016123   Lokeswari N (Center for Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering Dep, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: lokeswarin@hotmail.com) : Statistical optimisation of experimental variables associated with production of alpha amylases by Bacillus subtilis using banana agro-residual wastes in solid-state fermentation. Rasayan J Chem 2010, 3(1), 172-8.

Synthesis of α-amylase using Bacillus subtilis, NCIM 2439, was studied using substrate banana waste in the solid-state fermentation medium. The effect of incubation time, inoculum size, initial moisture content, temperature, pH and additional nutrients on the production of alpha-amylase was characterised. The pH, temperature and moisture content in the solid-state fermentation medium were statistically optimized using response surface methodology. A maximum yield of 53.3 U/g was recorded from banana waste with 70% initial moisture content, 8.0 pH, 35°C temperature and additional nutrients (2.0%, ammonium sulphate, 4.0% beef extract, 1.0% glucose and 1.0% sodium chloride) in the medium an inoculum to substrate ratio of 20% (v/w) for 24th incubation. Provides information on the appropriate temperature, pH and moisture content in the solid-state fermentation, yielding the highest enzyme levels.

1 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

016122   Lokeswari N (Centre for Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering Dep, AU College of Engi, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: lokeswarin@hotmail.com) : Production of tannase through submerged fermentation of tannin-containing cashew husk by Aspergillus oryzae. Rasayan J Chem 2010, 3(1), 32-7.

Tannins are water soluble polyphenolic compounds found in plants as secondary metabolites which can be grouped as hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable tannins. The presence of these substance in the husk of cashew was initially extracted and their crude extract was used separately as a substrate for the production of tannase through submerged fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae. Tannase production as well as the biodegradation of the substrate reached maximum within 24 to 36 h against crude tannin extract obtained from Anacardium occidentale. Tannse production was higher by almost two fold in the presence of crude tannin compared to pure tannic acid used as a substrate. It seems that the industrial production of tannase, using husk extract of Anacardium occidentale can be a very simple and suitable alternative to presently used procedures. This method appears to be much more accurate than those reported earlier.

3 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

016121   Lingathurai S;Vellathurai P;Ezil Vendan S; Alwin Prem Anand A (Biotechnology Div, The American College, Madurai-625 002, Email: lings02@gmail.com) : Microbiological and chemical composition of cow milk from different locations in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Sci Technol 2009, 2(2), 51-4.

Sixty samples of raw cow milk were collected from four different locations in Madurai for their microbiological and chemical compositions analysis. The average levels of major chemical components were: fat (6.14%), crude protein (3.77%), lactose (4.25%), total solids (18.10%) and ash (0.80%). Microbiological enumeration revealed for the counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, 5.84 log cfu/ml; bacterial endospores, 2.37 log cfu/ml; lactic acid bacteria, 4.46 log cfu/ml; coliforms, 2.76 log cfu/ml; Escherichia coli, 1.63 log cfu/ml and Staphylococcus aureus, 1.92 log cfu/ml. Listeria spp. were below detection level in all of the samples. The microbiological quality of raw cow milk was judged marginal and indicates the need for improved hygienic standards.

3 tables, 29 ref

016120   Kizhakkayil J;Sasikumar B (National Agricultural Research Institute, , Mon Repos, ECD, Guyana) : Variability for quality traits in a global germphlsm collection of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.). Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2009, 3(3), 254-9.

Fourty six ginger accessions originating from India, China, Pakistan, Brazil, Jamaica, Oman, Nepal, Nigeria and Queensland analysed for the quality attributes revealed that the primitive types/land races are rich in oleoresin and essential oil and low in crude fiber content as compared to the improved varieties.

2 tables, 13 ref

016119   Keshwarnai S;Dubey A (Zoology Dep, Govt M.H. College of H. Sc. & Sci for Women, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Genetic variability in natural population of human and estimation of gene and genotypic frequency of A-B-O blood group. Bull Bio Sci 2008, 6(1), 25-8.

Investigation is aimed to assess the genetic variability (Polymorphism) in natural population of Human and estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies from the data collected regarding the A-B-O blood group.

2 tables, 9 ref

016118   Kavitha G;Dhindsa G S;Sarvjeet Singh;Johar Singh (Plant Breeding Dep, Genetics and Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sarvjeetm@rediffmail.com ) : Stability analysis of yield and its components in malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes. Crop Improv 2009, 36(1), 29-34.

Stability performance of 20 malt barley genotypes involving commercial cultivars and elite lines were compared by using regression on environmental means for grain yield and its components such as days to flowering, plant height, tillers per plant, grains per spike, grain weight per spike and 1000- grain weight in eight unilocation environments. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the traits studied in all the eight individual environments. Genotypes x environment interactions measured through regression analysis were significant for all the yield components with the environmental component having the largest effect. Most of the genotypes did not satisfy the stability criteria indicating the presence of non-linear component of G X E instead of the linear component for most of the traits studied. The genotypes BL 53 for days to flowering, VJM531, VJM540, DWRUB52, PL796 and RD2503 for plant height, VJM201, PL796, BL71 and DWR28 for tillers per plant, DWRUB52 and VJM531 for grains per spike, and BL73 and BL61 for 1000-grain weight and VJM531, VJM540 and DWRUB52 were found to be comparatively stable.

3 tables, 17 ref

016117   Kate V V (Botany Dep, Devchand College, Arjunnagar, Kagal-591 237) : Use of tobacco waste into organic manure by effective microorganisms technology. Geobios 2009, 36(4), 239-40.

Investigation was carried out to decompose waste from tobacco field into organic manure by using effective microorganisms technology. The results revealed an increase in nitrogen; so the waste can be used profitably as an organic manure.

5 ref

016116   Kannikaparameswari N;Suja S;Umadevi P;Saritha E (Biochemistry Dep, Karunya University, Coimbatore) : Protection of mice hepatocytes exposed to arsenic in-vivo by Scultia myrtina. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2009, 2(2), 172-6.

In the study, Scutia myrtina was evaluated for its hepatoprotective effect in arsenic induced hepatocellular injury in rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in male albino rats by intraperitonial injection of arsenic(0.5ml/kg body weight/2days). S. myrtina at a dose of 500mg/kg was administered orally for 15 days. The hepatoprotective effect of S. myrtina was evaluated by the assay of lipid peroxidation, hepatic marker enzymes namely Acid Phosphatase(ACP), Alkaline Phoshatase(ALP), Alanine Transaminase(ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and enzymatic antioxidants including Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Reduced glutathione and Glutathione peroxidase. The toxic effect of arsenic in S. myrtina treated group was controlled significantly by restoration of the levels of enzymic antioxidants and hepatic marker enzymes. The present study suggests that Scutia myrtina provides a good source of antioxidants that could offer potential protective effects against lipid oxidation and which could be exploited to make it a hepato protective agent against arsenic induced liver damages.

3 tables, 21 ref

016115   Kannahi M;Vetriselvi J;Sathya S (P.G. and Research Dep of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women's College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi-614 001) : Lignolytic potentialities of some bacteria under solid state fermentation. Geobios 2009, 36(4), 257-60.

Banana leaves, coir waste, groundnut shell, paddy straw and sugarcane baggase were inoculated with Arthrobacter 682 and Bacillus 735 for their enzyme activity, namely laccase, catechol oxidase and lignin peroxidase under soild state fermentation. Maximum enzyme production occurred after 14th day.

1 table, 8 ref

016114   Kakde R B;Gadgile D P;Pangrikar P P;Hatti A D;Gaikwad R S;Chavan A M (Seed Pathology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431 004, Email: raj_oilseed@yahoo.com) : Impact of nutritional factors on lipase activity of seed-borne fungi of soybean (Glycine max L.). Flora Fauna 2009, 15(2), 245-8.

Deals with seed mycoflora of soybean and impact of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur sources on lipase enzyme activity of some dominant fungi, which were isolated from abnormal soybean seeds. Seven fungal species were found to be associated with the soybean seeds on PDA and RBA. It was found that Carbon sources like lactose, starch, Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) ; Nitrogen sources like Sodium nitrite, Peptone, Urea, Ammonium phosphate; Sulphur sources like Zinc sulphate, Ferrus sulphate, Calcium sulphate, Disodium sulphate, Copper sulphate and phosphorus sources like Sodium dihydrogeno-phosphate, Di-Sodium hydrogen o-phosphate inhibit the lipase action, while Fructose, Sucrose, Casein, and Peptone induce the lipase activity.

5 tables, 11 ref

016113   Kadam A S (Botany Dep, D.S.M. College, Jintur, Parbhani-431 509) : Effect of 2,4-D on callus induction in sugarcane. Bioinfolet 2010, 7(1), 71-2.

In case of sugarcane, varietal response was observed for initiation and morphology of callus. Variety Co. 7714 induced early callus followed by Co 671 and Co. 86032. Days required for callus initiation were inversely related to the concentration of 2, 4-D in all the three varieties. From 8 to 12 days were required for callus initiation. Callus was compact, soft and creamy white in Co. 671. It was compact, soft and pale yellow in case of Co 86032 whereas friable, loose and whitish in Co. 7714. The concentration of 2, 4-D at 3mg/l was most effective for early callusing in all the varieties.

1 table, 6 ref

016112   Kackar V;Tantia M S;Vijh R K;Mishra B;Bharani S T;Prasad S (National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, , G.T. Road by Pass, Karnal, (Haryana)) : Characterization of novel genes in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using comparative genomics. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2009, 2(1), 45-8.

An exhaustive search was made to update the knowledge for the QTL databases with respect to milk and milk related traits and the meta QTL regions were taken for the present study. The comparative genomic map for the chromosome no. 10 of Bos taurus was thoroughly studied and its homology with the human chromosome was explored. The chromosome 15, 14, 5& 7 had regions homologus to the cattle chromosome 10.Two genes (Mitogen activated protein kinase 1 gene with exons 9 &11 and Multiple EGF-like domainto 11 gene with exons 16 &17) were selected for the study. The primers were designed for the regions of these two genes using exonic regions of human beings and Web based primer design software. The primers thus obtained were used for amplification of the region in buffaloes. The PCR products were sequenced and screened for possible SNPs. Two SNPs were detected for Multiple EGF- like domain 11 gene and one SNP was detected for Map Kinase kinasel gene.

10 ref

016111   Jothi Basu M;Ramanathan R;Yogananth N;Baburaj S (Alagappa University, , Karaikudi-630 003) : Micropropagation of Crataeva religiosa hook. f. & thoms. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2009, 3(3), 287-90.

A protocol was developed for in vitro propagation by multiple shoot induction of Crataeva religiosa Hook. f. & Thoms, a medicinal tree having high medicinal values belonging to the family Capparidaceae. High frequencies of multiple shoot regeneration were achieved from apical bud on MS medium fortified with 8 mg/L BAP alone. Five to seven shoots per explant were obtained. The elongated shoots were subcultured for rooting on half strength MS supªplemented with various concentrations of IBA and IAA. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized in green house and successfully transªplanted to natural condition with 72% survival.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

016110   Jeyaseelan A;Sivashanmugam K;Jayaraman K (School of Biotechnology, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Email: aravindj@gmail.com) : Comparative applications of bioreactor and shake flask system for the biodegradation of tannin and biotreatment of composite tannery effluents. Pollut Res 2008, 27(3), 371-5.

Tannin degrading microbes isolated from tannery effluents (Klebsiella pnuemoniae MTCC 7162, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus laterosporus MTCC 6017) were tested for their ability to degrade vegetable tannins in tannery effluents, along with other polluting parameters in the effluents like Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). In the shake flask studies when equal-volume of effluent with media was taken at a ratio of 1: 1, Klebsiella pnuemoniae was able to bring down the load of BOD, COD, TDS and Tannin by 93%, 86%, 56% and 93% respectively in 48 hours. This was on par with the consortium of all isolates. Klebsiella pnuemoniae alone under 2L bioreactor studies was able to bring down the levels of COD, TDS and Tannin by 71%,48% and 75% respectively, in 48 hours.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

016109   Jayaseelan A;Bakthavathsalam R (Zoology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam-612 001) : Culture of epigeic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae using green gram waste. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(3A), 1345-9.

Rate of cocoon production and weight gain/loss of the epigeic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae kept in 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substrate ratios (PSR) prepared from partly decomposed green gram waste (DGW) with soil for 35 days were determined. The worms kept in 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 PSR showed a gradual increase in their body weight and their respective per cent body gain values observed were 13, 95, 101, 115 and 114. Though the worms kept in soil alone showed 100% survival value with 35% weight loss after 35 days, only 24 cocoons were laid during the course of study due to less organic matter present in the soil. The worms kept in all DGW media produced relatively more cocoons than the control, but the rate of cocoon production and hatchings production, and hatching success observed in 100 PSR was relatively more when compared to other PSR studied. The hatchlings obtained and grown in different DGW media showed a gradual increase in their total length and weight throughout the study period. The hatchlings kept in 100, 75 and 50 PSR attained sexual maturity at the end of 50 days of exposure respectively with an average total length of 14.5, 15.1 and 15.2 cm and an average total weight of 1.53, 2.30 and 1.95 g. But the hatchlings kept in 25 and 10 PSR attained sexual maturity only after 60 days of exposure after reaching the length of > 14 cm. The hatchlings obtained and kept in control medium were in the state of no movement from 40 days onwards but get itself coiled all the times though showed a slight improvement in their length and weight up to 40 days. The results proved that the culture medium containing DGW was the best one as far as cocoon production and growth of earthworm are concerned.

3 tables, 16 ref

016108   Indrama T;Oinam G;Tiwari O N;Thokchom E; Sharma G D (NO, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (An Autonomous I, Takyelpat, Imphal-795 001) : On the cultural and pigmentation aspects of oscillatorial cyanobacteria from the north east region of India. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2009, 2(1), 54-64.

North East region (Indo-Burma biodiversity hot spot) falls in bio-geographic tri-junction of the Indian, The Himalayan and Oriental landmass. As such, apart from high endemic and speciation process, debate of habitat destruction in this region is alarmingly high. Being one of the most important hot spots in the world, the region is an active centre of evolution of many new and novel gene pools. Extensive research on different fundamental and applied aspects of cyanobacteria have demonstrated that the algal biomass can be used for diverse applications from biofertilizer to animal feed, environmental role as bio-indicators of pollution and waste water treatment, production of vitamins/fine chemicals, fats, oil, hydrocarbons, enzymes, use in pharmaceutical preparations and source of energy. In the oscillatoriales, the genus description is mainly on the properties of the sheath. This character is however, variable and largely influenced by environmental conditions. A gradient exists between Oscillatoria without sheath and Lyngbya with a firm sheath. On the other hand, there are groups of species generally not accepted at the genus level, which can be clearly defined by intermediary solution as this genus is obviously heterogeneous. Characters that could be used to define smaller entities in this large group are types of trichome breakage, presence or absence of necridia. All characters in contrast to the sheath are qualitative characters which make it possible to clearly define genera within the family oscillatoriaceae. In culture, it is possible to use new parameters to define species. These criteria are especially important in this group which has little morphological differentiation.

15 ref

016107   Gayatri Prakash (Zoology Dep, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007) : Isolation of LP (a) from human serum liporoteins and its sialic acid concentration. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2009, 2(2), 139-42.

Lp(a), a genetic variant of β-lipoproteins (LDL) was isolated from human serum and was characterized to study its behavior and sialic acid concentration. Like LDL, Lp (a) also contains significant amounts of sialic acid which can be digested completely by neuraminidase enzyme treatment for 24 hours at 37°C. Thus, Lp (a) samples treated with neuraminidase for 24 or 48 hours at 37°C showed negligible amounts of sialic acid. The electrophoretic mobility of these Lp (a) samples decreased in comparison to the native or untreated Lp (a) samples. Presence of high amounts of sialic acid in Lp (a) like that in LDL suggests that this carbohydrate moiety may play some role in these lipoproteins.

2 illus, 15 ref

016106   Gantait S;Mandal N;Das P K (Biotechnology Dep, Instrumentation and Environmental Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswa, Mohanpur, West Bengal-741 252, Email: saikatgantait@yahoo.com) : Impact of auxins and activated charcoal on in vitro rooting of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. cv. golden boy. J trop Agric 2009, 47(1-2), 84-6.

Protocol was developed for in vitro rooting of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. cv. Golden Boy where different auxin sources [indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), ∝-naphthalene acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] were evaluated in the presence of activated charcoal (Ae). A combination of 0.2 mg.dm^{-3 IBA plus 2 g.dm-3 AC in MS proved excellent in terms of earliness in root induction, root number, and length as well as response to rooting of in vitro generated microshoots. IBA performance was better than NAA or IAA in presence of AC for root induction and elongation.}

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

016105   Gaikwad K N;Mali M V;Mahajan D R (Botany Dep, K.T.H.M. College, Nashik-2) : Adoption of BGA biofertilizer technology by rice producing farmers in western part of Nashik district (Maharashtra). Flora Fauna 2009, 15(2), 277-80.

Study reports the application of BGA biofertilizer during the Kharif crop seasons. The mode of communication included field demonstrations, poster show, mass culture of BGA in the fields of target farmers, transfer of printed matter. The different categories of respondents and their adoption of BGA technology were correlated. The observation was positive correlation between age, education and occupation of farmers in adoption of BGA technology. There was no correlation of size of land holding of farmers and adoption of technology.

4 illus, 7 tables

016104   Gaikar R B;Uphade B K;Gadhave A G;Kuchekar S R (Center for Biotechnology, Pravana Institute of Medical Sciences (DU), Loni, Tal. Rahata, Dist. Ahmednagar-413 713, Email: rajugaikar@gmail.com) : Effect of dairy effluent on seed germination & early seedling growth of soybeans. Rasayan J Chem 2010, 3(1), 137-9.

Investigations have been made to study the impact of various concentrations (Viz. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) of dairy effluent on seed germination and early seedling growth of Soybeans. It was observed that increase in effluent concentration there was a corresponding decrease in % germination, but seedling growth gradually increased up to 50% effluent concentration. Whereas 10% dilution of effluent enhanced seed germination and 100% effluent completely inhibit for both seed germination and seedling growth. The effluent could be used as liquid fertiliser upto 50% dilution.

2 tables, 11 ref

016103   Gadhia P K;Chakraborty S;Pithawala M (Biosciences Dep, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat- 395 007, Email: pankaj_gadhia@hotmail.com) : Hematological studies from individuals with occupational exposures to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF). J Cell Tissue Res 2009, 9(1), 1673-9.

The study is focused on hematological parameters of individuals occupationally exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Thirteen different hematological parameters were measured to analyze possible effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) among the occupationally exposed individuals that included 15 railway engine drivers, 15 electric substation attendants, 15 electric arc welders and 15 individuals working in the vicinity of electric distribution point (DP) transformers. The parameters of the exposed individuals were compared with 15 non-exposed controls as well as 15 non-exposed occupationally related controls (referents) mainly the railway guards. The results revealed no statistically significant difference in any of respective hematological parameters of the controls, referents or the exposed group individuals. In addition, the hematomorphological features were outright normal.

6 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

016102   Doddamane M;Anand S;Bali G (Biotechnology Dep, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 056, Email: manjulakumari_doddamane@yahoo.co.in) : Relationship between egg maturation and oviposition and evidence of factors regulating these events in male ejaculatory duct duplex of Helicoverpa armigera. Entomon 2009, 34(1), 1-10.

In synovigenic female Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) mating enhanced both reproductive potential (egg maturation) and reproductive output (oviposition). This increase in egg maturation and oviposition in mated female could be brought about in virgin females by treating them with factors isolated from male accessory glands and ejaculatory duct duplex. Egg maturation process could also be stimulated by methoprene treatment but not by provision of additional nutrients. The enhanced rate of oviposition that was induced by mating or male derived factors was not a consequence of enhanced egg maturation.

4 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

016101   Dharmendra Singh;Singh S K;Singh K N (NO, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal-132 001) : Diversity of salt resistance in a large germplasm collection of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Improv 2009, 36(1), 9-12.

Nature and magnitude of genetic divergence was assessed using non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis in 300 genotypes of bread wheat for grain yield and its associated characters. All the genotypes were grouped in 7 different clusters. The clustering pattern revealed the distribution of the genotypes belonging to the same origin in more than one cluster indicating non-parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. The intra cluster variation was highest in cluster VI. Members of cluster VI and VII were highly diverse from each other as these clusters showed maximum inter cluster distance. The entries of cluster VII showed the highest mean values for plant height, tillers per plant and grain yield per plant. The promising genotypes for gain yield, 1000-grain weight, tillering capacity and grain numbers under saline conditions were identified from clusters VI and VII on the basis of mean values which could be utilized for introgressing their useful traits in the commercial wheat genotypes.

4 tables, 11 ref

016100   Devanna B N;Earanna N (Biotechnology Dep, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore-560 065) : Isolation and genetic characterisation of an endosulfan degrading bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(3A), 1369-73.

Bacterium having ability to degrade endosulfan was isolated from pesticide contaminated soil and identified. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of the organism confirmed it as Bacillus stearothermophilus. The organism was grown in a medium containing 0.3% endosulfan as a sole source of sulfur. The plasmic curing of Bacillus stearothermophilus using ethidium bromide revealed the plasmid born nature of the organism. Endosulfan-degradation was a sulfur-starvation response of this bacterium. The plasmid transformed E. coli BL-21 strain has grown only at 0.07% of endosulfan concentration in non-sulphur medium.

5 tables, 19 ref

016099   Deshpande B D;Deshpande K G;Suraj Jamge (NO, MGM College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Enzymatic degradation of sugarcane tops. Bioinfolet 2010, 7(1), 22-3.

Sugarcane tops were treated with compost and buried in soil to identify the role of bacteria in degradation of lignocellulose. The compost treated samples showed increased degradation of lignocellulose. Colony and other characteristics of isolated organisms were found to be identical with Pseudomonas fluorescence. Thus Pseudomonas fluorescence was found to be useful in degradation of sugarcane tops. This can be a remedy for in situ disposal of sugarcane tops.

7 ref

016098   Deshmukh S K;Rathod A P (Chemical Engineering Department, Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yavatmal-445 001) : Adsorption of dyes from waste water using coconut shell as bio-adsorbent. Pollut Res 2008, 27(3), 569-73.

Investigation was carried out to study the removal of indigo dye using a non conventional adsorbent coconut shell. The adsorption isotherm is obtained in batch reactor. It is found that dye adsorption capacity (pollutant removal efficiency) of a steady system depends on adsorbent material, pH of solution, adsorbent dose, particle size, initial concentration, and type of activation. It is observed that, the process uptake followed first order adsorption rate expression and obeyed Langmuir and Freundlich model of adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm is best fitted with respect to Freundlich isotherm for the adsorbent studied.

7 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

016097   Chandrika M;Ravishankar Rai V (Studies in Biotechnology Dep, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Email: rri33@hotmail.com) : An assessment of genetic stability in micropropagated plants of Ochreinauclea missionis by RAPD markers. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2009, 3(3), 320-8.

Reports the use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, el to verify the clonal fidelity between the micropropagated plants and the mother plant of it Ochreinauclea missionis, an ethnomedicinal and endemic tree in Western Ghats of India. Thirty eight RAPD primers were screened, out of which If thirty two primers generated a total of 245 clear, distinct and reproducible bands. Out of 245 total bands, 227 bands were monomorphic with 92.67% and 18 bands showed polymorphic banding pattern with 7.34 %. Thus, a total of 5390 bands were generated showing uniform banding patterns for each primer that are comparable to the mother plant from which the cultures were established. Cluster analysis based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) showed 97% similarity between the a mother plant and micropropagated plants. The developed RAPD profiles confinued the clonal fidelity of tissue culture raised plantlets which were reintroduced to its original habitat for conservation.

2 illus, 35 ref

016096   Chakraborti S;Sinha R K (Cytogenetics & Plant Biotechnology Lab., Botany Dep, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799 130, Email: khsinhark@yahoo.co.in) : Market potential of muli [Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) kurz] bamboo shoots and its traditional recipes in Tripura. Vegetos 2009, 22(1), 23-32.

Market potential of Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz - one of the highly exploited edible bamboo species in Tripural M. baccifera is popularly called Muli bamboo by the common people of the state and known as Owathai to the tribal communities. Market demand of young Muli shoots are worked out through market survey and is found highly relevant with income generation of economically poor tribal and other rural communities of this region. Traditional food items and the variety of recipe preparation using bamboo shoots are recorded. Present study highlights the potential of young Muli bamboo shoots as a source of healthy and delicious diet to the tribal and rural communities of Tripuia.

2 illus, 14 ref

016095   Bhattacharya A;Lomte V S (Microbiology Dep, Maulana Azad College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Auramganad, Maharashtra) : Chromate stabilisation in extracellular and cell free extracts of preselected mixed cultures. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2009, 2(2), 177-82.

The ability of the isolates to stabilize Cr(VI) was studied in preselected mixed cultures. Cell free extracts (CFE) could remove more than 75% of provided 45μg/mi Cr(VI).Further spiking reduced the uptake. Uptake was also poor in boiled portions. Initially poor uptake was noted with CFE which improved on addition of NADH. The NADH:CFE ratio of 1.25:1 allowed complete uptake of 125 μg/ml Cr(VI). Higher uptake was noted with CFE pre grown with chromate. Partially purified CFE followed a time course showing an increase in Cr(VI) uptake with time.

7 tables, 30 ref

016094   Bhathena Z P;Kharade S (Microbiology Dep, Bhawan College Dep, Andheri-58) : Use of myxobacterial pigment as a textile dye. Pollut Res 2008, 27(3), 471-9.

Microbial pigments have gained significant importance in the textile industry as a prospective substitute for synthetic dye based on its property of bioremediation Myxobacteria are social bacteria who undergo morphogenesis, wherein vegetative cells aggregate and pile up to differentiate into a compact mass of pigmented cells, Such fruiting bodies, with pigment encapsulated in slime matrix makes its recovery easy and cost effective M. fulvus BM 8 was thus optimized for its pigmented fruiting bodies with respect to its media nutrient content, pH, temperature. Media containing starch as the carbon source, yeast extract & casein hydrolysate as the nitrogen source, calcium ions as the inorganic ions at a pH of 7 to 8 allowed 1.6 fold increase in pigment yield. The pigment extracted showed a three-peaked absorption maxima spectrum at 440nm 460nm and 480nm characteristic of the carotenoid class. Use of such natural dye for textile dyeing by batch method showed maximum retention of bio-dye on wool at a concentration of 80% and a wash and light fastness scale of 5 and 7 indicating a very good fastness property.

2 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

016093   Banerjee R;Sengupta P S;Das D K (NO, Dep of Scientific and Industrial Research, Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110 016, Email: ramanujb@rediffmail.com) : Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in Gir and Sahiwal cattle at Haringhata farm, West Bengal, India. Geobios 2009, 36(4), 225-32.

In Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (M.O.E.T.), a total of 29 donors and 71 recipients were used. 34 freshly collected and 16 frozen embryos were transferred. A success rate of more than 70.71% and 88% were achieved in oestrus synchronization and multiple ovulations, respectively. Conception rate was 10-12%. This technology is termed first success of embryo transfer in cattle in West Bengal, and the first calf was named as "Dhabali".

2 ilus, 9 tables, 9 ref

016092   Arora S;Nikam J;Lokhande M O;Aglave B A (Biotechnology Dep, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik, Maharashtra) : Bioplastics - a ecofriendly packaging technology. Asian Sci 2009, 4(1-2), 102-3.

^iia

016091   Ambore M N;Gaikwad S M;Dhoble R L (Animal Biotechnology Dep, MGM College of Agricultural Biotechnology, CIDCO, N-6, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Efficacy of PGF₂ α ADMIN istration by IVSM route for estrus introduction in post partum cyclic cows. Asian J Anim Sci 2009, 4(1), 15-19.

Experiment was conducted to study the clinical efficacy of PGF 2 -a (clostenol) by intravulvo-submucosal route for induction of estrus in cows. Total 30 postpartum cows were selected from Red Kandhari Research and Instructional Farm, COVAS, Parbhani. The animals from group-I (intramuscular route) reported 80 per cent induction of estrus with mean time interval between treatment and onset of estrus as 78.16 hr., average duration of estrus was 20.5 hr while conception rate was found to be 50 per cent. The animals from group-II (IVSM route) also reported 80 per cent induced estrus with mean time interval between treatment and onset of estrus as 76.03 hr, average duration of estrus was 15.78 hr, while the conception rate was 62 per cent.

1 table, 22 ref

016090   Ali S A;Meitel K V (Biotechnology Dep, Saifia College of Science & Education, Bhopal) : Identificsation and quantification of thymioquinone from the seeds of Nigella sativa Linn. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2009, 2(2), 250-1.

Nigella sativa, a grassy plant commonly found in India is widely used for its therapeutic purpose. High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC) of the aqueous water extract of seeds of Nigella sativa revealed the presence of the active ingredient, thymoquinone in significant quantity.

^ssc1 illus, 24 ref

016089   Aglave B A;Jagtap K U;Kalal P R;Lokhande M O (Biotechnology Dep, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik, Maharashtra) : Helping the ecosystem through mycoremediation. Asian Sci 2009, 4(1-2), 100-1.

^iia

013887   Tiwari K L;Jadhav S K;Shukla P (School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Univ, Raipur-492 010, Email: kishan_tiwari37@hotmail.com) : Isolation of DNA from five different dicot plants. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 437-8.

A protocol for isolating DNA from plant leaves has been provided.DNA was isolated from five different plants namely Bougainvillea spectabilis, Rauwolfia serpentina, Tabernaemontama coronaria, Polyalthia longifolia,Jatropa curcas whereas Quisgualis indica did not give positive result. Amoumt of DNA extracted from experimental plants differ which can be easily seen on the agarose gel. For isolation of DNA the fresh leaves without freezing them were used. The leaves were thoroughly washed befor extraction. The leaves were homogenized with KOH [12%) and then treated with ethanol to extract DNA. The isolated DNA was observed on agarose gel under UV light.

9 ref

013886   Thirugnanakumar S;Antony A;Anandan A;Inasi K A;Anitha Vasline Y;Gokulakrishnan J (Agricultural Botany Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Genetic variability for nut and endospermic characters in coconut cv. chowghat green dwarf (Cocos nucifera L.). Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 339-41.

Genetic variability among 75 genotypes of Chowghat Green Dwarf coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) for 10 nut and endospermic characters was studied over two years (seasons). Both individual as well as pooled analyses were performed. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage over mean was observed for the traits viz., weight of copra, weight of kernel, husk: nut ratio, thickness of husk and weight of husked as well as unhusked nut in almost all the analyses. These characters could well be improved by resorting to simple pureline selection. High heritability coupled with low genetic advance as percentage over mean was observed for the remaining traits, which could well be exploited by resorting to hybrid breeding.

4 tables, 7 ref

013885   Thirugnana Kumar S;Balamurugan R;Velusami P A;Praveen Sampath Kumar C;Thangavelu P (Agricultural Botany Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Studies on genetic divergence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown over three environments in Veeranam ayacut region of Tamil Nadu. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 371-5.

D^{2 analysis of 25 genotypes based on seven traits confirmed the presence of high genetic diversity among the genotypes studied. The pattern of clustering pattern demonstrated that genetic diversity was not fully related to geographical diversity. Hundred grain weight and grain yield per plant contributed maximum towards genetic divergence. Selection of parents has been suggested based on consistency in genetic divergence.}

10 tables, 5 ref

013884   Subba Rao M;Kishore G;Rambabu C (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Dr. M.R. Appa Row Campus, Nuzvid-521 201, Email: mannamsrao@yahoo.com) : Plasmid mediated naphthalene degradation in Pseudomonas sp. strain NGK 1. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2010, 4(2), 702-7.

A large indigenous plasmid was found in the naphthalene degrading Pseudomonas sp. (NGK1). This plasmid, pND 15 appears to contain complete genetic information for the degradation of naphthalene as the plasmid cured strain failed to utilize naphthalene as source of carbon. The E. coli transformed with pND15 showed ability to degrade naphthalene and growth pattern similar to that of wild type Pseudomonas sp. (NGK1).

3 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

013883   Singh S R;Rohtas Singh;Dhawan A K (Center for Plant Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, New Campus, Hisar-125 004, Email: rohtas_bot@rediffmail.com) : Callus induction and micropropagation from different explants of Tylophora indica Wight and Arn. (Antamul). Envir Ecol 2009, 27(2A), 945-8.

Node, intemode and leaf explanu of Tylophora indica had the potential to produce calli on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (2.0 mg/Iiter) + KIN (0.1 rag/liter) + CH (200 mg/liter). Calli of different explant origin showed variable growth responses on combinations of hormones. The shoots were favorably formed indirectly from the calli of leaf explant and directly from the node explant. The maximum number of shoots was produced from the calli sub-cultured on MS + KIN (1.0 mg/liter) + IAA (0.5 mg/liter). The roots were initiated from the shoots on MS medium supplemented with 1BA (3.0 mg/liter).

1 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

013882   Singh A;Singh N;Bishnoi N R (Bio and Nano Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana) : Statistical optimization of endoglucanase enzyme production by a local isolate, Aspergillus heteromorphus using response surface methology. Asian J envir Sci 2010, 4(2), 106-11.

Production of endoglucanase enzymes by the local isolate of the fungus, Aspergillus heteromorphus was investigated. The fungus was cultivated under solid state fermentation condition at 30 0C for 120 hours and endoglucanase production was studied. The effect of initial pH, sugarcane bagasse as substrate and peptone concentration as nitrogen source were optimized using Box- Behnken design as independent variables. The optimal level of each parameter for maximal endoglucanase production by the fungus was determined. Endoglucanase activity was positively influenced by linear increase of peptone concentration and decrease at axial concentration of peptone, bagasse and pH. Results showed that endoglucanase activity was highest 61.7 U/ml when the peptone conc. was 1.75 g/l, bagasse cone. 2.5 g/l and pH was 5 respectively. Validation of predicted results was done, and the experimental values correlated well with that of the predicted.

4 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

013881   Singh A K;Singh A K;Rajput P K;Singh M K; Singh A K (Agronomy Dep, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, BHU, Varanasi) : Effect of zinc nutrition on bio-chemical properties of zinc-efficient and zinc-inefficient grnotypes of rice grown in sodic soil. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 461-3.

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is often reported of rice crops grown in sodic soils. Growoing zinc-efficient genotypes on zinc deficient soils in combination with application of smaller quantities of zinc may be the most realistic approach to cropping on such soils. With this view the present investigation was conducted in wet season of 2003-04 on a low fertile soil, being low in organic carbon (0.35%), available N (35 Kg ha^{-1), available K (27 Kg ha-1), DTPA extractable Zn (0.47 ppm) and medium in available P (13 Kg ha-1) to know the effect of Zn nutrition on biochemical properties of Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient genotypes of rice grown in sodic soils (pH 10). Three mode of zinc nutrition viz. basal application of ZnSO₄ @ 15 and 25 Kg ha-1 and seed soaking with 1.5% aqueous ZnO solution in addition to control plot receiving no zinc were compared in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with zinc-efficient (USARII, USAR III and USAR IV) and zinc-inefficient (CSR 10, CSR 13, CSR 27 and CSR 30) genotypes. Results obtained from the experiment clearly reveled that exogenous application of ZnSO₄ @ 15 Kg ha-1 improved Chlorophyll a, b and Protein content in leaves of the test crop at maximum tillering stage which was statistically at par with 25 Kg ZnSO ha-1 application. But at 50% (lowering stage Chlorophyll a and b showed non-significant difference with all mode of zinc nutrition supplied to all the genotypes. USAR IV was registered with more Chlorophyll a, b and Protein content in f leaves among all the genotypes. Nitrogen and Zinc content at physiological maturity were also maximum with 15 Kg ZnS0₄ ha-1 in both leaves and stem. The higher nitrogen and zinc content was recorded in USAR IV which was statistically at par with USAR III and was significantly better than rest of the genotypes. On the basis of result it may be concluded that supplementing smaller quantities of Zn to Zn-efficient genotypes helps | in improving salt tolerance of rice grown in sodic soils. This needs to be confirmed with further study.}

6 ref

013880   Shankarappa T H;Geeta G S (Bioconversion Technology, AICRP on enewable Energy Sources, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005, Email: shankarappath@gmail.com) : Evaluation of HPKVV plug flow biogas digester for bio-methanation of Lantana camara. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(2A), 816-19.

Utilization of biomass feed stock other than cattle dung is a potential source for biogas production. The weed Lantana camera was tested as a source of raw material for biogas production in HPKVV, Palampur designed plug flow biogas plant Two biogas plants of 1 M^{3 size were constructed and stabilized for two months with cattle dung slurry. Later, one of the plants was fed with aerobically pre-digested Lantana camera and cattle dung at 1 : 4 ratio and the other with cattle dung slurry alone at 10% TS. The plant fed with Lantana camera (5 kg) and cattle dung (20 kg) at 1 : 4 ratio performed at par with the plant fed with cattle dung (25 kg) alone. The biogas yields were marginally high in pre-digested Lantana supplemented biogas plant against CD alone fed plant during low temperature days.}

1 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

013879   Sarkar H K;Das S;Nsim Ali M;Gupta S (Genetics Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, P.O. Krishi Viswavidyalaya-741 252) : Efficacy of In vitro root study technique in hexaploid wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell.]-A problem and prospect. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 367-9.

Root growth pattern of fourteen hexaploid wheat genotypes comprising of tall, one gene dwarf and two gene dwarf like C-306, H.D-1949, H.D-2009, H.D-2781,H.D--2733, H.D-2643, H.D-2402, H.D-2428, H.D-2329, H.D-2189, PBW-343, HDR--77, H.D-2285 and H.D-2687 were studied at two morphogenetical stages i.e., 14 days and 28 days age following excised embryo culture technique. Such in vitro root studies had the dual advantages over the conventional methods in being its easy handling facility as well as clear visibility of roots. This situtation of growth of the young seedlings developed from mature excised embroys grown in modified White's medium helped in periodic observations in respect of both root and shoot inside the culture tube without any damage to the growing roots and finally transplanting in the soil for follow up of the same plants. This helps in estimating the genetical correlation of different root characters at the seedling stage with the yield contributing characters at maturity. Significant intervarietal differences in respect of different root and shoot characters viz. root number, root length (cm.) and shoot length (cm.) at different growth stages of the plants regenerated through in vitro culture could be visualized. The variety HDR-77 exhibited consistent root growth pattern in comparison to other varieties having differential root growth rhythm at different morphogenetic stages accompanied by belter economic yield. Seedling root characters had positive bearing on the economic yield attributes at maturity. Genetic restructuring of the root system of wheat plants could therefore be predicted. This technique will help in selecting wheat genotype on the basis of root characteristics at the seedling stages avoiding to some extent the painstaking and time-consuming field aided selection methods. Efficacy of methodology of embryo culture technique employed for root study is discussed.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

013878   Rawashdeh I M;Haddad N I;Amri A (Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE), P.O. Box 639. Baq'a, Jordan, Email: irawashdeh2002@yahoo.com) : Morphological diversity among and within populations of a medicinal plant (Achillea fragrantissima) collected from different regions of Jordan. Crop Res 2009, 37(1-3), 242-54.

Achillea fragrantissima species is a medicinal plant species found naturally in different regions in Jordan. This species and its natural habitats are exposed to severe degradation due to over-exploitation, over-grazing and agricultural encroachment. The study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of populations of A. fragrantissima collected from 1 5 monitoring areas in Jordan using eight morphological and agronomic traits. The results revealed the presence of a wide range of variability among and within studied Achillea populations. The high variability was recorded for days to flowering (Shoubk 3, Ma'an 3 and Mwaqqar 1), plant height (Shoubak 2 and Ma'an 1) and number of branches (Shoubak3 and Ma'an3). Lines and populations with tall plants and early in flowering should be selected for cultivation to allow high leaves and flowers dry yields. Cluster analysis showed clear differences between populations from different regions. Each of Shoubak 2, 3, Ma'an 1, 2 and Mwaqqar 1, 2, 3 populations formed separate groups. These findings call for the necessity of stratified sampling the remaining populations for ex situ conservation in national genebanks and for establishing several areas for protection and management of different populations to ensure effective in situ conservation. This study has also shown the possibility of cultivation of this species for income generation for local communities and for reducing the loss of the wild populations caused by collecting the plants under natural habitats.

2 illus, 8 tables, 27 ref

013877   Ramesh B N;Indi S S;Rao K S J (Biochemistry and Nutrition Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR Unit, Mysore-570 020, Email: kjr5n2009@gmail.com) : Effect of Centella asiatica on Aβ(42) aggregation in vitro. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2010, 4(2), 716-24.

Amyloid beta (Aβ) is the major pathological and ctiological factor implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ap(42) inherently self assembles to form oligomers and fibrils through multifactorial aggregation process. The oligomers and fibrils have toxic effects and may lead to neuronal dysfunction. The inhibition of formation of oligomers and fibrils is a novel strategy in drug development programs for AD. There are limited studies to show to that Centella asiatica has a memory enhancing, anti-acetlylcholinesterase and antioxi-dant properties. But there are no studies to insight whether C. asiatica prevents Aβ fibrils formation from monomers and oligomers and also to understand whether C. asiatica destabilize the preformed fibrils. Our present study focused on, i) whether the C. asiatica leaf aqueous extract prevent the formation of oligomers and aggregates from monomer? (Phase I: Aβ(42) + extract co -incubation), ii) Whether the C. asiatica aqueous extract prevent the formation of fibrils from oligomers (Phase II- extract added after oligomers formation) and iii) whether the aqueous extract dis-aggregates the pre-formed fibrils (Phase III - aqueous extract added to matured fibrils and incubated for 8 days). The aggregation kinetics was studied using thioflavin-T assay and Transmission Electron Microscopy (THM). The results showed that C. asiatica aqueous extract could not able to inhibit the Ap aggregation both from monomer and oligomers and also could not able to dis-integrate the preformed fibrils. These intriguing results are discussed.

3 illus, 45 ref

013876   Rajan A P (Environmental Biotechnology Div, School of Biotechnology, Chemical and, Vellore Institute of Technology Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632 014, Email: aprdbt@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of oil degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soils of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. J envir Sci Engng 2010, 52(2), 113-16.

Oil contaminated soils were collected from oil grinding mill, automobile service stations, and restaurant waste dumping sites of Vellore district for the isolation of oil degrading bacteria. Out of 78 Colony Forming Units, only 16 were found to be potent bacteria. 8 biggest clear zone forming bacteria on trybutyrin plates were studied for their colony morphology and the most potential oil degrader bacteria was then chosen for microbial and biochemical assay. The study showed the most prospective bacteria were Bacillus subtilis with the dimension of 3.45μm x 0.2 μm. This "microbial oil-destroyer" produces extracellular lipase which utilizes oil, and hence it can be used for the self remediation of lipid contaminated soils and water bodies.

3 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

013875   Patil S;Bawiskar S;Surya Pujary S M;Ghadge P; Lende S R (Botany Dep, College of Agriculture, Nagpur-440 001) : Effect of EMS on nodal culture of tomato. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 335-7.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7% and 0.8% concentations of EMS on in vitro cultures of tomato, Lethality percentage was found to be maximum (90%) at 0.8% EMS (T₁). It was found that the percentage lethality increased with increase in dose of EMS. Maximum number of shoots was observed in controls. (3.57 ± 0.29) followed by treatment T₄ (2.00 ± 0.00) and T₁ (1.75 ± 0.25) in comparison with the other EMS treatments. There was significant decrease in per cent rooted cultures. Maximum percentage of rooted cultures was found in control (40%) followed by treatment T₁ and T₂ having 30% rooted cultures. As 50% lethality was observed in T₂ (0.6'% EMS), 40% in T₁ (0.5% EMS) and in T₃ (0.7% EMS) 70% lethality was observed, these doses may be considered as the suitable doses for inducing somaclonal variation.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

013874   Patel H A;Patel K M;Sen D J;Chavda D R (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat Univ, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384 001, Email: dhrubosen69@yahoo.com) : Structure activity relationship studies of conjugated diamides of variable atomic electronegativity for sleeping time synergistic activity. Int J Drug Dev Res 2009, 1(1), 126-35.

The idea has been generated for CNS depression from the rational drug design from the structure of benzodiazepines and barbiturates in which there are closed chain urea moiety having two nitrogens in heterocyclic rings. Our objective was to synthesis such molecule in which this type of linkage must be in closed chain as well as in side chain. The synthesised molecule has three variables of three hetero atoms 0/S/N and the CNS depression study has been done with respect to the standard sedative drug and found that the CNS depression activity persists in only urea moiety and there was no CNS depression activity in thiourea and guanidine linkage, but the sleeping time potentiation has been found in all the three compounds are as follows: Compound-A: X=0 (urea derivative) > Compound-C: X=NH (guanidine derivative) > Compound-B: X=S (thiourea derivative) because electronegativity of oxygen for urea X:0=3.5 and of sulfur for thiourea X:S=2.4 and of nitrogen for guanidine X:NH=3.1. So the X=0 shows the maximum electronegativity with two lone pair of electrons whereas X=S has also two lone pairs but X=NH has one lone pair of electrons, but in case of NH moiety the electronegativity of hetero element (N) is in between the hetero elements (0) for X:0 and (S) for X:S. So, the affinity for GABA receptor binding capacity for urea is maximum to block the chloride channel.

14 ref

013873   Muralidhar Rao M;Jain A;Maruthi Rao A;Sunita M S L;Jalaja N;Kavi Kishor P B (Genetics Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007) : Factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill.). Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(2), 323-9.

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation protocol for three varieties of tomato (S-22, PR and PED) using hypocotyl and cotyledonary explants were developed. Agrobacterium strains LBA 4404 harbouring the binary vectors p35SGUSINT designated as A101 and pTOK233 designated as A102 were used for transformation. In order to develop a reliable and reproducible transformation protocol with higher efficiency, various factors that influence the transformation efficiencies such as Agrobacterium cell population (10^{8, 3 x 108, 6 x 108 cells per ml), type of Agrobacterium infection (CS and CPMS), feeder layer and addition of acetosyringone were studied. Explants when co-cultivated for 48 h at a cell density of 3 x 10-8, highest frequency of adventitious shoot regeneration (55.5%) was noticed in selection media. The type of Agrobacterium infection was also considered as an important factor; the palletized culture in MS basal medium (CPMS) gave higher response compared to CS where the explants were infected directly by overnight grown culture that was diluted to attain specific cell population. Putative transgenic shoots were rooted in root induction medium containing 50 mg/L kanamycin. The transformants were confirmed by GUS assay and by PCR analysis for their transgenic nature.}

1 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref