020609   Mol V C J;Shanmugapriya P (Nanjunool Dep, National Institute of Siddha Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: drjijivijay@gmail.com) : Scientific validation on siddha purification process of Nabhi. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1790-5.

Suddhi is a unique process of detoxification which is employed topotentiate as well as enhance therapeutic properties the effect of raw drugs. Nabhi (Aconitum ferox), a herbal poisonous rhizome commonly known as aconitum is used extensively in various Siddha formulations, with great therapeutic significance. Siddha system recommends the administration of Nabhi only after suddhi (purification) in different medias. Hence in this pretext one of the purification process of Nabhi mentioned in Theraiyar Yemaga Venba book gets validated scientifically with alleged reasoning through estimation of aconitine by HPTLC method and along with physicochemical parameters.The amount of Aconitine present is found to be reduced from 0.2107% to 0.00% after purification. In this present scenario may be presumed that the toxic compound aconitine might have been underwent transformation into some nontoxic compounds like Benzyl aconine and Aconine.

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020608   Mokhtarzadeh S;Demirci B;Goger G;Khawar K M; Kirimer N (Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Dep, Anadolu Univ, Eskisehir, Turkey, Email: nkirimer.anadolu.edu.tr) : Characterization of volatile components in Melissa officinalis L. under in vitro conditions. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(4), 299-303.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) of the Lamiaceae family is an aromatic plant and widely used for medicinal purposes. This present study aimed to determine the compounds from volatiles of the plant using in vitro induced micropropagated shoots. The volatile components were isolated by microdistillation technique from this economically important M. officinalis seedlings. The main components were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS from herbage A and herbage B as geranial (43.4-44.8%), neral (26.8-30.3%), alloaromadendrene (8.5 and 1.6%), geranyl acetate (7.4 and 5.7%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (3.5 and 3.5%), and β-caryophyllene (3.1 and 2.3%), respectively. The results obtained are in correlation with the previous studies.

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

020607   Mohammed I H;Jameel G H;Al-Ezzy A I A (Pathology Dep, College of Veterinary Medicine, Diyala Univ, Iraq, Email: alizziibrahim@gmail.com) : Immunohistochemical detection of caspase 8 expression and adoptotic index activities of Calvatia craniiformis crude extract in balb/C mice inoculated with H22 cells. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2504-15.

Objectives were to identify Immunomodulatory, apoptosis induction and anticancer activities of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Calvatia craniiformis regarding the size of tumor mass and immunohistochemical detection of caspase 8 expressions and apoptotic index in mice inoculated with H22 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells as therapeutic experimental system for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Forty-eight Balb/C albino mice were injected in legs with H22 cells. Tumor size was measured twice a week. Immunohistochemistry used for evaluation of Caspase-8 protein expression and apoptotic index was determined. Administration of aqueous extract of C. craniiformis in (0.3, 0.6, 1.2) mg/kg and alcoholic extract in (0.25, 0.5, 1) mg/kg to H22 tumor-bearing mice show significant difference (P≤0.01) in tumor size compared with control group. Inhibitory activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts was dose and duration dependent. Effective doses in reduction of tumor size were 1.2mg/kg for aqueous and 1mg/kg for alcoholic extract in which H22 - 117 - tumor mass reduced in size for up to 87.9%. H22 bearing mice treated with C. craniiformis aqueous and alcoholic extracts shows significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in apoptotic index % compared with untreated control group. Extracts of C. craniiformis were highly efficient in H22 tumor growth inhibition, causing reduction in the tumor size clinically and increase the expression of caspase 8 gene product in tumor tissue. This effect causing increase in apoptotic index of H22 tumor cells taken from legs of inoculated animals, causing protection of H22 inoculated legs from losing compared with untreated control group which loss their legs due to necrosis and destruction in the bones. Antitumor activity of C. craniiformis aqueous and alcoholic extract was dose and duration dependent. These finding indicate the usefulness of C. craniiformis extracts as a novel antitumor agent for hepatocellular carcinoma, with its proved apoptosis induction through caspase 8 activation pathway.

5 illus, 4 tables, 53 ref

020606   Mir K B;Khan N A (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar-190 006, Email: mirkhalid183@gmail.com) : Solid dispersion: Overview of the technology. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2378-87.

Up to 40% of new chemical entities (NCEs) discovered today by the pharmaceutical industry through combinatorial chemistry and high through put screening are highly lipophilic or poorly water soluble compounds, so the number of such compounds has dramatically increased and the solubility behaviour of these drugs has become one of the most challenging aspects in formulation development. So amongst the vast majority of strategies (like particle size reduction, use of surfactants, cosolvency, hydrotrophy etc) already reported in the literature to resolve this issue, solid dispersions have emerged as an advanced technique of improving the solubility/dissolution rate and hence, the bioavailability enhancement of a wide range of poorly water-soluble drugs. This review article mainly focuses on solubility ranges, biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), list of poorly soluble drugs, commercial preparations, classification, types, advantages, limitations, methods of preparation and characterization of solid dispersions. In this review, besides above it is intended to discuss the recent advances and future prospects related to the solid dispersion technology.

^iia4 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

020605   Metta S;Maddukuri S;Nagadani S L;Meegada B; Kandukuri S (Pharmaceutics Dep, M L R Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Formulation and invitro evaluation of gastro retentive floating tablets of losartan potassium. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2017, 7(3), 327-37.

In the study, Gastro Retentive Floating Drug Delivery systems (GRDDS) of Losartan potassium, an antihypertensive drug, with an oral bioavailability of only 33% (because of its poor absorption from lower gastrointestinal tract) have been designed to increase the therapeutic efficacy & gastric residence time and to reduce frequency of administration. Losartan potassium having a short biological half-life of 1.5 -2 h is eliminated quickly from the body leading to low therapeutic efficacy. Therefore a sustained release medication was advantageous so as to achieve the prolonged therapeutic effect and to reduce peak and valley effect in plasma concentration. This can be achieved by formulating modified gastro retentive sustained release dosage forms which resides in the stomach for sufficient time to release the drug in vicinity of the absorption zone. The tablets were prepared by hot melt extrusion method, by employing semi-synthetic and natural polymers like HPMCK15M, Guar gum and Xanthan gum respectively in various concentrations. Bees wax was used as a melting aid and sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent to reduce floating lag time. The prepared granules were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density; tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner's ratio and results obtained were in compliance with the pharmacopoeial standards. Compressed formulations were further evaluated for thickness, friability, hardness, floating lag time - 116 - swelling index and in-vitro dissolution studies. All the formulations showed good results which were in compliance with pharmacopoeial standards. In vitro dissolution study was carried out in 0.1 N Hcl pH 1.2 buffer. From in vitro dissolution studies, it has been found that increase in polymer concentration diminishes drug release profile. The in vitro cumulative % drug release of all formulations ranged from 79.92% - 95.89% at the end of 10 hrs with more than 12h buoyancy. The release kinetics was analyzed by using zero-order, first-order Higuchi's and korsmeyer-peppas model equations. The in vitro drug release followed first order kinetics and the drug release mechanism was found to be non- fickian type.

5 illus, 9 tables, 26 ref

020604   Metta S;Maddukuri S (Pharmaceutics Dep, M L R Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Formulation development of chitosan gels enriched with ofloxacin solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2017, 7(1), 71-9.

The purpose of this research was to investigate novel particulate carrier system such as SLN for ocular application of Ofloxacin and to evaluate its beneficial effects on eye. The SLN dispersions were prepared using High pressure homogenization technique which involved hot homogenization and were incorporated into polymeric gels of chitosan. The SLN were prepared by using the lipid phase consisting of Dynosan 118 (4.0gms) as the solid lipid, Soyabean lecithin (3.0gms) as a lipid phase surfactant and the aqueous phase containing Poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F68) as an aqueous phase surfactant. The nanoparticles dispersion were evaluated by various parameters like particles size, OSLNF1 (250.1 ±30.2) and OSLN F6 (98.5 ± 12.8), zeta potential OSLN F1 (+29.3±3.1) and OSLN F6 (+31.2±1.2), Drug Loading OSLN F1(99.1 ± 0.32) and OSLN F6(96.1 ± 0.30), Entrapment efficiency OSLN F1(64.2 ±0.19) and OSLN F6 (62.4 ± 2)and polydispersity index (OSLN,0.310 ± 0.01 and OSLN, (0.318 ± 0.02). Differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR were conducted for the optimized formulae and was found to have no incompatibility between the drug and exipients. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was done to know the surface morphology. The in vitro release profile of Ofloxacin from SLN dispersion prolonged drug release for 10hrs. It concluded that SLN represented a potential particulate carrier with increase drug release and improved characteristics.

3 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

020603   Merouani N;Belhattab R;Sahli F (Vegetal Biology and Ecology Dep, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Microbiology Laboratory, Univ Fer, Setif, Algeria, Email: rbelhat@yahoo.fr) : Evaluation of the biological activity of Aristolochia longa L. extracts. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 1978-92.

Aristolochia longa L. (Aristolochiacea) is a native plant of Algeria used in traditional medicine. This study was devoted to the determination of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins contents of A. longa L. extracts. Extracts were prepared from aerial parts (stems and leaves), fruits and tubers by using various solvents with different polarities such as acetone, methanol and distilled water. Acetone extracts from the aerial parts presented the highest contents of polyphenols (525.43±29.6 μg/mg) followed by fruit aqueous extract (518.54±14.93 μg/mg), while the aerial parts methanol extract shown the highest flavonoid content (52.37±0.94 μg/mg) and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity of DPPH and reducing power (55.04 ±1.29 μg/mL and 0.2±0.019 mg/mL, respectively), therefore the aerial parts acetone extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the β-carotene bleaching inhibition test with 57%. For antimicrobial activity, the fruit methanol extract was too efficient against the bacterial strains tested, whereas no effect was observed when these extracts were tested against fungi. The protein denaturation was found in the aerial parts acetone extract to be 78.35±6.18% followed by fruit methanol extract, 68.04±4.72% at the dose 500 μg/mL, with regards to standards diclofenac sodium. These preliminary results could be used to justify the traditional use of this plant and its bioactive substances could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.

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020602   Mathur M;Devi V K (Pharmaceutics Dep, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Near Lalbagh Main Gate, Hosur road, Bangalore-560 027, Email: aacp112015@gmail.com) : Design of experiment utilization to develop and validate high performance liquid chromatography technique for estimation of pure drug and marketed formulations of atorvastatin in spiked rat plasma samples. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1708-16.

A novel method of estimation and validation of Atorvastatin by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Ultra-violet detection - 114 - was developed which had high potential in determining drug concentration in rat plasma samples during preclinical studies. Atorvastatin being >99% protein bound, exhibits great challenge in getting extracted from plasma samples. Hence, by treating them with strong protein precipitating agents, that is, initially with 10% w/v perchloric acid and further treating its supernatant with mixture of 2M potassium carbonate and 3M of potassium hydroxide, drug extraction was facilitated. Diclofanac sodium was the selected internal standard. Process of elution was conducted using Phenomenex C18 column and mobile phase comprising of a mixture of methanol: water in 70:30 ratio adjusted to pH 5.5. This precise method was linear between a range of 10 to 1000 ng/ml with limit of detection and quantification as 10ng/ml and 15ng/ml respectively. 2-factor 3-level face centred Central Composite Design was employed using Design Expert Software ver. 8.0.0 to examine effect of independent chromatographic factors like pH of the mobile and methanol: water ratio on the dependent factors like retention time, theoretical plates and tailing factor. The ANOVA studies proved that the model employed for this study was significant. Further, to improve applicability, marketed drug formulation was spiked in rat plasma and developed method was applied for drug detection.

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020601   Masud Parvez G M (Pharmacy Dep, Varendra Univ, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, Email: masud.ph.ru@gmail.com) : Current advances in pharmacological activity and toxic effetcs of various capsicum species. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 1900-12.

Nature always stands as a golden mark to exemplify the outstanding phenomena of symbiosis. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease. Capsicum plants belongs to the family Solanaceae and kingdom Plantae, consist of 27 species, and approximately 3000 varieties. Chili peppers are used worldwide in foods for their pungent flavor, aroma, and to prolong food spoilage. With capsaicin contents ranging from zero to millions of Scoville heat units, the different varieties offer a wide range of options for people all over the world. The aim of present review is to form a short compilation of the pharmacological and toxicological potentials of this multipurpose fruit. Capsicum, has been used as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-arthritis, immuno-modulatory, memory enhancing, pain relief, hypocholesterolaemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial effects. It also cause irritation to mucous membrane, inflammation and neurotoxicity. It should not be used on open wounds or abrasions, or near the eyes. It has antagonistic effects on of α-adrenergic blockers, clonidine and methyldopa.

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020600   Maruthamuthu R;Ramanathan K (Biotechnology Dep, Periyar Maniammai Univ, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Email: kumaresanramanatha@gmail.com) : Ethnomedical survey of plants used by Malayali community to treat coronary heart diseases in Pachamalai hills. Natn J Physiol Pharm Pharmac 2016, 6(4), 336-9.

Tribal people are well-informed about the causative factor of various ailments and also the medicinal herbs that can cure those ailments. Pachamalai Hills is known for its richest biodiversity and it is one of the greenest mountains in Tamil Nadu. Majority of people belonging to Malayali community live here and they have good knowledge about the curing effects of medicinal herbs. To ascertain the medicinal use of the plants, which are used for heart diseases by the tribal people in Pachamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Thirteen plant species were collected once in every 3 months from Pachamalai Hills during 2013-2015. The plants were identified and confirmed with a senior plant taxonomist. Based on the ethnomedical field survey, a total of 13 species of medicinally important plants that can cure cardiovascular diseases belonging to 11 families are distributed in 12 genera. These plants species that can cure coronary heart disease may also have great potential for research in the discovery of new drugs to prevent heart diseases.

1 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

020599   Malik J A;Nirala S K;Bhadauria M (Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Guru Ghasidas Univ, Bilaspur-495 009, Email: monikabhadauria@rediffmail.com) : Phytochemical and antibacterial evaluation of Tephrosia purpurea and its active constituent gallic acid. Flora Fauna 2017, 23(1), 252-6.

India is one of the hottest spot in the world in terms of biodiversity, but little is known about the chemical and pharmacological properties of most of the plants which needs to be explored. Tephrosia purpurea is one amongst the vital medicinal alternatives.In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to validate phytochemical composition of Tephrosia extract.Gallic acid is a good antioxidant and has been reported to possess various therapeutic activities. Thus, Tephrosia extract and gallic acid were screened against Staphylococcus aureus(gram +ve)and E. coli (gram -ve) for their antibacterial activities. Presence of different bioactive compounds were confirmed in Tephrosia extract by qualitative evaluation. Both Tephrosia extract and gallic acid possess strong antibacterial activity against gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria. Due to presence of several bioactive constituents and antibacterial activity, plant extract and gallic acid may be used as a therapeutic agent against a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infections.

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

020598   Mahadev N D;Vitthal B P (Yashoda Technical Campus, Satara Faculty of Pharmacy, Satara-415 015, Email: balakshep@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Ricinus communis Linn. leaves by using different types of solvent. Int J Pharmac 2017, 4(12), 419-21.

Aqueous and ethanol ethyl actatate chloroform methanol extracts from the leaves of Ricinus communis were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma and and three concentrations (50, 75 and 100mg/ml) of each extract were studied for activity, in which paralysis and death time of the worm. Both the extract exhibited remarkable anthelminthic activity at all three concentrations. Albendazole suspension is used as standard reference (20mg/ml) and distilled water as control. Therefore the aqueous and ethanol methanol extract of leaves of Ricinus communis has been demonstrated for the first time.

1 table, 11 ref

020597   Magliocca S;Sodano F;Nieddu M;Burrai L;Boatto G;Rimoli M G (Pharmacy Dep, "Federico II" Univ of Naples, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy, Email: magliocca.s@gmail.com) : New galactosylated nsaids prodrugs in a green context: synthesis and stability. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1575-81.

Prodrug approach is a new frontier that reinforces the concept of green chemistry in the pharmaceutical chemistry field. The - 112 - combination of a suitable synthesis and the strategy of the prodrug is of huge advantage for pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, we compare the conventional synthesis of new galactosylated NSAIDs prodrugs with green strategies and demonstrate how we can move away from the use of harmful substances using a suitable method for the synthesis of new compounds. So, we decided to investigate the use of potentially cleaner solvents and reagents such as room temperature ionic liquids, hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid. Furthermore, the chemical and enzymatic stabilities of new NSAIDs prodrugs were evaluated in order to determine both their stability in an aqueous solution at pH=1 and pH=7.4 and their feasibility in undergoing enzymatic cleavage by plasma to regenerate the original drug. Results concerning green synthetic approach clearly showed a reduction of time and waste. Moreover, these prodrugs are susceptible to degradation in rat plasma but stable to chemical hydrolysis.

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020596   Londonkar R L;Hugar A L (Biopharmaceutical and Nano biotechnology Laboratory, Studies and Resea, Jnana Ganga, Gulbarga Univ, Kalaburagi-585 106, Email: londonkarramesh53@gmail.com) : Physicochemical, phytochemical profiling and anti-microbial activity of Pterocarpus marsupium. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2177-83.

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) is a moderate to large deciduous tree, belonging to family Fabaceae. It is considered as an extremely useful source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and for industrial product development. The present study includes physicochemical parameters like ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, moisture content and preliminary phytochemical screening along with mineral analysis. Antimicrobial activity was also assessed for this plant. The physicochemical constants obtained were within normal levels prescribed by standards. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of primary and secondary metabolites in various solvent extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium bark. The estimated mineral composition was in good amounts which would serve as a device for deciding dosage of ayurvedic drug prepared from the plant. Antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method indicated the zone of inhibition which ranges from 11-22mm for different extracts. Further evaluation of test samples for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using micro dilution method showed that the methanol extract had exhibited significant activity by inhibiting S.typhi, E.faecalis at 12.5μg/ml and A.niger at 25μg/ml. The present paper will provide the data which is helpful in correct identification, standardization of this medicinal plant prior to carrying out further pharmacological evaluation and also help in preventing its adulteration.

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020595   Ling S S;Gurupackiam M (Faculty of Pharmacy, Asia Metropolitan Univ, G-8, Jalan Kemacahaya 11, Taman Kemacahaya, 43200 Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: suetling930221@hotmail.com) : In-vitro evaluation of the antidiabetic & cytotoxic activities of earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) extracts. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2302-8.

This in-vitro antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity of earthworm Lumbricus rubellus extracts were investigated. In the present study, three types of solvent (petroleum ether, 95% ethanol and phosphate buffer) extracts of earthworm paste were prepare and subjected to preliminary screening. The antidiabetic activity was determined in terms of its ability to inhibit the a-amylase activity. Different concentrations ranging from 100-1000μg/mL of earthworm extracts were incubated with enzyme substrate solution and subjected in the determination of absorbance to assess the antidiabetic activity. Also Acarbose was used as the standard - 111 - inhibitor. The 95% ethanol extracts showed the highest percentage inhibition of a-amylase activity, followed by petroleum ether and phosphate buffer. The IC50 value of 95% ethanol, petroleum ether and phosphate buffer extracts were 242.46μg/mL, 304.15μg/mL and 689.68μg/mL respectively, when compared with Acarbose (IC50 value 193.68μg/mL). The cytotoxic activity was determined towards brine shrimp lethality assay. Different concentrations ranging from 10-100μg/mL of earthworm extracts were subjected to determine the mortality of brine shrimps. Potassium dichromate was used as positive control. Results showed that the petroleum ether extract was potent against the brine shrimp with LC50 values of 7.13μg/mL, followed by 95% ethanol extract (7.28μg/mL) and phosphate buffer extract (73.50μg/mL). While the positive control exhibited LC50 value with 11.96μg/mL. The antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity of the earthworm paste produced by Lumbricus rubellus seems to be a promising new direction in drug delivery research.

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020594   Lasan V M;Patel D M (Quality Assurance Dep, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009) : Development and validation of analytical method for the estimation of vortioxetine hydrobromide. Pharma Sci Monit 2017, 8(2), 298-305.

The present study describes the development of a simple, precise, accurate and specific validated HPTLC method for the estimation of Vortioxetine Hydrobromide. The separation was performed on TLC aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel G60 F254 as the stationary phase. The method was developed at 230nm. The solvent system consisted of Chloroform: Methanol: Glacial acetic acid (92:8:5 v/v/v) provided optimum polarity for proper migration of Vortioxetine Hydrobromide and gave the Rf = 0.65±0.03. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and sensitivity as per the ICH guideline. The linearity was found to be within range 500-900 ng/spot with correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9932. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 37.81 ng/spot and 114.6 ng/spot for Vortioxetine Hydrobromide respectively. The %RSD was found to be <60>1 for intermediate precision and repeatability.

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020593   Lamda S;Naimi D;Aggoun C;Hafdi O (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Biotechnologie, Nouveau pole Universitaire Ali Mendjli, BP E66 25100 Constantine, Algeria, Email: souadlamda@gmail.com) : Ameliorative effect of Helix aspersa crude extract against colonic damages induced by hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1582-9.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Helix aspersa crude extract on colonic injury resulting from hyperhomocysteinemia induced by feeding rats high methionine diet. Wistar albino rats (200-250g) were divided into four groups. Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) was induced by methionine treatment (1g/kg/day) for 15 days. M group received only Methionine, MH and MP received Methionine and Helix aspersa Crude Extract (8g/kg/day) or Prednisolone (4 mg/kg/day) respectively at the 8th day until the end of experimentation. - 110 - Prednisolone was used as a standard drug. At the end plasma homocysteine and C-reactive protein were evaluated, followed by colon histopathological investigations. Methionine treatment induced significant increase (P <60>0.001) in homocysteine and CRP levels in plasma as compared to control rats. Helix aspersa crude extract induces significant decreased of homocysteine (P <60>0.001) and CRP (P <60>0.01) levels as compared with experimental control group. The results were comparable to those obtained with prednisolone, a standard anti-inflammatory drug. Histological assessment showed colonic tissue damages in methionine treated group compared to control (P <60>0.001) as mucosal inflammation, crypt damage and hyperemia. Crude extract markedly reduces the damage induced by the Hhcy and preserved the histo-architecture of colonic tissue compared to M group (P <60>0.001). This study provides clear evidence that Helix aspersa crude extract treatment decrease the major inflammatory markers homocysteine and CRP. Also it acts as a potent protective agent of colon against the inflammatory state induced by elevated level of plasma homocysteine.

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020592   Lalitha R;Palani S (NO, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore-641 046, Email: lalithcoolsky@gmail.com) : Efficacy of Griffithsia pacifica kylin on in vivo anti diabetic and alterations in enzymatic activities of stz induced rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2641-6.

In recent years there is more research work taken in Marine sources for its pharmaceutically valuable compounds and active medicines for anticancer, anti diabetic, anti oxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. The present study investigated for the medicinal value of red algae Griffithsia pacifica Kylin (GPK) and its alterations in enzymatic activity of STZ induced diabetic rats. The results gave significant increase in hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin along with the reduction in hyperglycemia. Thus the GPK might serve as an effective natural medicine for anti-hyperglycemic effects of diabetic rats and may be promising for development of phyto medicines for diabetes.

3 illus, 32 ref

020591   Koukoui O;Senou M;Agbangnan P;Seton S;Koumayo F;Azonbakin S;Adjagba M;Laleye A;Sezan A (Head of Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Cellular Signalisation and Pharmacology, Univ of Sciences Technologies, engineering and Mathematics, BP 34 Dassa - 109 - Zoume, Benin, Email: omedine24@gmail.com) : Effective in vivo cholesterol and triglycerides lowering activities of hydroethanolic extract of Launaea taraxacifolia leaves. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2040-7.

Launaea taraxacifolia is a leaf vegetable consumed in several African countries including Nigeria, Ghana and Benin. It is eaten as salad, sauce and infusion to fight against certain diseases including liver diseases, diabetes and hypertension. The hydroethanolic extract of Launaea taraxacifolia leaves is rich in polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins catechists) and would have antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities. In this work we studied the effect of the hydroethanolic extract of the plant on blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in Wistar rats. We also examined the effect of treatment on liver and kidney histology of treated rats to detect possible cytotoxic effects. Three groups of five Wistar rats were used for daily treatment during 15 days. The first group of control rats received water, the second group received 300mg per kg of body weight of extract and the third group received 500mg per kg of body weight. Our results showed that the doses of the extract used have no effect on blood glucose in rats. By cons we note a significant lowering effect on cholesterol and triglycerides levels by comparing the blood lipids levels in the control and treated rats. The hepatic and renal histology showed no visible atypia. Considering the direct link between cholesterol, triglycerides and heart diseases, regular consumption of Launaea taraxacifolia leaves may help to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

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020590   Kouachi M;Naimi D;Djadouri D;Bendahra I (Higher National School of Biotechnology, Taoufik Khaznadar - nouveau pole Universitaire Ali Mendjli BP E66, 25100 Constantine - Algeria, Email: dalila.naimi76@gmail.com) : Preventive effect of Helix aspersa crude extract against chemo-induced colonic damages in Rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2458-68.

The present work aimed to explore in vivo the effect of Helix Aspersa Crude Extract (HACE) on the chemo-induced damages occurred in rat colon specially on the histology of the crypts foci in liberkhun glands. The toxicity of HACE was evaluated with different HACE concentrations. With the concentration of 160 mg, animals showed the best gain weight, stayed normal and all animals survived. Therefore, this concentration (5g/kg of body weight) was chosen for the rest of the experiences. 30 males rats used in our experiment were divided in 5 groups and colitis was induced by transrectal administration of 4% acetic acid. At the end of experiments, blood was collected for Biochemical assessments including aspartat aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotarnsferase (ALT), gamma glutamyltarnsferase (GGT). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and CRP measurements were also registered. Colon was examined macroscopically and microscopically after standard hematoxylin-eosin staining. We sought the changes in the crypt foci (CF) structure of the Lieberkuhn glands because foci damages were regarded as precursor lesions of colo-rectal cancer in human. HACE showed not only a significant improvement of certain parameters affected by experimentally induced colitis: enzymes TBARs, CRP, but also a protection against structure injuries in distal colon. The Liberkhun glands injuries observed in animal induced colitis appear to be protected by snail crude extract. The HACE could probably play a healing role on the colonic mucosa and also a preventive role against possible changes of CF to Aberrant Crypt Foci ACF and could avoid possible malignant transformation.

3 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

020589   Kothapalli A;Nerusu A;Koka R;Shivarathri B; Dara A;Ravi Kumar A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Phytochemical profile of three selected plants of Alsotonia scholaris trecholospermum Jasminoides catharanthus roseus. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2017, 7(1), 36-8.

A Phytochemical profile of three selected plant species Alsotonia scholaris Trecholospermum jasminoides Catharanthus roseus were carried out. Crude dry powder analysis, ash value, solublility, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, qualitative analysis of Phytochemicals and mineral contents of the chosen plants were studied using various solvents.

5 tables, 8 ref

020588   Kinjawadekar V;Boddu S;Ghadge O (NO, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sector-2, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai-400 705, Email: vedang.v.k@gmail.com) : Novel stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of N-acetylcysteine and ambroxol in combined tablet dosage form. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2161-7.

A new, simple, sensitive, precise, accurate and stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and Ambroxol Hydrochloride in combined tablet formulation. The combination is mainly used as mucolytic. The study aimed at developing and validating a method which can be used easily and effectively for determination of given drugs in various formulations. The analysis was carried out at 220 nm and the range was obtained as 3-18 μg/ml for AMB and 20-120 μg/ml for NAC. Recovery studies indicated that the drug recovery from the formulation was within acceptable limits. The developed method was - 108 - statistically evaluated. The %RSD values reported were less than 2 all through the validation which indicates variations in the results are minimal. Thus the proposed method of analysis was found to be simple, sensitive, accurate, precise, rapid and also economical and can be applied successfully for simultaneous estimation of both N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and Ambroxol Hydrochloride in bulk and combined tablet formulation.

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020587   Khatkar S;Nanda A;Ansari S H (NO, Pharmaceutical Science Dep, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, Email: an_mdu@rediffmail.com) : Extraction, molecular docking, HPTLC estimation and in vitro evaluation of urease inhibition potential of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2064-9.

The extraction of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna using different extraction methods viz. room temperature extraction (RTE), soxhlet extraction (SE), Ultrasound assisted extraction (USAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), estimation of the percentage yield of marker compounds arjunic acid and arjunolic acid present and in vitro evaluation of urease inhibitory activity of the extracts has been investigated. The quantitative estimation of the yield of marker compounds was done using HPTLC using standard plot technique. The molecular docking of the marker compounds was performed on urease 3LA4 enzyme protein. The in vitro urease inhibitory activity of the extracts was performed spectro photometrically taking thiourea as standard. The percentage yield of the marker compounds was in order MAE<62>USAE<62>SE<62>RTE. The molecular docking study suggested that the arjunic acid (-55.511 Kcal/mol) exhibited better results of inhibition compared with the free energy values of arjunolic acid (-40.765 Kcal/mol) and standard thiourea (-25.846 Kcal/mol). The in vitro urease inhibitory activity of the extracts also followed same pattern as for the percentage yield of the marker compounds thereby suggesting that the urease inhibition has direct relation with the yield of the marker compounds in the given samples.

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020586   Kethavath M;Sappori S;Farheen S;Kalpana G (Pharmaceutics Dep, Slc's college of pharmacy, Piglipur (V), R.R(Dist)-501 512) : Improves the bioavailabity of atorvastatin by solid dispersion. Pharma Sci Monit 2017, 8(2), 1-9.

A solubilization technique has been widely used by many estimates up to 40% of new chemical entities discovered by the pharmaceutical industry today poorly soluble or lipophillic - 107 - compounds. The solubility issues complicating the delivery of these new drugs also affect the delivery of many existing drugs. The various techniques are available for enhancement of solubility. Method. Solid dispersion is one the most promising approach for solubility enhancement. The term solid dispersion refers to a group of solid products consisting of at least two different components, generally a hydrophilic matrix and a hydrophobic drug. The matrix can be either crystalline or amorphous. Conclusion. Different methods are also used preparation of solid dispersion such as melting method, solvent method, melt evaporation method, melt extrusion method, lyophilization technique, melt agglomerate ion process, the use of surfactant, electro spinning and supper critical fluid technology.

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020585   Kaya A;Dinc M;Dogu S;Demirci B (Pharmaceutical Botany Dep, Anadolu Univ, Eskisehir, Turkey, Email: aykaya@anadolu.edu.tr) : Compositions of essential oils of Salvia adenophylla, Salvia pilifera, and Salvia viscosa in Turkey. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(3), 233-9.

In the Anatolia folk medicine, Salvia species are used by many people in various villages and towns for the therapeutic value of their essential oils. In this study, water-distilled essential oil of three species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) was analyzed. The analysis was performed using a gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems, simultaneously. The major components were found as a-pinene (16.2%) and β-pinene (14.4%) for Salvia adenophylla Hedge & Hub-Mor. (endemic); β-pinene (24.9%), myrcene (9.0%), and α-humulene (7.9%) for Salvia pilifera Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham (endemic); a-copaene (13.0%), β-caryophyllene (10.8%), γ-muurolene (9.8%), δ-cadinene, and caryophyllene oxide (8.0%) for Salvia viscosa Jacq.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

020584   Kavitha K;Poone S (Food and Nutrition Dep, Vellalar College of Women, Erode, Tamilnadu, Email: kavitha.nutrition@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and anti-diabetic efficacy of O. sanctum seed extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian J Nutr Diet 2017, 54(3), 336-45.

The study was designed to assess the in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic efficacy of O. sanctum seed and its phytochemical screening. In vitro inhibitory effect on carbohydrate digestive enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase and in vivo parameters such as fasting blood glucose and body weight changes were studied, a potent inhibitory effect was observed on activities of digestive enzymes and a marked decrease in the glucose level in the O. sanctum seed extract treated streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was noted. Further a marked reduction in body weight was also observed.

1 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

020583   Kar M K;Sanjeet Kumar;Jena P K (NO, Ravenshaw Univ, Cuttack-753 003, Email: padan_jena@rediffmail.com) : Antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of some common betel varieties (Piper betle L.) available in Odisha. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1776-80.

Natural antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of many age-related diseases and promotion of health. Among natural antioxidants from plants, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants and chelating agents. Betel (Piper betle) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the family Piperaceae, which also includes pepper and kava. It is valued both as mild stimulant and appetiser. Betel leaf is mostly consumed in Asia, and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, - 106 - with or without tobacco, the later is an addictive psychostimulating and euphoria-inducing formulation with adverse health effects. Betel leaf is said to have antioxidant properties. No reports are available on the antioxidant potential of the leaf extracts of common betel verities chewed in Odisha. Keeping this in view, the antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of five selected betel varieties (Vishnupuri, Desawari, Ghajipur, Desipaan and Jaleswar) were carried out. Results revealed that the leaves have sound ROS scavenging activity. Present papers highlights the antioxidant and medicinal importances of common betel varieties, the traditional edible leaf of Odisha.

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020582   Joshi S;Kamat R (NO, Pravara College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Loni Bk, Maharashtra-413 736) : Study and understand the process of wet granulation by fluidized bed granulation technique. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2017, 7(3), 232-8.

Fluidized bed granulation is a widely used wet granulation technique in the pharmaceutical industry to produce solid oral dosage forms. The process involves the spraying of a binder liquid onto fluidizing powder particles which results particle- particle collision with each other and form larger permanent aggregates (granules). After spraying the required amount of granulation liquid, the wet granules are rapidly dried in the fluid bed granulator. The characteristics of fluid bed granulation processing and the fundamentals of the mechanisms contributing to wet granule growth are briefly discussed. This review also discusses the endpoint detection methods in fluidized wet granulation.

2 illus, 23 ref

020581   Joshi D M;Dudhrejiya A V;Manek R A;Sheth N R (NO, B. K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot-360 003) : Pharmacognostical, physico-chemical and chromatographic evaluation of seeds of entire herb of Portulaca oleracea Linn. Pharma Sci Monit 2017, 8(2), 583-602.

India has rich heritage of usage of medicinal plants in its Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani - 105 - systems of medicines besides use of many in folk remedies. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate folklore medicine Portulaca oleracea L. for its various pharmacognostic, phytochemical studies and chromatographic studies. Portulaca oleracea L. (Common Purslane, also known as Verdolaga, Pigweed, Little Hogweed or Pusley), is an annual succulent in the family Portulacaceae, which can reach 40 cm in height. It has smooth, reddish, mostly prostrate stems and alternate leaves clustered at stem joints and ends. The yellow flowers have five regular parts and are up to 6 mm wide. It is called Loni or Ghol in Guajarati, Chhota Lunia in Hindi & Bengali. Portulaca oleracea L. is used as a folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation in India. It was found that the plant possesses nor-adrenaline, dopamine, dopa, vitamin C, olearacins - I and II, omega 3 fatty acids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, saccharides, triterpenoids, α -tocopherol and glutathione, alkaloids. The study of transverse section carried out using microscopy as well power study of entire herb was performed for the evaluation of plant. In the present study the methanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea L. was subjected to preliminary phytochemical evaluations for the presence of compounds of different chemical groups like carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, tannins & phenolic compounds, proteins & free amino acids, flavonoids and gums and mucilage using specific reagents. TLC was performed for the methanolic extracts of Portulaca oleracea L. using different solvent systems developed for it. Portulaca oleracea L., methanolic extract, Toulene: Ethylacetate : Diethylamine (7:2:1) were developed using Dragendroff's Reagent. HPTLC fingerprinting of Portulaca oleracea L. methanolic extract were also performed.

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020580   Jain N;Kori M L (Vedica College of B. Pharmacy, R. K. D. F. Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: nehasinper@gmail.com) : Comparative pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies of different samples of Plumbago zeylanica L. roots. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2017, 9(6), 286-90.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the quality of the marketed and self collected samples of Plumbago zeylanica L. roots on the standardization parameters. This study is planned mainly to confirm changes with quality of drug. Now a day's more demand of herbal drugs for disease treatment, lack of knowledge of proper methodology and availability are promoting the practices of adulteration and substitution. Thus, the standardization of the plant crude drugs is necessary to maintain their therapeutic efficacy. Comparative studies were carried out to evaluate the standards of P. zeylanica L. with emphasis on organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical and phytochemical analysis. Samples were procured from local market and self collected to determine the qualitative and quantitative variations. The result indicates that self collected sample showed significant results with comparison to marketed sample.

2 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

020579   Jain H;Patel H;Patel N;Chaudhary S;Upadhyay U (Pharmaceutics Dep, Sigma Institute of Pharmacy, Vadodara Gujarat, Gandhi Nagar-390 019) : Formulation and evaluation of colon specific naproxen tablet. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2017, 7(1), 30-5.

The aim of present work was to develop and evaluate colon specific sustained release matrix tablet of naproxen using different concentration of microbially degradable polysaccharides such as olibanum gum and sterculia gum. The colon targeted matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique. All the matrix formulations showed the desired physicochemical properties as per the official limits. All the batches of matrix tablet were subjected for in vitro dissolution study in various simulated gastric fluid for suitability for colon specific drug delivery system. Based on drug release study, formulation S5 showed good sustained release dissolution profile.

5 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

020578   Jafar M;Malpani A;Khan M I (Pharmaceutics Dep, College of Clinical Pharmacy Univ of Dammam, P. O. Box-1982 Dammam - 31441. Saudi Arabia, Email: mjomar@uod.edu.sa) : Ameliorated solubility and dissolution rate of glimepiride by cyclodextrin ternary complexes employing aminoacids. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2443-51.

The purpose of the current investigation was to ameliorate the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of an anti diabetic drug Glimepiride by cyclodextrin ternary complexes employing aminoacids. Initially, Glimepiride (GMP) binary complexes with β-Cyclodextrin (βCD) and Hydroxy propyl β-Cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were formulated by physical mixing, kneading, solvent evaporation and spray drying techniques which was followed by ternary complex preparation of selected GMP-Cyclodextrin binary complex employing various aminoacids by kneading method. The kneading method was used in preparing ternary complexes of GMP, because it was proved to be the best method comparatively in yielding promising binary complexes of glimepiride in the initial stage of this study. GMP formed 1:1 M stoichiometric binary and ternary inclusion complexes as demonstrated by the A_L-type of phase solubility curve. An increment in the stability constant value (Kc) of GMP- - 104 - βCD/HPβCD complex in the presence of aminoacids conceded higher complexation competency. FTIR and DSC studies evidenced the perfect inclusion complex formation. Ternary complexes ameliorated drug dissolution compared with GMP and GMP-βCD. The ternary complex containg 1:3:2 molar ratio of GMP:HPβCD:L-ARGININE exhibited 98.85% drug dissolution in 2 hours, which was significantly high in relation to ternary complexes containg other aminoacids and it was found to follow imperatively first order release mechanism in relation to Hixson-Crowell's cube root law. On aging studied complexes showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content and drug dissolution attributes, which clearly shows high in-vitro stability of the complexes.

5 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

020577   Jadav D N;Ezhava S B;Rana P J;Patel D V (Quality Assurance Dep, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009) : UPLC method for determination of pemetrexed and its impurities in injectable dosage form. Pharma Sci Monit 2017, 8(2), 354-68.

A rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate UPLC method for determination of Pemetrexed and its impurities in Injectable dosage was developed. A survey of literature revealed that RP- HPLC and UV-visible spectrophotometric methods have been reported for Pemetrexed. The UPLC method for quantification of Pemetrexed is available from Rat plasma.However, there is no reports on Validated UPLC method for determination of Pemetrexed and its impurities in Injectable dosage form. The UPLC system used for method development and validation was Waters UPLC instrument (Empower 2 software). The determination of Pemetrexed in Injectable dosage form was carried on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column with a mobile phase composed of buffer (0.17% (v/v) Glacial Acetic Acid in water, the pH of the same was adjusted to 5.3 with 50% sodium hydroxide solution) and acetonitrile (89 : 11). The absorbance was measured at 226 nm. The injection volume was 3 μL and flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The run time for this analysis was 3 minutes. The quantification of impurities of Pemetrexed was carried out on a Waters UPLC instrument (Empower 2 software). There were two impurities (Impurity A & Impurity B) of Pemetrexed which are both process related impurities. The determination of impurities of Pemetrexed in Injectable dosage form was carried on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column with a gradient mobile phase composed of buffer : acetonitrile. The absorbance was measured at 226 nm. The injection volume was 3 μL and flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The run time for this analysis was 12 minutes. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection, limit of Quantitation as per ICH guidelines.

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020576   Ismail T A;Nassan M A;Alkhedaide A Q;Soliman M M (Medical Laboratory Dep, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Turabah, Taif Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: moh_nassan@yahoo.com) : Modulation of aquaporins expressions and its impact on alleviating diabetic complications in rats: role of Citrullus colocynthis. Natn J Physiol Pharm Pharmac 2016, 6(4), 310-22.

Aquaporins (AQPs) belong to a class of small, integral membrane proteins that enable water transfer across the plasma membranes of cells as a reaction to osmotic gradients. There are 13 known types of AQPs in humans (AQP0 to AQP12), which are expressed in various organs such as the kidney, brain, liver, lungs, and salivary glands. In patient with diabetes mellitus, a reduction in salivary secretion is noted in concurrence with low salivary AQP5 levels. The Citrullus colocynthis (CC) extracts were reported to have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and body weight maintenance, in either alloxan- or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats through exerting insulinotropic effect. To check the changes in AQPs expression and to understand the antidiabetic effect of CC as a medicinal herb in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats were assigned equally into six groups. The first and second groups were kept as control groups: the first remained without treatment, but the second received CC orally. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of STZ (60 mg/kg b.w.) in the remaining four groups. Three diabetic groups were treated with insulin or CC or both together for 4 weeks. The remaining diabetic group was left untreated as control diabetic group. Blood and organs were taken for biochemical, gene expression, and immunohistochemistry examinations. Diabetic rats displayed increases in blood glucose, lipid profile, liver, and kidney parameters, which were restored significantly to normal with insulin or CC or both. At molecular level, diabetic rats showed significant downregulation in mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2, pyruvate kinase, GLUT-2 in liver and of AQP1, AQP5, AQP7, and AQP8 expressions in kidney, salivary gland, and pancreas, respectively, and normalized significantly by insulin or CC or in combination administrations. Expressions of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase in liver and of AQP2 and AQP3 in kidney were upregulated in diabetic rats and returned to normal completely by insulin alone or CC or their combination. Values were statistically significant at p <60> 0.05. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed a downregulation of insulin and GLUT-2 in pancreas and upregulation of AQP2 in kidney of diabetic rats, but treatments with CC augmented insulin effect and restored their expression to normal levels. Current results concluded that AQPs could be a promising target for drug development. Moreover, Citrullus colocynthis extract acts as antidiabetic medicinal herb, which has been confirmed by its - 103 - molecular and immunohistochemical effects.

8 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

020575   Ida S R;Rodolfo Q C;Jorge R A;Irving X R; Luicita L R;Issac A M;Alfonso A A (Facultad de Bioanalisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Ver., C.P. 91700, Mexico, Email: aalexander_2000@yahoo.com) : Beneficial effects of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (NONI) leaf extract on obesity, dyslipidemia and adiponectinemia in rats with metabolic syndrome. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2496-503.

Pharmacological activities have been reported for the fruit, leaf and root extracts of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni); however, the plant has not been widely studied for its antidyslipidemic effects on obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). to evaluate the effects of aqueous M. citrifolia leaf extract on obesity and adipose tissue cell dynamics associated with triacylglycerol and adiponectin levels in Wistar rats with MS. four groups of rats were used; control, metabolic syndrome (MS), M. citrifolia (Mc) and M. citrifolia plus sucrose (Mc-Suc). The dose of extract was 200 mg/kg of body weight for 2 weeks. we observed - 102 - differences in the weights of abdominal fat between the Mc and MS groups. The Mc-Suc and Mc groups showed significantly lower triacylglycerol concentrations than the MS group. Moreover, the adiponectin serum concentrations were higher in control, Mc-Suc and Mc groups than in the MS group. Finally, the MS group showed an increase in the percentage of fat cells with areas between 1001 and 1501 μm² compared with the Mc and Mc-Suc groups. ingestion of the aqueous extract from dried M. citrifolia leaves decreases abdominal fat and triacylglycerols associated with increased adiponectin levels and changes to adipose tissue cell dynamics.

2 illus, 4 tables, 45 ref

020574   Hemalatha S;Amudha P;Pushpa Bharathi N; Vanitha V (Biochemistry Dep, School of Life sciences, Vels Univ, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: vrr.vanitha@gmail.com) : Determination of bioactive phytocomponents from hydroethanolic extract of Annona squamosa (Linn.) leaf by GC-MS. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2539-44.

Annona squamosa Linn. commonly called as custard apple, is an edible tropical fruit belongs to the family Annonaceae, is said to show varied medicinal effects, including insecticide, antiovulatory and abortifacient. Hence the present investigation was carried out to determine the phytochemical composition of A. squamosa leaf extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. This paper shows the isolation and structural elucidation of the several new natural bioactive compounds from the leaf of A. Squamosa linn in hydroethanolic extract. GC-MS analysis expressed thirty analytes, among that two compounds were showed high peak level such as of 2-Butanone, 3-amino-4-phenyl-(10.21%) and (-)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1-(6.01%), Hence, the present study focused the leaf extract of Annona squamosa plant possessed promising source of bioactivity as well as justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and herbal medicines.

2 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

020573   Heer K;Sharma S (Biotechnology Dep, Shoolini Univ, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173 212, Email: kanchanheer.biotech@gmail.com) : Microbial pigments as a natural color. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 1913-22.

Natural pigments have great interest with in the market now a day's particularly microbial pigments. The various microorganisms such as - 101 - Micrococcus, Bacillus, Rhodotorula, Monascus, Phaffia, Sarcina and Achromobacter have the capability to produce different pigments. These colors have number of beneficial properties like anti-cancerous, immunosuppressive, antibiotic, anti-proliferative, bio-degradability etc. Further, they have broad area of application mainly in food, dairy, printing, textile and pharmaceutical industries etc. Since, the microorganisms are a significant source of carotenoids and major source of naturally occurring pigments. These carotenoids basically protect cells against photo oxidative damage and hence have vital applications in environment, food and nutrition, disease control, and as potent antimicrobial agents. Use of microbial pigments in processed food is another promising area with large economic potential. However, microbial pigments provide challenges due to lower stability, high cost and variation in shades due to changes in pH. Further, it is also essential to have toxicology studies of these microbial pigments before their use as natural colorants in food products.

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020572   Hedaginal B R;Taranath T C (Botany Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad-580 003, Email: tctaranath@rediffmail.com) : Characterization and antimicrobial activity of biogenic silver nano-particles using leaf extract of Thunbergia alata bojer ex sims. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2070-81.

The multidrug-resistant strains are a major problem in the control of infections in hospitals. The smaller size of nanoparticles is gaining importance in research for the treatment of various diseases. The main objective of this study is synthesis of silver nanoparticle in eco-friendly manner without using any hazardous chemicals. Stable and spherical shaped nanoparticles Synthesized by using aqueous leaf extract of T. alata. This method offers a viable and an eco-friendly way for fabrication of benign nanoparticles as it is a simple and carried out at room temperature without any huge inputs in terms of energy and waste. It is advantageous over the microbial synthesis as it is carried out using in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature, without any toxic chemicals in lesser time and could be exploited for developing cost effective biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles at a large scale. One more aim of this study is that analysis of antimicrobial activity of biogenic nanoparticles against disease causing human pathogens. Characterizations of nanoparticles were done by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, AFM, HR-TEM, XRD and with EDS instruments. Antimicrobial test was done by agar well diffusion method. The nanoparticles appeared to be spherical in shape and the size of the particles varied from 10 to 50 nm. T. alata leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles have great promise as antimicrobial agent against human pathogenic multidrug resistant microbes.

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020571   Hashim Rada F (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nahrain Univ, Iraq, Email: fermsc33@yahoo.com) : Assessment of pyrazino-pyrimidine compound and some inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(6), 2691-5.

Neopterin, pyrazino-pyrimidine compound, is a metabolite of guanosine triphosphate and is produced by the activated monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells upon stimulation by interferon gamma produced by - 100 - T-lymphocytes. This study purposed to analyze the serum level of neopterin and to evaluate its correlation with other markers of inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes at various stages of diabetic nephropathy. The study done on 80 patients, aged (60 years ±5) with type 2 diabetes, and 60 healthy subjects, aged (50 years±8) recruited from outpatient clinic of nephrology department in Al yarmouk hospital. The serum levels of neopterin, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interluekin-six (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits, and studied. The level of serum neopterin was higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects. There were gradual increases of serum neopterin levels from stage two to stage three and four in diabetic patients. Serum neopterin level correlated positively with serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and IFN-≤ and correlated negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate value. Serum neopterin level is elevated and correlated with the severity of diabetic nephropathy. It may use as a good biomarker for an accurate identification and prognosis of the diseases associated with the activation of cell-mediated immunity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

020570   Hari Ramakrishnan K;Ranjithkumar J (Research and Development Dep, Kaleesuwari Refinery Pvt. Ltd., Mambakkam, Vengaivasal, Chennai-600 126, Email: harik@kaleesuwari.com) : Quantitative determination of vitamin E isomers using gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography. Indian J Nutr Diet 2017, 54(3), 294-301.

Vitamin E, the fat soluble vitamin is present naturally in some foods and added in food supplements, nutraceuticals etc due to its vital biological function as an antioxidant. Various methods are available for the analysis of vitamin E. Especially High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) are exclusively used for the quantitative evaluation of vitamin E, which has also identified the four different isomeric forms of this vitamin. The rate of losses of this vitamin during food processing and analysis, in addition to their transient dynamics, presents complexities in developing a highly sensitive procedure for their separations. Though effective, HPLC instrument is expensive and comparatively cumbersome. In this prospective, the study was to evaluate the usefulness of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) in the analysis of vitamin E. There are methods available using Thin Layer Chromatography for its analysis, but they are not sensitive enough to identify the isomeric forms of vitamin E. In this HPTLC method, the different isomeric forms of vitamin E - α, β, γ and δ were identified. This technique shall be considered as an alternative to the other methods such as HPLC and GC.

4 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

020569   Hanoglu D Y;Hanoglu A;Guvenir M;Suer K; Demirci B;Baser K H C;Yavuz D O (Pharmaceutical Botany Dep, Near East Univ, Nicosia, T.R.N.C, Email: duygu.yigithanoglu@neu.edu.tr) : Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Sideritis cypria post endemic in Northern cyprus. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(3), 228-32.

In this study, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Sideritis cypria, which is an endemic taxon in Northern Cyprus, were investigated. The essential oil obtained by - 99 - hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In general, the GC and GC-MS analysis illustrated that fifty compounds were identified representing 96.9% of the oil. Major components were epi-cubebol (11.9%), trans-piperitol (8.9%) and pinene (8.1%), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was tested by disc diffusion method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) yeast. The results showed that the inhibition zone of S. cypria essential oil against C. albicans at maximum dose (10 μl) was higher than positive control Nystatin. The oil showed similar inhibitory zone to that of the positive control (TMP-SMX) against B. cereus at maximum dosage 10 μl. In addition, the inhibitory effect of the oil against E. coli measured only at the 10 μl as 10.33 ± 0.58. Furthermore, the inhibition zones against S. aureus was ranged from 9.00 ± 2.00 to 24.00 ± 1.73 while P. aeruginosa was found to be resistant in all doses.

1 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

020568   Gupta N;Bhopte D K;Adlak P;Sagar R (Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RKDF Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: nidhigupta25may@gmail.com) : Antihyperlipidemic activity of methanolic extract of Abroma augusta. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2016, 7(7), 5116-24.

Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Approximately 10% of the global population is affected by dyslipidemia. At present, hyperlipidemia is most commonly treated with lipid-lowering drugs, some of which are associated with serious adverse side effects. Many medicinal plants have been found to be useful to successfully manage hyperlipidemia. The present study was undertaken to study Antihyperlipidemic effect of methanol extract of Abroma augusta leaves. The powdered crude leaves were extracted in a soxhlet apparatus with methanol. Extract was dried at 40°C under pressure and stored at 4°C until use. Phytochemical screening of extract was done by standard methods. Methanol extract of Abroma augusta was studied for acute oral toxicity according OECD guidelines No. 423 on Wistar rats. High cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia model was used to study antihypercholestremic effect. After 7 days samples from animals were collected. Serum samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically for cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C. Treatment with methanolic extract of Abroma augusta showed a marked reduction in TC, TG and LDL-c levels (p<60>0.05). There was a marked reduction in TC: HDL-c ratio, and in the atherogenic index after the treatment of rats with 400mg/kg dose of methanol extract of Abroma augusta. The findings of current study proved that the methanol extract of Abroma augusta effectively treated hyperlipidemia in murine model may be due to presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids found in extract. However isolation and characterization of active constituent responsible for this activity is necessary.

12 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

020567   Gour V;Singh A;Thakre N;Bhowmick M;Rathi V; Rathi J (NO, NRI Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Development and evaluation of sustained release tramadol matrix tablet based on xyloglucon. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2017, 7(1), 107-41.

The basic goal of therapy is to achieve a steady state blood level that is therapeutically effective and non-toxic for an extended period of time.A sustained release system includes any delivery system that achieves slow release of the drug over an extended period of time. The aim was to determine the release-modifying effect of carboxymethyl xyloglucan for oral drug delivery. Sustained release matrix tablets of tramadol HCl prepared by non-aqueous wet granulation techniques with DCP as a diluent. The dried blends were compressed with other necessary excipients. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, drug content uniformity, in vitro drug release studies for 24 hours (USP dissolution apparatus II, 100 rpm, 37±0.5°C), swelling studies and in vivo performance of the matrix tablet. HPMC K100M was used to prevent the burst effect. While other tableting excipients used were DCP, talc, magnesium stearate and PVP K30 was used as a binder. Levels were decided from the observations of the in vitro evaluation - 98 - of the trial batch formulation. Simplex lattice mixture design was used to find out the optimum formulation. Seven batches were formulated as per the coded levels of the design. In vitro evaluations were performed on the optimization batches. Correlation between independent variables and dependent variables were. Correlation between independent variables and dependent variables were determined form the 3D graphs and contour plots. The design expert software suggested optimum formulation based on the desirability and desired acceptance criteria. The dissolution the polymer carboxymethyl xyloglucan and HPMC K100M had significant effect on drug release from the tablet. Polynomial mathematical models, generated for various response variables using multiple regression analysis, were found to be statistically Significant, the statistical models developed for optimization were found to be valid.

5 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

020566   Godasu S K;Sreenivas S A (NO, Sree dattha Institute of Pharmacy, Sheriguda, Ibrahim, Patnam Ranga reddy-501 510, Email: suresh.niper12@gmail.com) : New validated RP-HPLC method for the determination of metformin HCL and empagliflozin in its bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(5), 2223-32.

A New method was established for simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Empagliflozin by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Metformin and Empagliflozin by using Symmetry C18 column (4.6x150mm) 5μ, flow rate was 1ml/min, mobile phase ratio was (70:30 v/v) methanol: phosphate buffer (KH₂PO₄ and K₂HPO₄) phosphate pH 3 (pH was adjusted with orthophosphoricacid), detection wavelength used was Waters HPLC Auto Sampler, Separation module 2695, photo diode array detector 996, Empower-software version-2. The retention times were found to be 2.403 mins and 3.907 mins. The % purity of Metformin and Empagliflozin was found to be 99.87% and 100.27% respectively. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1). The linearity study of Metformin and Empagliflozin was found in concentration range of 50μg-250μg and 5μg-25μg and correlation coefficient (r²) was found to be 0.999 and 0.999, % recovery was found to be 99.56% and 99.48%, %RSD for repeatability was 0.3and 0.3, % RSD for intermediate precision was 1.3 and 0.4respectively. LOD value was 2.17 and 0.0372 and LOQ value was 6.60 and 0.1125 respectively.

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020565   Girish C;Reddy Y N (Pharmacology Dep, University College of Pharmaceutical sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, Email: nyellu@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antianaphylactic activity of various extracts of Withania somnifera in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1717-22.

Antianaphylactic activity of Withania somnifera was investigated by using rat peritoneal mast cells. The investigation was carried out by presensitization of the rat by using sheep serum and tripple antigen. Sensitization induces mast cell degranulation. The rats which were pretreated with standard drug, prednisolone (10 mg) and different extracts (petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extract) of Withania somnifera at a dose of 250 mg, 500 mg and 750 mg were observed for - 97 - the degranulation of mast cells, during the anaphylactic reactions. Treatment with methanolic extract of Withania somnifera at a dose of 500 mg shows beneficial effect on mast cell degranulation in sensitized rats. The activity was comparable with that of standard drug Prednisolone. Antianaphylactic activity of methanolic extract of Withania somnifera on the rat mesenteric mast cells may be possibly due to the membrane stabilizing potential.

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020564   Gharge V G;Ghadge D M;Shelar P A;Yadav A V (NO, Gourishankar Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Limb, Satara-415 015, Email: ghargevarsha5306@gmail.com) : Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants Calotropis gigantea (Linn.). Int J Pharmac 2017, 4(11), 363-71.

Calotropis gigantean Linn. white (Asclepiadaceae), it is a weed plant commonly known as giant milkweed. It has one of the important traditional medicines to treat various ailments. The basic aim of this study to Calotropis gigantea is one such plant. In this review the systematic position, introduction about plant, morphological study, phytochemistry and the economical values of the Calotropis gigantea are discussed. Calotropis gigantea is a glabrous or hoary, laticiferous shrubs or small trees, it also known as "the swallow-wort or milkweed". Calotropis is used as a traditional medicinal plant. C. gigantea contain chemical constituents are cardenolides, flavonoids, terpenes, pregnanes and a nonprotein amino acid. The latex, leaves, flowers, bark, root is also used as caustic, acrid, expectorant, depilatory, anti-helmintic, useful in leprosy scabies ring worm of the scalp, piles, eruptions on the body, asthma, enlargement of spleen and liver, dropsy applied to painful joint swellings. This review gives a brief idea about its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity.

^iia1 illus, 82 ref

020563   Gaurav Kumar;Mukherjee S;Patnaik R (School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu Univ), Varanasi-221 005, Email: gaurav.rs.bme14@iitbhu.ac.in) : Identification of withanolide-M and stigmasterol as potent neuroprotectant and dual inhibitor of inducible/neuronal nitric oxide synthase by structure-based virtual screening. J biol Engng Res Rev 2017, 4(1), 9-13.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intracellular signaling molecule, generated by catalysis from nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). In the face of NO playing beneficial roles, its overproduction by the neuronal nitric - 96 - oxide synthase (nNOS) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is detrimental in neurological disorders, whereas that derived from the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is beneficial. Therefore, dual inhibition of iNOS and nNOS without inhibiting eNOS is a promising neuroprotective approach for combating stroke. Withania somnifera (WS) has been used for centuries as a nerve tonic and Nootropic agents in Ayurveda. Present structure-based molecular docking study was performed to identify novel, potent and dual iNOS/nNOS inhibitor by screening the Withania somnifera constituents. A ligand database containing 36 phytochemicals present in W. somnifera along with nNOS and iNOS selective inhibitor was molecularly docked onto catalytic heme domain of three NOS isoforms. This approach identified two phytosteroids withanolide-M and stigmasterol that have higher selectivity, bind with the lower binding energy and established a number of H-bonds or hydrophobic contacts with the catalytic oxygenase domain of iNOS and nNOS than their selective inhibitors (AT2 and S19). Their suitability for Lipinski's Rule of Five, the ability to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), high human intestinal absorption score make them a potent possible neurotherapeutic agent to combat neurological disorders mediated by nNOS and iNOS activation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

020562   Garg D;Mohanan N (School of BIotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Univ, plot no. 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Mahrashtra-400 614, Email: dg.deepa@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of phytochemical, antioxdative and antimicrobial effect of Magnifer indica, leaf extracts of oral dental pathogens. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(4), 1689-93.

A major part of the total population in developing countries still uses traditional folk medicine obtained from plant resources. Chemical substances used for prevention of dental caries are known to have many side-effects. Thus, natural products should be explored for their anticaries action. Present study evaluate the antimicrobial effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Magnifera indica leaves against oral dental pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanolic extract was found to be more effective and dose dependent against both pathogens. Phytochemical and antioxidative study was also performed using various methods of testing on the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for the presence of phenols, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and reducing sugar. Both leaf extracts showed higher anti oxidative capacity and phytochemicals content like alkaloids and steroids which are active antimicrobial components in plants. Present investigation provides preliminary information for using mango leaf extracts in the prevention of oral diseases such as dental caries.

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020561   Farheen M D S;Sappori S;Kethavath M;Kalpana G (Pharmaceutics Dep, Nizam college of pharmacy, Piglipur (V), R.R(Dist)-501 512) : Formulation and evaluation of metformin hydrochloride sustained release tablets. Pharma Sci Monit 2017, 8(1), 255-62.

An attempt was to - 95 - formulate the oral sustained release Metformin hydrochloride matrix tablets by using hydroxyl methyl cellulose polymer (HPMC) as rate controlling factor and to evaluate drug release parameters as per various release kinetic models. It is observed that the basic goal of therapy in the development of Metformin hydrochloride release dosage form is to increase bioavailability; reduce risk of hospitalization, deliver drug at a near constant rate for approximately 12 hrs, independent of food intact and gastrointestinal pH. Method. The dry granulation technique was used to compress the tablet as powder showed the poor flowability; less cohesiveness during direct compression and due to moisture sensitivity and tendency to hydrolyte, wet granulation techniques was not selected for the present work. Dry granulation improves the flow of the powder and reduces the use of excipient.The granules were evaluated for angle of repose, loose bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, total porosity, drug content, etc and showed satisfactory results. The in-vitro dissolution study was carried out for 12 hours using pH 4.0, 6.8 phosphate buffer in phosphate buffer as dissolution media. All the tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties and compiled with pharmacopoeial specifications. The mechanism of drug release form matrix tablet is governed by diffusion and as the drug is so highly soluble.

1 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

020560   El-Hawary S S;Hammouda F M;Tawfik W A;Kassem H A;Abdelshafeek K A;El-Shamy S S (Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt, Email: s_elshamy@hotmail.com) : Investigation of some chemical constituents, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of Beta vulgaris var. altissima cultivated in Egypt. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(4), 1391-401.

The phenolic compounds were isolated for the first time from the alcoholic extract of the non-flowering aerial parts of Beta vulgaris var. altissima (sugar beet) and were identified as: Apigenin, Luteolin, Apigenin 7-O-di-glucoside, Luteolin 4'-O-rhamnoside, Caffeoyl-6-(3,4-dihydroxy benzoyl) β-D-glucoside, Apigenin 5-O-rhamnoside, Isoscutellarein 7-O-glucosyl- 8-O-xyloside and 5, 7, 5'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy flavone 4'-O-glucoside. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated through chromatographic and spectroscopic measurements. The n-hexane extract of the plant was fractionated to fatty acid methyl esters and unsaponifiable matter. The gas-liquid chromatography analysis of fatty acids methyl esters proved the presence of 13 fatty acids of which eicosenoic acid C_20:1 (41.38%) was the main acid, while the gas liquid chromatography of the unsaponifiable matter substantiated the presence of a mixture of 28 components in which campesterol (23.85%), n-triacontane C₃₀ (12.71%) and cholesterol (8.77%) were the major components. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (62.65%) with effective concentration 57.2 μg/ml using radical scavenging activity. The percent proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma was reduced to 69.5% and 72.4% on treatment with the ethyl acetate and the methanol extracts respectively at concentration 100 μg/ml.

3 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref