043959   QADIR S A, MUHSIN S S (Family and Community Health Nursing Dep, Sulaimani Univ, Kurdistan, Iraq, Email: shwan.qadir@univsul.edu.iq) : Administration of psychoeducational treatment programs improves depression, eating disorders, and associated psychological traits. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(2), 32-42.

Psychoeducation treatment sessions have been used to treat patients with major depressive disorder and eating disorder symptoms. These treatment sessions have also been used in patients with eating disorder and associated personality traits. This study investigated the impact of a psychoeducational intervention on personality traits of patients with both eating disorder symptoms and major depressive disorder. Methods: Fifty outpatients with diagnoses of major depressive disorder and bulimia were recruited in this study. Twenty-five patients received the psychoeducation treatment of six sessions, each of 90 minutes/week, whereas the other 25 patients did not receive the program. The Beck depression inventory (BDI), Eating disorders inventory (EDI), psychiatric and medical history information, and sociodemographic characteristics were measured in the initial assessment and again at the time of discharge from the program. The psychoeducation program reduced the severity of depression and eating disorders of bulimia and body dissatisfaction in treated patients more than in control patients (p<0.0001). The program blocked further drive for thinness in treated patients in comparison to the control patients who continued to have increased drive for thinness (p=0.001). The intervention program also reduced the severity levels of psychological traits related to eating disorder named ineffectiveness, interpersonal distrust, interoceptive distrust, perfectionism, and maturity fears in treated patients when compared to control patients (p<0.001). Utilization of educational intervention in depressive patients with eating disorders can not only mitigate the level of depression and eating disorder symptoms but also improve the psychological traits associated with eating disorders.

3 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

043958   AMARA A, TRABELSI S, HAI A , SAAD A , CHAIEB M C, GRIBAA M (Sousse Univ, Tunisia, Email: abdelbasset.amara@nbu.edu.sa) : Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of familial early-onset diabetes: Case of six Tunisian patients suspected of maturity-onset diabetes of the young 12. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(2), 25-31.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 12 (MODY12) is a form of early-onset type 2 diabetes, which is transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode. It has clinical features similar to MODY1 and MODY3. The aim of this study is to screen for mutations in ABCC8 gene in six Tunisian patients suspected of MODY12 using Sanger sequencing. Six probands, with diabetes in 2-3 generations and found previously negative for mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, INS, IPF1 and NEUROD1, were screened for known mutations in ABCC8 gene using Sanger sequencing. A comparison of the clinical features of our patients with MODY12 cohorts of other studies was also performed using ANOVA test. The six patients were diagnosed with overt diabetes (fasting glycemia: 12.85 ± 3.5 mmol/l, HbA1c: 12.51 ± 2.58 %) at mean age of 25.16 ± 5.11 years. They had a BMI mean equal to 26.7 ± 5.9 kg/m2 . The majority of the patients were initially treated with OHA or on diet. Some of them converted to insulin therapy. Although, the comparison of our cohort with other MODY12 cohorts showed no significant difference in age at diagnostic and HbA1c, molecular analysis showed only two synonymous non-pathological polymorphisms rs1799857 and rs1805036. Our study highlighted the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of familial earlyonset diabetes in the Tunisian population, which is concordant with previous studies Thus, the need for using nextgeneration sequencing technologies to determine the aetiology of these forms of diabetes.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

043957   RAI A J , HEGDE P , SHETTY T P, CASTELINO C K, SHETTY A K (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, NITTE Univ, Mangalore, Email: tripthi12@gmail.com) : Prognostic value of transthyretin levels in maxillofacial infection. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(2), 17-24.

The Nutritional status in hospitalized maxillofacial infection patients is of great importance. These patients may develop rapidly various deficiencies and wasting. Unfortunately, most of these deficiencies go unrecognized. Considerable efforts have therefore been made to identify patients at risk of malnutrition, with a view to the early provision of nutritional support. Determining the level of Transthyretin, a hepatic protein, is the earliest laboratory indicator of nutritional status and has emerged as the preferred marker for malnutrition.  The objective of the study is to assess the transthyretin level in the patient with infections in the maxillofacial region and correlate between transthyretin concentration and length of hospital stay. Study design: A prospective study done on 80 patients who were admitted for maxillofacial infections between 2011 and 2013. We recorded the number of infected spaces and transthyretin. Correlations between the duration of hospital stay, number of facial spaces involved and the variation in transthyretin concentration during the time of admission and discharge were assessed. A total of 80 patients (44 males and 36 females) based on the transthyretin level during admission were grouped into high risk (5 %), moderate risk (37.5 %) and no risk (57.5 %). As the severity increased the transthyretin levels decreased. The severity of the infection which was determined by the transthyretin levels has statistical significance with hospital stay during admission and discharge which shows that 78 % of the patients were in no risk category who were admitted for 1 to 3 days and the patients who were admitted for more than 3 days have shown 63.3 % in moderate risk and 13.3 % in high-risk category. The study also shows how the variation seen in transthyretin levels during the time of admission and discharge has shown a significant correlation with hospital stay (0.549) and the no. of spaces (0.442). Transthyretin can be used as a diagnostic tool in assessing the nutritional status in patients with a maxillofacial infection which helps in improving the prognosis and reduce the duration of hospital stay

8 tables, 15 ref

043956   ALGHAMDI F, ALHARBI E, ALHUSSEINI Z , ALJAHDALI E , ALKHANBSHI R , BARADWAN O, ALNOWAILATY Y (Conservative Dentistry Dep, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: yalnowailaty@kau.edu.sa) : The therapeutic protocols and endodontic management of acute apical abscess in adults: A systematic review. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(2), 8-16.

The current review aims to compile all the up-to-date and available studies including imperative information concerning the therapeutic protocols and endodontic management available for the diagnosticated acute apical abscess cases. The electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were searched in this review using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search was performed in December 2018 and updated in October 2019. Among 6328 studies, thirty-one studies satisfied the eligibility criteria and were included in the review to be analyzed. The thirty-one studies showed the therapeutic Protocols and Endodontic Management of dentoalveolar abscesses in removing infections within the root canal system and their effect in periapical tissue healing. These studies investigated different aspects of an acute apical abscess, including endodontic management, antibiotic therapy, and therapeutic protocols. The compiled data observed that the decision for which treatment should be accomplished changes by patient manifestations when the exceptional acute apical abscess can show local and systemic causes, which can diversify the indicated therapy. At long last, a suitable finding is critical to characterize the patient’s best treatment approach and life support. When it improves the determination of the best treatment approach to manage to be used and avoid medicine aimless use, mainly antibiotics, and maximally decreasing malpractice or potentially superfluous methods.

1 illus, 41 ref

043955   ABID M, MEMON Z , SHAHEEN S , AHMED F , SHAIKH M Z, AGHA F (Pharmacology Dep, Ziauddin Univ, Karachi, Pakistan, Email: momina9134@zu.edu.pk) : Comparison of apple cider vinegar and metformin combination with metformin alone in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(2), 1-7.

This study aims to compare the effect of metformin monotherapy with the combination therapy of metformin and apple cider vinegar on the parameters of Body Mass Index and glycemic control of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A total of 126 patients were enrolled in this open-label randomized controlled trial, divided into two parallel arms: Group I (Metformin 750 mg alone per day) and Group II (Metformin 750 mg+Apple Cider Vinegar 2 tablespoons per day) and assessed for weight, Body Mass Index, Fasting Blood Sugar and Hemoglobin A1c after which the post-treatment values of the aforementioned parameters were compared between the two groups. Informed consent from all patients and ethical approval from the institutional ethics board was obtained. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. All the parameters underwent a significant reduction in the pre and post intra group comparison of each group (p-value<0.001). Moreover, a significant difference was found in the post-treatment comparisons of the Fasting Blood Sugar (p-value<0.001) and HbA1c (p-value=0.04) in between the two groups. However, no significant difference was obtained in the post-treatment comparisons of weight and Body Mass Index in between the two groups Apple Cider Vinegar in combination with Metformin appears to be more effective in improving glycemic control versus Metformin monotherapy. 

2 tables, 26 ref

043954   SALEEM M , ALQUNUN A , ALTAMIMI A R , ALSHAMMARI M F , ALMUHAITHI K H , ALZAPNI M I A , ALENAZI F , ALZAPNI Y A A , ALAM M J (Ha’il Univ, Hail, KSA, Email: jahooralam@gmail.com) : Life style as a risk factor of disease: An awareness of immunological disease. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 72-83.

Various studies reported that, nowadays, our lifestyle is a major source of many diseases. The present aim of this paper is to cross-sectional study about the awareness of a group of people regarding their lifestyle, associated disease, and awareness of government health care facilities. We carried our study in Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). For the present study, we consider 292 objects from Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with various exclusion criteria such as suffering from any form of mental illness, suffering from any form of physical disabilities, suffering from any chronic illness that require regular prescriptions, no formal education, age below 25 years and above 50 years. The questionnaires were distributed among the participants. Next, we analyzed the data using various statistical measures. Our analysis showed that awareness among the group of people regarding their lifestyle, associated disease, and awareness of government health care facilities is not satisfactory. They have very few training in immunology. They have some awareness about government health care policies. Our study concludes that there is an urgent need for people’s awareness by establishing various health camps as well as various media. Our study will help the government policymaker to design effective policy regarding better health care facilities for the public especially in Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, further study is required for finding the missing link between people’s awareness and available public health care facilities.

13 illus, 13 tables, 12 ref

043953   ALJEBREEN M A, ALSHEHRI A , ALMUNIF A , AL-SUHAIMI R , ALMUTAIRI F, ALKENANI N S (King Saud bin Abdulaziz Univ for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: Aljebreen030@ksau-hs.edu.sa) : Association between vitamin d deficiency and high or low energy fractures among patients above 45 years old in Riyadh. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 67-71.

An essential element in the equilibrium of calcium in the body is Vitamin D. It prompts adding calcium into the circulation. As a result, it could have a significant role in preventing the occurrence of high and low energy fractures. The point of this study was to find an association of Vitamin D deficiency with low or high energy fractures among patients older than 45 years old in King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study that was conducted from January 2015 to December 2017 at the Orthopedic department in KAMC-Riyadh. A total of 230 Saudi fracture patients older than 45 years old with measured Vitamin D levels were reviewed. The variables included age, gender, 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, and type of fracture; high vs. low-energy fracture. The deficiency was considered as serum concentrations of 25(OH)D<50 nmol/L.  There was a high prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency 25(OH)D<50 nmol/L in (62 %) among the study sample. This study found no association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency with fracture type (p=0.75) with high energy fractures (63 %, 66/105) vs. low energy fractures (61 %, 76/125), respectively. In spite of the high prevalence of deficiency within all fracture patients, these results are comparable to previous studies on the normal non-fracture population. More studies are required to look into more factors that might increase the probability of fractures..

3 tables, 23 ref

043952   NAEEM N , ARSHAD I , ZAMAN S, KHAN Z (Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan, Email: dr.nadeem_naeem@yahoo.com) : Incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) and crohn’s disease in thyroid disorders. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 63-6.

In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), an increase in thyroid dysfunction has been reported compared to normal people. This study was held to assess the thyroid disease prevalence in the inflammatory bowel disease patients group. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration: In the Medicine Department of Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad for one-year duration from March 2018 to March 2019. Methods: Total of 155 patients were included (120 UC, 35 CDs) and 63 healthy control subjects. Patients with free T3 (FT3), T4 (FT4), anti-TPO serum and TSH were evaluated retrospectively and with the group of control were compared. These patients were examined using nuclear imaging (scintigraphy) and thyroid ultrasound. Results: 42.9 ± 12.4 years was the average age of patients with IBD (76 women). The control group consisted of 42 women and 40.9 ± 12.1 years was the average age. In 18 patients (9.5 %, 8 women, 6 men) out of 155 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid disease was diagnosed. The thyroid disorders frequency was higher in IBD group than in the group of control (18/155 vs. 1/63, p=0.042). There was no substantial dissimilarity in the frequency of thyroid orders in cases of CD and UC (5/40 vs. 13/115, p=0.912). In 4 (2.7 %) IBD patients, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis were noted. Conclusion: According to many studies issued in the literature, we have noted a greater fraction of thyroid disease in inflammatory bowel disease patients.

4 tables, 15 ref

043951   JASIM B S , HUSSEIN N S, AL-NASRAWII M S (Community Health Dep, AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical Univ, Karbala, Iraq, Email: maytham83n@gmail.com) : Vitamin D status association with thyroid antibodies in hypothyroidism patients. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 57-62.

Deficiency in Vitamin D is a global health issue, in the recent decade, there has been substantial proof that low levels of Vitamin D can lead to thyroid disorders. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between hypothyroidism and the level of Vitamin D, as well as to analyze the relationship between Vitamin D level with thyroid antibodies (TPO-Abs and TG-Abs).  Forty patients diagnosed as hypothyroidism which compared with twenty healthy control groups with matching in sex and age between studied groups. The blood sample was collected from both groups to estimate the level of vitamin D, T3, T4, TSH hormones and the existence of thyroid autoantibodies. Patients with hypothyroidism showed a significantly lower mean of Vitamin D level compared with the healthy control group (p=0.0001). Half (20/40) of the hypothyroid group tested positive for TPO-Ab, (15/40) were positive for TG-Ab, and (14/40) of hypothyroidism patients have positive results for Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase and AntiThyroglobulin antibodies with highly statistical significant between hypothyroid group according to the presences of autoantibodies. As for the interaction of vitamin D levels with autoantibodies in patients with hypothyroidism, we observed that levels of Vitamin D were correlated with neither TPO antibodies (p=0.292) nor TG antibodies (p=0.108).  The levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients with hypothy

5 tables, 29 ref

043950   NOOSORN N, PHETPOOM J , SHAMSUDEEN YAU, ROBIN R C (Naresuan Univ, Phitsanulok, Thailand, Email: nnoosorn@yahoo.com) : Prevalence and determinants of alcohol consumption behavior of migrant workers in the communities of the lower northern region of Thailand. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 44-56.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors influencing alcohol consumption behavior of migrant workers. A community-based analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 559 samples drawn from 15 communities of the lower northern region of Thailand through a multistage random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used to describe basic socio-demographic characteristics, Chi-square tests were used for the univariate analyses to determine the relationship between the study outcome and other demographic characteristics. A binary logistic regression was used for the multivariate analyses to investigate factors associated with the research outcome. The results revealed a 65.5 % prevalence of alcohol consumption. Being male, above 30 years, in permanent employment, Agriculture-related jobs, living in a factory dormitory, having no relatives in Thailand, and earning between 5,000-10,000 Baht monthly were significant risk factors for alcohol consumption. However, being married, with over 5 years of work experience, and living in a comfortable condition were mitigating factors for alcohol consumption. Given the exceedingly high prevalence of alcohol consumption in the migrant workers’ communities, it is, therefore, imperative to enforce and continuously reinforce alcohol control laws, with the provision of specially designed health promotion and education programs in order to achieve a long-lasting reduction in alcohol consumption.

5 tables, 52 ref

043949   ALOTIBI T H, EL-BOUHI Y M (Dentistry Dep, Umm Al-Qura Univ, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Email: yelbouhi@hotmail.com) : Effectiveness of two bioactive restorative materials in dental hard tissues remineralization as indicated by laser fluorescence. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 34-43.

Twenty extracted human sound premolars were selected and grouped into four groups and two class V cavity preparations, facial and lingual, were prepared at the cervical one-third of the crown of each tooth and extending into the root cementum to make a total of 40 cavities (n=10). The teeth were soaked in a demineralizing solution of pH 4.5 for 72 hours and a tooth surface conditioner was applied to remove remnants of the smear layer. Three laser fluorescence readings were recorded by DIAGNOdent pen for each cavity at enamel margin, dentin floor, and cementum margin. The groups were restored with four different restorative materials Cavit, temporary filling material (control), Ketac-Fil; a conventional glass-ionomer, and two bioactive restorative materials; Glass Carbomer and Biodentine. The restored teeth were stored in mineral water (37°C) for three weeks and brushed twice daily with Tooth Mousse toothpaste. The teeth were longitudinally cut into halves in the middle of the restorations and three DIAGNOdent pen readings were recorded at the same previous sites. Data were collected and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc-test at (p˂0.05). The results showed a significant increase in DIAGNOdent pen readings after soaking in the demineralizing solution in all tooth hard tissues, while a significant decrease was noted after the application of the restorations and storage in the three groups, other than control, indicating that both examined bioactive restorative materials were suitable for enhancing remineralization and subsequently arresting the three-tooth hard tissues carious lesions as the conventional glass-ionomer.

6 illus, 67 ref

043948   ALI A H A , AL-GHAMDI S , ALANAZI G G , ALSOMAIT M A , ALASKAR A N , EL-ENAZI A K , ALASHQAR H M, AHMAD G , MOAWAD K (Family Medicine Dep, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz Univ, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia, Email: sam3443@gmail.com) : Protective effects of ginger extract against the toxicity of cyclophosphamide on testes: an experimental laboratory-based study. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 27-33.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used medication in chemotherapy and can cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can affect testicular functions by reducing the sperm motility and concentration, changing the sperm morphology, and increasing DNA fragmentation in sperm. Ginger is one of the most widely used spices in various foods and is used as an herbal medicine in many countries due to its antioxidant effects. We aim to study the protective effects of ginger against CP-induced testicular toxicity in rats. This study was conducted to investigate the role of ginger in preventing cyclophosphamide-induced adverse effects on the testicular histology of CP-treated male rats. The study was performed on 30 male albino rats with body weights of 300-350 g. The animals were divided into the following three groups (10/cage): Group 1 (control, untreated group), Group 2 (CP group, received a single dose of CP at 100 mg/kg-1 BW intraperitoneally), and Group 3 (CP+ginger, received ginger extract orally at 500 mg/kg for 35 days after CP injection). The morphological and histological structures of the testes were compared in the different groups of rats. Results: The CP-treated group showed a disorganized germinal epithelium compared with those of the controls. The CP+ginger-treated group showed a significant recovery of the organization of the germinal epithelium and the cellular attachments. Caspase-3-positive cells were significantly higher in the CP group and had remarkably lower levels in the CP+ginger-treated group. A reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the destruction of connective tissue were observed in the CP-treated group; these changes were improved in the CP+ginger-treated group. Ginger extract can protect reproductive functions against CP-induced

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

043947   ALSAQRI S, LLEGO J, PANGKET P , PASAY-AN E , PANLICAN A, ALBOLITEEH M (Texila American Univ Georgetown, Guyana) : The prevalence of symptoms of shift work disorder (SWD) among nurses in the northwestern region, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 20-6.

This is the first study investigating the prevalence of SWD concerning depression, anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study looks at the relationship between SWD Symptoms and shift work per week and work hours per week This study makes use of the descriptive-correlational design, and there are 250 respondents. The focus of this study is the government hospitals in Ha’il, Saudi Arabia. This study used a combination of established questionnaires which are: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Epworth Sleep Scale, and Fatigue Severity Scale. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used in the analysis of data. Frequency, percentage, and standard deviation, mean and Pearson-r was utilized The mean score for SWD symptoms are as follows: anxiety is 6.20, depression is 6.80, insomnia is 8.07, and fatigue is 35.28. On the relationship between shift work per week and SWD Pearson-r revealed scores (r=0.05, n=199, p=0.50), (r=0.11, n=199, p=0.14), (r=0.04, n=199, p=0.60), (r=0.11, n=199, p=0.14) for anxiety, depression, insomnia, and fatigue respectively. Finally for the relationship between work hours per day and SWD symptoms, Pearson-r revealed scores (r=0.25, n=199, p=0.001), (r=0.26, n=199, p=0.03), (r=0.16, n=199, p=0.001), (r=0.25, n=199, p=0.03) for anxiety, depression, insomnia, and fatigue respectively This study found out that the most prevalent shift work symptom is slight dozing. Shift work per week does not influence the prevalence of shift work symptom; instead, working hours per day has a minimal influence on the shift work symptom.

4 tables, 27 ref

043946   ALOLAH Y, ALANAZI A , ELMUBARK A, ALBEKERY M , ALDHAEEFI M , ALANAZI T , ALQAHTANI N , ALGHAMDI A, BUSTAMI R (Pharmacy Practice Dep, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz Univ for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) : Comparison study between real life and published data outcome among myelofibrosis patients who are using ruxolitinib at king abdulaziz medical city-central region. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 14-9.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ruxolitinib among Myelofibrosis patients in real life compared to published data. In this retrospective observational chart review study we reviewed the medical records for all patients diagnosed with Myelofibrosis in King Abdulaziz Medical City who has received Ruxolitinib from March 1, 2012-December 1, 2015. The efficacy and safety results of Ruxolitinib were compared with published data. A total of 20 patients were included. The average age was 63.3 (SD=11.6) years, with 55 % of females. Efficacy: At week 24, only 20 % of the study participant achieved spleen size reduction equal to or more than 20 % with total average of 8 % reduction in the spleen size as compared to 31.60 % in COMFORT-1 study (p ≤ 0.001), The highest symptoms reduction observed with fatigue and bone pain (45 % and 40 % of the affected patients respectively) followed by Abdominal distress (35 %) whereas no statistically significant difference observed in early satiety and night sweat. Weight loss showed improvement in 15 % of the patients. Safety: Fatigue was observed in 45 % of the patients, diarrhea (5 %), dyspnea (15 %), dizziness (5 %), nausea (5 %), constipation (10 %), vomiting (5 %), pain in extremities (5 %), arthralgia (5 %), pyrexia (5 %), and abdominal pain (35 %). At week 24, Platelet count decreased by 26 % and hemoglobin decreased by 5 % from the baseline. In general, only three reported cases for temporal or permanent drug discontinuation. Conclusion: Ruxolitinib therapy in real life as compared to published trials was associated with significant improvement in Myelofibrosis related symptoms and splenomegaly with an acceptable safety profile.

4 tables, 17 ref

043945   ALAMRI D A F , MAHZARI Q A , SHAQRAN T , ALBALAWI J A, ALANAZI F A, RHEAB (Family Medicine Dep, King Salman Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, Email: d.dkeal@hotmail.com) : Impact of autism on parents/caregivers quality of life in Tabuk. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020, 9(1), 1-13.

To investigate the impact of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) on the quality of life (QOL) of parents of the affected child and identify predictors of deteriorating QOL. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Autistic Center, Ministry of Health, Tabuk city included a sample of parents or caregivers of autistic children (aged ≤ 14 years) throughout the study period (August-November, 2019). A self-administered questionnaire was used consisted of socio-demographic variables of the parent/caregiver, autistic child`s data and the different items of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The study included 100 parents/caregivers. The age of more than half of them (54%) ranged between 31 and 40 years. More than half (58 %) were females. The second level of autism was observed among 47 % of the affected children while levels one and three were observed among 40 % and 13 % of them, respectively. Concerning the different domains of QOL, 11 %, 21 %, 8 % and 15 % of the parents/caregivers had poor physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of QOL. Overall, 7 % of parents/caregivers had poor QOL. Parents/caregivers aged between 31-40 years, unmarried, low income, whose autistic children aged 3 years, had duration of the disease of 3 years were more likely to have poor overall QOL compared to their counterparts. Overall quality of life of parents/caregivers of autistic children in Tabuk was good. The most affected domains were the psychological and environmental domains. The majority of them have self-perceived their quality of life as neutral and were satisfied with their general health.

2 illus, 8 tables, 34 ref

043928   BALUGADE A B (Psychology Dep, Shri Shahaji Chh. Mahavidyalaya, Kolhapur (MS), Email: balugadeanil@gmail.com) : A comparative study of aggression level among rural and urban male students. Int J Info Comp Sci 2020, 7(7), 0972-1347.

Aggression level of rural and urban male junior college students was examined in the present study. The study was conducted on junior college students from various junior colleges of Kolhapur city. The sample comprised of 80 male (40 rural and 40 urban) junior college students. The age range of the students was 17 to 19 years old. The purposive sampling technique was adopted for the selection of the sample of this study. A standardized tool of manifest Aggression Scale (MAS) prepared by Dr. Ram Ashish Singh was administered to collect data and obtained data was analyzed by the using of standardized statistical tools of mean, SD and t value. The result reveals that there is no significance found among rural and urban male junior college students. It states that there is no difference between aggression level of rural and urban male junior college students.

1 illus, 5 ref

043903   HUSAIN M K, PRATAP G P, ALAM M, JAVED G, KAZMI M H (National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (NRIUMSD), Hyderabad, Telangana) : Botany, traditional uses and pharmacological importance of Karanjwa (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.): A possible prophylactic AYUSH-unani single drug for the management of COVID-19. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 63-9.

Karanjwa (Caesalpaenia boduc (L.) Roxb. Syn. C. bonducella (L.) Fleming) commonly known as a fever nut, is a flowering, straggling, and very thorny perennial shrub of Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. The species is well known for its medicinal and therapeutic values in Indian AYUSHAyurveda, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the recently discovered novel Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2). The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness and dry cough. The Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India has issued the guidelines for qualified Unani practitioner to enhance the immunity and provide symptomatic relief in upper respiratory tract infection through prophylactic approach. One of the single drugs mentioned in the guidelines is Karanjwa (antipyretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immuno modulator). In Unani, the plant parts; nuts and leaves are described as anti-inflammatory (Muha’lil-e-waram), anti-pyretic (Musakkin-e-alam), blood purifier (Musaffī-i-Dam), anticonvulsant (Dāfi‘-i-Tashannuj) and antiseptic (Dāfi‘-i-Ta‘affun) and used to treat various diseases, specifically seasonal fevers (Hummā), bronchial asthma (Ḍīq al-Nafas), bronchitis (Su‘al-o-Surfa), ascites (Istisqa’ Ziqqi), hydrocele (Qarw Ma’i) and pleurisy (Dhat al-Janb ). The Seeds of Karanjwa contain a bitter substance named bonducin, bonducellin caesalpin sphytosterinin, citrulline and fatty acids. Seed coat as well as kernel’s exhibits analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this review paper is to compile the available information on and therapeutic uses of Karanjwa (C. bonduc) in context of Unani System of Medicine and to discuss the botany and importance of the plant on the basis of folk uses, pharmacological activities and chemical constituents. There is a possibility that the potential characteristics of C. bonduc may be utilized more efficiently through clinical trials and further research in the time of pandemic.

4 illus, 4 tables, 61 ref

043902   RESHI M R, GULATI K, KHAN A A, RAY A (Pharmacology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi) : Effects of Dawa-ul-Kurkum, a Unanipolyherbal preparation, in anti-tubercular drug induced hepatotoxicity in rats and its possible mechanisms. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 57-62.

Anti-tubercular drug therapy is associated with hepatotoxicity which sometimes leads to hospitalization and life-threatening problems. The effects of a polyherbal Unani formulation, Dawa-Ul-Kurkum were evaluated on anti-tubercular (TB) drugs induced hepatotoxicity in rats and its possible mechanisms were investigated. Liver damage was induced in Wistar rats by daily oral administration of a combination of anti-TB drugs for 28 days and the effects of various drug treatments were assessed on morphological, biochemical and histological markers of liver toxicity. In the vehicle treated experimental group, anti-TB drugs induced significant derangements in liver function parameters and histopathological examination showed hepatocyte degeneration, focal necrosis, perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells and mild vasodilation. Pretreatment with Dawa-Ul-Kurkum (DK) showed marked protective effects against the Anti-TB drugs induced biochemical and histopathological derangements of liver function. Similar effects were also seen after the hydroalcoholic extract of DK (HA), though to a lesser extent. The hepatoprotective effects of DK and HA were comparable to that seen after silymarin therapy. Liver damage induced by Anti-TB drugs was associated with elevated levels of MDA and NOx whereas; GSH levels were reduced, as compared to controls. Pretreatments with DK and HA induced differential degrees of attenuations in these oxidative stress parameters. The results validate the hepatopotective effects of Dawa-Ul-Kurkum in Anti-TB drugs induced hepatotoxicity and suggest that attenuation of oxidative stress by the polyherbal may be the mechanism of action for such effects.

2 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

043900   ALEEM M, KHAN M I, SHAKSHAZ F A, AKBARI N, ANWAR D (Pharmacology Dep, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya Magadi Main Road, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Botany, phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale): A review. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 36-49.

Antibiotic resistance in every corner of the planet is growing to dangerously high levels. New mechanisms of resistance are emerging and spreading globally which threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Many scientists documented some plants having antimicrobial properties. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ZO), the most recognised member of Zingiber, is one of them. This review aims to validate the antimicrobial activity of ginger. The information and data on ZO were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks, Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus. ZO has many medicinal, nutritional and ethnomedical values and is commonly used as a spice, flavouring agent and herbal remedy worldwide. In addition to giving ginger its pungent aroma, volatile oil gingerol and other pungent principles are the most medically potent since they inhibit the production of prostaglandin and leukotriene, which are chemicals that affect blood flow and inflammation. Traditionally, it has been used as an herbal remedy for centuries in Ayurvedic, TibbUnani, Chinese, Islamic, Africans, the Caribbean and many other medicinal systems to cure a variety of diseases like throat infections, asthma, inflammation, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, palpitation, constipation and indigestion, colds, arthritis, nausea, hypertension, migraines, and many more. It has a high proportion of α-Zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, (E,E)- α-farnesene, geranial and ar-curcumene. The ZO extracts, essential oil and chemical constituents exhibited antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, and other beneficial activities. The research suggests that there are marked antimicrobial activities in the ginger that could be beneficial and applied in various research areas, such as the pharmaceutical and food industries. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which these effects are exerted, more research may be required.

4 tables, 70 ref

043899   MALIK A, GOYAL C, CHAUDHARY M, MALIK S, KAUSHISH S (Agad Tantra Dep, Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic Coll and Hospital, Chandigarh) : Nyagrodh: The pious Indian medicinal plant. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 33-5.

Nyagrodh, Udumber, Ashvath, Paarish and Plaksha are panchkshiri vruksha also known as Panchvalkal. Nyagrodh or Vata is one of the panchkshri vruksha known as the National tree of India and due to its religious importance it can be easily identified by a common man. It works as anti-inflammatory drug having properties of healing and coagulation. Present review of Nyagrodh includes its importance in Indian Culture, geographical distribution, ecology, ornamental value, morphology, Taxonomical classification and Ayurvedic perspective includes list of various Nighantus along with the Varga in which Nyogrodh is included, vernacular names, synonyms, classification, pharmacological properties, chemical composition, mode of action, parts used, indications and few Ayurvedic formulations containing Nyagrodh as an ingredient.

5 tables, 18 ref

043898   SARAGIH I F L, MARPAUNG B, HANDAYANI S (Internal Medicine Dep, North Sumatera Univ, Medan, Indonesia) : Assessment of the differences between mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) values in flare and non-flare groups in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 28-32.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoantibodies process against the cell nuclei and immune complex that will activate the inflammatory system causing the excitatory threshold of platelet activation to be lower. Increase of significant mortality due to active disease (flare) SLE needs special attention. Study of the association of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet distribution width (PDW) as a marker to predict SLE activity was still controversial. On the other hand, MPV and PDW can be calculated easily in routine and low-cost laboratory tests. This study assesses the differences between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) values in flare and non-flare groups in SLE patients. We found a significant difference in MPV values between flare compared to nonflares groups. Based on Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve showed an optimal cutoff value for MPV in the flare group is 9.15 fl and high sensitivity (90.6 %). We recommend MPV value for initial screening in the detection of active (flare) SLE.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

043897   AISHWARYA A, KANTHAM T L, MEENAKUMARI R (Siddha, Siddha Clinical Research Unit, New Delhi) : Siddha dietary and lifestyle pattern: A strong shield and weapon to win the Covid-19 pandemic battle. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 19-27.

COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a new set of challenges for the individual to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Because what we eat does play a big role in one’s health. Owing to the fastest mode of lifestyle, the time consuming nature of traditional home cooking custom has totally changed to fast food and ready meal culture. Totally unaware of the ill effects of these kinds of food is being given to diet and lifestyle pattern. Some westernised may lead to adaptive immunity impairment due to the presence of high amount of saturated fatty acids. A well-designed protocol with South Indian, traditional “Siddha medicine” intervention along with proper Siddha dietary and lifestyle is achieving a remarkable therapeutic effect in combating COVID-19.Several studies have revealed that the gut-brain connection plays an important role in physical and mental health and poor gut health can lead to the release of inflammatory molecules in the body. Among the possible areas of research related to COVID-19, it is important that the Siddha dietetics and life style interventions may be of great benefit to reduce COVID - 19 related morbidity and mortality.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

043896   HAPUARACHCHI S, SURESH T, SENARATH S (Dravyaguna Vignana Dep, Colombo Univ, Sri Lanka) : Safety assessment of the water extract of Munronia pinnata in wistar rats. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 15-8.

Munronia pinnata (Meliaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Sri Lanka and it hasbeen broadly used for skin diseases, diabetes, fever and dysentery in the form of concoction and powder due to its bitterness. In Sri Lanka thishas been applied for hundreds of years asunorthodox medicine. This study was focused to assess the possible toxicity of the water extracts of M. pinnata (MPW) in healthy and diabetic Wistar rats. Acute and chronic administration of MPW produced no neither mortality nor changes in general behaviors compared with Control groups. The results showed no statistically significant changes in hematological and biochemical values of Test groups compared to the control groups of both healthy and diabetic animals. These results disclosed that the water extract of M. pinnata do not cause any undesirable effects as evaluated by the attempted studied.

4 tables, 15 ref

043895   REDDY M P, SHANTHA TR, RAO V R, SHIDDAMALLAYYA N S, BHARALI BK (Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders, Thalagattapura Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Pharmacognostical standardization of Vanasarpagandha (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) root. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 12-4.

The present communication deals on the pharmacognostical studies on the root of vanasarpagandha scientifically known as Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., which revealed some of the important diagnostic characteristics like longitudinal fissures on the outer surface of the root, greyish brown to reddish brown outer surface, compound starch grains, prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in the cortex region, uni to biseriate medullary rays filled with starch grains, xylem vessels with pitted thickenings and elongated stone cells with broad lumen. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates etc. Thin Layer Chromatography revealed the presence of many bio active compounds.

5 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

043894   MAHAMMED A, MITIKU H, MOHAMMED J (Tropical Infectious Diseases Dep, Jigjiga Univ, Jigjiga, Ethiopia) : In vitro antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants extract used in traditional treatment of common human wound infection in Fafan zone, Somali region, Ethiopia. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 06-11.

Wound infections remain one of the most common bacterial infections due to microbial drug resistance toward commonly used antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of Jasminum floribundum, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia abyssinica, Sarcophyte piriei, Commiphora myrrha extract used in traditional treatment of common human wound infection. The test was done on standard bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae using disc diffusion techniques and Minimum inhibitory concentration. The Result of plant extracts exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 10 ± 2 mm to 24.9 ± 0.9 mm diameter. The Minimum inhibitory concentration value of plant ethanolic extracts against the tested bacteria ranged from 7.8 mg/ml extract of Euphorbia hirta on S. pyogenes and Proteus mirabils and Jasminum floribundum on Klebsiella pneumoniae to 250.00 mg/ml. Further in vivo antibacterial activity and toxicity test are recommended for confirming efficacy and safety of these herbal medicines.

1 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

043893   MENON I M, EAPEN J, DEEPA MS (Dravyaguna Vijnanam Dep, Govt. Ayurveda Coll, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : In vitro antibacterial evaluation and HPTLC fingerprint profile of purified Guggulu (Commiphora wightii. Arn. Bhand) by ayurvedic method. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(6), 01-5.

Guggulu, oleo gum resin from the plant Commiphora wightii, is a renowned and potent drug used in Ayurvedic formulations. Before incorporating in formulations, Guggulu has to be purified as per Ayurvedic texts. The purification method adopted in the present study was swedana (boiling) in TriphalaGuduchi kwatha (decoction of T. chebula, T. bellerica, E. officinalis and T. cordifolia). There are no studies performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of purified Guggulu. Therefore, an attempt to find out the anti-bacterial activity of purified Gugguluwas done. Phytochemical screening and quantification of Guggulsterone E and Z were also evaluated and compared the values with that of raw Guggulu. It was observedthat the purified Guggulu hadmore antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. There were differences in the phytochemical parameters including the mean quantities of Guggulsterones E and Z before and after purification.

3 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

043891   NACHIAR G S, PAL P (Pharmacognosy Dep, C L Baid Metha Coll of Pharmac, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : Pharmacognostic evaluation of Rivea hypocrateriformis Desr.. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 53-62.

Rivea hypocrateriformis choisy plant belongs to convolvulaceae family, reported therapeutically as antioxidant, anti-arthritis and antioxidant and popular in Odisha and Gujarat. The leaf part of the plant was subjected to various pharmacognostical studies like, morphology, quantitative microscopy, powder microscopy and sectioning studies to identify authentically. Morphological characters were studied by observing the stem and root as such and also with the help of the dissecting microscope. Free hand thin transverse sections of Root and stem were taken for detailed microscopical observation. The Powder characters were studied according to the guidelines Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The histochemical tests were carried out as per the standard guidelines. In microscopical studies, the leaf exhibits dorsiventral symmetry with abaxially prominent midrib and differentiation of adaxial and abaxial tissues of the lamina, Vascular bundle, Xylem and phloem. Powder microscopy consists of non-glandular epidermal trichomes, calcium oxalate and stomata. Epidermal Fragments exhibits epidermal trichomes, epidermal cells and stomata.

23 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

043890   ELTAHIR Y, HAGER S (Restorative Dentistry Dep, Khartoum Univ, Khartoum, Sudan) : The efficacy of Acacia nilotica extract as a disinfectant on addition silicone impressions: An in-vitro study. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 48-52.

Acacia nilotica is a widely spread plant native to the Nile basin in central and north Sudan. Because of its proven antimicrobial activity it has been extensively used as a traditional and organic substitute for modern medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Acacia nilotica extract as a disinfectant on addition silicone dental impression material and its effect on the dimensional stability of the material. A quasi experimental pre-test post-test design was applied through microbiological testing upon 30 sectional addition silicone impressions. Each sectional impression was immersed in an ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica with a concentration of 75mg/ml for 10 minutes. The colony forming units (CFU) were recorded before and after the procedure. The dimensional stability was also recorded before and after the procedure using a highly sensitive CAD/CAM machine. Extract of Acacia nilotica showed a reduction in (CFU) from an initial count of 227colonies of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria to a mean (CFU) of zero when compared to the control group. No statistical difference was found when comparing the mean change of dimensional stability before 6.73± 1.74 and after 6.73±1.71disinfection of addition silicone impressions (p<0.982). A bactericidal effect of Acacia nilotica against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria occurred with an optimum concentration of 75mg/ml, and the change in dimensional stability was insignificant.

7 illus, 2 table, 22 ref

043888   GARG K, PAUL A, DALAL M , SONI H (Pharmacology Dep, Shri G. M. Bilakhia Coll of Pharmacy, Namdha Road, P. B. No. 11. Vapi, Gujarat) : Evaluation of acid neutralizing and antiulcer potential of a poly-herbal formulation. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 33-41.

The present study was planned to evaluate the acid neutralizing and antiulcer potential of a polyherbal formulation by using various models like neutralization of 0.1N hydrochloric acid, acid neutralization capacity using artificial stomach model, asprin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer model, protein precipitation assay and prokinetic effect using isolated rat ileum. The toxicity studies were conducted and it was safe at a dose of 5000mg/kg. The in-vitro study revealed its significance statistically in acid neutralizing when compared to control group. The formulation also showed potential results with aspirin ligation method when compared to control with respect to ulcerative index, total acidity, total acid output at a dose of 200mg/kg. Thus, it can be said that the polyherbal formulation is considered to be safe and effective in treating patients with high acidity as compared to marketed formulation.

8 illus, 6 tables, 36 ref

043887   SAHUA K, HOTAR, PANDA C, NISHIGANDHA SA (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Pharmaceutical Coll, Barpali, Bargarh, Odisha) : Pharmacognostical, physico-chemical and phytochemical findings of different extracts of Capparis zeylanica Linn. (Capparidaceae). Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 26-32.

The aim of the study is to investigate pharmacognostical, physico-chemical and phytochemical screening of the different extract of Capparis zeylanica It has total ash 3.1 % w/w, water soluble ash 0.5 % w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.5 % w/w, water soluble extractives 3.8 % W/W and alcohol soluble extractives 10.18 % W/W. The plant showed loss on drying 9.2 % W/W. The extractive values of Methanol, Pet ether, Chloroform and Ethyl acetate were 6.3 %, 2.2 %, 1.2 % and 1.3 % w/w respectively. In determination of leaf constant it revealed that stomata were present on upper epidermis of leaf having average stomatal number-9, stomatal number range- 8-10, average stomatal index-17.75 and stomatal index range-16-20. The leaf had average palisade ratio 1:7.95. And average vein-islet number is 58.4 having vein–islet range-50-63.The Fluorescence characteristic of powdered flower produce different colors with different reagents in visible and UV light. Qualitative phytochemical study of C. zeylanica showed different responses for alkaloid, glycosides, saponin, phenolic, carbohydrate etc.

25 illus, 10 tables, 37 ref

043886   ELSHIBANI F, GEHAWE H A, FALLAH G, ALAMAMI A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Benghazi Univ, Libya) : Screening of in vitro cytotoxic activity of Ephedra alata used traditionally to treat cancer in Libya. Int J Herb Med 2020, 80(5), 23-5.

Ephedra is one of the Libyan medicinal herbs that are traditionally involved in folk medicine to treatseveral diseases. Ephedra is known to have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The goal of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Ephedra alata plant growing wild in the east of Libya against two human cancer cell lines HEPG2human liver cancer cell line and PC3human prostate cancer cell line. The results show that the plantmethanolic extract has a significant cytotoxic effect on both cell lines compared with doxorubicin as a positive control.

1 table, 31 ref

043885   PERIYASAMY S, CHANDRASEKAR S, PICHAIVEL M, VELMURUGAN T (Pharmacology Dep, Swamy Vivekanandha Coll of Pharmacy, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu) : A write up on allopathic & herbal medicine for treatment of gout. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 14-22.

The herbal and natural are practiced worldwide for the treatment of gouty arthritis since ancient times. Herbs and allopathic methods have been used in the treatment of different diseases. This article is scrutinizing the treatment on gouty arthritis. Gout is a type of arthritis that causes inflammation suddenly and characterized by accumulation of uratecrystals. The current articles deals with therapeutic strategies and options for the treatment of gout. We carried out this write up about the introduction, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment of gout. We also confer about the mechanism of action allopathic systems of medicine with this review. In that we annexed the list of herbal plants and their chemical constituents used in the treatment of gout.

7 illus, 39 ref

043884   MUKHI M, JAI J (Biosciences Dep, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur Distr., Andhra Pradesh) : Evaluating the potency of three plant compounds as HDAC Inhibitors for the treatment of Huntington’s disease: An in silico study. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(5), 10-3.

Transcriptional deregulation is one of the key features of Huntington’s disease (HD), which involves the impairment of the general transcription machinery and proteins involved in gene expression. This results in an overall disruption in the transcriptome of cells, namely neurons, leading to defective cellular processes. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes in transcription and are known to have increased activities in HD animal models and patient samples. In this paper, we have used molecular docking studies to evaluate the potential of three plant- derived compounds, Fisetin, Ginkgolide A and Ginsenosides, as HDAC inhibitors. The binding energies of each plant compound was evaluated by docking them to three HDACs known to be involved in HD progression; HDAC3, HDAC4, and HDAC6. The binding energy values of the plant compounds were found to be comparable to that of well-known pharmaceutical inhibitors proving them to be promising therapeutic agents in controlling HD progression.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

043881   PARK K S (BT Convergence Div, Cheongju Univ, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Korea) : An overview on anti-inflammatory activities of Aucubin. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 45-8.

Aucubin, aniridoid glycoside present in Aucuba japonica, Eucommiaulmoides, and Plantagoasiatica, has been reported toshow a wide range of pharmacological activities. The present study is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of anti-inflammatory activities of aucubin. Peer-reviewed articles on potent anti-inflammatory effects of aucub in were acquired from Pubmed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Sci Finder. This review provides a comprehensive advance on the pharmacological studies to confirm the potent anti-inflammatory effect and its underlying molecular mechanism of aucubin. Although a several of in vitro and in vivo researches have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities of aucubin, further intensive clinical studies are required to confirm its efficacy for treating inflammatory diseases as a therapeutic agent.

1 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

043880   ADU AA, ADERINOLA OJ, MEKULEYI GO, NNADI CH (Fisheries Dep, Lagos State Univ, Nigeria) : Phytochemical and heavy metal contents in Gnetum africanum (Welw. 1984) collected from three local markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 39-44.

Gnetum africanum (Okazi leave) is an evergreen climbing vegetable which is highly priced in most regional markets in Nigeria. The present study examined the composition of phytochemicals (Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenes, Saponins, and Phenols) and heavy metals (Zinc, Lead, Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and Arsenic) in G. africanum collected from three different markets (Iyana-Iba, Igando and Ikotun markets) in Lagos state, Nigeria. All analyses were done using standard analytical procedures. The highest dry weight of alkaloid (83.89±0.03mg/100g), flavonoid(108.75±1.11 mg/100g) and phenol(10.07±0.06 mg/100g) were obtained in G. africanum from Igando market; the peak tannins and saponins with values of 14.61±0.01 mg/100g and 4.08±0.00 mg/100g respectively were recorded in G. africanum from Ikotun market, while the highest dry weight for terpenes (23.64±0.03 mg/100g) was recorded in samples from Iyana-Iba market. On the contrary, the least dry weight for alkaloid(62.12±0.01mg/100g), phenol (6.22±0.00mg/100g), flavonoids (81.66±0.04 mg/100g) and terpenes (9.64±0.01 mg/100g) were recorded in samples from Ikotun market, while the least saponin (1.22±0.01 mg/100g), and tannins (7.95±0.03 mg/100g) were obtained from samples in Igando market. G. africanum from Iyana-Iba market possessed the highest wet weight value of alkaloids (62.07±0.01 mg/100g) and terpenes (15.99±0.03 mg/100g); samples of Ikotun market had highest wet weight in tannins (9.95±0.01 mg/100g) and saponin(3.33±0.03 mg/100g), while samples at Igando market had peak flavonoid and phenol (77.23±0.01 mg/100g, 7.12±0.01 mg/100g) wet weight respectively. All the levels of heavy metals (dry and wet weights) determined in the samples were not significantly different across the three markets (p>0.05). In conclusion, the secondary metabolites recorded in the leaves of Gnetum africanum indicated a good medicinal status while the heavy metal content in the leaves being below permissible limits indicated that the plants from the three markets is safe for consumption.

4 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

043879   ROSALIA N, SUSANDARINI R (Ministry of Environment and Forestry Jl. AK Luneto, Limboto, Gorontalo, Indonesia) : Medicinal plants diversity in Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling wildlife reserve, Riau, Indonesia. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 33-8.

Documentation of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants from people live in remote areas plays an important role in preserving local wisdom and culture. The objectives of this study were to explore the diversity of medicinal plants and to produce documentation on indigenous knowledge from people living in the Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve. Data on medicinal plants were obtained based on interviews with 20 respondents from two villages. Collection of plant specimens was done for species identification. Results showed that there were 63 species from 38 families used as traditional medicine. Part of plants most widely used for treatment of illness or health problems was leaves. Decoction and maceration were two methods mainly used for preparing herbal recipes. The most common mode of oral administration was by drinking the potion of herbal recipes, whereas topical administration was generally done by rubbing the herbal poultice on the affected body parts.

1 illus, 1 table, 52 ref

043878   SAMANT T K, SATPATHY B (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, P.o Hulurisingha, District-Angul, Odisha) : Evaluation of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) cv Sugar 75 for livelihood security in mid central table land zone of Odisha. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 30-2.

The study was carried out through front line demonstrations during rabi season of 2017-18 in mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective to evaluate the performances of hybrid sweet corn variety (Sugar 75) as compared to the farmer’s practice (common maize) for livelihood security. The sweet corn (Sugar 75) recorded higher plant height (152.4 cm), no of cobs plant^-1 (1.35), grains cob^-1 (450.6) and weight of cob (295.6 g) than common maize. The same also produced green cob yield (152.5 q ha^-1 ), green fodder yield (190.3 q ha^-1 ), harvest index (44.5 %) and grain yield 48.3 q ha-1 which is 36.1 % higher than common maize. Sweet corn (Sugar 75) gave higher gross return Rs. 132450.0 ha^-1 with a benefit-cost ratio 2.81, profitability (Rs.232.7 ha^-1 day^-1 ) and additional net return Rs. 64382.5 ha^-1 as compared to farmers practice and the study showed that horizontal spread of area from 0.8 to 12.0 hectare under improved technology with technological gap, extension gap and technology index; 41.7 q ha^-1 , 12.8 q ha^-1 , 46.3 % respectively. Thus, the existing common maize can be replaced by sweet corn (Sugar 75) for higher productivity, profitability and livelihood security.

3 table, 13 ref

043877   AHMED S, KHAN A A, YADAV P, AKHTAR J, AKRAM U, FATIMA L, SHAMIM (Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH) : Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris Linn.): Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications: A Review. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 25-9.

Gokhru is an annual (sometimes perennial) creeping herb and the entire plant, particularly the fruits are extensively used for the benefits related to sexual health since long. It occurs in almost any soil type but grows best in dry, loose, sandy soils and prospers near the sand dunes or loose blown soil around field margins. It also grows in heavier soils, especially when these are fertile or moist, and on compacted soils such as those found along roadside. Gokhru has been extensively used in the Unani system of medicine as an aphrodisiac and diuretic since long. Studies have shown its potency as a chosen herb for sexual and reproductive health in both the sexes. Recent studies have also shown its effects in certain other ailments related to musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, etc. Studies related to Gokhru and its description in the Unani classical literature have been explored and compiled in this paper.

33 ref

043876   SAYFON L (Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) : The holistic medical functionalities of Shambhala Kodo. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(4), 19-24.

The origin of the word “incense” dates from ancient Latin, and it means to burn. By burning, flammable substances produce a fragrant scent that fills the air. The Human System is comprised of The physical Human Body, The Life Force (Energy) Body, and Spiritual Body. The flow of energy or “qi” is important to facilitate our physical body. Medications can help in many aspects of recovering from certain illnesses. If we combine natural remedies with the knowledge of our energy body, the effect of healing will double or triple. Considering the human’s sensory system such as taste, hearing, balance, vision, and olfaction, a sense of smell is phylogenetically the oldest. The healing properties from the herbs after being infused through nose flow straight to lungs where all energy meridians meet. These, in turn, will distribute these properties to other parts of our body with full absorption.

9 ref

043874   DAS S, SARAF A, SHARMA D, SARKARAK, RAJA W (MATS Univ, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Study of phytochemical analysis of Withania somnifera and Rauwolfia serpentina plant extract. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 01-4.

Withania somnifera (family-solanaceae) and Rauwolfia serpentina (family- Apocynaceae) is a highly acclaimed genus in the Indian ayurveda, Withania is known to promote physical and mental health and used to treat almost all the disorder that effect human health. Withania somnifera and Rauwolfia serpentine are the two most esteemed species having high medicinal significance. In the present study the phytochemical analysis of organic extracts of different parts of Withania somnifera and Rauwolfia serpentina was carried out. The qualitative phytochemical study was performed to ascertain the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponin, glycosides, protein, phytosterol, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, anthroquinone, emodine etc. Both the plant species were collected and processed from Chhattisgarh region. Important phytochemicals like vinblastine, taxol and vindolin etc, potentially useful in cancer treatment were extracted from the plants.

6 illus, 21 ref

043873   SUNDARAM S S (Saraswathi Narayanan Coll, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Anti-inflammatory effect of medicinal plants used by rural people of Azhagar Hills in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 59-61.

Anti –inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain signaling to the brain. The present study was mainly focused on Medicinal plants of Rural areas used as Anti- inflammatory activity in Azhagar hills of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. It has been shown that 24 Medicinal herbs belonging to 20 families are used as Anti- inflammatory activity. Traditional medicine system have been followed by rural people used to cure even Unknowing diseases with symptomatic. Traditional healers in rural areas have well identification of medicinal properties of medicinal plants through which diseases can be cured.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

043872   HAZARIKA P, PANDEY BK, TRIPATHI YC (Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam) : Traditional knowledge for antidiabetic herbs from Majuli Island (Assam), India. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 47-58.

A study has been conducted during 2003 -2007 for Medico floristic evaluation and compilation of indigenous knowledge of the people of the River Island Majuli. The people of Majuli are very poor and are not acquaintance with recent scientific developments. The area is also inhabited by a number of communities namely, Deori, Mising, Koch, Kachari, Brahmin, Kalita, Kalibatra, Kayastha, Nath, Chutia, Bengali etc. traditionally using medicinal plants for curing and control of several diseases. About 52 plant species were recorded from villages of two sub-divisions viz. Kamalabari and Garamur of Majuli that used as anti-diabetes. Among the recorded species near about 50 HAZARIKA P, PANDEY BK, TRIPATHI YC% are wild and indigenous. Out of the 52 species almost all were recorded to use as plant extracts. Different plant parts of the species were utilized such as leaves of 16 plant species, fruits of 10 plant species, tender shoots of 5 plant species, seeds of 5 plant species, whole plant of 4 species, rhizome of 4 plants, stem and stem bark of 3 plant, flowers of 3 plant, bulbs of 2 plants and root of 1 plant species. Phytomedicines are commonly practices by the ethnic of Majuli mainly by tribes and Bhakat (Devotee) of Satra and method of indigenous preparation for prevention, curing and control of diabetes reported.

2 illus, 1 table, 107 ref

043871   RAMYASHREE C, HEMALATHA K (Pharmacognosy Dep, Acharya & BM Reddy Coll of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Ethnomedicinal profile on magnolia species (Magnoliaceae): A review. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 39-46.

Some of the traditional crude drugs used in contemporary medicine are occupying/plays a very major place as unprocessed materials for various drugs. India authoritatively identified more than 3000 plants having significant medicinal value/importance. In general, it is estimated nearly about 6000 plants in India are used in traditional, folk and herbal medicine. Magnolias have been known for the traditional medicine in China. The genus Magnolia includes groups of lignans and sesquiterpene lactones, as well as few important biomolecules. Ethnomedicinal data obtained from the Native Americans of the Southeastern United States compare well with the results of pharmacological investigations. Out of numerous species of Magnolia, maximum investigation was done on M. officinalis and some part of the activity on M. obovata, and M. virginiana. In the existing review, an attempt is made for successful in gathering its ethnomedicinal usage, active principle compound along with the exhibited pharmacological activities.

12 illus, 41 ref

043870   ENIYAS, THIRUNAVUKKARSU T, MOHANDASS S (Biochemistry Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Antiproliferative efficacy of sorghum bran extracts against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 36-8.

Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in using nanotechnology for cancer therapy. The development of smart targeted nanoparticles (NPs) that can deliver drugs at a sustained rate directly to cancer cells may provide better efficacy and lower toxicity for treating primary and advanced metastatic tumors. The present study was aimed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity effect of biogenic Zinc nanoparticles ZnONPs) against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells towards the development of anticancer agent. Nanobiocomposite of zinc oxide nanoparticles conjugated with Sorghum Bran was produced and was confirmed using maximum UV–Vis absorption at 340 nm in the present work. The anti-cancerous nature of the synthesized zinc oxide conjugated nanobiocomposite on MCF-7 cell line was studied using MTT assay. The viability of the MCF-7 cells was decreased to 48% when it was treated with Sorghum bran conjugated zinc oxide nanobiocomposite. There was an immediate induction of cellular damage in terms of loss of cell membrane integrity, oxidative stress and apoptosis were found in the cell which treated with ZnONPs. This may be a first report on anti-MCF-7 property of biogenic ZnONPs, but mechanism needs to be elucidated.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

043869   HUSSAIN S, AHMAD I, AHMAD I , KHAN T, ALAM S, ALAM I (Molejat Dep, Ahmed Garib Unani Medical Coll, Akkalkuwa, Maharashtra) : A brief overview of the use of barley (Shaeer) as Tibbe-Nabwi. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 32-5.

Barley, also known as Shaeer in Arabic (Jav in Urdu/Hindi), is one of the best examples of the Tibb-eNabwi. Barley was one of the favorite food of our beloved Prophet (PBUH). It has a vast range of medicinal properties. Almost every part of this food grain plant, i.e., seed, fruit, leaves, and root is used as a medicine. The use of barley to treat lifestyle-related diseases like Obesity, Diabetes, and digestive problems is exceptionally beneficial. Apart from these lifestyle-related diseases use of barley in various medicinal forms like Decoction, hot water extraction of the whole plant, and in powdered form (Sattu) has the capabilities to cure the diseases like Malaria, urinary and respiratory tract infections, measles, influenza, jaundice, syphilis, kidney diseases, skin diseases, etc. Barley is a rich source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Barley is the fourth most important food grain in India. Barley’s share in the overall food consumption in India is ≈ 15%, which can be further increased by creating awareness and sensitizing its health benefit and medicinal use. In the present work, authors have provided a brief overview of the barley’s nutritional profile, its health benefits, and its holistic therapeutic use.

3 illus, 31 ref

043867   LI J-H, FENG J-F, JIANG T (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Leshan Vocational & Technical Coll, Leshan 614000, P. R. China) : Dietary medicine as a gold mine for the discovery of COX-2 inhibitors. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 20-4.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors play key roles in a number of inflammation pathological processes, and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been developed for anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review paper, the development history of COX-2 inhibitors and the new concepts for the discover of the COX-2 inhibitors from dietary medicine has been summarized. The COX-2 inhibitors from natural sources are including Sinomenium acutum, ginger, garlic, tomato, red chill, and tea have been summarized. In addition, the opportunities, challenges and exploring direction of future research on natural COX-2 inhibitors are also discussed.

6 illus, 28 ref

043866   JOY P (Economics Dep, Kothamangalam Mahatma Gandhi Univ, Kottayam Ernakulum District, Kerala) : Challenges of climate change on spice crops in Kerala. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 17-9.

Kerala is blessed with a neutral atmosphere. The State has usually two rainy seasons viz. the Southwest monsoon that attains near the end of May or early June, which is known as edavapathi and Northeast season which hits the State during mid-October which is known as thulam. The monsoon rains was a part of the State every year, however, the Southwest season of 2018 had a different impact as the monsoon caused in a disastrous flood. The floods of Southwest season can be comprehended as an evident example of global climate change impact with very heavy rainfall in a short span of time as indicated and forecast by the Fifth Assessment Report published by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change in 2014 (IPCC). The unprecedented heavy rains, storms and floods have affected exorbitant losses to the agriculture sector. Kerala cultivates around 1, 62,660 ha of spice crops across the state with a production of 1,40,000 tonnes. Nearly 62 per cent of the total area covered by Idukki and Wayanad together. Black pepper, cardamom, nutmeg, ginger, turmeric and clove were the major crops considered in the study which contribute additional 90 per cent of the total spice crops produced in the state.

3 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

043865   GUZMAN A A D, JAMANULLA C E V A, SABTURANI A-S M, MADJOS G G (Biological SciencesDep, Western Mindanao State Univ, Zamboanga City, Philippines) : Ethnobotany and physiological review on folkloric medicinal plants of the Visayans in Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 08-16.

Medicines tend to be expensive and oftentimes inaccessible; however, local inhabitants such as the Visayans are resourceful enough to utilize plants as an alternative medicine (commonly called “Binisayang tambal”). Binisayang tambal practice serves as the local primary health care especially in rural areas and patients claimed that it is effective. Documentation of this alternative medicinal practice is necessary since this is just being passed on from generations to another orally but is never scientifically documented. Herein, an ethnobotanical study and physiological review on folkloric medicinal plants among the Visayans in Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay were conducted. A snowball sampling method was utilized to interview 30 key informants from Siay and 1 known Visayan herbalist in Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. Results revealed fifty (50) medicinal plants belonging to 32 Families which are utilized by the Visayans to treat different ailments. Blumea balsamifera (sambong) of the Family Asteraceae emerged as the frequently answered plant used in treating cough, colds and fever, “panuhot” and “piang” (fracture or dislocation of nerves or tissues). Other commonly treated diseases using medicinal plants include “bughat” (physical relapse). Culturally unique to Visayans is the practice of “toob” in treating diseases especially during fever which utilizes smoke from certain medicinal plants and inhaled by the patient in a closed compartment. Ethnobotanical knowledge in the municipality of Ipil and Siay is still conventional and lineages gave notable contribution for exhibiting actual records of these plants for conservation of their culture and practices for the utilization of the next generation.

2 illus, 1 table, 69 ref

043864   USMAN J G, MADZIGA H A, SANDABE U K, SODIPO O A (National Veterinary Research Institute, Plateau State, Nigeria) : Nephroprotective effects of methanolic extract of Cucumis metuliferus fruit in cockerels. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(3), 01-7.

Serum chemical and haematological analyses together with physical examination can provide important information on animal’s health status; and are important in the diagnosis and treatment of patients and especially in avian species that somewhat show minimal overt clinical signs of disease, even when seriously ill. This study aimed at establishing the effect of crude methanolic extract of Cucumis metuliferus on serum biochemical indices associated with kidney functions in cockerels. The fruits of C. metuliferus were collected in Vom village, Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria in Nov. 2012. The plant was identified and authenticated by a plant Taxonomist in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri. The grounded fruit was serially extracted (cold maceration) using solvents of different polarities. This was kept in an air-tight container until used. The crude methanolic extract being the most active was used for sub-acute toxicity studies in cockerels. Serum biochemicals relevant to kidney function (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate) were determined weekly for three weeks (day 7, 14 and 21). After stoppage of the treatment, serum was also collected a week later (day 28), for the determination of same biochemicals in order to establish the withdrawal effect. Data obtained were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and results expressed as mean ± standard deviation (S.D) where p<0.05 was considered significant. The result of the serum biochemicals and electrolytes of the treated groups when compared to their controls showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the level of urea, creatinine and sodium, with a significant (p<0.05) increase in potassium, chloride and bicarbonate. The result of 7 days post treatment, which is the withdrawal period (Day 28) when compared to its day 21 showed only creatinine to significantly (p<0.05) increase, whereas, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate significantly (p<0.05) decreased after treatment withdrawal. This result may mean that Cucumis metuliferus may have a nephroprotective effect and may be good in maintaining acid-base balance. In conclusion, the crude methanolic extract of the ripe fruit of Cucumis metuliferus has confirmed the folkloric use of the plant in the treatment of kidney disorders or as a diuretic.

6 illus, 44 ref

043862   LABBAN L, THALLAJ N (Al Jazeera Private Univ, Syria) : The medicinal and pharmacological properties of Damascene Rose (Rosa damascena): A review. Int J Herb Med 2020, 8(2), 33-7.

For centuries, the Damask rose has symbolized beauty and love. The fragrance of the rose has been captured and preserved in the form of rose water by a method that can be traced to ancient times in the Middle East and later to the Indian subcontinent. Damascene Rose or Rosa damascene is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family flowers. This herb can grow in different climatic regions, but the best climate for this herb in arid and semi-arid regions with low temperature Damask Rose was originated from Damascus, Syria. It was suggested that the French Crusader Robert de Brie, who took part in the Siege of Damascus in 1148 at the second crusade, is sometimes credited for bringing the Damask rose from Syria to Europe. Other accounts state that the ancient Romans brought it to their colonies in England. R. damascena is an ornamental plant which have in addition to perfuming effect, several pharmacological and nutritional properties including antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, soothing, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, and culinary properties. The medicinal functions of Rosaceae are partly attributed to their abundance of phenolics compound. Phenolics possess a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antidepressant.

46 ref