001532   Shariff A;Patil S;Shukla P;Sontakke A;Hendre A (Biochemistry Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad Pune Banglore Highway, Karad-415 110, Email: anissa992001@yahoo.co.in) : Understanding the significance of serum mucoproteins as biomarkers in pre-and post radiotherapy case of head and neck malignancies. Biomed Res 2008, 19(2), 102-6.

Mucoproteins being essential and normal constituents of body tissues are widely distributed in the extra cellular matrix as ground substances. They are also present on cell surfaces and in connective tissues. The study was carried out to authenticate the significance of serum mucoproteins as biomarkers and to know the effect of radiations on the levels of serum mu-coproteins, in head and neck malignant cases treated with standard dose of radiotherapy. 96 patients of head and neck malignancies, suffered from early and late stages, referred to Radiotherapy Department of Krishna Hospital, Karad (India) were selected and included in the study.63 volunteers served as healthy controls. Serum mucoproteins were estimated in malignant patients before initiation of radiotherapy and one month after completion of radiotherapy. Significant increased levels (P < 0.001) of serum mucoproteins were observed in malignant patients before radiotherapy, as compared to the levels of healthy controls. After one month of radiotherapy, the serum mucoproteins significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in comparison to the pre treated serum mucoprotein values. The fall in serum mucoprotein levels after radiotherapy showed much higher values in early stages than late stages of head and neck malignancies. The marked increased levels of serum mucoproteins in all the stages of head and neck malignancies before radiotherapy and significant decreased serum mucoproteins after radiotherapy suggested serum mucoproteins as good biomarkers of neoplastic activity. The study concludes that the estimation of serum mucoproteins before and after radiotherapy serves as a significant biomarker in diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck malignancies.

3 tables, 9 ref

001531   Shanmugasundaram R;Chandra Singh J;Kekre N S (Urology Dep, Chrisitian Medical College, Vellore-632 004, Email: uro2@cmcvellore.ac.in) : Testicular microlithiasis: is there an agreed protocol?. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 234-9.

Addresses the issues on etiopathogenesis of testicular microlithiasis (TM), associated clinical entities, evaluation and follow-up of patients with TM. A literature search of Medline/PubMed was carried out using the keywords 'testicular microlithiasis' and 'testicular calcifications'for published data in English language on TM from 1970 to 2006. TM is an uncommon entity among adult males, resulting from intratubular calcifications. The reported incidence of TM is highly variable. With the increasing frequency of ultrasound examination in scrotal and testicular conditions and with the advent of high frequency transducers, TM is increasingly being reported. TM is associated with many benign and malignant conditions of testes but the possible association of TM with testicular cancer has been a matter of concern. Though a few sporadic cases of testicular malignancies have been reported, it is believed that a conservative approach is warranted in the absence of high risk factors, in view of the low risks for invasive cancers. There is no uniform protocol for the evaluation and follow-up of the patients with TM. Those with high risk factors like contralateral testicular tumour, chromosomal anomalies, gonadal dysgenesis, cryptorchidism and definite ultrasound pattern of TM should be advised to have further evaluation. Incidentally detected asymptomatic TM during ultrasound examination does not warrant aggressive measures and it can be followed with self examination.

2 illus, 2 tables,45 ref

001530   Shanmugassundaram R;Chandra Singh J;Keker N S (Urology Dep, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Email: ur2@cmcvellore.ac.in) : Dose dutasteride reduce perioperative blood loss and postoperative complication after transurethral resection of the prostate?. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 334-5.

The primary objective of this multicentric prospective randomized trial' was to determine whether pretreatment with dutasteride, a dual 50C-reductase inhibitor (SARI), reduces surgical blood loss in patients who undergo transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with prostates ≥ 30 ml volume. The secondary objectives were to assess bleeding after TURP and postoperative complications like clot retention, blood transfusions, urinary tract infection (UTI), incontinence and acute urinary retention (AUR) following TURP. Two hundred and thirteen men aged 52-85 years (mean 67) with prostate volume of ≥ 30 ml were recruited from 23 centers across six countries. Two hundred and two had TURP and 197 completed the study. They were randomized to three groups: Group I receiving placebo for four weeks preoperatively and two weeks postoperatively, Group II receiving placebo for two weeks followed by dutasteride 0.5 mg for two weeks preoperatively and two weeks of dutasteride 0.5 mg daily postoperatively and Group III with dutasteride 0.5 mg four weeks preoperatively and two weeks postoperatively. Prior prostate surgery, history or evidence of prostatic disease other than BPH, those who had SARI within 12 months, those on aspirin and NSAIDS and those with severe medical conditions like liver disease, unstable cardiovascular diseases and bleeding disorders were excluded. All the patient events four weeks before and four weeks after TURP were recorded using daily diary. Subsequently, weekly diary was maintained for 10 weeks. Blood loss was measured from irrigation fluid drained using HemoCue low hemoglobin system-photometer. Serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured during recruitment, during TURP and four weeks after TURP. Microvessel density (MVD) and intraprostatic levels of hormones were measured from prostatic chips after TURP. The mean operative duration was 45 min and about 25 g of prostate was resected. Mean blood loss during TURP was 2.15 to 2.55 gm Hb/gm of resectate in the three groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the blood loss during surgery among the treatment groups. Hemoglobin loss after TURP was about a third of the total surgical blood loss, one to three per cent of the patients in each group received blood transfusions. Clot retention occurred in 6-11% of the patients, AUR in 11-17%, UTI in 20-31% and urinary incontinence in 14-15% of the patients over 14 weeks, but there was no statistically significant differences among groups. Treatment with dutasteride did not alter the MVD in the prostatic urethra or in regions of nodular hyperplasia. The drug reduced the serum concentration of DHT by 86-89% (P<0.001), while increasing serum testosterone level by 13-15% before treatment. Dutasteride also reduced the intraprostatic concentration of DHT by 10 times compared with placebo. No adverse events that were considered to be drug-related were recorded.

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001529   Shaikh Shamim M;D'Souza V;Manjrekar P (Biochemistry Dep, Centre for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore 575 004, Email: drpmanjrekar@gmail.com) : Acute Phase proteins in newly diagnosed diabetics. Biomed Res 2008, 19(1), 49-53.

A cytokine-mediated acute phase response is observed to be closely involved in the pathogene-sis of type2diabetes. The role of inflammation in type 1 diabetes is contradictory. Since Indians are at high risk of developing diabetes, we tested this hypothesis by estimating circulating acute phase proteins in both type 1 (T-l) and type 2 (T-2) diabetic patients. The acute phase proteins, α1- antitrypsin, α1- acid glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin and fibrino-gen were estimated in the plasma in newly diagnosed 12 T-l and 25 T-2 cases. Thirty normal controls to match the age and sex of the test groups were also studied. The levels of these proteins were correlated with their BMI and random plasma glucose values. In comparison with the controls, T-l cases showed significantly higher levels of the acute phase proteins (except α1- acid glycoprotein). The values of all the four proteins studied were significantly elevated in the T-2 patients (p<.00001). Except for ceruloplasmin levels, T-2 cases had significantly higher values when compared to the T-l cases (p<.00001). Interestingly, no correlation was found with BMI or the degree of hyperglycemia in either of the types. A low grade inflammatory process is definitely implicated in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This line of pathological basis should be further explored for diagnosis, management and follow up.

3 tables, 33 ref

001528   Shahrom A W;Siew S F;Zarida H (Pathology Dep, Faculty of Medicine UKM, Malaysia) : Freak fatal neck compression by A car power window. Indian Internet J Forensic Med Toxicol 2007, 24(1), 45-7.

A three and a half year old child was playing with his younger brother (one and a half year old) in a car. He sticked out his head through the drivers side window. Suddenly the power window raised upward pressing against his neck. He struggled to release himself but failed until the whole body limped. Some saliva was seen trickled on the window glass surface from his mouth. His father rushed to release him but the child was already not breathing. Apparently, his younger brother had pressed the power windows switch while playing at the front seat of the car. Postmortem examination revealed that the deceased had died of neck compression consistent with that due to the car power window. The manner of death was given as accidental death.

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001527   Shah N S;Maitra N;Verma R N;Desai V A (NO, , 5/A/1 Atmaraj Society, Near Mehsananagar, Nizampura, Baroda-390 021, Email: drnehalmd@yahoo.co.in) : Umbilical and cerebral arterial flow velocity waveforms and neonatal outcome in high risk pregnancy. J Obstet Gynec India 2007, 57(3), 216-20.

To examine the role of fetal arterial Doppler in neonatal outcome. Seventy consecutive women with high-risk pregnancy were enrolled in the study group and 70 women with no obstetric complication were enrolled as control group. Both groups were subjected to serial ultrasonography and doppler studies of the umbilical and middle cerebral artery. Neonatal outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis included mean ± SD and median (centiles). Z test was used as test of significance. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were significantly higher in the study group. Sixteen (22.85%) neonates in study group required neonatal intensive care unit admission. Cesarean section was required in 25 (35.71%) subjects as compared to 16 (22.85%) controlss. Although fetal Doppler studies have an important role to play in the assessment and optimal timing of delivery, they do not appear to be independently associated with neonatal outcome.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

001526   Shah J V;Mangal H M (NO, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), C-6 Campus, Near Sahara Darwaja, Marwada, Surat-395 010, Email: Jigesh_shah2003@yahoo.com) : Poisoning cases in decomposed bodies in Rajkot region. Indian Internet J Forensic Med Toxicol 2007, 24(1), 6-9.

The entomological study of decomposed bodies can provide an additional potential source of evidence to conclude the poisoning as cause of death. This study was carried out over 2 years at P.O. U. Medical College, Rajkot (Gujarat), where 76 cases showing changes of decomposition were studied. Place of incidence were recorded and entomological evidences noticed. Cause of death and time since death were determined. Among these, in 10 cases it was established that the victim had died as a result of poisoning. This study indicates that in presence of decomposition, the absence of entomological evidences like absence of maggots leads to strong suspicion of poisoning, especially if associated with offensive smell. In poisoning cases dead maggots or dead flies over the body are one of the corroborative observations.

11 tables, 9 ref

001525   Selvam A B D (Pharmacognosy Section, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, West Bengal, Email: abd_selvam@yahoo.co.in) : Inventory of vegetable crude drug sample housed in botanical survey of India, Howrah. Pharmacog Rev 2008, 2(3), 61-94.

Provides accbmprehensive list of about 472 authentic vegetable crude drug samples belonging to about 375 plant species that are housed in the Crude Drug Museum (COM) of Pharmacognosy Section, Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Howrahf This museum is a repository of raw drug samples or vegetable crude drug samples such as rhizomes, roots, stems, wood, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds etc. that are commonly used in the Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). It provides a baseline information on these raw drugs. The various uses of this museum have been highlighted.

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001524   Sawant R L;Bhatia M S;Sawant M R;Wadekar J B (NO, P.D.V.V.P.F.'s College of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Post MIDC, Ahmednagar-414 111, Email: sawantrl@yahoo.com) : Retroviral proteases: A potential target for development of antiviral agents. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2008, 2(1), 133-41.

Protease cuts the long chain of viral proteins produced by the host cell for assembly into a new functional virus. Retro viral proteases has been identified as potential targets for structure-base drug design as its inactivation leads to the production of immature, noninfectious viral particles. Structure assisted drug developments of retroviral protease inhibitors have been resulted into ten drugs approved and others are undergoing clinical trials. High-resolution structures are now available for enzymes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2, simian immunodeficiency virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, rous sarcoma virus and equine infectious anemic virus. This review summarizes the data documenting location, structures, functions and inhibition of retroviral proteases. Structure of target enzyme, binding of inhibitors to the target enzyme and common structural features of existing inhibitors could be useful for development of novel compounds with even more pertinent pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile.

3 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

001523   Sarkar P D;Rautaray S S (Biochemistry Dep, M G M Medical College, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Email: suhree_rautary@yahoo.com) : Relationship between paraoxanase activity and lipid levels in ischemic stroke patients. Biomed Res 2008, 19(2), 129-32.

Ischemic stroke is the major killer and is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality world wide. The increasing incidence is due to hypertension, stress of life,obesity, lack of exercise and other factors. Attemptes to determine an independent association of paraoxanase with ischemic stroke patients. The lipid profile and serum paraoxanase were investigated in 100 ischemic stroke patients and 100 control subjects. A significant increase was observed in the concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipopro-tein in ischemic stroke patients. The activities of paraoxanase (PON) and high density lipo-protein concentration decreased in ischemic stroke patients compared to controls. A paraoxanase was an independent (p<0.001) risk factor for ischemic stroke patients along with lipid profiles. PON activity should be evaluated in all ischemic stroke patients in the absence of traditional risk factors.

3 tables, 23 ref

001522   Santosh Kumar;Kekre N S;Gopalakrishnan G (Urology Dep, Christian Medical College, Vellor-632 004, Email: uro2@cmcvellore.ac.in) : Vesicovaginal fistula: An update. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 187-91.

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) has been a social and a surgical problem for centuries and remains a challenge to surgeons. Though advances have been made in the understanding of the etiology, diagnostic procedures and management of these fistulae, controversies still exist over the ideal approach and time to repair. This review was undertaken to look into the recent literature with regard to the timing and surgical approach to VVF repair. The literature search was done using the Medline database with keywords: vesicovaginal fistula, laparoscopy and robotic repair filtered for the last 5 years.

1 table, 39 ref

001521   Sandhu H S;Sandhu P S;Kapur A (NO, , 883-Circular Road, Amritsar, Email: hardas sandhu@hotmail.com) : Neglected fracture neck of femur : Its staging/classification and its role in predicting the outcome of treatment by osteosynthesis. Ann Natn Acad Med Sci 2007, 43(3), 89-102.

In a retrospective study of 500 patients of femoral neck fracture of more than 3 weeks duration treated by various operative procedures aimed at preserving the hip joint, it was observed that the results of these procedures were influenced by changes which had occurred at the fracture site with passage of time. These changes were a) The fracture surface became smooth and cortical. b) The femoral neck got absorbed resulting in increase in the fracture gap and decease in size of the proximal fragment, c) The femoral head in some cases started showing radiological signs of avascular necrosis. Based on these changes the fracture was staged/classified into stage I, II, III. When this staging was applied to the 500 patients operated by different procedures in the retrospective study it appeared to be appropriate and of predictive value. In a prospective study, 202 patients of femoral neck fracture of more than 3 weeks duration. 53 in Stage I, 140 in stage II, and 9 in stage III were treated by closed reduction and internal fixation with cancellous screw and the free fibular graft. The fracture united in all the 53 patients in stage I, in 125 out of 140 in stage II and 3 out of 9 in stage III. On an average follow up of 7.25 years (range2-16 years) it was observed that the hip joint achieved highly satisfactory function and the joint remained free of symptoms in 171 (95%.) patients.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

001520   Sandhu G S;Vardhan S;Das S (Obstetrics & Gynaecology Dep, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune-411 040) : Pregnancy with portal hypertension. J Obstet Gynec India 2007, 57(3), 261-2.

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001519   Sandeep Kumar;et al (NO, , B-58 Sector A, Mahanagar Lucknow-226 006, Email: aniketpuri@hotmail.com) : Profile and prevalence of biochemical aspirin resistance in patients presenting as acute coronary syndrome despite regular aspirin use. Indian J Cardiol 2006, 9(3-4), 12-17.

The data available in relation to clinical and biochemical aspirin resistance is scarce and to some aspirin resistance was considered to be a myth rather then reality. This study was initiated to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of biochemical aspirin resistance in patients of known coronary artery disease presenting as acute coronary syndrome(ACS) despite daily regular aspirin by using an established method of optical platelet aggregation and also to evaluate its short term clinical effect. Studies 40 patients of ACS who were on regular 150 mg daily aspirin. Fasting blood samples were assessed using optical platelet aggregation (Chronolog Corp, USA). Aspirin resistance was defined as mean aggregation of = 70% with 10 μM of Adenosine Diphosphate and a mean aggregation of =20% with 0.5 mg/ml of arachidonic acid. Aspirin semi-responders were defined as those meeting only one of the criteria. In our study no patient was found to be aspirin resistant, 25% were aspirin semi-responders and 75% were aspirin responders. The mean platelet aggregation with 10 μM of Adenosine Diphosphate in our patient group was 51.56±18.22% and with 0.5 mg/ml of Arachidonic acid it was 8.08%. Older patients (P=0.08) tended to be more aspirin semi-responders. All other parameters tested namely sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cholesterol, hemoglobin, platelet count, ejection fraction and concurrent drug intake did not show any statistically significant difference among the groups. Patients were followed up for 30 days, 6 major adverse cardiovascular events occurred with 3 in each arm. There was a trend towards more events on semi-responders arm. This study shows that biochemical aspirin semi responsiveness exists in a significant number of patients presenting as acute coronary syndrome and there are no reliable clinical predictors for this condition. The diagnosis therefore relies primarily on laboratory tests. Biochemical aspirin resistance is associated with poorer short term clinical outcome.

2 tables, 20 ref

001518   Sailani M R;H Moeini (Biology Dep, Isfahan Univ, Hezarjerib St, Isfahan IR Iran, Email: m.sailani@sci.ui.ac.ir) : Effect of Ruta graveolens and Cannabis sativa alcoholic extract on spermatognesis in the adult wistar male rats. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 257-60.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of alcohol extracts of Ruta graveolens and Cannabis sativa that were used traditionally in medieval Persian medicine as male contraceptive drugs, on spermatogenesis in the adult male rats. Ethanol extracts of these plants were obtained by the maceration method. The male rats were injected intraperitionaly with C. sativa and R. graveolens 5% ethanol extracts at dose of 20 mg/day for 20 consecutive days, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, testicular function was assessed by epididymal sperm count. Statistical results showed that the ethanol extracts of these plants reduced the number of sperms significantly (P=0.00) in the treatment groups in comparison to the control group. The results also showed that the group, treated by extract of R. graveolens reduced spermatogenesis more than the group treated by extracts of C. sativa. Demonstrated the spermatogenesis reducing properties of the ethanol extracts of R. graveolens and C. sativa in the adult male wistar rats but more studies are necessary to reveal the mechanism of action that is involved in spermatogenesis.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

001517   Reedy S V;Chawla A;Thomas J (Urology Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal,, Email: urologyreedy@yahoo.com) : Can suppressive antibiotics be avoided in the postnatal management of antenatally detedted obstructive hydronephrosis?. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 337-8.

This paper retrospectively evaluated the role of prophylactic antibiotics in the postnatal management of antenatally detected obstructive hydronephrosis. 105 neonates (82 males and 23 females) with grade III or IV fetal hydronephrosis were followed up between 1994 and 2004. Hydronephrosis was graded by the Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) ultrasound grading system. The study also tried to correlate the chances of getting urinary tract infection (UTI) and the level of upper urinary obstruction. None of the patients in this study received prophylactic antibiotics. All the 82 males were not circumcised. 99 neonates in the study had unilateral and 6 had bilateral hydronephrosis. All the patients had an obstructive pattern in the diuretic renogram with half time of 20 minutes or more. 75 patients had ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and 30 had lower urinary obstruction (LUO). The clinical course of the patients was reviewed for 12 months. In those neonates who developed UTI, corrective surgery was performed. The overall incidence of UTI during the follow up period was 36.2% (38 patients). Majority of the cases occurred before 6 months of age (92.8%). The mean age of onset of UTI was 2.6 months. There was a significant difference noted in the incidence of UTI and the level of obstruction. While UTI developed in 50% of patients with LUO, only 30.7% of patients with UPJO developed UTI. In the LUO group, the incidence of UTI was 70% in those with ureterocele, 50% in those with ectopic ureter and 38.9% in those with ureterovesical junction obstruction. 77 neonates (73.3%) underwent corrective surgery at a mean age of 3.8 months. The incidence of UTI before surgical correction was 33.8% at a mean age of 2.1 months. The multivariate analysis showed that the level of obstruction in the operated cases was the only significant variable in the development of UTI - 54.2% for LUO vs. 24.5% for UPJO. 12 of the 28 patients (42.9%) followed up without surgery developed UTI. Of the 6 patients with bilateral UPJO, 2 (33.3%) developed UTI.

8 ref

001516   Rebecca S N;Akinboye D O;Abdulazeez A A (Biological Sciencs Dep, Federal University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria) : Onchocerciasis and plasmodiasis:concurrent infection in Graraha-Dutes community, Adamawa State Nigeria. Biomed Res 2008, 19(2), 107-11.

The study examined co-infection between onchocerciasis and malarial infection in Garalia-Dutse, Nigeria. A community based prevalence rate of Onchocerca. volvulus and malarial parasites was carried out among 214 subjects randomly selected in the village. An approval by the State Ministry of Health and Hong Local Government Area was received before the commencement of the study. Physical examination, parasitslogical analysis of peripheral blood samples for malaria parasites and examination of skinsnip for microfilarae of Oncho-cerca volvulus was conducted on the sampled population. Structured interview was also conducted on the subjects for demographic information and to establish any history of fever among them. On the overall 15.8% onchocerciasis and 28.0% plasmodiasis were recorded as single infections while 8.4% concurrent infection was also observed. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between the prevalence of onchocerciasis and malarial infection (p<0.05). Assessing the recovery rates of examination techniques, Microscopic examination recorded prevalence rate of 5.1% for onchocerciasis and 15.9% for plasmodiasis where as synadromic approach gave it as 10.7% and 12.1% respectively. Examining the distribution of the infections by age, progressive increase in prevalence of onchocerciasis was observed as the age increases while plasmodiasis rate did not follow any regular pattern. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the distribution of infections by age (P>0.05) and also by gender (P>0.05) Finally the prevalence of onchocerciasis was highest among the farmers (28.8%), malarial infection the highest among the fishermen (47.7%) while the highest concomitant infection rate was observed (18.2%) among the farmers.

3 tables, 25 ref

001515   Rauf A A;Shanaah A;Joshi A;Popli S; Vaseemuddin M;Ing T S (NO, , 2160 First Avenue Bldg 106, Rm 3661 Maywood, USA, Email: anisrauf@hotmail.com) : Failure of sonography to visualize a kidney affected by emphysematous pyelonephritis. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 200-2.

Describe a diabetic patient who presented with acute renal failure as a result of acute bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis. Initially, both an abdominal X-ray examination and a renal sonogram were unremarkable. Two days later, however, the previously visualized right kidney could not be demonstrated again by a repeat renal sonogram. A computed tomogram and a repeat abdominal X-ray study confirmed the diagnosis of emphysematous pyelonephritis. To our knowledge this is one of the few described cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis distinguished by a sonogram's inability to visualize a kidney because of interference with imaging by the gas produced by the bacteria that are responsible for the pyelonephritic infection.

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001514   Rathi V;Rathi J C;Tamizharasi S;Pathak A K (NO, NRI College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Predesh, Email: roshan_rathi2005@yahoo.co.in) : Plant used for hair growth promotion. Pharmacog Rev 2008, 2(3), 185-7.

Hair loss is a common and ever increasing problem in cosmetics as well as primary health care practice. It is a universal problem, having affected both sexes of all races to different extents for as long as mankind has existed. Herbal cosmetics are now emerged as the appropriate solution to the current problem, natural product are fancy in cosmetics and about 1000 kinds of plant extract have been examined with respect to hair growth and still it is a fast growing segment with a vast scope of manifold expansion in coming years. Describes the use of some natural products for hair growth promotion, with a brief description of the major use, plant parts used, the active responsible for effect and the benefit of such product.

1 tables, 36 ref

001513   Ramgaokar J S;Verma A K;Singh P;Mehra U R (Animal Nutrition Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: akverma@ivri.up.nic.in) : Effect of dietary protein levels on urinary excretion and plasma concentration of purine derivatives in crossbred bulls. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 2008, 8(1), 25-34.

Study evaluated the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) intake on urinary excretion and plasma concentration of purine derivatives (PD) and creatinine in crossbred bulls. In a randomized block design, 15 growing crossbred bulls were fed a mixed diet (1:1) of wheat straw and concentrate mixture (with varying levels of CP) to meet their maintenance requirement for dry matter. A metabolism trial of ten days duration was conducted after 30 days of experimental feeding. The daily urinary excretion of allantoin and other PD decreased with the reduction in CP intake while creatinine excretion remained similar in groups fed at different levels. The microbial nitrogen (MN) supply calculated from the PD excreted in total urine (55.62 to 63.97 g/d) was higher at increased levels of CP intake. The concentration of PD in plasma reflected the differences in MN supply among groups fed at different levels of CP. The glomerular filtration rate (L/d) was unaffected by dietary levels of CP in crossbred bulls. The results of this study revealed that the plasma concentration of PD can be used as an index of microbial protein supply in crossbred bulls fed at different levels of CP.

3 tables, 33 ref

001512   Rajput A;Singh K P;Vijay Kumar;Sexena R;Singh R K (Biochemistry Dep, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical Univ, Lucknow-226 003, Email: singhrk23a@hotmail.com) : Antibacterial resistance pattern of aerobic bacteria isolates from burn patients in tertiary care hospital. Biomed Res 2008, 19(1), 5-8.

The antibacterial resistant pattern of aerobic bacteria, isolate from burn patients admitted in plastic surgery & general surgery wards of Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow (a tertiary care hospital) were studied. 100 patients were enrolled from plastic surgery & general surgery wards and 200 samples were collected which comprised of 100 burn wound swabs & 100 biopsies of same patients. All samples were cultured on Nutrient agar, Mac conkey agar and Blood agar at 37°c for 24 hrs. The isolates were identified by culture, staining and biochemical tests including oxidase, lactose and maltose fermentation, catalase and their antibiotic sensitivity determined using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. The most common isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa-55.0%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus-19.29%, Klebsiella spp.-11.43%, Acinetobacter spps-7.14%. Proteus spp 4.29%, Es-cherichia coli-2.85%. Resistance of S.aureus was 40% observed with Oxacillin & 84% to Erythromycin whereas all strains were susceptible to Vancomycin. Analyzes that pesu-domonas which was the commonest isolate was most resistant to Ceftazidime (70%) followed by Cefotaxime. Ciprofloxacin (55.5%) & Amikacin (54.0%) were found to be most effective antimicrobial agent (7, 11). Other Gram-negative organisms were highly resistant to Cefotaxime (66.0%) followed by Gentamycin (60.0%). Imipenem was found to be less resistant (26%) against Pseudomonas.

2 tables, 13 ref

001511   Rajeev Kumar (Urology Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Email: rajeev02@gmail.com) : Increasing use of nephron sparing surgery for Tl a renal tumors. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(1), 84-5.

In order to test the hypothesis that discordantly large numbers of laparaoscopic radical nephrectomies were being performed for small renal tumors where nephron-sparing surgery may have been feasible, the authors performed a retrospective review of 381 patients who underwent surgical procedures at their institution for renal cortical tumors during a six-year period beginning January 1998. The aim of the review was to ascertain the appropriateness of the surgical procedure performed with respect to the tumor size and biology. Three hundred and thirty-six patients had an organ-confined tumor. Surgical procedures performed included radical or partial nephrectomy, both open and laparoscopic. The review period was divided into two equal three-year intervals in order to assess any change in trends. Complication data was also evaluated. there was an increase in the percentage of patients presenting with localized tumors, most prominent for patients with T1a tumors, during the two periods. The authors noted no increase in the number of laparoscopic radical nephrectomies performed for such tumors (20% in both periods). On the other hand, the number of open radical nephrectomies decreased from 23 to 9% while the number of partial nephrectomies increased from 56 to 71%. The authors also noted a shift in the indications for nephron-sparing surgery with elective procedures being performed in 40% patients in the later period compared with 28% in the earlier period. The authors concluded that despite the increased availability of laparoscopic techniques, small renal tumors continue to be appropriately treated with nephron-sparing surgery.

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001510   Rai K;Qaseem S M;Sultana P;Beg M Z (Botany Dep, Shibli Nationai College, Azamgarh-276 001) : Phosphorous application on Adhatoda vasica Nees. Indian J appl pure Biol 2007, 22(2), 353-6.

Since ancient times, Adhatoda vasica Nees (Adusa) has been known for its different medicinal uses. The leaves possess aromatic, cooling, antiseptic, insecticidal, expectorant and hoemostatic properties. The plant has been used in indigenous system of medicine for over 2000 years. The major alkaloid of the plant, vasicine, has been found to be biologically active and is an official drug mentioned in Pharmacopoeia of India. The Study was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer requirements of A. vasica Nees for proper growth and development. Several amounts of phosphorous as 30 kg, 40 kg, 50 kg and 60 kg/ha along with certain amount of nitrogen and potassium was supplied to observe the effect of phosphorous on vegetative growth and N-P content of leaves at 270 days. It was recorded that phosphorous application as basal dressing showed positive influence on all the characters including vasicine content of the leaf.

1 tables, 25 ref

001509   Puri C P;Shah C;Modi D (NO, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, Email: vichin@vsnl.com) : Non-genomic membrane progesterone receptors in spermatozoa. Ann Natn Acad Med Sci 2007, 43(2), 45-63.

Adequate experimental data exist demonstrating the presence of a membrane bound protein that mediates rapid non-genomic mode of progesterone actions in spermatozoa to regulate acrosome reaction. Studies are needed to decipher the identity of this protein and if this receptor (protein) is the true membrane PR involved in progesterone mediated acrosome reaction. The discovery of the identity of the sperm PR would enable detailed studies to be conducted at the molecular level on the membrane receptor system, its physiological relevance and its interactions with the nuclear receptors.

5 illus, 1 table, 61 ref

001508   Purandare N;Chandock A S;Upadhya S;Sanjanwala S M;Saraogi R M (Oshiwara Maternity Home, R.N. Cooper Hospital, Jogeshwari (W), Mumbai) : Maternal mortality at a referral centre: a five year study. J Obstet Gynec India 2007, 57(3), 248-50.

To assess the maternal mortality rate at a referral center in a metropolitan city. A retrospective study of 30 maternal deaths over a period of five years from 1st July, 2000 to 30th June 2005. Over the study period there were 26,444 deliveries, giving a maternal mortality rate of 113.44. Postpartum hemorrhage was the leading direct cause and anemia the leading indirect cause. Most women died within 24 hours of admission. The age group of 20 to 30 years was crucial. Most deaths were in unregistered cases transferred from outside. The maternal mortality rate is much lower than the national MMR of 407 yet most deaths could have been avoided with the help of quick, efficient and well-equipped transport facilities and by promoting overall safe motherhood.

1 table, 6 ref

001507   Puneet Kumar;Prasad Y;Ranjan R;Swarup D; Pattanaik A K;Patra R C (Medicine Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: yogendraps_2004@yahoo.co.in) : Accumulation patterns of cadmium in tissues of Indian catfish Clarias batrachus. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 2008, 8(1), 115-19.

Study was conducted to determine the accumulation pattern of cadmium in selected tissues of Glorias batrachus. Sixty Clarias batrachus were first acclimatized for 15 days in plastic pools filled with non-chlorinated water and subsequently divided equally into four groups and subjected to different concentrations (0, 14, 28 and 56 mg/L) of cadmium for a period of 96 hours. Physio-chemical attributes viz. pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, hardness and choride content of aquaria water were monitored. Following 96h of exposure, all the fishes were sacrificed and cadmium content of various organs were assessed. The result revealed that the highest level of cadmium was accumulated in kidney 17.276+0.975 ppm, followed by liver 4.018+0.508, gill 2.881+0.138 and intestine 2.493 + 0.285. Skin and muscles accumulated the lowest level (0.135 + 0.010 to 0.982+0.027) of cadmium. The kidney and liver seems to be the target organ for cadmium accumulation with respect to exposure level in Clarias batrachus and may have public health significance for human consumer.

^ssc1 table, 16 ref

001506   Pridgeon S;Harding C;Newton D;Pickard R (NO, , Robert Picked, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK, Email: r.s.pickard@ncl.ac.uk) : Clinical evaluation of a simple uroflowmeter for categorization of maximum urinary flow rate. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 114-18.

Evaluates the accuracy and diagnostic usefulness of a disposable flowmeter consisting of a plastic funnel with a spout divided into three chambers. Men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) voided sequentially into a standard flowmeter and the funnel device recording maximum flow rate (Q_max) and voided volume (V_void). The device was precalibrated such that filling of the bottom, middle and top chambers categorized maximum input flows as < 10, 10-15 and > 15 ml s^-1 respectively. Subjects who agreed to use the funnel device at home obtained readings of flow category and V_void twice daily for seven days. Results; A single office reading in 46 men using the device showed good agreement with standard measurement of Q_max for V_void > 150 ml (Kappa = 0.68). All 14 men whose void reached the top chamber had standard Q > 15 ml s^-1 (PPV = 100%, NPV = 72%) whilst eight of 12 men whose void remained in the bottom chamber had standard Q_max < 10 ml s^-1 (PPV = 70%, NPV = 94%). During multiple home use by 14 men the device showed moderate repeatability (Kappa = 0.58) and correctly categorized Q_max in comparison to standard measurement for 12 (87%) men. This study suggests that the device has sufficient accuracy and reliability for initial flow rate assessment in men with LUTS. The device can provide a single measurement or alternatively multiple home measurements to categorize men with Q_max < 15 ml s^-1.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

001505   Poh R;Muniandy S (Molecular Medicine Dep, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: rozaiday@yahoo.com.) : Discordance in the paraoxonase (PON1)-192QR polymorphism. Biomed Res 2008, 19(1), 33-6.

Paraoxonase (PON1) has been implicated to have a cardioprotective role, due to its physical attachment with high-density lipoprotein. PON1_192QR is a variation of the PON1 gene, the R allele being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Kinetic studies resulting in a plot of paraoxon versus diazoxon hydrolysis rates may be used to accurately predict PON1₁₉₂ geno-type. In this study, paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities in plasma were measured spec-trophotometrically using plasma while PCR-based PON1₁₉₂ genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction digestion. The two-substrate assay-derived genotypes were cross-referred with those determined by PCR-based genotyping. When results did not concur, sequencing of the 99-bp region spanning codon 192 of PON1 was performed to verify the genotype. Concordant samples with high or low activities were sequenced for comparison. In addition, the rare PON1_194WX polymorphism was examined as a source of discordance. The frequency of the PON1_192Q allele in a Malaysian population comprising three ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) was estimated to be 0.46, and that of the PON1_192R allele, 0.54. Discordance between the genotype and phenotype was observed for two samples. One of the two subjects genotyped as PON1₁₉₂ and phenotyped as PON1₁₉₂. The sample showed low paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities. Sequencing confirmed that the genotype was PON1_192QR. The other subject was genotyped as PON1_192RR but phenotyped as PON1_192QR. Sequencing showed that the genotype was in fact PON1_192RR, with the subject showing relative high activities. The PON1_194WX mutation was not detected in the sequenced samples and was not the source for discordance.

1 illus, 1 tables, 9 ref

001504   Pietro P;Francesco A (NO, , Messina 829, Catania (Italy), Email: piepepe@hotmail.com) : Testicular ischemia following mesh hernia repair and acute prostatitis. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 323-5.

Presents a case of a man admitted to our Hospital for right acute scrotum that six months before had undergone a right hernioplasty with mesh implantation. Clinical history and testicular color Doppler sonography (CDS) patterns suggested an orchiepididymitis following acute prostatitis. After 48h the clinical picture worsened and testicular CDS showed a decreased telediastolic velocity that suggested testicular ischemia. The patient underwent surgical exploration: spermatic cord appeared stretched by an inflammatory tissue in absence of torsion and releasing of spermatic cord was performed. In patients with genitourinary infection who previously underwent inguinal mesh implantation, testicular CDS follow-up is mandatory.

3 illus, 14 ref

001503   Perillo A;Passantino G;Passantino L; Cianciotta A;Lo Presti G;Troncone A (Dipartimento di Sanita e Benessere Animale, Facolta di Medicina Verterinaria, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 370010 Valenzano(BA), Italy, Email: a.perillo@verterinaria.uniba.it) : Cystitises in the equine species: pathogeenetic causes, histomorphological aspects and analogies with the human species. Biomed Res 2008, 19(2), 82-6.

Reports in literature of urinary bladder alterations in the equine species are few and far between Most excretory urinary tract inflammation pathologies are triggered by some sort of infection, although chemical and physical causes have also been evidenced, particularly in human medicine. Infrequent cases of phlogosis caused by toxins in the bloodstream (Can-tharidin and Mycotoxin in the horse) have, however, been observed in veterinary medicine. Presents a comparative study of equine cystitises and their analogies with the human species. To this end, the authors have examined 235 urine bladders taken from regularly slaughtered horses.

7 illus, 19 ref

001502   Pauliah Mohan;Saxena V;Gupta R K (Radiodiagnosis Dep, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226 014, Email: rgupta@sgpgi.ac.in) : Region of interest based multi-parametric quantitation of perfusion weighted MR images. Ann Natn Acad Med Sci 2007, 43(2), 35-43.

The in-vivo tissue characterization and differentiation of regions of interest (ROI) is an essential constituent of Medical Imaging system. Magnetic Resonance (MR) perfusion imaging is a promising tool for in-vivo study of cerebral hemodynamic perturbations. Analyzing the tracer dynamics and its kinetic distribution offers insight into tissue microcirculatory changes that aid in reflecting the underlying pathophysiology. In our study, we aimed to evaluate region of interest based quantitative measurements of the voxel based derived perfusion indices on stroke and glioma patients and their clinical implications. The resultant information revealed that the hemodynamic variability's on the temporal profile of ischemia can be assessed. The in-house developed software tool employing the algorithm shows the delineation of tumor margin with visible microvascular hotspots and heterogeneity. Thus potentially unravels tumor behavior than is available from feature based extraction of ROI whereby improving diagnostic accuracy and plan of management.

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

001501   Patwardhan S;Sawant A;Nagabhushana M;Verma R S;Ismail M (Urology Dep, Room no-219, College LTMGH and LTMMC, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, Email: patwardhan@redmail.com) : Chronic urinary retention in eunuchs. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 317-18.

Eunuchs seek medical attention only when extremely distressed by symptoms. No scientific publication has highlighted tin-medical problems of eunuchs in India till date, probably because of lack of access to this community and their reluctance in seeking medical help. Evaluates four eunuchs in the last three years with chronic retention of urine due to urethral stenosis, caused by an incorrect method of amputation of the penis and urethra. Though the management of the problem is single, highlights the traditional method of castration and penectomy which is practiced in Indian eunuchs which leads to urethral stenosis.

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001500   Patel P D;Amrute K V;Badlani G H (Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Urology Dep, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA, Email: gbadlani@wfubmc.edu ) : Pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence: a review of etiological factors. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 135-41.

Although they may present with significant morbidity, pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence are mainly afflictions that affect quality of life. To appropriately treat these entities, comprehension of the various theories of the pathophysiology is paramount. Utilizing a Medline search, this article reviews recent data concerning intrinsic (i.e., genetics, postmenopausal status) and extrinsic factors (i.e., previous hysterectomy, childbirth] leading to organ prolapse or stress incontinence.

1 illus, 47 ref

001499   Patel A;Jain A K;Bharani A (NO, , 119 Ravindra Nagar Indore-452 018) : Treatment of pulmonary hypertension today. Indian J Cardiol 2006, 9(3-4), 28-37.

3 illus, 4 tables, 56 ref

001498   Patel A (Endoskopik Klinik and Hospital, Ameya, Pandurang Naik Rd, Shivaji Park, Mumbai, Email: punpatel@hotmail.com) : Conservative management of voiding dysfunction. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 161-5.

Discusses the efficacy of various conservative therapies in the management of voiding dysfunction with special reference to urinary incontinence. The article emphasizes the fact that conservative therapies have limited side effects and they do not jeopardize future treatment options. Behaviour therapy, pelvic floor therapy and biofeedback; electrical and magnetic stimulation are discussed here individually. Though there is unanimous agreement that these therapies improve quality of life, complete cure is rare. All therapies work better in conjunction with each other rather than in isolation. The review also highlights the need for randomized controlled trials of better methodology.

25 ref

001497   Parmar Mihir Y;Gandhi T R (NO, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, Email: mihirdarji4u@yahoo.co.in) : Hepatoprotective herbal drug, Silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine. Pharmacog Rev 2008, 2(3), 102-9.

Silymarin, a flavonolignan from milk thistle1 (Silybum marianum) plant is used almost exclusively for hepatoprotection and amounts to 180 million US dollars business in Germany alone. Discusses about its safety, efficacy and future uses in liver diseases. The use of silymarin may replace the polyherbal formulations and will avoid the major problems of standardization, quality control and contamination with heavy metals or bacterial toxins. Silymarin consists of four flavonolignan isomers namely- silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin. Among them, silybin being the most active and commonly used. Silymarin is orally absorbed and is excreted mainly through bile as sulphates and conjugates. Silymarin offers good protection in various toxic models of experimental liver diseases in laboratory animals. It acts by antioxidative, anti-lipidperoxidative, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, membrane stabilizing, immunomodulatory and liver regenerating mechanisms. Silymarin has clinical applications in alcoholic liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, Amanita mushroom poisoning, viral hepatitis, toxic and drug induced liver diseases and in diabetic patients. Though silymarin does not have antiviral properties against hepatitis virus, it promotes protein synthesis, helps in regenerating liver tissue, controls inflammation, enhances glucuronidation and protects against glutathione depletion. Silymarin may prove to be a useful drug for hepatoprotection in hepatobiliary diseases and in hepatotoxicity due to drugs. The non traditional use of silymarin may make a breakthrough as a new approach to protect other organs in addition to liver. As it is having a good safety profile, better patient tolerability and an effective drug at an affordable price, in near future new derivatives or new combinations of this drug may prove to be useful.

78 ref

001496   Panguluri S K;Kakar S S (Medicine Dep, Louisville Univ, 580 S Preston Street, Baxter II, Room No. 324, Louisville KY 40202, USA, Email: sskaka01@louisville.edu) : Identification of differentially expressed molecular markers for breast cancer diagnosis by cDNA-RAPD. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2008, 2(1), 156-69.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer malignancy effecting women worldwide. Developing tools for early detection is crucial for successfully eliminating this disease. Explored the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique to identify genes differentially expressed in breast cancer. Thirty different RAPD primers were screened with cancer and normal cDNAs, out of which 9 primers were polymorphic. The sequence analysis of the differentially amplified products revealed 15 different genes. Designes sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers for 10 selected genes to screen cDNAs isolated from tissue samples of 25 different breast cancer patients with varied pathological stages by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). These SCAR markers were found to consistently correlate with the patient's pathological stage. Validating these SCAR markers using tissue and peripheral blood samples from a large number of patients with different pathological stages will be needed to test the sensitivity and specificity of the markers. The ease of the technique makes it a cost effective and reliable tool for diagnosing breast cancer and its progression.

9 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

001495   Pande J N;Tandon R (Consultant in Medicine, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi-110 016) : Serum sodium in hypertension. Ann Natn Acad Med Sci 2007, 43(2), 1-12.

High salt intake assessed by 24-hours urinary excretion of sodium is associated with increased blood pressure. Certain hypertensive subjects may have reduced renal excretion of sodium. Both factors might lead to a positive association between serum sodium and blood pressure. The present analysis was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Seven hundred and ninety-six individuals (331 females and 465 males) who presented for executive health check over 18 months from January 2004 were included in the study. Relationship between blood pressure and serum sodium was investigated using multivariable linear regression analysis including age, gender, body-mass index, and plasma glucose in the model. Systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly related to serum sodium in both men and women. Systolic pressure increased significantly (mean ± SD 130.1 ± 18.3 and 135.8 ± 19.8 mm Hg, P <0.005) with increasing levels of serum sodium (1st and 4th quartiles); similar increase was noted in diastolic pressure (80.0±10.3 and 84.1±10.8, P<0.005). Increase in serum sodium from 130 to 140 mmol/L increased the systolic blood pressure by 5.7 mm of Hg (95% confidence interval 2.6-8.8 mm Hg). Corresponding increase in diastolic pressure was smaller (3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.6-5.2 mm Hg). Serum sodium and blood pressure are positively correlated in affluent subjects with high prevalence of life-style disorders including hypertension.

1 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

001494   Panda A;Dorairajan L N;Santosh Kumar (Urology Dep, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry-605 006, Email: dorairajan_ln@hotmail.com) : Application of evidence-based urology in improving quality of care. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 91-6.

Evidence-based medicine requires use of the best available evidence for optimal patient care. Increasingly scarce resources and escalating demands on time have led to emphasis on effective treatment. Opinion is slowly yielding to high-quality existent evidence. It is important that urologists adapt to these changes for them to deliver optimum care to the patients. Discusseses the levels of evidence, the nature of desirable evidence, means of assessing quality of clinical trials and meta-analysis and finally the practice of evidence-based urology with special reference to bedside evidence-based urology.

1 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

001493   Palep Singh M;Vrotson K;Balen A H (Reproductive Medicine Dep, Addenbrookes NHS Trust, Cambridge Univ, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, Email: singhrajpal@hotmail.com) : Frozen embryo replacement cycle: an analysis of factors influencing the outcome. J Obstet Gynec India 2007, 57(3), 240-4.

To assess factors that influence the outcomes in a frozen embryo replacement cycle (FERC) An analysis of 205 fresh IVF/ICSI cycles and their first FERC was performed in a University hospital in UK. The ongoing clinical pregnancy rate and implantation rate was 25.9% and 12.8% respectively in fresh and 16.1% and 7.5% respectively in frozen cycles. In FERC, the mean age (SD) of women with an ongoing pregnancy was comparable to those with a negative outcome 32.85 ± 3.57 vs 33.53 ± 4.31 years. Also, women with a non-tubal cause of subfertility appeared to have a better outcome. The ongoing pregnancy rates were not influenced by the laboratory technique of fertilisation ICS1 20.39% vs IVF 11.76% (P=0.093) nor by the number of embryos transferred. The risk of multiple gestation was comparable in fresh and frozen cycles. FERC increases the cumulative pregnancy rate by nearly 16%. An ongoing pregnancy in the fresh cycle, age, laboratory technique, length of cryostorage and number of embryos transferred do not appear to influence conception rates in FERC. A nontubal etiology of subfertility has a better pregnancy outcome.

5 tables, 12 ref

001492   Padua M D;Subramanium N (Pathology Dep, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad-500 033, Email: michelledepadua@hotmail.com) : Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the bladder. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(1), 72-4.

Mesenchymal tumors of the bladder are rare with leiomyoma accounting for most of these. We present a rare case of a bladder benign fibrous histiocytoma in a 52-year-old male. He presented with history of straining during micturition since two years. The magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large intravesical mass. The mass was excised. It weighed 6oog, with a maximum dimension of 13 cm. Histology was that of a benign fibrous histiocytoma. To our knowledge, only two cases of this tumor have been reported in the bladder so far. The clinical and pathological features are discussed.

^ccr4 illus, 12 ref

001491   Oyewole I O;Awolola T S;Ibidapo C A;Oduola A O;Okwa O O;Obansa J A (NO, Babcock University, Llisan Remo, Nigeria) : Behaviour and population dynamics of the major anopheline vectors in a malaria endemic area in southern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 2007, 44(1), 56-64.

Anopheline mosquitoes consist of a large number of species each of which differs from another in population, resting and feeding behaviour in relation to the prevailing conditions in the locality. A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the population dynamics, resting and feeding behaviour of the major anopheline species found in a rain forest zone of Nigeria. Mosquitoes resting and biting indoors were collected using WHO standard techniques and supplemented with outdoor-biting collections in the study areas between January and December 2004. Samples were sorted and identified microscopically for morphological features while molecular identification was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. PCR-based tests showed that both indoor and outdoor collections constitute three groups of Anopheles mosquitoes, An. gambiae s.l. Giles (68.6%), An. funestus Giles (30.7%) and An. moucheti Evans (0.7%). Of the 1,342 female Anopheles mosquitoes collected indoors, 799 were caught resting and 543 were caught biting. The outdoor-biting population accounted for 28.8% of the total collections (n =1885). There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in the biting activities (indoors and outdoors) of these species in four villages. However, An. ambiensis and An. moucheti were more exophagic with >60% of their biting occurring outdoors while An. gambiae and An. funestus were more endophagic with >55% of their biting occurring indoors. The human-vector contact with An. gambiae and An. funestus (indoors) was about 73.3 and 66.7%, respectively as against 27.7% in An. arabiensis and 25.3% in An. moucheti. This gave the corresponding man-biting rates (MBR) of 17.5 bites/man/ night for An. gambiae, 14.6 bites/man/night for An. funestus, 6.7 bites/man/night for An. arabiensis and 4.3 bites/man/night for An. moucheti. Moreover, the number of An. gambiae and An. funestus caught resting indoors was significantly higher than the other two species (p <0.05). The wet season collections showed that An. gambiae caught were more than 67% of the total catch while An. arabiensis was predominant in the dry season (γ²= 75.44, df = 3, p <0.01). The study highlights some aspects of the behaviour of anopheline mosquitoes in southern Nigeria which is an important component of epidemiological study of malaria. This information provides basis to the understanding of the role played by the identified anopheline species in malaria transmission and a baseline to formulate malaria control programme.

2 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

001490   Omar S H (Pharmacy Dep, Sebai Institute of Health Science, PO Box-54480, Jeddah-21514, Saudi Arabia, Email: svedharisomar@gmail.com) : Olive: Native of mediterranean region and health benefits. Pharmacog Rev 2008, 2(3), 135-42.

Olive tree (Olea europaea) is native to the Mediterranean region, tropical & central Asia and various parts of Africa. It is an integral ingredient of the diet in the form of whole fruit or oil in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The constituents of olive categorized into major and minor components. Major component of olive oil consist of oleic acid (Triglycerides) and a large number of minor components includes phenolic constituents, squalene, a-tocopherol and sterols having great importance and beneficial to human health. The main phenolics include hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein, which occur in highest levels in virgin olive oil and have demonstrated antioxidant activity. Many studies have been conducted to prove its potential through oil, whole fruit and leaf extract as cardiovascular disorders and anti-oxidant, gastroprotective effect, osteoprotective effect, endocrine effect, immunomodulatory effect, anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-microbial effects.

^iia108 ref

001489   Oki S;Ono T;Eisemann Shimizu M;Otsuka A;Kanai S;Shimatani K (Physical Therapy Dep, Faculty of Health Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Mihara City Hiroshima 732-0053 Japan, Email: ok@pu-hiroshima.ac.jp) : Contribution of articular and muscular structures to the limitation of range of motion after joint immobility: an experimental study on the rat ankle. Biomed Res 2008, 19(2), 78-81.

To investigate contribution of articular and muscular structures to the limitation of range of motion after joint immobility, carries out an experimental study. Unilateral ankle joints of 36 rats were immobilized in full plantar flexion with casts from the toes to below the knee joint. The rats were divided into three sets, each set having 12 rats immobilized for durations of 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Each set of rats was then divided into two groups (A and B), each group containing 6 rats. At the end of each period the casts were removed from 12 of the rats consecutively, and the measurements of the range of motion of the ankle joint were performed as follows. For Group A, the measurements were performed in four stages: Stage 1: before skin resection, Stage 2: after skin resection, Stage 3: after a myotomy (resection of the flexor muscles of the ankle joint), and Stage 4: after an arthrotomy (resection of capsule and ligaments of the ankle joint). For Group B, the measurements were also performed in four stages: Stage 1: before skin resection, Stage 2: after skin resection, Stage 3: after an arthrotomy, and Stage 4: after a myotomy. There is a general tendency to presume that the muscular factor is dominant over the articular factor, but there were no differences found. As a result, both the arthrogenic and the myo-genic factors contribute to joint restriction at 1,2, and 4 weeks of immobilization.

2 illus, 1 tables, 10 ref

001488   Ogbu O;Ajuluchukwu E;Uneke C J (Applied Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Applied and Natural Sciences, Ebonyi State Univ, Abakaliki-Nigeria) : Lassa fever in west African sub-region. J Vector Borne Dis 2007, 44(1), 1-11.

Lassa fever is an acute viral zoonotic illness caused by Lassa virus, an arenavirus known to be responsible for a severe haemorrhagic fever characterised by fever, muscle aches, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and, chest and abdominal pain. The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensis. Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and has been reported from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria. Some studies indicate that 300,000 to 500,000 cases of Lassa fever and 5000 deaths occur yearly across West Africa. Studies reported in English, that investigated Lassa fever with reference to West Africa were identified using the Medline Entrez-PubMed search and were used for this review. The scarcity of resources available for health care delivery system and the political instability that characterise the West African countries would continue to impede efforts for the control of Lassa fever in the sub-region. There is need for adequate training of health care workers regarding diagnostics, intensive care of patients under isolation, contact tracing, adequate precautionary measures in handling infectious laboratory specimens, control of the vector as well as care and disposal of infectious waste.

^iia2 illus, 65 ref

001487   Nelivigi G G (Urology Dep, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, Email: drgirishgn@yahoo.co.in) : Robotic surgery: India is not ready yet. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(3), 240-4.

Robotic surgery is one of the most significant advances in urology in recent years. It promises to make urological surgeries safer with far superior results as compared to laparoscopic or open surgeries. It holds great promise for the surgeons and patients alike. However like any other technological advance, it too comes with a heavy price tag. Aggressive marketing by the manufacturers and urologists may lead to unethical practices. Analyses the applicability of robotics to urology and India in particular taking into consideration the financial aspects involved. At present, the scope for robotics in India is limited because of cost considerations. The future of robotic surgery in India also will depend on the same factor.

25 ref

001486   Nazmul M H M (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia) : Molecular characterization of verotoxin gene in enterpathogenic Escherichia coli isolated form Miri hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biomed Res 2008, 19(1), 9-12.

Thirty enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated (Miri hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia, 2003) from children with diarrhea were examined for the detection of verotoxin (VT). PCR method was carried out using two sets of primers (VT1 and VT2) which yielded a fragment of 348 bp of VT1 gene and 584 bp of VT2 gene, respectively. Ten E. coli isolates (33%) carried VT1 gene but none was found to carry VT2 gene All the VT1-positive isolates harbored plasmid. Southern hybridization study revealed that VT1 probe was in homology with the chromosome of all 10 VT1-positive isolates indicating that the VTI gene has to be located on chromosome. Nucleotide sequencing was made from the VT1 gene fragment isolated from an EPEC isolates (E. coli 07). It showed that 96% homology with the known VT1 gene indicates the similar gene harbored by E. coli O157 and other ancestors.

2 illus, 17 ref

001485   Nazemi T M;Kobashi K C (Virginia Mason Medical Center, , 1100 9th AVE C-7 URO, Seattle, WA 98111, Email: kathleen.kobashi@vmmc.org) : Complications of grafts used in female pelvic floor reconstruction: mesh erosion and extrusion. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(2), 153-60.

Various grafts have been used in the treatment of urinary incontinence and pelvic prolapse. Autologous materials such as muscle and fascia were first utilized to provide additional anatomic support to the periurethral and pelvic tissues; however, attempts to minimize the invasiveness of the procedures have led to the use of synthetic materials. Complications such as infection and erosion or extrusion associated with these materials may be troublesome to manage. Reviewed the literature and describe a brief overview of grafts used in pelvic floor reconstruction and focus on the management complications specifically related to synthetic materials. It performed a comprehensive review of the literature on grafts used in pelvic floor surgery using MEDLINE and resources cited in those peer-reviewed manuscripts. The results are presented. Biologic materials provide adequate cure rates but have associated downfalls including potential complications from harvesting, variable tissue quality and cost The use of synthetic materials as an alternative graft in pelvic floor repairs has become a popular option. Of all synthetic materials, the type I macroporous polypropylene meshes have demonstrated superiority in terms of efficacy and fewer complication rates due to their structure and composition. Erosion and extrusion of mesh are common and troublesome complications that may be managed conservatively with observation with or without local hormone therapy, with transvaginal debridement or with surgical exploration and total mesh excision, dependent upon the location of the mesh and the mesh type utilized. The ideal graft would provide structural integrity and durability with minimal adverse reaction by the host tissue. Biologic materials in general tend to have fewer associated complications, however, the risks of harvesting, variable integrity of allografts, availability and high cost has led to the development and use of synthetic grafts. Synthetic grafts have a tendency to cause higher rates of erosion and extrusion; however, these complications can be managed successfully.

3 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref

001484   Nayyar R;Gupta N P (NO, , C-61, New Multan Nagar, Rohtak Road, New Delhi, Email: nayyarrishi@yahoo.co.in) : Use of bisphosphonates in prostate cancer: current status. Indian J Urol 2007, 23(1), 51-4.

Bisphosphonates are a relatively newer class of drugs which have been used for the prevention of skeletal related complications of age related osteoporosis or metastatic disease from carcinoma breast or multiple myeloma. Their role in the management of prostate cancer is still under evolution. We hereby review the ongoing and some published randomized trials to define the role of bisphosphonates in various stages of prostate cancer.

1 table, 28 ref

001483   Nayak S R;Latha Chaitanya L;Radhika P (OBG Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Attavar, Mangalore Karnataka-575 001, Email: srnayak@sancharnet.in) : Clinicocytological study in copper-T users. J Obstet Gynec India 2007, 57(3), 231-3.

To study cervical changes in copper -T (Cu-T) users, along with effect of Cu-T on cervical exfoliative cytology by Pap test and to ascertain the safety of Cu-T with reference to cervical dysplasia. Two hundred and eighty two women with Cu-T in situ were subjected to detailed history taking, clinical examination and Pap smear study. These women were compared with 100 asymptomatic women and having no Cu-T insitu matched for age, parity and socioeconomic status. 47.6% of subjects had normal cytology as compared to 58% of the controls. Atypia of squmous cells of undertermined significance were seen in 1.4% of the subjects as compared to 2% of the controls. There was increased acceptance of Cu-T for family planning (73%), even though backache (44.6%) and menorrhagia (38.2%) occurred. There is no precipitous carcinogenicity of Cu-T but a long term follow up is needed. Subjects fitted with intrauterine devices deserve continuous surveillance but are not subjected to increased risk of malignancy because of their choice of birth control method.

3 tables, 4 ref