sulfation, and glutathionylation process.

2 illus, 13 ref

039939   MAHALMANI V M, MAHENDRU D, SEMWAL A, KAUR S, KAUR H, SARMA P, PRAKASH A, MEDHI B (Pharmacology Dep, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Email: drbikashus@ yahoo.com) : COVID-19 pandemic: A review based on current evidence. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 117-29.

In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome‑coronavirus‑2, a novel coronavirus, initiated an outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan in China, which rapidly spread worldwide. The clinical characteristics of the disease range from asymptomatic cases or mild symptoms, which include nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and nasal congestion to severe cases such as pneumonia, respiratory failure demanding mechanical ventilation to multi‑organ failure, sepsis, and death. As the transmission rate is quite alarming, we require an effective therapeutic strategy to treat symptomatic patients and adopt the preventive measures in order to contain the infection and prevent community transmission. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic is a public health emergency of international concern, hence repurposing of the drugs is an attractive and a feasible option because PK/PD profile, toxicity profile, and drug interactions are already known. This review emphasizes on the different aspects of COVID‑19 such as the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and preventive measures to be adopted in order to fight this pandemic. It also highlights upon the ethics preparedness and challenges faced by a developing country like India during such an outbreak. The review focuses on the various approaches adopted till date for developing effective therapeutic strategies including combination of drugs, vaccine therapy, and convalescent plasma therapy to combat this viral outbreak.

2 tables, 92 ref

039938   CHANG L, LI C, ZHI-LI L, WEI Z, XIAO-BIN J, SHI-TING P, YI-QIANG A, JUN-FEI G, LIANG F (China Pharmaceutical Univ, Nanjing- 211198, China, Email: wenmoxiushi@163. com) : Carthamus tinctorius L. extract ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by regulating matrix metalloproteinases and apoptosis. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 108-16.

We investigate the protective effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. (CTL, also known as Honghua in China or Safflower) on cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion and explored the possible mechanisms on regulating apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). High‑performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection analysis was established to analyze the components of CTL. Middle cerebral artery occlusion rats model was established to evaluate Neurological Function Score and hematoxylin‑eosin staining, as well as triphenyltetrazolium was used to examine the infarction area ratio. Transferase‑mediated dUTP nick‑end labeling was performed for the apoptosis. Apoptosis‑related factors, including B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2), Bax and Caspase3, and MMPs‑related MMP2, MMP9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) in ischemic brain, were assayed by Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. The data showed that CTL (2, 4 g crude drug/kg/d) treatment could significantly reduce the ischemic damage in brain tissue and improve a significant neurological function score. In addition, CTL could also attenuate apoptosis degree of brain tissues and regulate Bcl‑2, Bax, and Caspase 3 and also have a significant decrease on MMP‑9 expression, followed by a significant increase of TIMP1 protein expression. These findings indicated that regulation of CTL on apoptosis and MMPs contributed to its protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury.

6 illus, 30 ref

039937   LIM J H, JUNG K H, KIM M, YOU J H, PARK I, HONG S (Pathology Dep, Inha Univ, Incheon- 22332, Republic of Korea, Email: ispap@ inha.ac.kr) : SB365 induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of glioblastoma cells. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 102-7.

Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with limited treatment modalities due to its nature. SB365, Pulsatilla saponin D, is known to induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of many cancer cells. We elucidated the anticancer effects of SB365 in glioblastoma cells. We examined the antiproliferative activity of SB365 in human glioblastoma cell lines. Apoptosis was evaluated using the Hoechst assay, TUNEL assay, DAPI nuclear staining, and Western blotting analysis. To test the antimetastatic capacity of SB365, cell migration assay was conducted, and hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1 alpha (HIF‑1α) expression and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level were determined under hypoxic conditions. Significance of the results was confirmed by a one‑way analysis of variance analysis. SB365 treatment suppressed the growth of glioblastoma cells and resulted in apoptotic morphological features such as nuclear condensation and fragmentation, enhancing the expression of cleaved poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase and caspase‑3. It also significantly delayed cell migration and decreased the HIF‑1α expression and VEGF secretion. Our findings thus demonstrate that SB365 induced apoptosis and delayed the growth and migration of human glioblastoma cells. It is considered that SB365 would be a promising therapeutic option for glioblastoma.

5 illus, 24 ref

039936   KUN C, FEIYI S, JIAN D, FENG C, GUIHUA W, JIANGPING Z, JIANWU J, HONG L, XIAOWEI H (Neurology Dep, Changzhi Medical Coll, Shangxi Province, China, Email: liuhong 888888@126.com) : Network pharmacology-based study on the mechanism of Schisandra chinensis for treating alzheimer's disease. Indian J Pharmacol 2020, 52(2), 94-101.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a mental illness that poses a serious threat to human health worldwide. Schisandra chinensis is a natural herb that can treat the effects of AD, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential components and pharmacological pathways of S. chinensis in the treatment of AD. In this study, we investigated the compound of S. chinensis and the effects of it on AD by network pharmacology. Meanwhile, the potential mechanism was proved in vitro. The results showed that S. chinensis contained 173 compounds. Compound‑target network confirmed that (E)‑9‑Isopropyl‑6‑Methyl‑5,9‑Decadiene‑2‑One, 1‑Phenyl‑1,3‑Butanedion, nootkatone and phenyl‑2‑Propanone were the main chemical constituents which highly aimed at APOE, CACNA1D, GRIN2A, and PTGS2. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the main pathways involved neural‑related signaling pathways and functions, such as nicotine addiction, GABAergic synapse, Ca²⁺ signaling pathway, AD, and so on. Validation experiments showed that nootkatone was able to exert anti‑apoptotic effects related to Ca²⁺ signaling pathway by inhibiting nitric oxide production, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, upregulating the expression of anti‑oxidation and anti‑apoptotic proteins in vitro. These results illustrated that S. chinensis could regulate neuronal apoptosis through the calcium signaling pathway to exert anti‑AD by integrating multi‑component, multi‑target and multi‑pathway.

6 illus, 29 ref