019147   Sivanandam V;Neelamegam R;Chellappan K P (Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Dep, Lekshmipurum College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor-629 802, Email: rnmegamsthcngl@gmail.com) : Salinity effects: II. on ionic (Na, Ca, Mg & Cl) content in Rhizophora apiculata blume and Acanthus ilicifolius Linn seedlings. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 175-80.

Effect of exogenous application of NaCl concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 mM) on Na^{+, Ca+, Mg2+ and Cl- ion content of the root shoot and leaf of two mangrove plants were investigated. Both the mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata and Acanthus ilicifolius, accumulated Na+ and Cl- ions in their tissues upto extreme level of salinity (70 mM NaCl). The Mg2+ and Ca2+ ion content also increased upto the optimal salinity concentration (500 mM) followed by a decline with increasing concentration of NaCl treatment.}

4 tables, 22 ref

019146   Sivanadanam V;Neelamegam R;Chellappan K P (Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Dep, Lekshmipurum College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor-629 802) : Salilnity effects: I. on morphometric characteristics of Rhizophora apiculata Blume and Acanthus ilicifolius Linn seedlings. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 65-71.

Experiments were conducted to observe the effect of exogenously added NaCl on the growth and biomass production of Rhizophora apiculata and Acanthus ilicifolius seedlings. The seedlings of both species tolerated and survived a wide range of NaCl salinity. The upper limit for survival of the seedlings of R. apiculata to NaCl salinity was 700 mM and A. ilicifolius survived under NaCl salinity upto 600 mM. The growth and development of both the species were stimulated in the presence of NaCl.

4 tables, 17 ref

019145   Ranachabdra B;Manjunath H;Prabha R;Shankar R; Krishna P A (Dairy Microbiology Dep, Dairy Science College, Kamataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Scienc, Habbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Production and performance evaluation of Bifidobacterium longum F8 in milk grown on solid state fermantation (SSF) Medium. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2008, 19(1-2), 18-21.

In order to overcome the problems associated with liquid culture techniques for the production of cell concentrates, an SSF technique using inert substrate such as paddy husk with various additives were attempted to standardize the SSF medium. The standardized SSF medium was used to produce cell concentrate of starter cultures using Bifidobacterium longum F8, Lactobacillus acidophilus 111 and Lactobacillus bulagaricus LBR3. The results showed that viable counts of 10.85 log₁₀ cfu/g of B.longum F8, 9.50 log₁₀cfu/g of Lacidophllus 111 and 9.09 Iog₁₀cfu/g of Lbulgaricus LBR3 could be achieved when medium was standardized with various growth promoting nutrients with the incubation conditions. The cultures which were grown on the SSF medium were preserved by air drying which resulted in a reduction of cells up to one log cells per gram and retained minimum viability on storage at 30° C. The dried SSF cultures were evaluated for their performance In milk. The results of viable count, curdling time and acidity showed that the results were comparable with the control (liquid culture).

2 tables, 11 ref

019144   Ramalingam;Saraswathy N;Shanmugapriya S; Shakthipriyadarshini S;Sadasivam S;Shanmugaprakash M (Biotechnology Dep, Kumaraguru College (KCT), Coimbatore-641 006, Email: gobiram@reduffmail.com) : Decolorization of textile dyes by Aspergillus tamarii, mixed fungal culture and Penicillium purpurogenum. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(2), 151-3.

Study describes degradation ability of Aspergillus tamarii, mixed fungal culture (Trichoderma sp., and A. flavus) and Penicillium purpurogenum on various synthetic dyes. A. tamarii decolorized (> 90%) of coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), bromophenol blue (BPB), and malachite green (MG) dyes. Mixed fungal culture decolorized: CBB, 74; BPB, 78; and MG, 45%. P. purpurogenum decolorized: CBB, 91; BPB, 92; and MG, 52%. Dye decolorization was achieved by metabolism rather than by adsorption. Isolated fungal strains could effectively be used in development of alternative and eco-friendly method for removal and degradation of textile dyes.

1 illus, 6 ref

019143   Pogaku R (Centre of Materials and Minerals, School of Engineering and Informatio, Malaysia Sabah Univ, 88999, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Email: dr_ravindra@hotmail.com) : White biotechnology-towards environmental reniassance. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 542-7.

To attain a sustainable future, industries have to come out with innovative ideas to produce their products in a greener way to which white biotechnology is the only solution. It is mandatory to switch over the current technology towards biotechnology, as early as possible to save nature and the future generation. White biotechnology is used to produce all kinds of products used in daily life - ranging from cheese to biodiesel. It involves fermentation and enzymatic processes that are highly interesting financial and ecological alternatives to chemical-physical and mechanical processes. In this direction, this review compiles the importance of white biotechnology and their application in various fields from commodity chemicals to energy and the obstacle it has to face before it is implemented.

^iia2 illus, 12 ref

019142   Patel I C;Shweta N (Life Sciences Dep, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan-384 265) : Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro regeneration of Tylophora indica (Burn. F.) Merr. : a medicinal plant. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 475-7.

Tylophora indica (Burn. f.) Merr. is medicinally important climber which is among the various commonly found hedge climbers in North Gujarat. The work is an effort to multiply this plant species by developing a suitable protocol of micropropagation. In vitro studies on Tylophora were conducted on MS medium supplemented with different hormones at different concentrations for callus induction, shoot formation and root formation. Hormone 2,4-D was found better for callus formation where as BAP in combination with Kinetin at low concentration was better for shoot induction after sub culturing of callus. Medium containing hormones IBA at moderate concentration was good for rooting in damvel.

3 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

019141   Mustafa U;Gurvinder Kaur (Biotechnology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, Email: uzma@iitg.ernet.in) : Entomopathogenic fungi as potent biocontrol agents. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 569-74.

Insect pest menace is a major factor that destabilizes crop productivity in agro-ecosystems. Chemical pesticide are the "silent killers" responsible for resistance in pests, environmental persistence and toxicity. Biological control involves 'natural enemies' against pest invasions. Biocontrol agents are highly specific to host insects, besides being safe to environment and mankind. Microbial pesticides may be based on bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) are used for the control of insect pests by causing disease in them. Common EPFs are Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. EPFs are advantageous over other pest management strategies because of significantly higher host specificity, broad host range, reduction of hazards and theoretical impossibility of the insects to develop resistance as fungi use simultaneously several mode of action, and as a 'living pesticide' is subjected to adaptation too. The success of EPFs in a winning strategy against the insect pests pivots upon three factors viz., the physiology of EPF-pest interaction, insect defences, and entomopathogenesis coupled with environmental conditions. The multiple development processes require the activities of fungal molecules like adhesion aiders, penetration effectors, enzymes and toxins. As a conclusion, the entomopathogenic fungi with their unique mode of pathogenesis hold high affirmations for commercial market.

3 illus, 12 ref

019140   Mir F A;Yadav A S;Bajaj A;Sharma A K;Lome S A (Molecular and Seed Technology Lab, Government Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal, Email: firdosmir@gmail.com) : Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation of Gardenia gummifera Linn. F. - an endangered medicinal plant. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 135-40.

Shoot multiplication of Gardenia gummifera Linn.f was first time obtained from the nodal and shoot tip explants of mature plant using MS medium with different concentrations and combination of growth regulators. Different types of auxins and cytokinins BAP, NAA, IAA, IBA and GA₃ were tested for in-vitro shoot proliferation of G. gummifera. Highest number of shoots 16 was obtained of MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mgl^-1). The combination of BAP+GA₃ was also found effective in shoot proliferation. But Kinetin (Kn) showed low performance for shoot proliferation and produce only 5 shoots when MS media containing Kn (2.0 mgl^-1). The degree of shoot formation was affected by explant types and the exogenous hormonal regime in the medium.

4 illus, 24 ref

019139   Hooda O K;llambarithi K;Kundu S S;Singh S V (Dairy Cattle Physiology Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Muzzle secretion as indicator of heat stress in bovines. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2008, 19(1-2), 55-7.

Determination of blood sodium concentration may be unsuited to the diagnosis of sodium deficiency because animal maintains concentration within the reference range through increased adreno-cortical secretion ofaldosterone. Sodium deficiency induced by prolonged salivary bss, causes a decrease of both sodium and potassium concentration in the urine. Some investigators have used the changed composition of saliva as a possible guide to diagnose clinical cases of sodium deficiency. However, because of the difficulty of collecting saliva, the test was found to be of limited value. Attempts have also been made in the past to use concentration of sodium in the urine as an index of degree of sodium deficiency, but with limited success. Heat stress generally leads to the loss of body water and electrolytes and affects the homeostasis of the animals. Muzzle glands secrete copious quantities of fluid containing electrolytes and during heat stress the losses are much higher. The electrolytes concentration of muzzle secretion may be an Indicator of stress in heat stressed animals. The normal levels of serum sodium and potassium are 137.4 mmol/lit and 4.58 m mol/lit during normal climatic conditions, which changed significantly after heat stress to 128.0 mmol/lit and 5.20 m mol/lit respectively. Sodium concentration in muzzle secretion under normal and heat stress were 8.50 and 12.66 m eq/lit, respectively and that of potassium concentration were 20.79 m eq/lit and 16.41 m eq/lit, respectively.

16 ref

019138   Hegde S;Vijayalakshmi D;Anitha S;Raghotham K; Rajeshwari Y B (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-560 065) : Bioavailability of lycopene from tomato. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2009, 28(3-4), 215-19.

Bioassay study was conducted to examine the bioavailability of lycopene in serum of the adult albino rats fed control diet and experimental diets containing four and five per cent MUFA, PUFA and Saturated Fat along with lycopene. The study was carried out for a period of twenty eight days and bioavailability of lycopene was assessed by HPLC method. The results revealed that the control group had no lycopene levels in blood serum while the experimental group V fed with 5 per cent MUFA had the highest lycopene level (0.74 n mol/L) followed by 5 per cent PUFA (0.72 n mol/L), 4 per cent MUFA (0.71 n mol/L), 4 per cent PUFA (0.70 n mol/L) and 4 per cent saturated fat (0.69 n mol/L) and least in 5 per cent saturated fat (0.65 n mol/L). However from the histopathological findings and the lipid profile results it was concluded that 4 per cent of the lipids which is the ideal requirement for the rats would be sufficient for lycopene absorption with no adverse effects on the body organs.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

019137   Gayathri Devi S;Priya V;Abiramasundari P; Archanah A;Uma K;Abirami T (Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dep, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore-43, Email: devigayathri75@yahoo.co.in) : Antioxidant properties of the leaves and stems of Aristolochia indica. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 113-16.

Aristolochia indica is a traditionally used medicinal plant claimed to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. Conducts with the purpose to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity in leaves and stem of Aristolochia indica. The enzymic antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-s-transferase (GSH) and non-enzymic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, reduced glutathione, total carotenoids and flavonoids) were found to be present. The free radical scavenging activity (inhibition of nitric oxide and super oxide generation, in vitro lipid peroxidation and DPPH free radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity) of different extracts of Aristolochia indica was also observed. The results obtained in the study indicated that the Aristolochia indica might be a good source of natural antioxidant.

2 tables, 23 ref

019136   Devi A;Angayarkanni T;Subash A;Kamalakannan A (Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dep, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore-641 043, Email: devi.micro@gmail.com) : Effect of Bacillus subtilis against leaf spot of Stevia caused by Alternaria alternata. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 107-11.

Ten isolates of Bacillus subtilis were evaluated for their ability to control Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot of Stevia rebaudiana. Among the isolates tested, AUB2 and AUB4 showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of A. alternata under in vitro. The effective isolates were screened for the production of hydrogen cyanide, salicylic acid, siderophore and indole acetic acid. Foliar application of talc based formulation of B. subtilis isolate AUB2 and AUB4 were evaluated under greenhouse condition. Increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and total phenolics was recorded in biocontrol agent pretreated Stevia plants challenged with A. alternara. Isolate AUB2 caused early and increased induction of all defense related enzymes and total phonols. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed two PO isoforms viz. PO1 and PO2 in all the treatments.

1 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

019135   Dalal S (Biotechnology Dep, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Email: sunitadalal69@gmail.com) : Genomic studies in rice. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 21-4.

Rice production presents about 30% of the world cereal production today. Arabidopsis was the first ever plant genome completely sequenced in December 2000 by an international consortium of laboratories. It now serves as a guide for mapping 125,000 other plant species. The completion of high quality sequence of the rice genome by an international consortium of scientists in 2005 was a major landmark in plant genomics as it paved the way for the application of genomics in increasing agricultural production. Next generation sequencing technologies are now being used in combination with the conventional approaches for fast decoding of complex plant genomes.

^iia27 ref

019134   Arminder Kaur;Sharma G S (Biotechnology Dep, N C College of Engineering, Israna, Panipat-132 107) : Identification of the sperm-binding proteins of goat seminal plasma. Indian J Dairy Sci 2009, 62(3), 192-5.

Study was undertaken to identify the proteins of the goat seminal plasma that bind to the surface of epididymal spermatozoa. The seminal plasma is complex mixture of the secretions of the testis, epididymis and the accessory glands. The secretory proteins of the epididymal fluid as well as those of the accessory glands appear along with spermatozoa as semen at the time of ejaculation. Some of these proteins coat the sperm surface and prevent the premature activation of the spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract. The seminal plasma proteins were iodinated using radiolabelled-^{125 by Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination method. The Molecular weights of the iodinated CGSP proteins being 158, 95.7, 38.9, 35.7, 28.8, 25.1, 19.0, 15.8, 12.0, 8.9 and 8.3 kDa The adsorption of the iodinated seminal plasma from the epididymal sperm surface revealed that most of the iodinated proteins were adsorbed on the sperm surface whereas the proteins of Mol. wt. 45.7, 38.9 and 19 kDa were not adsorbed on the surface of the epididymal spermatozoa. The adsorption of the seminal plasma proteins thus alters the surface properties of the epididymal spermatozoa.}

2 tables, 15 ref

019133   Ahmad G (Biotechnology Applications, K J Somaiya Insitute of Applied Agricultural Research, C/o Godavari Biorefinaaries Ltd. Samirwadi-587 316) : Bioengineering for sugarcane with high and stable insect resistance. Green Fmg 2010, 3(2), 125-8.

The candidate genes modified cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI, sck) was isolated from cowpea, CpTI Bowmum Birk inhibtor family and has broad insect resistance spectrum (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera) and Cry 1 A(c) belong to cry gene family, are isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and widely used gene in GM plants for insect resistance for bioengineering for sugarcane with high and stable insect resistance sub cellular targeting of foreign insecticidal proteins, establishment of multiinsect resistant mechanism increased insect resistance level by using two different insect resistant genes and the application of Matrix Attachment Regions (MAR) sequences and marker free transgene for stable and high level expression of foreign genes in sugarcane.

8 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

018294   Vijaya Sree N;Sambasiva Rao K R S (Centre fro Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522 510, Email: vijaya_1410@yahoo.com) : Nutraceuticals: their importance in health management. Res J biol Sci 2009, 1(3), 56-63.

18 ref

018293   Thenmozhi M;Hiranmani Yadav R (Biotechnology Dep, Karpagam Univ, Coimbatore-641 021) : Screening for carboxymethylcellulase producing bacterial isolates from compost manure applied soil. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect B 2009, 28(1-2), 53-61.

Cellulose is a kind of reproducible resource that is abundant in nature. Cellulose is commonly degraded by enzyme cellulose. Cellulase refers to a class of enzymes produced chiefly by bacteria, fungi and protozoas that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose. There are also cellulases produced by other types of organisms such as plants and animals. It is one of the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere. The ability to degrade cellulose aerobically is widespread among several soil bacterial species in both filamentous (Streptomyces and Micromonospora) and non-filamentous (Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Cytophaga) groups. Six different substrates were tested for their effect on enzyme production. Among the bacterial isolates, maximum level of enzyme production was obtained when rice straw and rice husk were used as substrates. Production of enzyme and enzyme activity by Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus were maximum at pH 3 and 4. Increase in enzyme production was observed at 30°C for Bacillus subtilis and 50°C for Micrococcus luteus when studied under varying temperature.

4 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

018292   Sumathi S;Padma N;Padma P R;Radha P; Priyadharshini N (Biochemistry, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Dep, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore-641 043) : Protective effect of leaf and herbal extracts of Withania somnifera against oxidative damage to DNA and LIPIDS. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2010, 4(1), 31-6.

Withania somnifera popularly known as Aswaganda is used in several indigenous drug preparations. The methanolic extract of leaf and herbal extract containing Withania somnifera as one of its components were analyzed against oxidative damage to DNA and lipids. The protective effect of the extracts was tested in different forms of the DNA. In both λ DNA and pUC 18 DNA, the leaf extract rendered better protection than herbal extract. The inhibition by herbal extract was significantly higher compared to leaf in both Herring sperm DNA and Calf thymus DNA. The protection rendeed to the membrane lipid s was also assessed in different membrane models. In case of both liver homogenate and RBC ghost, the leaf extract rendered better protection than herbal extract. The treatment with leaf and herbal extract brought down the level of TBARS formation.

3 illus, 24 ref

018291   Shukla A;Rana A;Lokendra Kumar;Singh B;Ghosh D (Biotechnology Dep, Sarar Bhagwan Singh PG Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248 161, Email: debashishghosh@sbspgi.edu.in) : Assessment of detergen activity of Streptococcus sp. ASO₂ protease isolated from soil of Sahastradhara, Doon valley, Uttarakhand, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 587-91.

Proteases are typical enzymes that are being investigated for their potential usage in many areas of application, such as detergent, brewing meat, photography, leather and dairy. A large number of proteases have been purified and characterized from bacteria and few from fungi. Bacteria were isolated from the soil sample collected from Sahastradhara, Doon Valley. Protease producing microorganisms were screened through activity zone method. Protease activity was checked spectrophotometrically using azocasein dye as a substrate. The producer was biochemically designated as Streptococcus sp. The maximum enzyme production was obtained at 72 h. Temperature optima was found to be 70°øC and pH optima was 9.0. The enzyme production was not affected with the use of antifoam. The enzyme completely lost its activity with 4 mM EDTA. The compatibility of the enzyme was studied with commercial and local detergents in the presence of lOmM CaCl₂ and 1M glycine. The addition of lOmM CaCl₂and 1M glycine, individually and in combination, was found to be very effective in improving the enzyme stability where it retained 50% activity even after 3 hours. This enzyme also had a improved the cleansing power. It removed stains completely when used with detergents in the presence of 10mM CaCl₂ and 1M glycine.

8 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

018290   Shashi A;Neetika S;Bhardwaj M (Zoology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: shashiuniindia@yahoo.co.in) : Neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis in brain of rat exposed to fluoride. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 629-32.

This study reports neurocytochemical effect of fluoride on DNA damage and apoptosis in brain of rats exposed to 30,45, and 75 mg NaF/kg bw/day for 35 days. There was accumulation of RNA in central region of cerebral cortex whereas DNA localized in outer regions. The molecular layer cells of cerebellum showed marked decline in DNA and RNA concentration, but the granular layer cells did not show much variation in the amount of nucleic acid in the different neurons, most of the Purkinje neurones exhibit apoptosis in brain ofrats treated with 45 mg NaF/kg bw/day. The level of DNA was decreased in Purkinje neurones as well as in hypertrophied neurones of granular layer in experimental rats given 75 mg NaF/kg bw/day. A decline in the phospholipid content in the cerebral cortex glial cells was observed in rats intoxicated with 30 mg NaF. In rats treated with 45 mg NaF/kg bw/day for 35 days, the phospholipids content in all cellular parts of glial cells of cerebral cortex was increased. The darkly stained phospholipids granules were clearly visible. A further increase in the concentration of brain phospholipids was noted in rats treated with 75 mg NaF/kg bw/day.

9 illus, 15 ref

018289   Shanthi G;Sivakumari V (NO, Kunthavai Nacchiyar Government Arts College for Women, Thanjavur-613 007, Email: vsivamicro@rediffmail.com) : Bioremediation of sewage waste water under reed bed treatment. Bull envir Sci 2009, 28(1), 31-4.

Reed bed technology is an emerging technology for wastewater treatment, which has masked the available technology with its low cost technology, low maintenance, ecologically balanced system of working. They posses good potential for decreasing nutrient load in waste water. Typha latifolia are screened as suitable reed bed grass for waste water treatment for its plant physiology and dominant rhizosphere microflora. The collected samples were analyzed for the pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), potassium, chloride, sulphate, Biological Oxygen Demand and total microbial population in domestic sewage waste have been analyzed and the results were noted.

2 tables, 11 ref

018288   Sasi A;Bhakyaraj R;Yogananth N;Chanthuru A; Ravikumar M (P G & Research Dep of Microbiology, , J J College of Arts and Science, Email: vavamicro@gmail.com) : Production of a-amylase enzyme in submerged fermentation by using Bacillus sp. Res J biol Sci 2008, 1(1), 50-7.

Amylases (endo-I,4a-D glucan glycohydrolases EC 3.2.1.1) are enzymes that hydrolyze starch. They can be derived from several sources such as plants, animals and microorganisms. They are used in food, baking, brewing, detergent, textile, paper and distilling industries. a-amylase enzyme can be produced in submerged fermentation by using Bacillus substilis and Bacillus lencheniformis. The Minimal medium was supplemented with certain carbon sources like fructose, glucose, lactose, mannitol, mannose and sucrose, certain other nitrogen compounds like peptone, urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NaNO₃ and yeast extracts and certain heavy metal compounds like Ca 2^{+, Mg 2+, Zn 2+, Mn 2+, Fe 2+ and Co 2+. In this study it was found that B. substilis produced more amounts of amylase (278 μl-1) than B. lencheniformis in both normal and supplemented media in 37°C at pH7.}

5 illus, 7 tables, 13 ref

018287   Rama Bhat P;Kaveriappa K M (Biotechnology Dep, Alva's College, Moodbidri-574 227, Email: ramabhatp@ymail.com) : Rhizosphere mycoflora of some species of myristicaceae of the western ghats, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 543-57.

Rhizosphere mycoflora of Gymnacranthera farquhariana, Knema attenuata, Myristica dactyloides, M. fatua var. magnificd and M. malabarica was studied by soil plating and soil dilution methods. The soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of each tree species in three seasons namely, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon over a period of two years from the forests of Gersoppa, Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. The physico-chemical parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, pH, EC, OM, elements like N, P, K, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na and Zn were analysed using standard procedures. A total of 99 species of fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere of five tree species and 49 species from the non-rhizosphere region. Only six out of 49 species isolated from non-rhizopshere soils were not observed in the rhizosphere soils. However, fifty out of 99 rhizosphere fungal species were not observed in the non-rhizopshere soils. The Sorensen's index showed the dissimilarity between the mycoflora of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil to the extent of 35-38%. Among the five tree species, a maximum of 73 fungal species were isolated from the rhizosphere of M. fatua var. magnified followed by 67 species in G. farquhariana, 65 species in K. attenuate, 64 species M. malabarica and 63 species in M. dactyloides. Whereas 37 species were common to the rhizosphere of all the five tree species and 17 species were observed in the rhizosphere of only one of the five tree species. The dissimilarity was 12-28% within five tree species. Season-wise maximum number of fungal species were recorded during monsoon in all plant species and minimum during post-monsoon as well as summer. The physico-chemical parameter of the rhizosphere soil varied in different plant species in different seasons. The dominant genera in terms of number of fungal species were Penicillium and Aspergillus. Trichoderma viride was dominant species in most of the seasons. The rhizosphere effect in the five tree species was in the range of 6.13-25.9 with the maximum (25.9) in Knema attenuata in the post-monsoon season. The rhizosphere fungal population of different seasons in each plant species was correlated with physico-chemical parameters of respective seasons and found that it was significant in some of the seasons or for some parameters only.

56 ref

018286   Poorani M;Akila G;Sivakumari V;Baskar N V; Arun Kumar S (NO, Ponnaiyah Ramajayam College, Thanjavur-614 904, Email: vsivamicro@gmail.com) : Biodegradation of textile dye waste water by using microbes and a few aquatic plants. Bull envir Sci 2009, 28(1), 51-9.

The textile dye effluents were collected and analysed for to various physico-chemical parameters. The bacterial strains (staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus sp.) were isolated from water sample and were identified and characterized based on morphological and staining method. The textile dye degradation efficiency was determined by inoculating bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and Klebsiella), fungi (Aspergillus sp. and Mucor), Algae (BGA and Cyanobacteria), aquatic plants (Eichhornia and Potamogeton). The raw effluent was treated by these organisms and aquatic plants. After the treatment, the effluent was analysed for the physico-chemical parameters. In the study Pseudomonas sp. and Mucor were best degrader of textile dye on comparing others.

10 tables, 12 ref

018285   Mary Helen P A;Nizzy A M;Jegatheesh T R (Biotechnology Dep, Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri, Kanyakumari District-629 153) : Phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) from Tamil Nadu, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 625-8.

Volatile oil from the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet was isolated and characterized by GC-MS. Eleven compounds were identified and the major compounds Zerumbone (25.37%), β-pinene (23.75%), Thujyl alcohol (15.7%) and Camphor (14.5%) are as the major constituents and this oil contains the minor constituents like 7-Oxabicyclo heptane (7.66%), 1,5,9-Decatriene (7.17%) and Linalyl acetate (3.65%) were identified. The antimicrobial activity of oil extract was tested against human and plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The oil showed significant inhibitory activity against the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (1.2cm), Lactococcus lactis (0.8 cm), and the fungus Aspergillus awomori (1.5cm), Fusarium oxysporum (1.0 cm), Aspergillus accularatus (0.9 cm), Candida albicans (0.8cm), Tricoderma viridae(O.Scm), Rhodotorula sps (0.8 cm) and Aspergillus niger (0.6cm). No inhibitibry activity was observed against the bacteria, Bacillus cereus and E. coli.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

018284   Maruthamuthu R;Gopalakrishnan V;Ramya M; Bhaskar A (PG Dep of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli-620 017, Email: mr.rajadurai@gmail.com) : Phylogenetic analysis of bioluminescent organism. Res J biol Sci 2008, 1(1), 1-5.

Luciferin is a chemical substance, which emits light in the presence of luciferase enzyme. The bioluminescent cells produce some form of luminescence within the electromagnetic spectrum, which mayor may not be visible to the naked eye. This property is unique in wavelength, duration, timing, and regulatory of flashes. This uniqueness of luciferase found in various bioluminescent organisms, can be analyzed to study their evolutionary existence by using Prot Param, ClustalX, NJ plot and FM method.

1 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

018283   Manilla P N;Adeboye A R (Pure and Industrial Chemistry Dep, Port Horcourt Univ, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, Email: patmanilla@yahoo.com) : Analysis of hydrocarbons present in sediment of some flood plain lakes in Bayelsa State, Niger delta, Nigeria. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 495-9.

Preliminary studies of the aliphatic and aromatic content of sediment samples from four lakes in the flood plain of the Niger Delta, Nigeria showed the presence of n-alkanes of C8-C33 in small concentration levels and an even over odd carbon predominance. All the lake sediments showed the presence of nC9-nC24 though L. Esiribi had n-alkanes of C8, C9, C10, and C14 in the surface sediment while the bottom sediment contained C8, C9, C13, C18, and C30. L. Egbedidi sediment also had nC33 hydrocarbons. The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon profile obtained by gas chromatography showed sediments from L. Esiribi and Akpide had no detectable amount of polyaromatic hydrocarbons while L. Egbedidi contained anthracene (01.92mg/kg), phenanthrene (7.45 mg/kg), and Benzo (a) anthracene (78.54mg/kg) for the surface sediment and 7.60;84.01 and 10.95 mg/kg respectively for the bottom sediment. L. Aboh which has a gas cluster in its water shed also showed phenanthrene (44.42 mg/kg) in its sediment.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

018282   Krishna Satya A;Krishna kanth P;Sambasiva Rao K R S (Centre of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar-522 510, Email: krssrao@gmail.com) : In-vitro propagation of Pterospermum xylocarpum (Sterculiaceae). Res J biol Sci 2008, 1(1), 26-32.

Study is focused on in-vitro propagation of a threatened plant of Andhra Pradesh -Pterospermum xylocarpum (Sterculiacea). Lack of organized cultivation of these plants demand immediate conservative measures. The objectives of the present study are to standardize in-vitro germination techniques, developing a proper in-vitro regeneration protocol using suitable seedling explants, and to obtain organogenesis. The process of micro propagation was carried out by using in-vitro grown seedling explants. Germination studies were carried out to indentify this best medium for developing a healthy seedling. Explant evolution was done upon the shoot regenerative capacity of the inoculated seedling explants. Selected explants were subjected to media evaluation. Morphogenic response of the explants were checked on MS media supplemented with cytokinin - like N^{6 - Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin (KN), Thidiazuron (TDZ) and Auxin - like Indole acetic acid (IAA), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole butyric acid (IBA) were supplemented either individually or in combination. The regenerated shoots were separated and placed on the rooting medium augmented with different Auxins like IAA, IBA& NAA(0.1-2 mgL-1). IAA(2 mgL-1) to induce roots from the cut end ofthe micro shoots. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized to field conditions by placing in pots containing sterilized sandú. Cotyledonary nodes of Pterospermum xylocarpum are the best explants for in-vitro propagation. MS medium with 2-3% sucrose was found to be most suitable. Shoot proliferation was maximum in MS medium reinforced with BAP 2mgL-1 + KN ImgL-1 + 3% sucrose solution. Adventitious rooting was accelerated in micro shoots with IAA at 2mgL-1. Shoot buds are produced from the callus of shoot tips in MS medium reinforced with BAP 4mgL-1 and IAA 1 mgL-1.}

6 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

018281   Karthick Raja Namasivayam S;Swathi T V (Biotechnolgy Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai-119) : Diversity and antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes from rhizosphere of Hibiscus rosasinensis. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 569-71.

Five actinomycetes belonging to Micromonospora, Streptomyces, Arthrobactor, Actinomyces and Nocardia wrre isolated from rhizosphere of Hibiscus rosasinensis and their inhibitory activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcesens yeast viz Candida alhiccms was studied in the study. Among the five genera, Micromonospora sp was found to be dominant followed by Streptomyces sp. The antimicrobial activity was recorded in all the genera except Nocardia and Arthrobactor. Maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed in Streptomyces and Micromonospora.

1 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

018280   Guruurthy H;Ramachandra Y L;Padmalatha Rai S; Ravikumar Patil H S;Suresh Babu P (Biotechnology Dep, G.M. Institute of Technology, Davanagere0577 006) : In vitro antibacterial activity of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(1), 32-35.

The petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Aerva lanata were screened against four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 69314, Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIM 2719, Pseudomo-nas aeruginosa NCIM 2200 and Agrobaclerium tumefaciens NCIM 2943) and two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2080 and Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441). The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method. All the three extracts showed promising inhibitory activity against both gram-negative and gram positive bacterial strains tested. The extracts exhibited high degree of sensitivity against gram-negative bacterial. Among the three extracts, methanol extract was highly active and it had a particular good activity against Pseudomonas aureginosa, Agrobaclerium tumefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and chloroform extract was highly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most susceptible bacterium was E. coli. Our findings offer a scientific basis for the folkloric reputation of this plant.

018279   Anil Kumar;Dadsena R;Thakur T (Tissue Culture Lab, Biotechnology Dep, Govt V Y T P G Autonomous Coll, Durg-491 001) : In Vitro callus proliferation and organogensesis in mung bean (Vigna radiata L). Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2010, 4(1), 1-8.

The present study was undertaken to develop protocol for callus induction, and direct organogenesis & elongation in Mung bean, Vigna radiata. For callus induction and direct organogenesis from different explants (Hypocotyl, Cotyledonary leaf, Shoot tip & Root) two media combinations were used and best result (100%) was obtained in 2, 4 D + kinetin with concentration 0.1 mg/l + 0.1 mg/l for callus formation and hypocotyl organogenesis. For subculturing of callus and proliferated explants again two media combinations were used and best result (l00%) was recorded in BAP + Kinetin at concentration 0.2 mg/l + 0.1 mg/1. In further subculturing process increased concentration of 2, 4-D + Kinetin (0.3 mg + 0.1 mg/l) was found most suitable for best response of callusing from hypocotyl (66.6%) and BAP + Kinetin with concentration 0.4 mg/l + 0.2 mg/l resulted best (100%) for shoot elongation.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

018278   Aglave B A;Lele P P;Lokhande M O;Pagare R S (Biotechnology Dep, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik, Maharashtra-422 005, Email: ba_aglave@rediffmail.com) : Production and enzyme activity of an extracellular amylase from Aspergillus niger, Asperfillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 573-5.

The study of amylase production were carried out with Bacillus subtilis bacterial and Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae fungal organism. The Bacillus were cultured in a mineral medium containing yeast extract, peptone, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2 and Aspergillus were cultured in a mineral medium incorporated with glucose, glycerol and yeast extract. The minerals in media shortened the lag phase greatly and improved the growth and amylase synthesis. The optimum temperature and pH for activity were 40øC and 7.0 respectively. The addition of substrate concentration at 1 % exhibits maximum amylase activity.

3 tables, 11 ref

018277   Abirami N;Shanmuga Raju V;Rajathi K; Mahalakshmi Priya A (Biochemistry Dep, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College, Kovai Medical Centre for Research, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu) : Antibacterial potential and GC-MS analysis of aqueous and ethonolic extracts of Asteracantha longifolia and Andrographis paniculata. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 577-81.

The aqueous and ethanolic extract of Asteracantha longifolia and Andrographis paniculata was subjected to antibacterial screening using clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia entercolitica, Streptococcus pyrogens, Kleb-siella pneumoniae, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract was performed by broth dilution technique against the bacterial strains. The ethanolic extract of both the plants Asteracantha longifolia and Andrographis paniculata showed the maximal antibacterial activity and the chemical constituents present in the leaf ethanolic extract of the plants were analysed by GC-MS. The present study indicates the potential usefulness of Asteracantha longifolia and Andrographis paniculata in the treatment of various pathogenic diseases.

3 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

017299   Vyas T K;Dave B P (Life Sciences Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: bpd8256@hotmail.com) : Effect of addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on biodegradation of crude oil by marine bacteria. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(1), 143-50.

Role of marine bacteria viz. Marinococcus albus, Methylobacteriurn mesophilicum and Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in bioremediation of crude oil contaminated Alang sea coast has been evaluated in the present study. Optimum concentrations of inorganic nutrients N, P & K as urea, super phos and potash fertilizers respectively on growth and degradation has been determined. Addition of optimum concentrations of N (1%), P (0.5%) and K (0.01%) in combination significantly enhanced biodegradation by 22 to 32%. Bioremediation studies indicated that a Bacterial consortium (BC) exhibited maximum growth and degradation on addition of optimum concentrations of N, P and K. Maximum effect in increase in growth was on a BC (0.54 mg/ml) whereas, maximum effect on increase in degradation was on N. otitidiscaviarum (31.9%). However, complete degradation was not possible due to the presence of recalcitrant molecules and accumulation of toxic metabolites during biodegradation. Three isolates can successfully be used to formulate a successful bioremediation strategy for oil contaminated marine environment.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

017298   Vinod N V;Haridas M;Sadasivan C (Biotechnology and Microbiology Dep, Kannur Univ, Thalassery Campus, Palayad P O-670 661, Email: c_sadasivan@rediffmail.com) : Isolation of 1,4-naphthalenedione, an antibacterial principle from the leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia and its activity against β-lactam resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(1), 53-5.

Antimicrobials derived from plants have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. Antimicrobial activities of a number of phytochemicals have been reported. Many present day antibiotics are ineffective against several pathogenic organisms. About 90% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens is reported to have resistance against β-lactam antibiotics. In the present study, the effect of hexane, diethyl ether, acetone and water extracts of leaves of a medicinal plant Holoptelea integrifolia has been tested against β-lactam resistant strain of S. aureus in presence of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The diethyl ether extract has shown the maximum antibacterial activity and the active principle is found to be 1,4-naphthalenedione which is characterized by GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compound is found to be 4 mg/rnl. Structural similarity of this compound with a functional group of a β-lactamase-resistant antibiotic indicates that 1,4-naphthlenedione may be acting as an inhibitor to β-lactamase.

^ssc1 table, 18 ref

017297   Uthandi S;Kartikeyan S;Sabarinathan K G (Microbiology and Cell Science Dep, Florida Univ, PO Box 110700, Bldg. 981, Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Email: usiva@ufl.edu) : Gibberellic acid production by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(3), 211-14.

Present study isolates efficient strains of gibberellins producing fungal strains from 'bakanae' diseased root system of rice plants for their GA₃ production potentials in Czapek-Dox liquid medium/improved medium. One of the isolates SG2 (GA₃, 1175 mg/l) produced higher GA₃ than standards strains of Gibberella fujikuroi, which was identified as Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (MTCC4649). While studying GA₃ production pattern by this strain, gibberellin synthesis initiated on 3rd day and reached maximum by 9th day of fermentation.

2 illus, 12 ref

017296   Subramani T;Rao S (Periodontics Dep, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Univ, Porur, Chennai-600 116, Email: drstamilselvan@gmail.com) : Sophisticated mechanism of bacterial communication in oral biofilm. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(9), 21-2.

It has become clear in recent years that periodontitis is an inflammatory disease initiated by oral microbial biofilm. Biofilms are composed of microcolonies of bacterial cells and matrix or glycocalyx. The high cell concentration in biofilm present an ideal situation for quorum sensing, is the mechanism whereby an individual bacterium in the biofilm produces small diffusible molecule that can be detected by surrounding organisms. Quorum sensing systems can be divided into Lux I/Lux R type quorum sensing systems in gram-negative bacteria and oligopeptide/two component type quorum sensing circuits in gram-positive bacteria. This article reviews the role of quorum sensing bacteria in oral biofilm and to provide evidence that there are alternatives to the traditional mode of fighting bacterial infection. The knowledge of the molecular resolution of quorum sensing in the context of periodontal disease and the potential for the modification of resolution pathways for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.

^iia2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

017295   Sivamani S;Parvathi C;Prakash C;Koushik C V (Biotechnology Dep, VMKV Engineering College, Salem, Email: dr_sivamanai@rediffmail.com) : Removal of malachite green from its aqueous solution by Pithophora sp.. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(9), 32-4.

Removal of dyes from waste water is a major ecological problem. Colourants present in dyehouse effluent are responsible for environmental pollution. Removal of malachite green from its aqueous solution by Pithopora sp. has been investigated by means of a batch system. The optimum conditions were found to be (Time 10 min, pH 5 and Concentration 15 ppm) and the maximum dye removal rate was found to be 94.35%. The effects of contact time, pH and initial concentration of dye on the adsorption of malachite green by Pithopora sp. were studied. The results showed that pH and dye concentration had no significant effects.

^ssc3 illus, 9 ref

017294   Sivakumari V;Shanthi G (NO, Tamil Univ, Thanjavur-613 010, Email: vsivamicro@rediffmail.com) : Antibiotic susceptibility of common bactarial pathogens isolated from diabetic pus. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(10), 10-13.

To screen various bacterial pathogens present in diabetic pus and to determine their antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern against the commonly used standard antibiotics. The common bacterial pathogens isolated from the diabetic pus samples were Gram-positive cocci like Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and β-Streptococci, Gram-negative bacilli like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonias and Esckerichia coli. The bacterial pathogen showed resistance to most of the antibiotics. The magic bullets, the miraculous drugs, antibiotics can be used to heal the diabetic wounds and thus the amputations, which is the threat of all diabetic patients in the whole world can be minimized to a great extend.

11 tables, 12 ref

017293   Sharma M;Singh S;Kushwah A;Sarkhel B C (Biotechnology Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur-482 004) : Molecular characterization of Malvi and Sahiwal breed of catle by RAPD-PCE. Indian J Anim Sci 2009, 79(1), 44-6.

RAPD-PCR was carried out to, characterize the Malvi and Sahiwal breeds of cattle, using 17 operon series random primers, out of which 10 primers were found informative. Average number of polymorphic bands detected per primer was 8.57 and 7.85 in Sahiwal and Malvi breed, respectively. Size of polymorphic bands ranged between 200 and 2500 bp. Between breed band sharing (BS), value for these 2 breeds obtained was lower (0.43-0.66) than within breed BS value, which was 0.70-0.93 in Malvi breed and 0.68-0.88 in Sahiwal breed. A combined dendrogram based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient for both Sahiwal and Malvi breed indicated 2 distinct clusters, separating the Malvi and Sahiwal animals as 2 different breeds. Lower estimate of between breed genetic similarities indicated high degree of genetic diversity between these 2 breeds. This may be due to diverse origin and different purpose of raising these breeds. Malvi is raised for drought purpose while Sahiwal as milch breed. Breed specific markers were identified in both breeds.

1 table, 7 ref

017292   Sharma A;Yadav A S;Bajaj A;Rai A (Molecular and Seed Technology Laboratory, Govt. Motilal Viygan Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal, Email: ajit1_sharma2004@yahoo.com) : Cost effective in vitro micropropagation protocol for conservation of plant resources with special reference to important medicinal plants. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 2(3), 357-64.

Medicinal plants are the most important source of life-saving drugs for the majority of the world's population. India is a rich storehouse of medicinal plant resources. But population explosion and increased anthropogenic activities are now rapidly eroding natural ecosystems. The natural habitat for a great number of herbs, shrubs and trees are dwindling and many of them are facing extinction. Today, they require some urgent attention and conservation measures. The biotechnological tools are important to select, multiply and conserve the critical genotypes of the plants. In vitro micropropagation of medicinal plants holds tremendous potential for the production of high-quality plant-based medicines. As micropropagation technology is more expensive than the conventional methods of plant propagation therefore sometimes the unit cost per plant becomes unaffordable. In view of the above, a cost effective micropropagation protocol has been developed successfully using both conventional and unconventional low cost alternatives for the conservation of important medicinal plants resources.

3 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

017291   Senthil R;Rajasekaran E (Bioinformatics Dep, Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur-613 403, Email: ranganathansenthil@gmail.com) : Comparative analysis of carbon distribution and hydropathy plot. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(9), 30-1.

The hydrophobic interactions are the dominant force that determines the biomolecular association. Carbon is the only element that contributes towards the hydrophobic interactions. The carbon distribution along protein is studied and compared with hydropathy plot. The study is carried out for human erythrocyte glucose transporter protein. Carbon distribution profile clearly explain the where there is maximum hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. The carbon distribution profile can be an alternative method to hydropathy plot.

^ssc1 illus, 6 ref

017290   Saxena R (NO, Cambridge Girls P.G. College, Idgah Hills, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Vaccination of interferon gamma against blood cancer using tools of bioinformatics. J Envir Res Dev 2007, 2(2), 264-7.

Interferon are a family of naturally occurring glycoprotein, produced by animal and cultural cell in response to viral infection which in turns inhibits viral replication. Interferon have been identified as Alpha, Beta and Gamma. Gamma interferon has proved to be effective against blood cancer. This present study shows the vaccination of interferon gamma against blood cancer using Bioinformatic tools. Bioinformatic tools (Fasta, Blast, clustalW and Phylodendron) selected. Select protein or nucleotide sequence from data base available at NCB1 site. Convert it into Fasta format and save it and refer it as query sequence. Search homologous sequences of query sequence by running Blast. Select some of the sequences from Blast hits and run Clustal W to get multiple sequences alignment in order to get evolutionary distance between query and Blast sequences. Run Phylodendron to get tree which helps to get the closest related sequences and save the result carefully for interpretation and further analysis. 136 Blast hits of protein sequences obtained with query sequences. Phylodendron study shows closest relationship of query sequence with Oryza sativa in plant. Since it is known interferon synthesized in the organism in response to viral infection. So this study showing that interferon gamma found in Oryza sativa as a natural glycoprotein so the gene coded for these protein can be extracted or can be cloned in huge amount through Recombinant DNA technology.

^ssc6 ref

017289   Sathiya Moorthi P;Deecaraman M;Praveen Kumar K;Kishan Vaidyanat N;Kalaichelvan P T (Industrial Biotechnology Dep, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Dr. M.G.R. Univ, Periyar E.V.R. High Road, Maduravoyal, Chennai-600 095, Email: sathiya.india@gmail.com) : Screening of α- amylase inhibitory activities from natural sources. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(10), 33-6.

Extracts of eight selected plant species were screened for their α-amylase inhibitory activity. Extracts were prepared from leaves, barks using hexane and from seeds using phosphate buffer. Hexane extracts of Stevia rebaudiana, Phyllanthus amarus, Triticum aestivum were found to have considerable inhibitory effect on α-amylase with 40.63%, 28.57%, and 20% inhibition respectively at 3 minutes (non pre-incubation). Stevia rebaudiana extract demonstrated very strong inhibition activities with 97% inhibition at 1 mg/ml (pre-incubation).

3 tables, 13 ref

017288   Sasikumar J M;Maheshu V;Aseervatham G S B; Teepica Priya Darsini D (Biotechnology Dep, Karpagam Univ, Coimbatore-641 021, Email: jmsashikumar@yahoo.co.in) : In vitro antioxidant activity of Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. aerial parts. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(1), 49-52.

The methanolic extract of the aerial part of Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. (Rubiaceae) was screened for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) quenching assay, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothio7,oline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorlzation test, ferric reducing power (FRP), scavenging capacity towards hydroxyl ion (OH-) radicals and nitric oxide (NO) radical inhibition activity using established assay procedures. Total phenolics and total flavonoid contents were also determined. The plant yielded 210 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g phenolic content and 55 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g flavonoid content. The extract exhibited high antiradical activity against DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals with EC₅₀ value of 82, 150, 130, and 170 ng/ml, respectively. The FRP increased with increasing concentration of the sample. The antioxidant activity of the extract was comparable with that of the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). High correlation between total phenolic/flavonoid contents and scavenging potential of different reactive oxygen species (R²= 0.785-0.998) indicated the polyphenols as the main antioxidants.

^ssc1 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

017287   Rekha K;Narasimha Murthy B (Biotechnology Dep, CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560 037, Email: rekha.jk1@gmail.com) : Selectivity of an acetyl cholinesterase based biosensor for organophosphorous pesticide analysis. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(10), 23-5.

Organophosphorous (OP) pesticides are capable of causing health hazards even at trace levels. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the levels of these pesticides in food and environment. Conventional methods of analysis have several disadvantages, which can be overcome by the use of biosensors. This paper deals with improving the selectivity of an acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) based biosensor developed for OP pesticide analysis. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of compounds that interfere with the electrode and the immobilized AChE enzyme. Studies were also conducted to screen various solvents to arrive at the right one for use in biosensors. Results indicated that of all the compounds tested for interference with the enzyme electrode, only phenol interferes significantly, and cyclohexane is the best solvent for use in biosensors from the selectivity point of view.

4 tables, 2 ref

017286   Rao K N;Reddy B V;Girisham S;Reddy S M (Microbiology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal-506 009, Email: kollu2006@yahoo.com) : Factors influencing fumonisins (B₁) production by Fusarium moniliforme. Indian J Sci Technol 2010, 3(2), 213-15.

Influence of different media, pH and different nutrients on growth and fumonisins (B₁) production by Fusarium meniliforme was investigated. The toxin production was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography method. Among different media studied Nash and Synders medium, pH of 7.5 and malt extract at concentration of 0.5% was found to be optimum for maximum production of fumonisins. The study suggests the significance of these factors hence it is concluded that factors should be optimized for maximum production of fumonisins.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

017285   Rani T D;Savitha Rajan;Lavanya L; Kamalalochani S;Bharathiraja B (Bioprocess Laboratory, Biotechnology Dep, Arunai Engineering College, Thriuvannamalai-606 603, Email: btrbio@gmail.com) : Overview of fusaric acid production. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(10), 18-22.

Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species, among which the most high yielding was reported to be Fusarium oxysporum. It is moderately toxic to animals. It has antibiotic, insecticidal and pharmacological activity. Fusarium species are found worldwide in soil as both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Large concentrations of fusaric acid reduce growth of root and root tubers. The biosynthesis of fusaric acid involves condensation reaction of polyacetate and aspartic acid units. The assay involves HPLC, TLC, Mass spectroscopy and NMR techniques. Fusaric acid acts as an enzyme inhibitor, dopamine agent and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor. As an orally active agent, it may have potential role in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC).

1 table, 23 ref

017284   Ramachandran R;Shanmughavel P (Bio-Informatics Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore-641 046, Email: shanvel_99@yahoo.com) : Preparation and characterization of biopolymeric nanoparticles used in drug delivery. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(1), 56-9.

Nanotechnology plays an important role in advanced biology and medicine research particularly in the development of potential site-specific delivery systems with lower drug toxicity and greater efficiency. These include microcapsules, liposomes, polymeric microspheres, microemulsions, polymer micelles, hydrogels, solid nanoparticles etc. In the present study, preparation and characterization of biopolymeric gelatin nanoparticles for encapsulating the antimicrobial drug sulfadiazine and its in vivo drug release in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) have been investigated. The nanoparticles prepared by second desolvation process varied in a size range 200 nm and 600 nm with a drug entrapment efficiency of 50% characterized by atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The drug release from the nanoparticles occurred up to 30% in a controlled manner.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

017283   Preethi P R;Rajadurai M;Vinobha C S; Rajasekaran E (P.G. Dep of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli-17) : Anti malarial drug docking using hex. Int J Head Neck Surg 2009, 8(9), 35-6.

Malaria is the one of most serious, complex and refractory health problems facing humanity in this century. There are four identified species of malarial parasites, namely, Plasmodium vivax, P.falciparum, P.ovale andP.malariae. Many drugs have been tested for their potential anti malarial effects. Research into newer anti-malarials being scanty, such attempts might throw up one or two candidates for use in malaria, however these drugs are yet to find a place in standard anti malarial regimen. Clindamycin, fluroquinolones like ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin, etc. have been found to be effective against malarial parasites. Atovaquone, Desferrioxamine; azithromycin, Pyronaridine, Piperaquine, WR-288, 605 and 566C80 are drugs undergoing research. The Insilco docking method to dock the eba-175 (P.falciparum) and azithromycin. Suggested that d azithromycin could be potential antimalarial drug.

^ssc1 illus, 6 ref