040949   RAY A (CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun - 248 005, Email: anjan.ray@iip.res.in) : Managing supply chain aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 396–401.

Technological interventions in times of crises, such as for the COVID-19 pandemic in India, require attention to supply chain aspects for effective delivery of goods and services, especially in critical care. Especially in the initial stages, such delivery is complicated by potential shortages of emergency supplies, which arise due to several reasons. First, suddenly overwhelmed hospitals and local authorities are not equipped to effectively forecast surges in demand., Manufacturing capacities are often constrained by limited availability of raw material in the absence of adequate advance planning. Logistics options for goods movement are significantly reduced. All this is compounded by the shortage of manpower to service production and logistics during extreme lockdown scenarios. A structured approach is shown to deliver tangible benefits and overcome key challenges.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

040948   SAXENA N, GUPTA P, RAMAN R, RATHORE A S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi - 110 016, Email: asrathore@biotechcmz.com) : Role of data science in managing COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 385–95.

In December of 2019, the first outbreak of COVID-19 was detected in mainland China, eventually spreading to every continent in the world except Antarctica. Named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO), this highly contagious disease was caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. With a transmission rate greater than SARS or common flu, continued tremendous efforts will be needed to successfully combat this disease. In this article, we review the role that data science is playing in this war. Data science, combined with statistical analysis, computer science and computational biology, is helping in myriad ways with applications including epidemiology, drug discovery, and molecular design for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A number of data driven models, mathematical models, correlations and predictive models have been developed for COVID-19. Challenges faced by the data scientists today have been highlighted. Finally, open source datasets sources are mentioned that can be potentially used in diagnostics and evaluation of health policies.

3 illus, 1 table, 92 ref

040947   BADGUJAR K C, BADGUJAR A B, DHANGAR D V, BADGUJAR V C (Chemistry Dep, SIES Coll of Arts Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 022, Email: kirrtti@gmail.com) : Importance and use of pulse oximeter in COVID-19 pandemic: General factors affecting the sensitivity of pulse oximeter. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 374–84.

The whole World is greatly affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic caused due to emerging novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which specifically attacks on the respiratory system and reduces oxygen carrying capacity to develop hypoxia/dyspnoea. The severely affected COVID-19 patients require ventilators to survive and to fulfil the need of oxygen. However, number of ventilators is much less than that of actual number of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, management of the primary assessment of oxygen level/requirement becomes a challenging task in hospitals due to a large number of COVID-19 patients. To manage this situation, a small device pulse oximeter can be used in primary clinical care to determine the oxygen saturation. Furthermore, pulse oximeter can be significantly used to observe the oxygen saturation in quarantine or hospitalised patients. Thus, pulse oximeter has become a game-changer in COVID-19 pandemic to detect the oxygen requirement in patients. However, there are several factors affecting the sensitivity of pulse oximeter which need to understand to get accurate reading. In view of this, the present article discusses the (i) role of pulse oximeter in managing COVID-19 (ii) basic engineering principle of pulse oximeter (iii) various factors affecting sensitivity (iv) pros, cons and challenges in the use of the pulse oximeter.

1 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

040944   PANDEY R, AGRAWAL A (CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi - 110 007, Email: rajeshp@igib.in) : Next generation sequencing for pandemic preparedness. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 351–8.

Pandemic have affected us before and possibly will be challenging us in future with COVID-19 being an eye opener. One of the ways to understand our challenger is to know their genome sequence which helps identify the pathogen, vis-a-vis new strain or novel mutations in the pre-existing pathogen. The strength of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) based SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing has facilitated insights into virus genome architecture and its functional role in clinical outcome. On the positive note, it has brought to fore the strength of genomics towards genomic surveillance and develop means toward pathogen detection, evolution, mutation associated with clinical symptoms and longitudinal population-level screening. The preparedness will be helpful for faster and effective response in a targeted way for susceptible group of individuals.

3 illus, 19 ref

040943   KARAK S, SRIVASTAVA S, MISHRA R K (CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Email: mishra@ccmb.res.in) : Testing and surveillance strategies in the context of COVID-19 in India. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 343–50.

The COVID-19 pandemic has proceeded unabated across the globe over the last six months and, despite global efforts, experts predict its effects will be felt well into the next year as well. India had its first reported case from Kerala on the same day that the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, on 30th January 2020. The government initiated a slew of preventive measures over the next couple of months, culminating in a country-wide lockdown on the 24th of March to help healthcare professionals, policymakers and researchers shore up their resources and devise strategies to fight the infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in any disease but prevention measures that can ‘flatten the curve’ have proved to be the most effective in managing COVID-19 worldwide. In this article, we discuss key aspects of the disease from the Indian perspective, as well as the new research and development initiatives around COVID-19 and for broader public health.

3 illus, 29 ref

044737   ROY R, MAJI B, HALDAR A, CHATTERJEE T (Medicine and Community Medicine Dep, ID and BG Hospital, Kolkata, Email: baisakhimaji@gmail.com) : Trend and seasonality of infectious diseases – An overview from a Tertiary Care Hospital of West Bengal, India. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2020, 25(1), 39-44.

Most of the developing countries still suffer from a high burden of communicable diseases. The paucity of proper data about the current trends and seasonal variations of different infectious diseases (IDs) further prevents the policy makers from devising an effective, preventive, and curative response. Hospital ID wards are a useful source of surveillance data that can indicate changing health‑care requirements. A retrospective analysis of inpatient hospital database of past 5 years (January 2014–December 2018) was done to identify the pattern and trend of different IDs including seasonal variations. Among 127,762 admissions during 2014–2018, diarrheal diseases (87%) were most common, followed by dengue (6.6 %), chicken pox (2.4 %), measles (1.6 %), and diphtheria (1.2 %). Measles and chicken pox cases had shown peak during February–May months, whereas dengue in September–October, and swine flu cases were at peak during the winter season. Over the past 5 years, the admission rate of measles cases showed a cyclical rising trend, chicken pox showed an inclining trend, whereas tetanus showed a declining trend. The admission trend of diphtheria cases was more or less similar throughout consecutive years except a fall in 2018. The admission rate of dengue cases showed a steep rise in 2016, followed by gradual decline in respective years. However, swine flu admission rate showed a zigzag pattern over the past 5 years. The review of hospital records provided information regarding the overall burden and pattern of admissions in the IDs hospital.

7 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

044736   PATIL S H, TYAGI N K, PRASAD J B (Epidemiology and Biostatistics Dep, KAHER, Belagavi, Karnataka, Email: nareshktyagi@gmail.com) : Determinants of surgically induced menopause in rural north Karnataka. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2020, 25(1), 33-8.

The objective of the study was to quantify the effect of surgically induced menopause (SIM) on quality of life as assessed by religion, body mass index (BMI), sexual problem, menstrual history, blood spotting after intercourse, menopausal symptoms, and psychological disorder in the age group of 40–55 years of women. In this cross-sectional study, 712 rural women, comprising of 40 women (aged 40–55 years) with SIM, were surveyed, by inverse cluster sampling with proportional to population size. The aim was to study SIM and its determinants; menopause anthropometric data, menopause symptoms, and associated psychosocial symptoms. The data was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate techniques. Around 6.4% of Hindu women had SIM, followed by Muslim (6.2 %) and others (1.1 %). SIM was significantly high in BMI group <25. The differences of SIM in regularity of menstruation were significant. Similar results were observed in sexual problem, menstrual flow, blood spotting after intercourse, blood spotting between periods, pain in periods, physical and mental exhaustion, heart discomfort, sleep problem, irritability, and dryness of the vagina. The sexual activity significantly hampered after SIM, further, unadjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) were not in line with adjusted OR. With regularity of menstruation problem, the SIM increases significantly, as indicated by adjusted and unadjusted ORs, the similar results were seen by menstrual flow and blood spotting after intercourse. The SIM by adjusted and unadjusted ORs was similar in other determinants. The Logistic regression model has been calibrated for sensitivity and specificity above 90 % and accuracy as high as 97.8 %. The modulated probabilities have been provided for the users of the model. The results of the bivariate analysis of surgical menopause by its covariates and regression model constructed are valuable for health‑care providers, as reference for diagnosis, and to pacify patients for consequences of the prognosis.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

044735   CHATTERJEE M, BANDYOPADHYAY S A (Anthropology Dep, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Government Coll, New Town, Email: somaadityabandyopadhyay@gmail.com) : Assessment of the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among the college students: A case–control study from Kolkata. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2020, 25(1), 28-32.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Of late, the disease is on its rise due to environmental changes as well as lifestyle disorders, affecting 4 %–26 % of adolescent and young women all over the globe. Initially, this condition is asymptomatic in young girls, progressing toward menstrual irregularities, obesity, hyperandrogenism in late puberty and eventually developing insulin resistance, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and infertility around middle age. Early diagnosis is necessary for early intervention, including lifestyle modifications to prevent the immediate and chronic consequences of PCOS. Our study design was of a cross‑sectional questionnaire‑based survey, conducted from September 2017 to March 2018 to investigate the prevalence of PCOS and its association with body composition variables. The study population comprised randomly chosen students (age group 18–20 years) of all discipline. The data were collected from the students using structured questionnaire with Rotterdam’s criteria, and anthropometric measurements were taken using standard techniques.  Approximately 28 % of the college students were found to be at high risk of developing PCOS. More than 85 % of the PCOS cases had oligomenorrhea, 19 % were hirsute, 41 % had acne, 63 % had emotional disturbance, and 22 % with a positive family history. Furthermore, the body mass index of the PCOS students demonstrated a trend of Grade 1 obesity than the normal females of the same age group. The present study is an attempt to create increased awareness among the students for early and accurate diagnosis, which is the primary step in managing PCOS.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

044734   BARWAL V K, THAKUR H R, BHUSHAN B, THAKUR S P S, CHAUDHARY A, SHARMA G A (Community Medicine and Orthopaedics Dep, Indira Gandhi Medical Coll, Himachal Pradesh, Email: barwalvk@gmail.com) : Investigation of H1N1 influenza outbreak in a remote hilly region of North India. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2020, 25(1), 23-7.

Influenza A/H1N1/2009 Pandemic strain is one of the reemerging viral diseases. Localized outbreaks of various magnitudes continue to occur globally as well as in India. An outbreak of this disease took place in a remote area of North India. We investigated it to find out the etiology and distribution and recommend appropriate control measures. On urgent directions from the State Health Department, a team was constituted to investigate the outbreak. The team mapped the area and undertook house to house search of cases on 17th–19th May 2017. Line listing of cases was prepared. Respiratory samples of 13 symptomatic cases were taken. Eight blood samples were also collected for viral serology and blood cultures.  Line listing consisted of 61 cases. Attack rate was 25.2/1000 population. Mean age was 13.9 years with a median of 4 years. All cases had fever, followed by cough (67.2 %) and sore throat (44.3 %). Case–fatality ratio was 1.6 %. Epidemic curve showed a common source continuous epidemic with limited spread. The average incubation period was 5 days. Four samples were positive for Influenza A/H1N1/2009 Pandemic strain and two were positive for Influenza A (nonswine). It was a confirmed outbreak of pH 1N1. A similar outbreak here in April 2010 suggests the endemic presence of this virus, and in future, as the susceptible population again rises to a threshold level, another outbreak may occur in this area. Utmost priority should be accorded for continuous monitoring and surveillance along with intensified IEC activities.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

044733   JOSHI A, KANT S, KUSHWAHA R S, ISH P (Respiratory Medicine Dep, King George Medical Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: pranavish2512@gmail.com) : Delay in starting therapy in drug resistant tuberculosis – An insight. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2020, 25(1), 19-22.

The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) ensures a prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of all tuberculosis (TB) patients with drug‑resistant TB via decentralized drug sensitivity testing (DST). This study was taken in to find out the cause of delays in initiation of treatment. This cross‑sectional observational study included a questionnaire‑based interview and retrospective analysis of records of the concerned patients with an aim to explore the reasons associated with this delay. A delay was arbitrarily defined as a time period of more than 15 days from the date of sputum collection for DST to the date of admission. It considered of two parts, one due to lapse in system regarding implementation of program and other due to the lapses in the part of the patient. Out of 402 patients enrolled in the study, 252 (62.7 %) sought treatment after the prescribed period and were categorized as delayed and comprised the Group I of study. The remaining 150 (37.3 %) were those who sought treatment within the prescribed period and were and were termed in‑time treatment seekers and thus comprised Group II of study. Delay in communication of results to DOTS centre and in‑patient tracing was the most common reason for delay while unwillingness to avail treatment against the expectation was the least common reason. Undefined time for communication of DST results and patient tracing in PMDT services are the major cause of delay. Strengthening the communication skills of the care providers through expanding DST services at sub‑district levels, regular training of care providers, setting district level information cells, creating mobile apps, and involving volunteers who are representatives of the local community is the need of the hour.

2 tables, 8 ref

044732   ZAFAR M (Public Health Dep, Imam Abdul Rehman Bin Faisal Univ, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: mubashir900@live.com) : Evidence based intervention to prevent anemia among women of reproductive age group in developing countries. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2020, 25(1), 6-10.

Anemia in developing countries is the biggest public health problem. Reproductive age group women have high prevalence. The objective of the present study is to determine the cost‑effective intervention for the reduction of anemia among women of reproductive age group. A review of the literature was done for identifying various preventive strategies regarding anemia and its implementation barriers in low‑ and middle‑income countries. Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were used as search engines. The result of the review shows that the most cost‑effective method for the prevention of anemia among women is iron fortification of food, iron supplementation, community‑based health promotion of healthy nutrition. Women empowerment is the best tool for the implementation of all the above method for the prevention of anemia. Community‑based intervention is the most effective method for reducing maternal anemia. It includes health promotion and women empowerment. There is a need to develop policies to improve the health promotion activities and involvement of women in society

2 illus, 27 ref

040942   RAYASAM G V, MANDE S C (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, Email: gvrayasam@csir.res.in ) : Role of S&T organisations in mitigation of Covid-19: CSIR as a case study. Indian Chem Eng 2020, 62(4), 333–42.

The rapidly advancing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic of epic proportions has put science and technology organisations and the scientific community under the spotlight as never before placing a great responsibility on them to come up with solutions at warp speed. The interventions needed to mitigate the transmission and provide relief to those afflicted with Covid-19 range from vaccines and drugs to ventilators and personal protective equipment (PPEs). Developing multitudes of these interventions in a very short period requires a strategic, multidisciplinary and agile approach. Organisations need a strong R&D base with robust capability and capacity in multiple disciplines to rise to this challenge. The article covers the contribution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) towards the mitigation of Covid-19. These are broadly classified into five areas: (1) Digital and Molecular Surveillance; (2) Rapid and Economical Diagnostics; (3) New and Repurposed Drugs; (4) Hospital Assistive Devices and PPEs and (5) Supply Chain and Logistics. The varied contributions of CSIR would not have been possible without its strength in R&D across a broad spectrum of science and engineering and its dedicated scientific manpower and active partnership with industry. We believe the example of CSIR described here illustrates how Science and organisations can play a vital role in the current and future pandemics in the country and the world.

6 illus

042716   KUMAR S, PRISCILLA C, PARAMESWARAN S, SHEWADE D G, GOUD A C, GANESH R N (Pathology Dep, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry - 605006, Email: drngrajesh@gmail.com ) : Mean expression value normalized and absolute quantified mir-21 found to be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for iga nephropathy. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(9), 1078 – 88.

miR-21 has been linked to renal fibrosis and miR-155 too has shown different expression in IgAN whose pathogenesis is partially understood. In this study, we explored the utility of miR-21 and miR-155 in IgA nephropathy. We recruited 40 IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients and 15 healthy controls (HC). 2 ml blood sample was collected from each study participant. Mean expressed value normalization and absolute and relative quantification methods were used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment for miRNA expression. Logistic regression analysis was performed for diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-21. Mean expressed value normalization reduced the variation in groups and between groups without changing the mean value. miR-155 showed similar expression in IgAN and healthy controls. There was three-fold increases in miR-21 in IgAN than the HC. miR-21 was able to differentiate the mesangial hypercellularity and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis stages with sensitivity 84 and 70 percent, respectively. miR-155 can be used as a reference control gene for IgAN on quantitative PCR-based experiments. miR-21 can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for IgAN.

2 illus, 41 ref

044708   MARYA C M , GROVER H S, TANDON S, TANEJA P, GUPTA A, MARYA V (Public Health Dentistry Dep, SRCDSR, Faridabad, Haryana, Email: maryacm@yahoo. co.uk) : Gender‑wise comparison of oral health‑related quality of life and its relationship with periodontal status among the Indian elderly. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 72-9.

The aim of this study is to assess if there are any gender differences in oral health‑related quality of life (OHRQoL) and periodontal status among the elderly population of Haryana. A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 1200 geriatric population of Faridabad district of Haryana. Subjects were selected by a combination of systematic, cluster, and multistage sampling techniques. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sampling units were chosen as wards, areas, and households, respectively. Self‑Administered Questionnaire: Geriatric oral health assessment index was used to assess the OHRQoL among males and females. Periodontal status was assessed using the World Health Organization oral health survey pro forma with some modifications. Results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 21 software. Gender‑wise association of periodontal status with OHRQoL revealed a significant association with mobile teeth (P < 0.05). No relation was seen between OHRQoL, gingival bleeding, periodontal pocket, and loss of attachment (P > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in periodontal status among males and females, but OHRQoL was found to be better among males than females. Indian policymakers can use the conclusion derived from this study for planning and implementing public oral health strategies for the geriatric population.

7 tables, 11 ref

044707   BOMBLE N, SHETIYA S H, AGARWAL D R (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Shri Yashwantrao Chavan Dental Coll and Hospital, Pune- 411 018, Maharashtra, Email: sahana.hegde@ dpu.edu.in) : Association of periodontal status with lung function in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease visiting a medical hospital in Pune: A comparative study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 67-71.

The relationship between oral health and systemic conditions has been increasingly debated over recent decades with one such discussion existing about oral hygiene and periodontitis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hence, a study was conducted to assess and compare the oral hygiene status and periodontal status of age and gender‑matched participants with and without COPD and to correlate oral hygiene status and periodontal status with lung function status among them. This hospital‑based study included a study population of 117 participants (39 patients of COPD and 78 participants without COPD) 35–75 years of age with at least 20 natural teeth. Participant’s demographic details and history of smoking were recorded. Lung function was recorded using a spirometer. Periodontal health was assessed by measuring Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), and Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) by a trained and calibrated examiner.  Higher mean of PPD, CAL, and OHI is being reported in the present study with 4.07 versus 3.50, 0.58 versus 0.24, and 5.24 versus 3.60, respectively, among patients with and without COPD which was statistically significant. The risk of having COPD was 0.4 times more in participants having poor oral hygiene and 0.07 times more in patients smoking. Smoking and oral hygiene, as independent variables, have a significant influence on COPD which is a dependent variable. A weak correlation was found of poor oral hygiene and loss of attachment among participants with COPD. Periodontitis and respiratory disease share a common risk factor, i.e., smoking. Smoking has a definite relation with periodontitis and COPD. Oral hygiene is significantly associated with increased risk for COPD when age and gender effects have been matched and when adjusted for smoking. However, no association was found of PPD with COPD.

4 tables, 24 ref

044706   ATCHUTA A, GOOTY J R, GUNTAKANDLA V R, PALAKURU S K, DURVASULA S, PALAPARTHY R (Periodontics Dep, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalognda- 508 254, Telangana, Email: abhinavgupta22@ gmail.com) : Clinical and radiographic evaluation of platelet‑rich fibrin as an adjunct to bone grafting demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft in intrabony defects. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 60-6.

Several bone graft materials are popularized in the treatment of intrabony defects. Demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft (DFDBA) is widely used in the treatment of intrabony defects. Platelet‑rich fibrin (PRF) is autologous blood preparation which helps in wound healing and regeneration. Hence, this study focuses on evaluation of PRF, DFDBA, and their combination in the regeneration of intrabony defects. A total of 39 sites with intrabony defects were randomly assigned into three groups: (Group I ‑ Open flap debridement, Group II ‑ DFDBA alone, and Group III‑ DFDBA + PRF). Parameters such as probing pocket depth (PPD), relative attachment level (RAL), and radiographic bone fill were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Intragroup comparison at various study intervals was made using one‑way ANOVA test. Intergroup comparison was made using Tukey’s multiple post hoc test. Reduction in the PPD and greater difference in RAL was observed over the study period in all the three groups with greater reduction in DFDBA + PRF group. Reduction in the radiographic defect depths was observed over the study period in all the three groups with the greatest reduction of 38.99 % in the DFDBA + PRF group. However, no statistically significant difference was reported by DFDBA versus DFDBA + PRF group.  Combination of DFDBA and PRF improved the clinical and radiographic parameters compared to PRF and DFDBA alone. PRF was combined with DFDBA to produce a synergistic effect for treating intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients.

5 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

044705   MEGHANA M V S, DESHMUKH J, DEVARATHANAMMA M V, ASIF K, JYOTHI L, SINDHURA H (Periodontology Dep, Navodaya Dental Coll and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: jeevandeshmukh@ gmail.com) : Comparison of effect of curcumin gel and noneugenol periodontal dressing in tissue response, early wound healing, and pain assessment following periodontal flap surgery in chronic periodontitis patients. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 54-9.

The study was designed taking into consideration the drawbacks of periodontal dressing and healing properties of curcumin. The aim was to assess and compare the effect of Curcumin gel (Curenext) and noneugenol periodontal dressing (Coe pak) on tissue response, wound healing in the early stages, and pain post periodontal flap surgery in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Twenty patients requiring periodontal flap surgery were allotted to two groups at random, one receiving periodontal dressing and the other receiving curcumin for this cross over split‑mouth study. Flap surgeries were performed on 2 quadrants with 3 weeks’ interval. After suture removal, postoperative sites were assessed for tissue response (tissue color [TC] and tissue edema [TE]) and early wound healing as primary outcomes of the study. The secondary outcome was pain assessment and the number of analgesics taken by the individuals.  The two groups showed no significant differences with respect to tissue response, early wound healing, and pain perception. Curcumin group consumed lesser number of analgesics as compared to the one with periodontal dressing.  It was confirmed that periodontal dressing and curcumin are effective in reducing the TE, normalizing the TC, enhancing the wound healing and reducing the pain perception. Curcumin can thus be used as an alternative to periodontal dressing.

1 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

044704   CHANDRA G B, VINAYKUMAR M B, WALAVALKAR N N, VANDANA K L, VARDHAN P K (Periodontics Dep, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: bharath.chandra. 319@gmail.com) : Evaluation of surgical scalpel versus semiconductor diode laser techniques in the management of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation: A split‑mouth randomized clinical comparative study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 47-53.

“Black gums” due to melanin pigmentation of the gingiva is one reason for the demand of cosmetic therapy. Clinicians are often faced with challenge to achieve gingival esthetics in such cases because of its recurrence. Although many procedures were described in literature for gingival depigmentation, only few are mentioning about the intensity of repigmentation. Hence, this study was designed to compare two different techniques for treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation. Twenty patients who were not esthetically pleased with the color of gingiva were selected. A randomized, split‑mouth, depigmentation procedure was performed using surgical scalpel and diode laser techniques. Clinical parameters such as plaque and gingival index, bleeding, pain perception, wound healing, recurrence, and intensity of repigmentation were evaluated. Paired t‑test and Chi‑square test were used for analysis of data. No bleeding was reported in patients treated with diode laser. Moderate pain was reported by patients treated with surgical scalpel, whereas none was reported in diode laser group. No statistically significant difference was observed for both treatment techniques in terms of wound healing, reappearance of gingival pigmentation, and intensity of the same at the end of 6 and 9 months postsurgically. Similar outcomes were observed for both the techniques. Few patients who resulted in no recurrence at 9 months were followed even up to 3 years. Hence, further studies should be done to know the underlying mechanisms. Keeping in mind of armamentarium and cost, surgical scalpel technique remained as the “gold standard” procedure for treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation.

1 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

044703   VASTHAVI C, BABU H M, RANGARAJU V M, DASAPPA S, JAGADISH L, SHIVAMURTHY R (Periodontics Dep, Hasanamba Dental Coll and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, Email: harshamb@yahoo. com) : Evaluation of ozone as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinico‑microbial study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 42-6.

Mechanical plaque control is an essential part of periodontal therapy. In the present study, the efficacy of ozone water irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing was evaluated in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis. Twenty‑four patients with chronic periodontitis selected for the study were randomly divided into Group A and Group B, receiving ozone water irrigation and distilled water irrigation, respectively, after scaling and root planing. Subgingival plaque was collected from the selected investigational teeth and was analyzed using BANA‑Zyme™ Processor to evaluate the “red complex” periodontal pathogens. The clinical and microbiological parameters were recorded at baseline, 14 days, 21 days, and 2 months. The mean probing pocket depth scores for Group A and Group B at the baseline were 6.833 ± 1.193 and 7.833 ± 1.276; on day 14th, they were 6.616 ± 1.403 and 7.083 ± 1.378; on day 21st, they were 5.166 ± 0.937 and 6.083 ± 1.443;and on the 2nd month, they were 4.500 ± 0.797 and 5.166 ± 1.029, respectively. At the 2nd month, in Group A, 9 samples showed BANA negative and 3 samples showed BANA positive, and in Group B, 12 samples showed BANA negative and 0 sample showed BANA positive. The microbiological analysis showed a reduction in periodontal pathogens in both the groups. Significant improvement in both clinical and microbiological parameters suggests that subgingival ozonated water irrigation could be an efficient adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

5 tables, 15 ref

042697   KUMAR S, PRISCILLA C, PARAMESWARAN S, SHEWADE D G, SUNDARAM R, GANESH R N (Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Email: drngrajesh@gmail.com ) : Urinary citrate: A potential biomarker for iga nephropathy. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(7), 832 – 9.

Citrate is filtered by the glomeruli and reabsorbed in tubular cells in kidney. Through this study, we have tried to explore citrate as a diagnostic tool for IgA nephropathy. We recruited 35 IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients and 15 healthy controls (HC). 30 ml urine sample collected from each study participant. Solid phase extraction method used for urine purification. Liquid chromatography attached with mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) used for the citrate concentration determination. Logistic regression method used for diagnostic model prediction. Urinary citrate level was higher in IgAN patients by more than two and half times in comparison to HC. We made logistic regression model with citrate, urine protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine pH, systolic and diastolic blood pressure as variables. Citrate with urine protein was found to be the best fit statistical model with area under curve 0.77 and sensitivity and specificity more than 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. Urinary citrate with urine protein can be used for the early prediction of IgAN.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

044702   PAUL B, BAIJU R M P, RASEENA N B, GODFREY P S, SHANIMOLE P I (Periodontics Dep, Government Dental Coll, Kottayam, Kerala, Email: baijurm@gmail.com) : Effect of aloe vera as a preprocedural rinse in reducing aerosol contamination during ultrasonic scaling. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 37-41.

The use of preprocedural mouth rinse is one of the recommended ways to reduce aerosol contamination during ultrasonic scaling. Different agents have been tried as preprocedural mouth rinse. Chlorhexidine and povidone‑iodine significantly reduce the viable microbial content of aerosol when used as a preprocedural rinse. Studies have shown that aloe vera (AV) mouthwash is equally effective as chlorhexidine in reducing plaque and gingivitis. There is no published literature on the role of AV as a preprocedural mouth rinse. Hence, this study compared the effect of 94.5 % AV to 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and 1 % povidone‑iodine (PVP‑I) as preprocedural mouth rinses in reducing the aerosol contamination by ultrasonic scaling. Sixty subjects were divided into three groups based on the preprocedural rinse use (0.2 % CHX, 1 % PVP‑I, and 94.5 % AV). Ultrasonic scaling was done for 20 min in the same closed operatory for all the subjects after keeping blood agar plates open at two standardized locations. Colony forming units (CFUs) on blood agar plates were counted, and predominant bacteria were identified after incubation at 37 °C for 48 h. There was statistically significant difference in the CFU counts between CHX group and PVP‑I group and between AV group and PVP‑I group. There was no difference between CHX group and AV group at both the locations.  94.5 % AV as a preprocedural rinse is better than 1% PVP‑I and comparable to 0.2 % CHX in reducing CFU count.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

042696   ESPÍ-LÓPEZ G V, MONZANI L, ZURRIAGA R, DUGAILLY P-M, M. VICENTE-HERRERO M T, ANDERSEN L L (Physiotherapy Dep, Valencia Univ, Gascó Oliag Street, 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Email: gemma. espi@uv.es ) : Cross-cultural adaptation of the body satisfaction and global self perception questionnaire for subjects with non-specific musculoskeletal disorders. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(7), 817 – 31.

Assessing patient’s cognitions and emotions about their physical body is an important part of rehabilitation planning, as musculoskeletal disorders can lead to a change in bodily perceptions. This study explores the validity and reliability of the Body Satisfaction and Global Self-Perception Questionnaire (QSCPGS)] in the Spanish population. In addition to calculating Cronbach’s alpha, we conducted Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analyses to test the scale’s validity. We then conducted a test–retest and longitudinal measurement invariance test to explore our measure’s reliability. Our final sample consisted of 147 subjects with non-specific musculoskeletal disorders (M = 32 years, SD = 15.06), who provided two data points in a 30-day period. A reduced, four-factor model fit the data better [(χ2 = 92.51*; df = 71; df = χ2/df = 1.30; RMSEA= .04; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; SRMR = .05; WRMR = .84)] than any other model. The re-test validity analyses revealed that the four-factor model was stable over time. Finally, the reduced scale correlated with the SF-36 Quality of Life inventory and participants’ BMI. The QSCPGSe (Spanish version QSCPGS) is a reliable and effective tool for measuring body image perceptions that are more accurate than the original scale.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

044701   PENMETSA G S, PANDA K D, MANTHENA A K R, KORUKONDA R R, GADDE P (Periodontics and Implantology Dep, Vishnu Dental Coll, Bhimavaram- 534 202, West Godavari, Email: gautamipenmetsa@ gmail.com) : Evaluating the efficacy of different magnification variables during root planing procedure under a surgical operating microscope in chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 32-6.

The journey in the field of periodontics has destined from macrodentistry to microdentistry. The success of periodontal therapy always depends on better visual access and debridement which are prerequisites for achieving a clean and smooth root surface in attaining new attachment. Magnification is something which provides good hand‑eye coordination resulting in better treatment outcomes. The aim of our study is to assess the effectiveness of magnification variable under a surgical operating microscope while performing root planing procedure.  A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 45 patients who were diagnosed with mild‑to‑moderate chronic periodontitis and were treated under the surgical operating microscope with three different magnification variables (0.4, 0.6, and 1). Plaque index, gingival index (GI), and probing pocket depths (PPDs) were assessed from baseline to 4 weeks, whereas healing index was assessed after 2 weeks of root planing procedure. The results of our study under the three magnification variables (0.4, 0.6 and 1) have shown no significant reduction in plaque or GI after 4 weeks of therapy. However, a significant reduction PPDs was observed after 4 weeks and improved healing index was observed after 2 weeks under all the three magnification variables with the variable 0.6 demonstrating more effective results. Even though all the three magnification variables have shown better treatment outcome and ergonomics, 0.6 magnification variable, i.e., ×3.5 – ×5, has demonstrated a more significant effect while performing root planing procedure.

4 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

044700   KOLTE A P, KOLTE R A, PAKHMODE R A V (Periodontics and Implantology Dep, VSPM Dental Coll and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Email: drrajashrikolte@ gmail.com) : Assessment of buccal and lingual alveolar bone width in the posterior region at dentate and edentulous sites: A cone‑beam computed tomography study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 26-31.

Alveolar bone dimensions form an important prognostic factor in determining the success of implant treatment outcome. The present study evaluated the buccal and lingual bone width in posterior dentate and edentulous sites using cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT). The study included 100 patients, divided equally into two groups, Group A (males) and Group B (females) indicated for implant therapy. CBCT scans were evaluated for the assessment of the thickness of buccal and lingual bone width at four levels, i.e., crestal bone width (CBW), mid root bone width, middle of alveolar bone housing bone width , and most apical portion bone width (APBW). Bone width was measured at three levels in the edentulous region as CBW, bone width 5 mm from crest (CBW‑1), and 10 mm from crest (CBW‑2). Gradual increase in bone width was observed from crestal bone at buccal and lingual level (CBW‑B and CBW‑L) from 1.10 ± 0.29 mm and 1.21 ± 0.34 mm to APBW at buccal and APBW lingual side from 2.82 ± 0.51 mm and 3.43 ± 0.42 mm, respectively. For both the groups, the differences in bone width at three levels were statistically significant, with CBW being significantly higher for Group A than Group B. At edentulous sites, CBW was lesser as compared to the apical levels. The bone width on buccal and lingual sides of dentate sites at the coronal level is minimal compared to the apical level, which has definite implications for implant therapeutics.

3 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

044699   AMARANATH B J J, DAS N, GUPTA I, GUPTA R, JOHN B, DEVI M P (Periodontology Dep, Dental Coll Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dasneelam423@ gmail.com) : Types of bone destruction and its severity in chronic periodontitis patients with tobacco smoking habit using periapical radiographs and transgingival probing: A cross‑sectional study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 20-5.

Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease which increases periodontal pocketing, attachment loss, as well as bone loss leading to varied severity and bone destruction in the form of horizontal and vertical patterns. The aim of the present study is to determine and measure the types and severity of bone destruction in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with tobacco smoking habit using intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs and transgingival probing.  A total of 60 male participants with CP were included in the study. Group A comprised 30 heavy cigarette smokers and Group B comprised 30 nonsmokers. Clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Amount and pattern of bone loss were assessed using IOPA and transgingival probing. The mean values of PI, PPD, and CAL were 2.50 ± 0.28 mm, 9.33 ± 1.42 mm, and 10.2 ± 1.62 mm, respectively, for cigarette smokers, which were found to be higher and statistically significant as compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers showed more bone destruction than nonsmokers in respect to maxillary molars 4.42 ± 1.31 mm and incisors 3.90 ± 1.10 mm as compared to nonsmokers. Types of bone destruction were more of vertical patterns (93.3 %) in cigarette smokers. Conclusions: Tobacco smoking was associated with severe attachment loss. Tobacco smoking not only affects soft tissues but also hard tissues such as bone. Palatal sides of maxillary molars showed significantly higher bone loss and also had more percentage of vertical patterns of bone loss compared to nonsmokers. IOPA and transgingival probing may be used as noninvasive methods for the determination of types and severity of bone destruction in CP patients with or without tobacco smoking habit.

3 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

044698   ESFAHROOD Z R, ARDAKANI M T, SHOKRI M, SHOKRI M (Periodontics and Dental Biomaterials Dep, Shahid Beheshti Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: maryamshokry@ yahoo.com) : Effects of leukocyte–platelet‑rich fibrin and advanced platelet‑rich fibrin on the viability and migration of human gingival fibroblasts. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 15-9.

Platelet products play a fundamental role in the process of healing. The new generation of platelet‑rich fibrin (PRF), namely advanced PRF (A‑PRF), has different biological and mechanical properties compared to those of leukocyte‑PRF (L‑PRF). This study aimed to compare the effects of L‑PRF and A‑PRF on the viability and migration of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). In this in vitro study, the effects of A‑PRF and L‑PRF on the viability and migration of HGFs after 24 and 48 h were evaluated using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The viability of the negative control culture medium was considered to be 100 %. The mean optical density of the test groups was divided by that of the negative control group and reported as percentage. One‑way ANOVA was applied to assess the effects of time and type of PRF on the viability and migration of HGFs. Pairwise comparisons were made using the Tukey’s test.  At 24 h, cell viability in the L‑PRF group was significantly higher than that in the A‑PRF group (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was noted between the two groups at 48 h. At 24 h, L‑PRF caused significantly higher cell migration compared to the negative control group, whereas at 48 h, both A‑PRF and L‑PRF significantly increased cell migration compared to the control group. Within the limitations of this study, L‑PRF and A‑PRF had significant effects on the viability and migration of HGFs. Further studies on these platelet concentrates are warranted.

3 illus, 21 ref

044697   GOVINDASAMY R, PERIYASAMY S, NARAYANAN M, BALAJI V R, DHANASEKARAN M, KARTHIKEYAN B (Periodontics Dep, CSI Coll of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai- 625 001, Tamil Nadu, Email: rohini81csi@gmail. com) : The influence of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review of the current evidence. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020, 24(1), 7-14.

The poor maternal oral health in the pregnancy has an impact on the fetus through the oral‑systemic link. Various studies have proven the relationship between poor maternal oral health and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hence, periodontal therapy becomes indispensable during pregnancy. Previous systematic reviews and meta‑analysis conducted to assess the influence of periodontal therapy on the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes have shown inconsistent results. Hence, we conducted the present review to assess the influence of periodontal therapy on the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes including the studies published till date. Materials and Methods: We searched for the relevant studies using the databases PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE on the randomized controlled trials evaluating the influence of periodontal treatment on adverse pregnancy outcomes from 2000 to 2018. Nineteen studies were considered for the present review based on the predetermined criteria. The risk of bias tool by Cochrane was used to evaluate the risk of bias among the studies. Results: Among the studies included for the present review, the occurrence of preterm birth among the pregnant mothers who received periodontal therapy ranged from 0 % to 53.5 %, while in the control group, the range was 6.38 %–72 %. The rate of LBW among the mothers treated for periodontal disease ranged from 0 % to 36 %, and in the control group, it varied from 1.15 % to 53.9 %. Conclusion: With best possible evidence, it can be inferred that nonsurgical periodontal therapy is safe during pregnancy. Even though it does not completely avert the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, it can be recommended as a part of antenatal care.

1 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

044696   SONNAHALLI N K, MISHRA S K, CHOWDHARY R (Prosthodontics Dep, Rajarajeswari Dental Coll and Hospital, Bengaluru- 560 074, Karnataka, Email: drramc@yahoo.com) : Attitude of dental professionals toward cast partial denture: A questionnaire survey in India. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 104-9.

The use of cast partial dentures (CPDs) has been decreased and its importance has been declined in the teaching curriculum. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the attitudes of dental professionals toward conditions using CPDs in private practice in India. Descriptive survey. This survey consists of eight close-ended questions concerning the use of CPD by dental professionals practicing in India. The URLs of the questionnaire were shared via E-mail to dentists practicing throughout India, to obtain a response of 384 which is a predetermined sample size. Statistical analysis was done using counts and percentages and the results were further analyzed statistically by the Chi-square test. Nearly 42.79 % of general dental practitioners (GDPs), 47.26 % of prosthodontists, and 9.95 % of other specialist dentists responded to the questionnaire. GDPs mostly preferred removable partial dentures (RPDs) (71.87 %) and fixed partial dentures (57.22 %), whereas prosthodontists preferred mostly implant (60.91 %). GDPs mostly preferred flexible dentures (62.42 %), whereas prosthodontists preferred CPDs 62.84 %. Almost 52.50 % of the GDPs mostly raised a cost issue and 63.11 % of the prosthodontists had difficulty in adjustment with CPDs. Nearly 63.46 % of the dentists told that implant-supported restorations are better options compared to CPDs; still, majority of the dentists (53.23 %) were in favor that more importance for teaching CPDs in graduation curriculum should be given. This survey shows that in India a significant proportion of GDPs (71.87 %) preferred RPDs, mostly flexible dentures (62.42 %) due to their low cost compared to CPDs. Prosthodontists mostly preferred implants (60.91 %) because they are more confident and better trained in these. It is recommended that more importance be given in teaching implants along with CPDs in graduation curriculum so that practitioners can better educate their patients about implants and their advantages over flexible dentures and their utilization in cases where patients are not willing for CPDs.

2 tables, 25 ref

044695   KANITKAR A A, KANITKAR A S, SASANE R S, PATIL S S, CHOPADE S R, VAIDYA S ( Prosthodontics and Implantology Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental Coll and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, Email: dradisam@gmail.com) : Analyse the effect of different investment techniques and pattern materials on surface roughness of raw Ni-Cr castings – An In Vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 97-103.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of different investment techniques and pattern materials on the surface roughness of raw castings from nickel-chromium alloy.  This is an experimental in vitro study carried out in Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharastra. Sixty square-shaped wax patterns, measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm, were divided into four groups. A phosphate-bonded investment material (Bellasun, Bego, Germany) was used to invest 15 samples of inlay wax and kept under normal atmospheric pressure and the remaining 15 wax patterns were invested under a pressure of 3 bars for 30 min, and then allowed to bench set for another 30 min. The same investing techniques were carried out for the remaining thirty samples made from pattern resin. The surface roughness (µm) of the castings was measured by a profilometer. Student’s “unpaired t-test” was used for the statistical analysis. Specimens that were invested at atmospheric pressure had significantly more surface roughness(µm) values than those invested under increased pressure (P < 0.01). Wax patterns exhibited the least surface roughness when invested under pressure and can be recommended as the material and technique of choice. In addition, resin patterns invested under increased pressure produced smoother casting surface than those invested at atmospheric pressure, and the difference is highly significant.

2 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

044694   PANDURANGAN K K, VEERAIYAN D N, NESAPPAN T ( Prosthodontics Dep, Saveetha Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: dr.kirankumar789@gmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of fracture resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of computer‑aided design‑on and hand‑layered zirconia crowns following cementation on epoxy dies. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 90-6.

This in vitro study was to compare the fracture resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of hand-layered zirconia crowns and computer-aided design (CAD)-on crowns (lithium disilicate with zirconium oxide). Comparative -Invitro study design. All ceramic crown preparation was done on a mandibular molar ivorine tooth, impression made, and duplicated. Twenty hand-layered zirconia crowns and twenty CAD-on crowns were fabricated using CAD/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique. All crowns were cemented to their respective dies using resin cement for evaluating fracture resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance using universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Shapiro–Wilk test were used. The mean fracture resistance of CAD-on crowns (2660.50 ± 501.303 N) was significantly more than that of hand-layered zirconia crowns (1963.60 ± 452.895 N) (independent samples t-test, P < 0.023). Cyclic fatigue resistance test results showed that the mean number of cycles before failure for hand-layered zirconia crowns was 175,297 and for CAD-on crowns was 212,097 (Mann–Whitney U-test, P < 0.012). CAD-on crowns were found to have significantly higher fracture resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance properties than hand-layered zirconia crowns.

4 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

044693   NAZIRKAR G S, PATIL S V, SHELKE P P, MAHAGAONKAR P (Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge Dep, SMBT Dental Coll and Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, Email: patil.swati0502@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of natural enamel wear against polished yitrium tetragonal zirconia and polished lithium disilicate – An in vivo study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 83-9.

The aim of this study is to compare wear of the natural teeth against polished yttrium tetragonal zirconia and polished lithium disilicate crowns. Experimental type of study. Polished yttrium tetragonal zirconia and polished lithium disilicate crowns were fabricated and given to 15 patients each (n=15). Crowns were fabricated opposing natural tooth. Patients were recalled after 1 year and impression were recorded with opposing arch and baseline and final cast were scanned and superimposed using 3D scanner. Data collected by experiments were computerized and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. The normality of the data was checked using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The data were normally distributed. Statistical analysis was done by using tools of descriptive statistics such as Mean, and Standard Deviation for representing quantitative data (enamel wear measured in µm) Parametric tests: Student t-test for intergroup comparison was done. No statistical difference were found between wear of opposing enamel for polished yttrium tetragonal and polished lithium disiliacte crowns [p=0.446]. Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that polished lithium disilicate showed better clinical outcome than polished yttrium tetragonal zirconia, though the evaluated data was statistically non significant.

3 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

044692   PARMAR D R, MEHTA S P, SUTARIYA P V, BHATIA Y A, GUPTA N K (Prosthodontics Dep, Dental Science and Research Center Coll, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: dhartiparmar77@gmail.com) : Influence of occlusal vertical dimension on lip positions at smile in completely dentulous adults. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 69-75.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increased vertical dimension on the lip positions at smile in dentulous subjects. Invivo - comparative study. Thirty individuals aged between 22 and 30 years were selected for the study. Polyvinyl siloxane (Jet Bite, Coltene, Switzerland) interocclusal bite records of varying thickness of +1, +2, +3, and +4 mm were made using articulated stone casts for all the participants, respectively. Posed smile photographs at different increased vertical dimensions of +1, +2, +3, and +4 mm were captured with D-SLR camera (Nikon D3200 of 18 megapixels with macro lens, Japan) mounted on tripod stand keeping a uniform distance of five feet from the face. Head positioning device (Genoray CBCT Machine Papaya 3D Plus, Unicorn DenMart, India) was used to stabilize the head position of the participants. Interlabial gap height, intercommissural width, smile index (width/height ratio), incisal edge-to-upper lip distance, incisal edge-to-lower lip distance, and display zone area measurements were made in AutoCAD software (Autodesk, Inc., California, USA). Statistical Analysis Used: One-way repeated measures ANOVA tests (α = 0.05) and Bonferroni’s post hoc tests were performed for statistical analysis. With increasing occlusal vertical dimension, the interlabial gap height, incisal edge-to-lower lip distance, and display zone area increased significantly (P < 0.001). The smile index decreased significantly as the occlusal vertical dimension increased (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in intercommissural width and incisal edge-to-upper lip distance. It was found that an increase in occlusal vertical dimension led to an increase in interlabial gap height, incisal edge-to-lower lip distance, and display zone area measurements, whereas the width of smile and incisal edge-to-upper lip distance did not change with increasing occlusal vertical dimension.

8 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

044692   PARMAR D R, MEHTA S P, SUTARIYA P V, BHATIA Y A, GUPTA N K (Prosthodontics Dep, Dental Science and Research Center Coll, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: dhartiparmar77@gmail.com) : Influence of occlusal vertical dimension on lip positions at smile in completely dentulous adults. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 69-75.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increased vertical dimension on the lip positions at smile in dentulous subjects. Invivo - comparative study. Thirty individuals aged between 22 and 30 years were selected for the study. Polyvinyl siloxane (Jet Bite, Coltene, Switzerland) interocclusal bite records of varying thickness of +1, +2, +3, and +4 mm were made using articulated stone casts for all the participants, respectively. Posed smile photographs at different increased vertical dimensions of +1, +2, +3, and +4 mm were captured with D-SLR camera (Nikon D3200 of 18 megapixels with macro lens, Japan) mounted on tripod stand keeping a uniform distance of five feet from the face. Head positioning device (Genoray CBCT Machine Papaya 3D Plus, Unicorn DenMart, India) was used to stabilize the head position of the participants. Interlabial gap height, intercommissural width, smile index (width/height ratio), incisal edge-to-upper lip distance, incisal edge-to-lower lip distance, and display zone area measurements were made in AutoCAD software (Autodesk, Inc., California, USA). Statistical Analysis Used: One-way repeated measures ANOVA tests (α = 0.05) and Bonferroni’s post hoc tests were performed for statistical analysis. With increasing occlusal vertical dimension, the interlabial gap height, incisal edge-to-lower lip distance, and display zone area increased significantly (P < 0.001). The smile index decreased significantly as the occlusal vertical dimension increased (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in intercommissural width and incisal edge-to-upper lip distance. It was found that an increase in occlusal vertical dimension led to an increase in interlabial gap height, incisal edge-to-lower lip distance, and display zone area measurements, whereas the width of smile and incisal edge-to-upper lip distance did not change with increasing occlusal vertical dimension.

8 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

042670   SAWARKAR P, SAWARKAR G (Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved Coll, Wardha, Maharashtra, Email: drsuple.punam@ gmail.com) : The effectiveness of proper oleation features of instant and incremental oleation on serum sodium and potassium in healthy volunteers – A pilot study. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(5), 487 – 92.

Panchakarma itself is a composite and distinctive system of treatment, so its pharmaceutical preparations also possess some special characteristics. Oleation is the essential prerequisite for purification i.e. putative therapy which is indicated in physiological as well as pathological conditions. Generally, incremental oleation is indicated to achieve and make a good platform for excitation of toxins. But this type of regime is quiet time consuming and costly as compared to instant oleation. The present study is aimed to ascertain and compare the efficacy of instant oleation in healthy volunteers on certain subjective and objective parameters with that of traditional incremental oleation. Total 30 participants divided into two groups; group A with instant oleation (plain cow ghee and rock salt) and group B (only plain cow ghee). Blood analysis for serum sodium and serum potassium was done before and after the oleation. And certain subjective parameters were also assessed before and after the oleation in both the groups. Serum sodium and serum potassium were found statistically nonsignificant (p < 0.05), while all other subjective parameters were improved (p < 0.001) except aversion to fat and loose consistency of stool. In both the oleation methods i.e. instant and incremental oleation, all subjective criteria improved significantly (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01), except aversion to the fat and loose consistency of stool. Though, loose consistency quite improved in group 2. The assessment of objective criteria i.e. serum sodium and serum potassium found to be statistically non-significant (p < 0.05) before, after of unction and between the groups; deficit of sample size may be the reason behind the outcome.

6 tables, 12 ref

044691   TIPPASHETTY S K, JOSHI S, SAJJAN C, KONIN P, KUMARI S, SAJAN R P (Prosthodontics Dep, AME’s Dental Coll and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: drshalinibn@gmail.com) : Determining the occlusal plane using hamular notch incisive papilla plane evaluator: An in vivo study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 61-8.

Identification and establishment of the occlusal plane in patients with impaired occlusal plane, presents a major hurdle for the execution of natural esthetics, speech, and function. The aim of this study was to minimize such errors while occlusal rehabilitation, and employ hamular notchincisive papilla (H.I.P) plane as landmark and scribe it on the cast using H. I. P evaluator and utilise for occlusal corrections. HIP plane being parallel to the occlusal plane could ease the operator when it could be scribed on cast to analyze and restore the compromised occlusal plane. Dentulous casts of two hundred participants were mounted on the Hanau Wide–Vue articulator. Reference points were marked on the maxillary right central incisor and maxillary molars on casts for attaining different occlusal planes, the incisive papilla and hamular notch region were also marked for HIP plane. A plane parallel HIP was scribed on cast using HIP Evaluator. The casts were then scanned using a three-dimensional coordinate measuring machine attached to perception V5 laser scanner and measurements were made using Geomagic X design software. The most parallel occlusal plane to HIP plane was evaluated, and the reliability of HIP evaluator was verified.  ANOVA test, Post hoc-Bonferroni test, and independent sample “t”-test were carried out for the comparison between occlusal planes, among the genders and for the analysis of the angle of deviation of scribed plane on the cast to HIP plane on the right and left sides. Occlusal plane III (Mesio-labial incisal edge of upper right central incisor to Mesio-buccal cusp tips of upper second molars) showed least angle of deviation with 1.316 ° ± 1.158 ° to HIP plane among tested subjects. There is no significant difference between the genders. The plane scribed on the cast with H. I. P evaluator showed relative parallelism to H. I. P plane with minimum deviation of 0.010 ° ± 0.363 °. Occlusal plane III is more parallel to H. I. P plane. Scribed plane on the cast using H. I. P evaluator is parallel to H. I. P plane. H. I. P evaluator can be used as an alternative tool to establish the occlusal plane to rehabilitate patient with deficient dentition or disordered occlusal plane.

10 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

044690   SULTANA A, MAKKAR S, SAXENA D, WADHAWAN A, KUSUM C K ( Prosthodontics and Periodontics Dep, Swami Vivekanand Subharti Univ, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: njmsltn@gmail.com) : To compare the stability and crestal bone loss of implants placed using osseodensification and traditional drilling protocol: A clinicoradiographical study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 45-51.

The present study was done to evaluate and compare the stability of the implant and the loss of crestal bone in the implants placed using OD drilling and traditional drilling technique. In vivo-comparative study. A total of 20 implants were placed in the anterior maxilla, and the patients were divided into two groups. In Group I, the implants were placed using traditional drilling technique, and in Group II, implant placement was done using OD drilling technique. Primary stability was measured in both the groups at baseline (immediate postoperative), and at an interval of 6 months, while crestal bone levels were measured at baseline, 6, and 8 months. The data obtained were subjected to unpaired t-test to make intergroup comparisons, while one-way ANOVA F-test was used to make intragroup comparisons. The primary stability of implant placed using OD drills was found to be slightly higher than implant placed with traditional drilling; however, there was no statistical significance (P>0.05). When the data obtained for crestal bone levels were statistically analyzed, no significant difference between the two groups was obtained (P > 0.05).  Within the limitations of this study following conclusions were drawn: there was no statistically significant difference in implant stability between the traditional drilling and OD drilling (P < 0.05). On comparison of crestal bone levels between OD and traditional drilling, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (P < 0.05).

6 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

044689   SULAYA K, GUTTAL S S (Prosthodontics Dep, SDM Coll of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, Email: kavisulaya@gmail.com) : Clinical evaluation of performance of single unit polyetheretherketone crown restoration- A pilot study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 38-44.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance and patient satisfaction of PEEK Crowns. In-vivo longitudinal pilot study. Materials and Method: 20 PEEK crowns were placed in 20 patients. 11 were placed in the maxilla and 9 were placed in the mandible. All procedural steps were performed by the same operator. The teeth were prepared with a chamfer finish line of 0.8 to 1 mm. The crowns fabricated were luted using resin cement. Using Modified Ryge’s Criteria, the crowns were examined for anatomic form, marginal integrity, surface roughness, restoration staining, marginal discoloration and color match at a time interval of 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, one year. Patient satisfaction was also evaluated at the same interval using a questionnaire. The data collected was evaluated using fisher’s exact test. Results: Based on modified Ryge’s criteria, almost 90 % of the crowns were rated satisfactory. Fracture was registered in only one crown. Slight chipping off was seen in two crowns. No significant difference was seen in any other factors assessed. Slight variation was seen in the periodontal status of 3 patients. Within the limitations of this study the following conclusions were drawn that the PEEK crowns demonstrated by the use of Modified Ryge’s Criteria, its capability to produce quality prostheses that were rated satisfactory with a relatively low rate of fracture over the relative mean period of one year.

6 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

044688   ASWANI K, WANKHADE S, KHALIKAR A, DEOGADE S (Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge Dep, Government Dental Coll and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Email: kanchanaswani2@gmail.com) : Accuracy of an intraoral digital impression: A review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 27-37.

Intraoral scanners(IOSs) are used for capturing the direct optical impressions in dentistry. The development of three-dimensional technology and the trend of increasing the use of IOSs in dental office routine lead to the need to assess the accuracy of intraoral digital impressions. The aim of this review was to assess the accuracy of the different IOS and the effect of different variables on the accuracy outcome. An electronic search using PubMed with specific keywords to obtain potential references for review. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed) identified 507 articles. After title and abstract screening, 412 articles were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria and discarding duplicate references. Ninety-five articles were followed for full screening; only 24 articles were included in the final analysis. The studies indicated a variable outcome of the different IOS systems. While the accuracy of IOS systems appears to be promising and comparable to conventional methods, they are still vulnerable to inaccuracies.

4 tables, 51 ref

044687   PADMANABHAN H, KUMAR A V, SHIVASHANKAR K (Prosthodontics Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: hirni10@gmail.com) : Incidence of neurosensory disturbance in mandibular implant surgery – A meta‑analysis. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 17-26.

Implantology has been widely accepted as the mainstay treatment for rehabilitating complete and partial edentulism. However, it is associated with some failures and complications, the most concerning being neurosensory disturbance. Although neurosensory disturbance has been extensively studied, the incidence and cause remains largely variable. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the incidence, distribution, and recovery rate of neurosensory disturbance. This systematic review was conducted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. A structured literature review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Ovid, and Google Scholar for reports related to neurosensory disturbance experienced after implant placement in the mandible. Incidence and recovery rate for 100 person-years was calculated using the Poisson regression model. The risk difference of incidence between anterior and posterior implants was calculated with a random effects model.  Electronic database search yielded 1589 articles; a total of nine articles were selected for the meta-analysis. The risk of neurosensory disturbance was estimated at 13.50/100 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.98–16.03), with a greater risk with anteriorly placed implants: −0.02 (95 % CI: −0.21–0.16) (P = 0.05). The overall recovery rate was estimated at 51.30/100 person-years (95 % CI: 31.2–71.4). Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that mandibular implant placement is associated with a considerable risk of neurosensory disturbance. A large proportion of these patients present with spontaneous recovery; however, clinicians must take necessary precautions to avoid such complications. More randomized controlled trials are required to quantify the effect of factors leading to altered sensation during implant placement.

12 tables, 25 ref

044686   PALASKAR J N, JOSHI N, SHAH P M, GULLAPALLI P, VINAY V (Prosthodontics and Public Health Dentistry Dep, Sinhgad Dental Coll and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: jpalaskar@yahoo.com) : Influence of different implant placement techniques to improve primary implant stability in low‑density bone: A systematic review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 11-6.

The aim of this study is to assess the influence of different implant placement techniques to improve primary implant stability (PIS) in the low-density bone. Citations published in English and those available in full text were searched from electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from the year 2000–2017 by which 75 manuscripts were revealed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven were selected for the present review. The whole process was conducted by the following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The measurement of primary stability showed significant correlations with different bone densities and with implant outcome; however, these two parameters have not been investigated at the same time frequently. Of the seven manuscripts, three discussed standard drilling protocol, two used undersized drilling, one used guided drilling, and one compared standard drilling with undersized drilling. Several intraoperative methods of jaw bone-density assessment were reported, and resonance frequency analysis, periotest, and insertion torque values were used to quantify PIS. The use of undersized drilling has proven advantageous for increasing initial implant stability in the low-density bone. Although the PIS may be lower, the secondary implant stability is found to be correlated to acceptable values.

1 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

044685   LOKWANI B V, GUPTA D, AGRAWAL R S, MEHTA S, NIRMAL N J (Prosthodontics Dep, Manubhai Patel Dental Coll, Vadodara? 390 020, Gujarat,, Email: dr.deeksha.sharma@gmail.com) : The use of concentrated growth factor in dental implantology: A systematic review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020, 20(1), 3-10.

In the era of evidence based dentistry, a well-documented consolidated data about improvements in dentistry is a necessity. Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is an emerging trend in periodontology and now in implant dentistry. Various studies have been published in the literature evaluating the effect of CGF on implant osseointegration, implant stability, survival rate, sinus augmentation, and peri-implant defects. However, no systematic review has yet been documented. The present systematic review, being first of its kind, aimed to evaluate the potential outcomes of employing CGF in implant treatment. A literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google scholar for articles published between 2001 and 2019, with various keywords such as “CGF,” “dental implant,” “bone regeneration,” “CGF,” and “osseointegration.” The screening of studies was done according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of eleven studies were included in this review. Majority of the included studies pointed toward the beneficial effects of CGF in implant treatment. CGF was seen to promote osseointegration and enhance bone regeneration. Although more clinical studies are required to validate the potential merits of CGF in the long run, the preliminary results seem promising.

1 illus, 8 tables, 51 ref

042657   MUNSHI R (King Abdulaziz Univ Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: raafat.munshi@ gmail.com ) : Characterization of outer membrane vesicles from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(2), 161 – 92.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an oral pathogen and is associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study is to evaluate the ability of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) from F. nucleatum to modulate cellular responses in colonic cells. Here we show that infection of colonic epithelial cells with F. nucleatum and its OMV induce pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine production and promote an EMT-like pheno- and genotypes in vitro as demonstrated by suppression of E-cadherin and up-regulation of several mesenchymal markers. F. nucleatum and its OMV modulate the barrier function of intestinal monolayers, a process likely related to their demonstrated ability to degrade E-cadherin and suppress its expression. Analysis of the OMV proteome by mass spectrometry demonstrates that they harbor the known virulence factors that appear to be enriched with proteolytic activity. Taken together, these data indicate that F. nucleatum OMV have the potential to contribute to disease progression in the context of CRC.

6 illus, 7 tables, 91 ref

044684   SINGAR S, PARIHAR A P S, REDDY P, MAURYA A, BAMANIYA V (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Government Coll of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: singar6485@gmail.com) : Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A review about etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(1), 50-4.

Medication‑related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse effect of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic medication. MRONJ is considered when a patient has exposed bone in the jaw for more than 8 weeks and has a history of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic medication with a negative history of radiotherapy. Antiresorptive and antiangiogenic medication do not independently cause necrosis of bone. Various systemic and local risk factors like dentoalveolar trauma and extraction play an important role in the development of MRONJ. MRONJ can be prevented by proper dental evaluation and by performing the required treatment before commencing antiresorptive and antiangiogenic medication.

1 table, 46 ref

044683   SHARMA M L, DHILLON M, SRIVASTAVA S, MEHROTRA G, KRISHNAMOORTH B (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, I. T. S.Dental Coll and Hospital, Greater Noida- 201 308, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drmanishalakhanpal@gmail.com) : Need for dental radiology regulatory board: A review. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(1), 46-9.

Since, there is an increase in the instances of flaunting of the radiation safety rules, dumping of radiation waste, unethical practices both at procuring and reporting of conventional and higher imaging, therefore, setting up of a Dental Radiology Regulatory Board is an unquestionable, undisputed call of the hour. This article draws light on a pertinent concern and stresses upon the need for strong surveillance and standardization.

13 ref

044682   SHAHID A, CHANNAIAH S G, MISRA N, NARAYANAPPA S M (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Babu Banarasi Das Coll of Dental Sciences,, Lucknow? 226 010, Uttar Pradesh, Email: areebashahid0111@gmail.com) : Hidden wonders in a spit: Novel technologies for salivary diagnostics. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(1), 41-5.

Oral cancer is a major contributor to death worldwide. This life‑threatening disease still lacks inexpensive screening. Novel strategies for early detection and therapy response are required. Saliva, as “mirror of the body,” reflects body’s physiological and pathological state. Saliva is the epitome of a noninvasive, readily available, and easy to collect, transport, and store “biofluid.” Since the emphasis is switching more toward high impact personalized medicine, pioneering “Point‑of‑care salivary technologies” are being developed. These facilitate biomarker identification, as an alternative to invasive tissue biopsy. The concept that a patient can take a single drop of their own saliva and test it using portable wireless devices like biosensors, actuators, microelectronics, etc., like Oral Fluid NanoSensor Test(OFNASET) for oral cancer detection is being introduced. An upcoming contemporary tool that integrates both therapeutics and diagnostics is “Liquid biopsy.” It is a PCR‑based sequencing technique that detects circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and fragments of tumor DNA shed into the bloodstream by cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. This review focuses on promising futuristic salivary technologies, which shall bring breakthroughs in terms of precision and efficiency. Oral physicians and oncologists will have ease in detecting and shaping diagnosis of oral cancer in near decade and beyond.

13 ref

044681   VERMA P, GURU PRASAD R, KUMAR N, JARAL S (Oral Medicine and Radiology Dep, Surendera Dental Coll and Research Institute, Srigangangar? 335 001, Rajasthan, Email: pradhuman_verma@rediffmail.com) : Practicing oral medicine and radiology in private setup: A comprehensive review. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(1), 37-40.

Oral Medicine and Radiology (OMR) branch is an important bridge between Dentistry and Medicine and it must not be regarded largely as an institutional specialty. The vitality of the specialty can be advanced through establishment of an independent Private practice (PP) option as is found in all other clinical dental specialities. The option of PP might create broader appeal for entry into specialty and moreover, the patients also can avail the expertise of Oral physician more easily. Therefore, together we need to develop a global strategy to promote the clinical practice of Oral Medicine among patients and all other healthcare professionals to increase awareness of the speciality

18 ref

040919   SIVASHANMUGAM T, SRIPRIYA R, JAYARAMAN G, RAVINDRAN C, RAVISHANKAR M (Anaesthesiology Dep, SBV Univ, Pondicherry – 607 402, Email: docsripriya@gmail.com) : Truncal injection brachial plexus block: A Description of a novel injection technique and dose finding study. Indian J Anaesth 2020, 64(5), 415-21.

Brachial plexus (BP) blocks continue to be described with reference to anatomical landmarks (Interscalene and Supraclavicular), even after the introduction of ultrasound which enables us to directly identify the roots, trunks and divisions of the BP. The aim of this study was to describe a novel injection technique targeting trunks of BP and to determine the minimum effective local anaesthetic volume (MELAV) required to produce BP block with this approach. Twenty‑one male patients in the age group 20–40 years, undergoing elective forearm bony procedures received an ultrasound‑guided truncal injection BP block. MELAV₅₀ was determined using the Dixon and Mood up‑and‑down method. Initial volume of local anaesthetic (LA; 50:50 mixture of bupivacaine 0.5% and lignocaine 2% with 5 µg/ml epinephrine) injected was 6 ml in each trunk, which was varied by 1 ml/trunk for each consecutive patient according to the response of the previous patient. The MELAV₅₀, MELAV₉₅ and MELAV₉₉ were calculated using Probit transformation and logistic regression. Out of the 21 patients, 13 patients had a successful block. The MELAV₅₀, MELAV₉₅ and MELAV₉₉ were 7.41, 10.47 and 12 ml, respectively. Eight patients in whom block failed had sparing in the ulnar and median nerve territories. Trunks of the brachial plexus can be identified and targeted for the injection of local anaesthetics. The MELAV₅₀ and MELAV₉₅ required for ultrasound‑guided truncal injection brachial plexus block were 7.4 and 10.4 ml, respectively.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

044680   BEHL A B, GREWAL S, BAJAJ K, BAWEJA P S, KAUR G, KATARIA P (Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology Dep, BJS Dental Coll, Ludhiana? 141 001, Punjab, Email: ashimabali2@yahoo.co.in) : Mandibular ramus and gonial angle—identification tool in age estimation and sex determination: A digital panoramic radiographic study in north Indian population. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2020, 32(1), 31-6.

Identification of the skeletal remains is of paramount importance in forensic dentistry and medico‑legal investigations. Mandible may play a vital role in sex determination, as it is the most dimorphic bone of skull, which is often recovered intact. Mandibular ramus and gonial angle can be used to differentiate between sexes and age estimation. The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of digital panoramic radiographs to determine sex and age using linear measurements made with respect to gonial angle and ramus region in the population of north Indians. A total of 400 patients (North Indians: Males and females in equal number) were further  divided into age groups 10‑40 years. The linear measurements were made in ramus and gonial angle region, which were calculated by using Adobe Acrobat Reader, and findings were statistically analyzed. Males showed a higher average value in terms of ramus breadth, condylar and coronoid ramus height than females. In addition, a significant positive correlation was seen between age and ramus linear measurements. Males have higher gonial angle than females and with increase in age, gonial angle decreases. In relation to gonial angle, females showed a higher gonial angle. “In addition, as age increases, decrease in gonial angle was found.”. In selected north Indian populace, mandibular ramus showed higher sexual dimorphism in relation with age and sex estimation. However, gonial angle can only be used as an additional tool to establish the identity of a person.

12 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

040918   SARKAR T, MANDAL T (Anaesthesiology Dep, North Bengal Medical Coll, Darjeeling - 734 012, West Bengal, Email: tanuka4@gmail.com) : Preoperative oral zinc tablet decreases incidence of postoperative sore throat. Indian J Anaesth 2020, 64(5), 409-14.

Postoperative sore throat (POST) is very frequently reported after endotracheal intubation. Zinc lozenge has been shown to reduce POST. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dispersible zinc tablet on POST. Eighty‑eight patients undergoing surgery with endotracheal intubation were randomly allocated into two groups, to either receive dispersible zinc tablet 40 mg (zinc group) or placebo tablet (control group), 30 min preoperatively. Assessment for incidence and severity was performed for POST, on a 4‑point scale (0–3) at 0, 30 min, 2, 4, and 24 h postoperatively. The primary outcome was incidence of POST at 4 h postoperatively. Secondary outcome was severity of POST at the 5 evaluation time points postoperatively. Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact, and Chi‑square test were used as applicable. At 4 h, there was a significantly lower incidence of POST in zinc group (6.8 %) than the control group (31.8 %) with a P value of 0.003. Three patients in placebo group complained of severe POST compared to none in the zinc group. The severity of POST was significantly lower in Zinc group than Placebo group at 0 min (P = 0.003), 30 min (P = 0.002), 2 h (P < 0.001), and 4 h (P = 0.001). Preoperative administration of 40 mg dispersible zinc tablet effectively reduces the incidence and severity of POST in the immediate postoperative period.

1 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

042651   MEHMOOD A, KALERI A H, KALERI A A, NIZAMANI M M, KHOKHAR A A, NAWAZ S A, AHMAD R, BHATTI U A, NIZAMANI F G, et al (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Hainan Univ, Haikou, Pakistan, Email: saqibsial20@ gmail.com ) : Sleep quality and mental disorders and related factors in Pakistan. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(3), 360 – 70.

To explore the relationship between sleep quality and mental disorders and its related factors in Pakistani, and to provide a reference for the prevention and intervention of psychological disorders in various populations. The random cluster sampling method was used to stratify 15,000 healthy people in all provinces and cities. The Pakistani Sleep Disorder Scale and the Pakistani Mental Illness Prediction Scale were distributed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 and independent sample t-test, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The scores of personality introversion and personality shift factors in urban populations were significantly higher than those in rural populations (p < 0.05 or 0.01). The urban–rural differences in other mental health factors were not significant (p > 0.05). The scores of the single-child mental health factors were significantly lower for non-only children (p < 0.01); the scores of various factors on the mental health of married people were significantly higher than those of unmarried people (p < 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between sleep quality and mental disorders in Pakistani (p < 0.01, r = 0.339–0.541). Daytime function (SD1), insomnia (SD2), drowsiness of the Pakistani Sleep Disorders Scale. The five factors (SD3), exercise paradoxical sleep (SD4) and non-exercise paradox sleep (SD5) all entered the regression equation of the total score of the Pakistani Mental Illness Prediction Scale (p = 0.005), which could explain the variation of Pakistani mental disorders 38.8 %. There are some differences in sleep quality and mental disorders among different demographics, and sleep quality has a certain predictive effect on mental disorders.

2 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref