040637   YAZID J B, CHAFIK Z, BOUSAMID A, BIBI I, KHARMACH E-Z (Mohamed first Univ, Oujda, Morocco, Email: benyazidjamal@yahoo.fr) : Population dynamics and seasonal occurrence of mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, 1824) in Moulouya perimeter North East of Morocco. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 564-9.

In Morocco, The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata is largely an established pest and causes damage to a number of host plants and it is of phyto-sanitary concern (trade barriers) for Citrus exportation. The objective of this research is the monitoring of the fluctuations of Medfly population in citrus orchards and other host plants using male traps. The study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 in eight localities (Lamriss, Slimania, Zegzel, Aklim, Chouihia, Tzayesset, Urban backyards and Reggada) representing the main fruit production areas of Moulouya Perimeter. The results showed significant differences between patterns of medfly population's occurrence, in some localities during three-year period of monitoring. Captures occurred continuously from early April to late November with variability between years. Moreover, Five main periods of high fly activity were distinguished: the first period occurred in April late, the second in early June, the third in the August late, the fourth occurred in September late and early October and the last one in early November mainly in clementine orchards. Our findings suggest that the Medfly has a year around presence in fruit orchards and urban backyards. The highest captures were observed in the traps hung in argan, fig and jujube trees. The fruits showed different rates of infestation and variable numbers of larvae in fruits. The highest means of larvae per fruit were recorded in oriental persimmon, avocado, argan, bitter orange, pomegranate and clementine.

4 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

040632   GUL M, GUSAIN O P, MAGRAY R A (Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Srinagar - 246 174, Email: musharafgul@gmail.com) : Impact of anthropogenic activities on length eight -w relationship and condition factor of species in Schizothorax River Jhelum (Jammu & Kashmir). Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 533-9.

In the present study water samples collected from different sites in the upper, middle and lower stretch of River Jhelum were assessed for selected physico-chemical parameters. The results showed considerable amount of pollutants adding to the river degrading its water quality especially in the areas with higher anthropogenic activities. The K value for Schizothorax curvifrons at S2 and S3 from this study Schizothorax curvifrons suggest that Schizothorax curvifrons from these sites was in a poor condition owing to the relatively degraded water quality as a result of the increased human interference. Therefore, there is a dire need for collaboration between the policy makers and other stake holders to strike a balance between sustainable exploitation and conservation of the Schizothorax species.

3 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

040631   CHISHTY N, CHOUDHARY N L, SHARMA P, PARVEEN R, PATEL P, KUMAWAT P (MLSU, Udaipur - 313 001, Email: nadimchishty@gmail.com) : Nesting behavior of red vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer, Linnaeus 1766) in Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 529-32.

Red vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer, Linnaeus 1766) constructs cup shape nest by using fine twig and midribs of dead leaves and with the help of grass hairs. Generally bulbul construct nests on shrubs, hedges, stunted date palms, on slender branches of trees, at the butt of pollarded trees or sometime inside the building. It has been observed that height of nests ranges from 1 to 9 meter while mostly constructing their nests at height less than 3 meter but exceptionally up to 12 meters. More than 38 nests were observed which were used by bulbul to understand structural analysis and construction dynamics of their nests. The cotton fibres were used commonly in nest preparation due to its easy availability and also it provides strength to the nest. It was also observed that in some cases spiders has woven web on the nest at its external surface, while internal surface was cleaned by bulbul from tine to tine. Structural analysis of 38 nests was done after the breeding period was over and it was observed that, externally nests were composed of the withered stems of the little Asteraceous plant, interwoven with a few jhow-shoots or tamarisk (Tamarix dioica) and a little tow-like fibre of the Deccan jute (Hibiscus cannabinus), while a good deal of cobweb was applied externally here and there by spider itself. The interior of the nests were lined with excessively fine stems of some herbaceous exogenous plant. THe bulbul also utilized the twigs (aerial roots) of Giloy or Heart Leaved Moonseed (Tinospora cordifolia) with fine knitting of cotton fibres interwoven with grass fibres.

2 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

040578   GUPTA V (Microbiology Dep, JECRC Univ, Jaipur - 303 905, Email: varsha.gupta@jecrcu.edu.in) : Mammalian feces used a non-invasive tool to indicate heavy metal pollution in Galtaji, Jaipur, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 218-20.

This study investigated feces metal concentration as a non-invasive tool of indicator of environmental health with the Macaca Mulatta (Rhesus Monkey), Capra aegagrus hircus (Goats) and Bos Taurus (Cow) of Galta ji, Jaipur. This technique is used to study gross exposure of metal pollution. Varing concentrations of Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) were found in feces samples. Zinc concentration was in range of 151.33 (Macaca mulatta) to 96.91 (Capra aegagrus) ppm, Copper was in between 174.66 (M. mulatta) to 140.83 (C. aegagrus) ppm and lead was in range of 271.33 (M. mulatta) to 87.41 (C. aegagrus) ppm which was maximum among the metals. The differences were in the heavy metal occurrence in the feces of monkey, goat and Among these soils showed significantly high concentration of metals as well as the results also reflected a close correlation between metal concentrations in the living environment and in the feces of mammals.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

040577   FOUAD D, MOUNIA O, FLOWER R (Biologie Dep, Hassan 2 de Univ, Casablanca, Morocco, Email: daoudifouad@hotmail.com) : Ultrastructure of coccidian eimeria isabellae lom and dyková (Eimeriidae, protozoa) in conger conger l.. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 211-7.

Life cycle stages of Eimeria isabellae in the naturally-infected teleost fish, Conger conger L., from the French Mediterranean coastal region of Languedoc-Roussillon (Banyuls-sur-mer, Grau du Roi and Sète) was studied by light and electron microscopy. Eighteen infected individual fish were examined and found with developmental stages of the parasite in the intestine epithelium. Merogonial, gamogonial and sporogonial stages were found both localized intracellularly and epicellulary in the microvillus region of enterocytes. They were separated from the intestinal lumen by closely spaced enterocyte and parasitophore vacuole membranes with several zones of attachment to the host cell. First generation merozoites were formed by ectomerogony. Macrogamonts contained lipid inclusions, amylopectin and dense granules. The study revealed the presence of Eimeria isabellae coccidia in the epithelium of the midgut with an infestation rate of 18 European conger (Conger conger) out of 31 fish sampled. Ultrastructure study of Eimeria isabellae has demonstrated the intra-cytoplasmic nature of the infestation and confirmed the coccidia belonged to the Eimeriidae group. Of particular interest were the relationships between the different intracellular stages and their host cell. Formation of a parasitophorous vacuole and various histopathological and biological aspects are discussed in this study.

33 illus, 28 ref

040576   BHAT H M, RAO R J (Jiwaji Univ, Madhya Pradesh - 474 001, Email: bhathanif87@gmail.com) : Avifauna of Ghatigaon wildlife sanctuary of Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 205-10.

A total of 73 bird species belonging to 15 orders, 42 families and 67 genera were observed. Family ardeidae, accipitridae, phasinidae and columbidaehaving 5 species each with 6.85 per cent share, followed by cuculidae, alcedinidae, sturnidae and muscicapidae with 3 species each with 4.11 per cent share, psittacidae, strigiudae, picidae, alaudidae, dicruridae, corvidae and campephagidae having 2 species each with 2.74 per cent share, and phalacrocoracidae, ciconiidae, anatidae, gruidae, rallidae, jacanidae, recurvirostridae, charadriidae, caprimulgidae, apodidae, meropidae, coraciidae, upupidae, blucerotidae, ramphastidae, lanidae, oriolidae, pycnonotidae, timaliidae, monarchidae, rhipiduridae, cisticolidae, motacillidae, nectariniidae, passeridae, ploceidae and astrildidae having 1 species each with 1.37 per cent share. From 73 species of birds 12, 26, 17 and 18 species fall in a category of very common, common, uncommon and rare. The highest bird population was at Woodland, followed by Scrubland, while as lowest bird population was at Grassland and Tighra Reservoir. Among 73 species of birds one is critically endangered (Ardeotis nigriceps) and is included in CITES Appendix I, one is near-threatened (Mycteria leucocephala).

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

040575   ARYA M K, VERMA A, CHANDRA H (Zoology Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital - 263 002, Email: dr.manojkumar19@rediffmail.com) : Sex–specific extra floral feeding preferences among subtropical butterfly fauna of terai arc landscape, Southern Himalaya, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 196-204.

The knowledge on specialized feeding requirements of adult butterfly species with the exception of dietary floral sources is crucial for the proper management and conservation of butterflies. Present study conducted from September 2016 to August 2017 under the natural wild conditions of Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) located in the central position of Terai Arc Landscape, India, aimed to observe extra floral feeding preferences, sex–specific and seasonal puddling patterns among butterfly communities. Out of the total 497 individuals recorded, 85.92 % males and 14.08 % females of 22 species belonging to four families were recorded from the different puddling sites in NWS. Observations revealed that sex–specifically, 80.09 % of individuals of males of 22 species that were probed feeding at different substrates such as puddles, moist soil, mammalian dung and algal mats, showed rich puddling behavior in comparison to the females of butterflies belonging to seven species that were recorded feeding particularly on puddles and soil. Across the different seasons, maximum number of species and individuals of butterflies were recorded in puddling activity during the summer season, followed by rainy and winter seasons, respectively. It is suggested that habitats providing puddling grounds in and around the NWS should be earmarked for conservational and ecological research aspects of butterflies.

5 illus, 4 tables, 53 ref

040574   SAKTHIVEL K (Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai - 608 502, Email: ksakthi7@yahoo.co.in) : Survey of Molluscs in Killai backwaters of South India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 190-5.

Assess the distribution of molluscs in mangrove forest of Killai bactwarters in Tamil Nadu, south India. Three different sampling sites based on salinity variation were selected. During the study period eighteen species of molluscs including nine species of gastropods and 9 species bivalves were observed. The gastropod Cerithidea cingulata and the bivalve Crossostrea madrasensis was absent in fresh water zone, but rich in marine zone. The gastropod (Pythia plicata) was absent in marine zone, but rich in freshwater zone in arboreal habitat was found only few collections. The Pythia plicata found in few mangrove plants (Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia officinalis and Acanthus ilicifolius). Maximum number of individuals (52) of Pythia plicata were observed in Avicennia officinalis at 225 cm height and 21 number of individuals were found at 125 – 150 cm height. The another gastropods Nassarius stolatus were also found from Avicennia marina and Acanthus ilicifolis plants at the height of 0 – 25 cm in mangrove rich zone. The maximum number of Cerethidea cingulata (97 numbers per 25 square centimeters) was reported in marine zone.

8 tables, 43 ref

040573   JOSEPH R, KATHIRESWARI P (Zoology Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore - 641 029, Email: pkathireswari@kongunaducollege.ac.in) : Efficacy leaf litters as substrate on reproductive potential of epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 186-9.

The study was aimed to analyze the vermicomposting ability and reproductive potential of Eudrilus eugeniae in different leaf litters such as Arthrocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Coffea arabica, Psidium guajava, Morus alba, Erythrina veriegata, Gliricidia sepia, Lawsonia inermis, Musa paradisica, Cinnamon zeylanicum and Ficus religiosa with native Vechur breed cow dung as the reference sample. E. eugeniae showed highest reproductive potential in F. religiosa, C. arabica, M. alba, M. indica, A. heterophyllus, P. guajava when compared to control samples. Whereas, lowest reproductive potential observed in culture medium with G. sepia, M. paradisica, C. zeylanicum, L. inermis. The phytochemical components of leaf litters can directly effects the microbial activities during decomposition process. The results, indicates that leaf litters can be converted into value added manure for sustainable soil fertility management program.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

044465   ANJU VISWAN K, PUSHPALATHA E, SRIVASTAVA P K (Zoology Dep, Calicut univ, Malappuram, Kerala, Email: anjuviswan@gmail.com) : Insecticide resistance monitoring in Culex quinquefasciatus- The vector of lymphatic filariasis. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 61-4.

To assess the insecticide resistance status of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and malathion in Kozhikode, Cochin, Malappuram, Thrissur and Palakkad town areas of Kerala. Insecticide susceptibility assays were performed on adult female Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes against discriminating doses of deltamethrin 0.05%, cyfluthrin 0.15 % and malathion 5.0 % following the procedure laid down by World Health Organisation (WHO). The data showed that Cx. quinquefasciatus is highly resistant to synthetic pyrethroids viz., deltamethrin and cyfluthrin as compared with the organophosphorus insecticide malathion. The present study revealed the presence of resistance amongst the field populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in  the  study  areas of five districts of Kerala. This study reflects the current status of insecticide resistance in vector of Lymphatic Filariasis in districts of Kerala which may be of immense help during the implementation of vector control strategies against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

1 table, 12 ref

044433   PARMAR F P, GEORGE L-B, HIGHLAND H N (Zoology Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad- 380 009, Gujarat, Email: felisaparmar@ yahoo.com) : Phyllanthus fraternus manifests potent anti‑proliferative activity on cultured daudi cells. J Can Res Ther 2020, 16(1), 71-7.

The aim of this study is to observe the apoptosis of Phyllanthus fraternus Webster against Daudi cells and to study its primary mechanism. Antiproliferative activity of cultured Daudi cells was evaluated using 3‑(4, 5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2, 5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner after treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of P. fraternus. Trypan blue viability assay was also performed. Apoptosis induction in the cells posttreatment was determined by DNA fragmentation assay, Agarose gel electrophoresis, and Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide dual staining. Protein isolation and analysis was carried out using the standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protocols. The extracts inhibited the growth and proliferation of Daudi cells through induced cell death, which was dose‑dependent and time‑dependent. The IC50 value was found to be 220 µg/ml after 72 h of treatment. The induction of DNA fragmentation and increase in a number of apoptotic cells posttreatment suggest the possibility of apoptosis induction. A significant decrease in protein level was also observed. The results raise the possibility that the hydroalcoholic extract of P. fraternus could be a potent chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers. Further evaluation of its potency as a chemotherapeutic agent is imperative.

6 illus, 41 ref

040425   PARK H-R, EUM S-H, ROH S-H, SEO J, CHO S-K, KIM B-W (Animal Science Dep, Pusan National Univ, Gyeongnam 50463, Republic of Korea, Email: kimbw@pusan.ac.kr) : Comparison and estimation of the growth curve models of Hanwoo steer (Bos taurus coreanae). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 259-62.

The present study was conducted to estimate and compare the three types of growth models in Hanwoo steer (Bos aurus coreanae). The Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, and Logistic nonlinear models were used. A total of 2,239 Hanwoo steers (Bos taurus coreanae) from 6 months to 24 months old (2003 to 2014) and 8,916 growth data from the Hanwoo improvement Center were used to estimate the growth model which included three parameters. These parameters were A, mature body weight; b, growth ratio and k, intrinsic growth rate. Regression equations using the Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Logistic models were calculated as W_t =919.0e-^{2.904e -0.00305t} , W_t = 1040.3(1-0.671e^-0.00220t)³ and W_t = 770.0(1+9.368e^-0.00563t)^-1 , respectively. The mean square errors (MSEs) for each model were 1945.9, 1958.7 and 1935.0, respectively. The equation using the Logistic model showed the lowest value among three models. The estimated birth weights from the Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Logistic models were 50.35 kg, 36.94 kg, and 74.13 kg, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated mature weights from the Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Logistic models were 919.0 kg, 1043.3 kg and 770.0 kg, respectively. In addition, the estimated age and body weight at inflection from the Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Logistic models were 349.0 days and 338.1 kg, 317.9 days and 308.2 kg and 397.8 days and 385.0 kg, respectively. Based on the results, we concluded that the regression equation using the Logistic model was the most appropriate among the growth models for measuring data. However, further studies would be needed in order to obtain more accurate parameters using a much wider period of data from birth to shipping age.

1 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

040421   NEHRA A K, RAM H, BANERJEE P S, GARG R, KARIKALAN M, RAVIKUMAR G V P P, SHARMA A, SHARMA A K, SINGH R K (Parasitology Div, ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, Email: hiraram.35@gmail.com) : Molecular identification and characterization of Trichinella spiralis from a leopard in India. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 239-43.

Present study describes species level identification of Trichinella spiralis of leopard origin from India using multiplex PCR and molecular characterization of the parasite based on sequencing of multiple genetic markers viz. 5S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region (5S ISR), partial mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (Mt-lsr) and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes. A single amplicons of 173 bp, indicative of T. spiralis was obtained in multiplex PCR. Further, specific PCR amplifications viz. 750 bp (5S ISR), 445 bp (Mt-lsr) and 850 bp (COI) were obtained for selected genetic markers. Homology search analysis of 5S-ISR, Mt-lsr gene and COI gene showed highest 99.6% identity with sequences originating from China (KT894074, T. spiralis), 98.6 % similarity with T. spiralis China isolates (GU339127, GU339147) and 99.8 % sequence homology with T. spiralis sequences originating from Belarus (MH119334), respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis, sequences of each selected genetic marker clustered together with published T. spiralis isolates only, which further confirmed species level identification of detected larvae as T. spiralis, although very few differences were noted with reference to relative positions. This is the first study from India, which provide molecular evidence on circulation of T. spiralis in wild animals.

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

040416   CHAUDHARY R N, TAYAL R (Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, Email: rncvet@luvas.edu.in) : Evaluation of sevoflurane and isoflurane as maintenance agent in buffaloes after glycopyrrolate-xylazine-butorphanol-propofol anaesthesia. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 209-15.

The study was aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of isoflurane and sevoflurane as maintenance agent in a balanced anaesthetic combination for buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. Twelve clinical cases of diaphragmatic hernia in female buffaloes were randomly selected and assigned to two groups (PS and PI) of six animals each. After premedication with glycopyrrolate, xylazine and butorphanol, induction was done with propofol. For maintenance, either sevoflurane (PS) or isoflurane (PI) was used with oxygen through a partial rebreathing system. Clinical, physiological, behavioral, haematological and biochemical parameters were recorded at different intervals. No significant differences were observed in maintenance scores, degree of muscle relaxation as well as haematological and blood biochemical parameters between the groups. The heart and respiratory rates were observed to be less depressed in PS than in PI. The recovery and standing with ataxia in PS was significantly earlier than the PI. Both isoflurane and sevoflurane were found to be safe and effective maintenance anaesthetic agents for buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy; however, the sevoflurane was assessed to be slightly better as maintenance agent because of faster recovery and lesser cardiovascular depression than isoflurane.

5 tables, 35 ref

040413   SUBAVATH P (PG and Research Zoology Dep, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univ, Tirunelveli-627 012, Tamil Nadu, Email: subavathy.p89@gmail.com) : Histological investigation of the digestive system and SEM Study of radula in Fusinus nicobaricus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 191-5.

In the present study, histological studies of the digestive system and SEM study of radula of Fusinus nicobaricus was evaluated. The digestive system contains proboscis, oesophagus, stomach, hepatopancreas, intestine, rectum and anus. The digestive tract of Fusinus nicobaricus encloses a buccal mass at the anterior region which contains a chitinous radula. The oesophagus leaved the buccal mass dorsally and passed the food into an extensible stomach. A pair of salivary gland lied with mid-oesophagus region. Digestive gland secreted digestive enzymes into the lumen of the stomach into mid region. Intestine was thin walled, usually long and possess loop through the digestive gland tissue and leaves as short rectum. Hepatopancreas was also implicated in storage and excretion of inorganic reserves, lipids and carbohydrate metabolites. Radula, a specific character and part of the appendices of digestive system of majority of molluscs. It was observed that the type of radula in F.n is rachiglossate with radular formula of 1+R+1.

3 illus, 16 ref

040412   SATHAPATHY S, DHOTE B S, MAHANTA D, TAMILSELVAN S, SINGH I, MRIGESH M, JOSHI S K (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, OUAT, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Orissa, Email: srinivas.ouat@gmail.com) : Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 185-90.

The present study was carried out on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but short centrum. The centrum was distinctly constricted in the middle and presented a thin-edged ventral crest. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. The mammillary processes were fused with the anterior articular processes in T₁₂ and T₁₃. The backward slope of the dorsal supraspinous process decreased from T₁₀ to T₁₂. The supraspinous process of T₁₃ was vertical and wide as lumbar vertebra. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. However, the posterior costal facets were absent in T₁₃. Each articular facet was a demi-facet which articulated with the half of the part of the head of the rib. The cranial vertebral notches were shallow and small, but the caudal ones were deeper. The arch was caudally perforated by an additional intervertebral foramen on either side. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards except in T₁₁, where they were triangular in shape, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. The left caudal articular facets of T₁₃ was placed at a higher level than the right ones.

3 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

040411   SATHAPATHY S, DHOTE B S, MAHANTA D, TAMILSELVAN S, SINGH I, MRIGESH M, JOSHI S K (Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dep, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Orissa, Email: srinivas42.sathapathy@gmail.com) : Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 177-84.

The present study was carried out on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The first, second and third thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. They also presented cranial and caudal facets on their bodies. The length and breadth of supra spinous processes was observed to decrease from T₇ to T₉ . The transverse process was reported to be thick, strong and presented a rounded non-articular mammillary process and a facet ventrally, which in turn articulated with the facet of the tubercle of the corresponding rib. The dorsal suprasinous process presented two surfaces, two borders and a summit. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. However, the cranial and caudal articular facets of T₈ were human foot print like in Blue bull. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae reflected significant (P<0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

2 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

040407   RAJAMANICKAM K, ALI M S, LEELA V (Veterinary Physiology Dep, Madras Veterinary Coll, Chennai-600 007, Tamil Nadu, Email: rajapk@gmail.com) : Influence of hepcidin on iron homeostasis during last trimester of gestation in Bos indicus (cattle). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 160-2.

Hepcidin is an important hormone regulating the systemic iron bio-availability. Blood samples were collected from thirty pregnant cattle during their last trimester of pregnancy to assess the relation of hepcidin to iron homeostasis. Serum hepcidin level was quantified using ELISA and serum iron, transferrin iron binding capacity and unsaturated iron binding capacity were estimated by colorimetric method. Correlation between hepcidin and other iron related parameters was assessed. Dependency of serum iron level on hepcidin was also determined by regression method. It was revealed that hepcidin was negatively correlated to serum iron and transferrin iron binding capacity (p<0.001) and also hepcidin has highest predictive value on serum iron level and transferrin iron binding capacity (p<0.001). It can be concluded that during pregnancy increase in hepcidin reduces the maternal serum iron and also it is a biomarker for iron bioavailability to the developing fetus.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

040404   BAI J Y, CAO H, YANG Y B, ZHANG Y, LI X Y, LI Z H, HAO W G, ZHENG F Y (Henan Univ of Science and Technology, Luoyang-471 003, China, Email: junyanbai@163.com) : Analysis on correlation between polymorphism of MyoG gene exon I and body size traits of sheep. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 138-42.

Myogenin (MyoG) is responsible for centering control over myocyte differentiation process and can influence the meat production of animals directly. Large tailed Han sheep, small tailed Han sheep, Yuxi fatty tailed sheep, Lanzhou large tailed sheep, Mongolia sheep and Tong Sheep were used as the experimental materials in this study. Polymorphism of MyoG gene exon I was tested by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The correlation between polymorphism of MyoG gene exon I and body size traits was analyzed. Influences of MyoG gene exon I on growth traits of sheep were discussed. Results demonstrated that 2 alleles (A, B) and 3 genotypes (AA, BB and AB) were detected in MyoG gene exon I of all 6 sheep varieties. The A allele frequencies in MyoG gene exon I of small tailed Han sheep, large tailed Han sheep, Yuxi fatty tailed sheep, Lanzhou large tailed sheep, Mongolia sheep and Tong Sheep were 0.5167, 0.2500, 0.4376, 0.6500, 0.5750 and 0.7125, while the B allele frequencies were 0.4833, 0.7500, 0.5625, 0.3500, 0.4250 and 0.2875, respectively. Chest width and neck length of the AA genotype of MyoG gene exon I were significantly higher than those of the AB genotype (P<0.01) and BB genotype (P<0.05). Body length and rump length of the AA genotype were significantly higher than those of the AB genotype (P<0.05). The chest depth and hip width of the AA genotype was far lower than that of the AB genotype (P<0.01). The hip height of the AA genotype was far lower than that of the BB genotype (P<0.05).

2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

040403   CHAMUAH J K, RAINA O K, AMENTI (ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema-797 106, Nagaland, Email: drjayantavet@gmail.com) : Parasites of mithun (Bos frontalis) in North Eastern hilly region of India-A review. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(2), 133-7.

Parasitism is a common problem for mithun (Bos frontalis) resulting in production losses in terms of meat and milk. Prevalence of ectoparasites infestation including Rhipicephalus microplus, Ambylomma testuidinarium, Ixodes ovatus and I. acutitarsus, has been reported based on taxonomic studies and PCR amplification of conserved gene. Different gastrointestinal helminth like Haemonchus contortus, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp s, Thelazia species, Strongyloides papillosus, different amphistomes and Fasciola gigantica were also reported from mithun from India. Among filarial worms, Setaria digitata was recorded from peritoneal cavity of mithun and its molecular confirmation was done based on PCR amplification of marker genes. Tapeworm infestation viz. Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni, hydatid cyst and Cysticercus tenuicollis, were also commonly occurred in mithun. Enteric protozoa like different species of Eimeria, Cryptospordium species, Balantidium coli, has been diagnosed based on morphological identification sporulated oocysts and developmental stages found on faecal examination. Another obligate intracellular parasites Toxoplasma gondii, was also diagnosed based on ELISA and modified agglutination test. An integrated approach incorporating deworming, good livestock management and optimum feeding management practice coupled with vaccination programme will make successful parasite control programme in near future.

40 ref

040398   PATBANDHA T K, MOHANTY T K, BAITHALU R K, KUMARESAN A, BHAKAT M, GOLHER D, LATHWAL S S, PATHAK R (ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, Email: bhakat.mukesh@gmail.com) : Evaluation of rectal temperature during the post-parturient period in crossbred cows reared under the subtropical climate. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 110-5.

The present study evaluated alteration of rectal temperature (RT) in crossbred cows (n=68) during first 7 days post-partum. The temperature-humidity-index (THI) during the study period was 80.5, 69.8 and 56.2 (P<0.05). The RT was positively associated with relative humidity i.e. RH (r = 0.268, P=0.033) and THI (r = 0.311, P=0.013) during hot-humid season; whereas, RT showed a trend of positive association with air temperature i.e. AT (r = 0.224, P=0.077). However, no association of RT with AT, THI and RH were observed during autumn. Further, RT was positively correlated with AT (r = 0.207, P=0.023) and THI (r = 0.238, P=0.008) but negatively with RH (r = -0.425, P<0.001) during winter season. RT was significantly altered in diseased condition with higher values in infected cows than healthy cow from day one afternoon to day seven morning (P$\le$0.05). In healthy cows, RT increased significantly by 1$°$F at afternoon than at morning (P<0.001) but parity did not affect RT at morning (P=0.979) and afternoon (P=0.226). The season had a significant effect on RT at morning (P=0.007) and afternoon (P<0.001); higher during the hot-humid season, while similar during autumn and winter seasons. Normal RT at morning ranged from 100.2 to 103.4$°$F during hot-humid and from 99.9 to 102.7$°$F during autumn and winter seasons. The study revealed an association of RT with AT, RH and THI varied during different seasons. Further, RT was affected by health, time of day and seasons in crossbred cows.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

044418   KUMARI R , MISHRA B K P (Zoology Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur-842 001, Bihar, Email: Romamani1985@gmail.com) : Histoarchitectural alterations in ovary of Mystus tengara exposed to hybrid pesticide chloropyriphos 50 % + cypermethrin 5 % EC. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(1), 33-6.

Exposure of sub-lethal concentration of pesticides has been found to cause moderate to severe histopathological changes in the tissues & organs of fish. In this study, the effects of environmental pollutants such as pesticides especially the insecticides on the fish were investigated. In the present investigation the histopathological study was observed in the ovary of Mystus tengara, exposed to sub lethal concentration of a hybrid pesticide (recombination of two classes of pesticides), Chloropyriphos 50 % + Cypermethrin 5 % EC (Organophosphate + Synthetic pyrethroid). The study revealed histopathological changes observed in the ovary which include presence of vacuolation in the stroma region, shrinkage of follicles, increase atretic follicles, denatured yolk, vacuolation in the yolk, necrosis etc. The observations indicated that the toxic effects caused by this hybrid pesticide at cellular/histological level in the organs of the fish Mystus tengara.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

040384   QIAN S J, ZHANG Y, WANG K, YIN F, SONG W W (Ningbo Univ, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China, Email: Feige895@gmail.com) : Respiratory metabolism, energy utilization and biochemical responses of juvenile common cuttlefish (Sepiella maindroni) to hypoxia. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 31-5.

To evaluate respiratory metabolism, energy utilization and enzymatic responses in common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella maindroni) to hypoxia, juvenile Chinese cuttlefish (26.66 ± 2.52 g) were exposed to a 1.4-L airtight respiration chamber until suffocation for 83.4 min. The results showed that dissolved oxygen (DO) was mainly consumed in the closed chamber and the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion decreased significantly with decreasing DO content. The suffocation point for the cuttlefish was 1.16 ± 0.10 mg·L^-1. The O:N ratio increased significantly with decreasing DO content. The TP content in the hemolymph at 83.4 min was significantly lower than that at other time points; however, the highest GLU content was noted at 83.4 min, the highest AST and ALP activities occurred at 60 min and 83.4 min, respectively. These results indicated that although hypoxia inhibits respiratory metabolism, the cuttlefish demonstrated a capacity for energy mobilization under hypoxic conditions.

8 illus, 26 ref

040383   YUAN C, MIAO F, LI J, CUI Q (Tianjin Univ of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China, Email: ycy201388@163.com) : Effects of glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P₂Y₁₂ receptor signaling pathway in rat platelets. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 24-30.

This study aims to investigate the effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from Urechis unicinctus on the P₂Y₁₂ receptor signaling pathway in rat platelets. The concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) in rat platelets were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in rat platelets were detected through Western blot. The expression of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets was analyzed via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and reverse-transcription PCR. It was observed that GAG significantly increased the cAMP content (p < 0.05,  p < 0.01)  and  decreased  the  TXB₂ and GPIIb/IIIa concentrations (p < 0.05,  p < 0.01)  in  rat  platelets.  GAG  significantly  enhanced the  phosphorylation  levels  of  PKA  and  VASP  in  rat platelets (p < 0.01)  and  had  a  synergistic  effect  with  the  P₂Y₁₂ receptor blocker. GAG significantly reduced the expression level of P₂Y₁₂ gene in rat platelets (p < 0.01).  We  speculated that GAG from U. unicinctus inhibited platelet aggregation in rats through the P₂Y₁₂ receptor signaling pathway.

7 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

040382   NOONARI A S, NAEEM M, SALAM A, ALI M, ISHTIAQ A, NAEEM A D (Zoology Div, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Pakistan, Email: dr_naeembzu@yahoo.com) : Effect of bilateral ovarian massage on post-partum anoestrus interval in cross bred (holstein friesian x sahiwal) dairy cows. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 20-3.

Post-partum anoestrus reduces the productivity of dairy cows by delaying in producing a calf in a year. Therefore, to restore early ovarian cyclicity bilateral ovarian massage was attempted. In present study both ovaries were massaged repeatedly after every 15 days of cross-bred (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal) dairy cows (n=141) during 2005-6 to 2009-10. Results revealed that the incidence of anoestrus was reduced to 14.18 % (20/141) and a 64.53 % (91/141) pregnancy rate was recorded following bilateral ovarian massage performed at 15^th, 30^th and 45^th day post-partum. However, out of the 20 post-partum anoestrus cows (n=20), 50 % (10/20) of the animals exhibited estrus with 45 % (9/20) conceiving following bilateral ovarian massage performed at 60^th, 75^th, 90^th and 105 days post-partum. The data in relation to animal’s age, lactation number versus ovarian cyclicity resumption was insignificant. It was concluded that bilateral ovarian massage was effective in inducing cyclicity in anestrus animals.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

040381   JOSHI S K, MOHANTY T K, KUMARESAN A, BHAKAT M, SATHAPATHY S (Livestock Production Management Div, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, Email: mohanty.tushar@gmail.com) : Changes in teat morphology (Doka Phenomenon) and estrus prediction in riverine Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 16-9.

The objective of the study was to characterize the term Doka and to capture morphological changes in teat to find out the relationship between Doka and onset of estrus in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The Murrah buffaloes maintained at of Livestock Research Centre (LRC), ICAR-NDRI, Karnal were classified into two groups based on the lactation number for the study of Doka characteristics. In group I, twenty animals up to 3^rd lactation were incorporated, whereas thirty animals from 4^th to 5^th lactation were included in group II. The period when buffaloes showed teat engorgement was called as Doka period, is the local term used by the farmers in North India that can be taken as a visual sign for prediction of estrus. The length and diameter of teats, before and after milking were measured, for both the groups during morning and evening milking and subsequently analyzed. The present study confirmed that the teat diameter (mm) before milking during Doka was significantly (p<0.05) higher as compared to pre Doka period in both the groups (group-I - 37.01 ±2.13 vs 28.42 ±1.64, group-II - 53.49 ±2.82 vs 41.096±2.16). The teat diameter (mm) during Doka period after milking was significantly (p<0.05) more in both the groups (group-I - 26.65 ±1.26 vs 24.44 ±1.16, group-II - 39.27 ±2.41 vs 35.31 ±2.17) as compared to pre Doka period. So, it can be concluded that the changes in teat diameter can safely be considered as a sign of Doka and the forthcoming heat in Murrah buffaloes. However, the difference in teat length between different stages of Doka was found to be non significant.

10 ref

040380   BORAH D, BISWAS R K (Animal Reproduction Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Khanapara - 781 022, Assam, Email: drdharitriborah@gmail.com) : Effect of additives in medium on in-vitro maturation of goat oocytes. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 11-5.

Present study was carried out to find the effect of combining EGF with IGF, cysteine and sodium pyruvate singly as additive in a medium consisting of TCM-199 + 100 µl/ml foetal bovine serum + 100 µM/ml cysteamine + 1 µg/ml 17β- Oestradiol + 5 µg/ml pFSH + 5µg/ml oLH + 10 per cent follicular fluid and 10 per cent oestrous goat serum on in-vitro maturation (IVM) of caprine oocytes on incubation at 38.5$°$C for 24 hours in a CO₂ incubator maintaining 5 per cent CO₂ under humidified condition. The additives comprised 10 ng/ml EGF + 50 ng/ml IGF-1, 10 ng/ml EGF + 600 µM/ml cysteine and 10 ng/ ml EGF + 0.2 mM/ml sodium pyruvate. The IVM rate of oocytes on the basis of cumulus cells expansion and nuclear maturation was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) with EGF + IGF-1 (88.74 ± 1.85 % and 61.71 ± 1.61 %) than with EGF + sodium pyruvate (82.86 ± 0.97 % and 54.62 ± 1.88 %), EGF + cysteine (78.58 ± 1.45 % and 49.02 ± 1.52 %) and without additive (control) (75.27 ± 1.58 % and 43.03 ± 1.48 %).

2 tables, 51 ref

040378   KUMAR S, SINGH R V, CHAUHAN A, KUMAR A, YADAV J S (ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, Email: vetsushil09@yahoo.com) : Analysis of beta-casein gene (CSN2) polymorphism in Tharparkar and Frieswal cattle. Indian J Anim Res 2020, 54(1), 1-5.

A1 and A2 are most frequently observed Beta-Casein variants in dairy cattle. A1 β-casein on digestion releases an opioid, BCM-7 which has been found significantly associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1), ischemic heart disease (IHD), autism and including other immune suppression activities in man. Whereas A2 β-casein is devoid of such adverse effects. The present study involved genotyping of 181 cattle of two breeds viz., Tharparkar and Frieswal for genetic variants A1 and A2 beta casein gene by PCR-RFLP method using DdeI restriction enzyme. The results showed that the A1 and A2 allelic frequency as 0.04 and 0.96 in Tharparkar while in Frieswal (HF x Sahiwal), it was 0.37 and 0.63 respectively. The average genetic diversity (0.47), polymorphism information content (0.35) and effective allele number (1.87) reflected existence of medium genetic variability in tested population. The lower PIC value in Tharparkar cattle (0.073) indicates low genetic diversity whereas; moderate vale (0.35) in Frieswal cattle indicates medium genetic diversity. Higher fixation index value revealed that random mating is being practiced in both populations.

1 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

042288   TANTRY T A, WANI N A (Zoology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bengaluru-560 056, Karnataka, Email: tousefzol99@gmail.com) : Effects of grape seed extract supplementation and physical activity on skeletal muscle of male albino rat. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 69-76.

This study investigated the effect of grape seed extract on swim exercise and oxidative stress in acute and chronically exercised rats. This study was attempted on one month old male albino Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to swim exercise daily for duration of 30 min Day-1. During the experiment estimation of blood parameters, lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. The endurance capacity was increased by 2.7-fold in the supplemented trainees as compared to the unsupplemented swim trainees which showed an increase by 1.9 fold by the end of 9 weeks compared to the first week. Plasma lactate showed a significant reduction by 25 % and 37 % in swim trained and supplemented trainees compared to the sedentary. The haemoglobin level showed an increase in the swim trained rats by 19 % and 28 % in the supplemented trainees compared to the sedentary animals. The packed cell volume increased in swim trained rats by 10 % and 19 % in the supplemented trainees compared to the sedentary animals. Supplemented trained rats showed a reduction in total cholesterol by 13 % and 15.55 % in swim trainees with and without supplementation compared to the sedentary rats respectively. The catalase activity exhibited a significant change in supplemented trainees compared to the sedentary by 20 % in Soleus and 71 % in extensor digitorum longus compared with the respective sedentary muscle and by 7.5 % and 28 % compared to the unsupplemented trainees. In conclusion, grape seed extract reduces oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity.

11 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

042286   SAHUKARI R, PUNABAKA J, YAMALA P K, BHASHA S, GANJIKUNTA V S, KESIREDDY S R (Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sravijpl@gmail.com) : Potential antioxidant and antibacterial properties of medicinal plant Trachyspermum ammi L. seeds. Free Radic Antiox 2020, 10(2), 56-62.

A highly valued medicinal plant belonging to the family Apiaceae is Trachyspermum ammi L. The seeds of this plant are used as spice and are traditionally used for the treatment of many human and animal illnesses.  In this research study, we aimed at quantitatively estimating the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of T. ammi seeds. Quantification of phenol and flavonoid phytochemicals have been estimated in different solvent extracts of seeds. Further, the antioxidant activity was determined by performing DPPH, lipid peroxidation, reducing capacity and total antioxidant activity assays. Additionally, antibacterial activity was assessed against three bacterial species using well-diffusion method. The findings showed in quantitative estimation that phenols and flavonoids were rich in extracts. Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol extracts were potentially scavenged DPPH radical, lipid peroxidation nullified and metal ions such as Fe and Mo reduced. At the same time, effective antibacterial activity on E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas bacterial species was seen in Chloroform and Methanol extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles. In conclusion, free radical scavenging, reduction of metals and antibacterial activity of different extracts of T. ammi was indicative of the presence of enormous amounts of phenols and flavonoids. Further work on these extracts needs to be done to isolate the active compounds and, to treat free radicals and related bacterial diseases.

4 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

040374   ZHAO G, SUN S, ZHANG T, LI J (Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Dep, Shanghai Normal Univ, Shanghai 200 234, People’s Republic of China) : Hypolipidemic and antioxidant efficacy of giant embryo brown rice in high-fat-fed guinea pigs. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(2), 169-77.

To investigate the antihyperlipidemic effects of giant embryo rice ‘Shangshida No. 5’ on high-fat-fed guinea pigs, fortyeight male guinea pigs were randomly assigned and fed the following diets for 12 weeks: normal control (NC), normal control supplemented with giant embryo brown rice (NC-GB), high fat (HF), and high-fat supplemented with giant embryo brown rice (HF-GB). The body weights, lipid profiles, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and liver cellular structures were monitored. The results showed that the HF guinea pigs exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hepatic triglyceride than NC group. However, diet supplementation with giant embryo brown rice partially counteracted the high fat-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, diet supplementation with giant embryo brown rice markedly enhanced plasma SOD activities, reduced MDA levels and alleviated liver cellular structures damage in high-fat-fed guinea pigs (P<0.05). Besides, ‘Shangshida No. 5’ is enriched in trace elements, unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, total protein, and total lipids compared with control rice ‘Chao2-10’. These findings illustrated that ‘Shangshida No. 5’ is useful as a functional food because of its hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity.

1 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

040369   BALDANIYA R V, CHAUDHARI N F, MODI L C, PATEL C M, PURI G, PATEL J M (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari- 396 450, Gujarat) : Effect of coconut water in tris egg yolk citrate extender on cauda epididymal buck spermatozoa motility preserved at refrigeration temperature. Indian J Anim Hlth 2020, 59(1), 55-61.

The present research work was carried out on total ten (10) pairs of testis from ten (10) matured non-descript buck irrespective of breed presented for slaughter at government approved slaughter house, over a period of four months from August to November, 2018. The objective of present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water supplementation in tris egg yolk citrate extender on cauda epididymal buck spermatozoa motility preserved at refrigeration temperature. The paired cauda epididymal spermatozoa were diluted with tris egg yolk citrate extender and made a five equal aliquots i.e. T1 to T5. T1 is kept as a control while T2, T3, T4 and T5 were supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20% coconut water and preserved at refrigeration temperature (4-5ºC). The sperm motility and motility degeneration rate (MDR) were measured at different time intervals up to 48 hrs. The highest percentage of sperm motility, irrespective of preservation time, was found in T2 (59.80±3.49 %) followed byT3 (53.40±3.83 %), T4 (46.35±4.19 %), T1 (43.05±4.53 %) and T5 (42.30±4.35 %) groups in paired cauda epididymis buck spermatozoa at refrigeration temperature. Further, the percentage of sperm motility was decreased with increased preservation time. The least percentage of motility degeneration rate, irrespective of preservation time, was found in T2 (24.03±3.74 %) followed by T3 (34.92±3.79 %), T4 (47.03±3.93 %), T1 (51.59±4.41 %) and T5 (53.16±3.86 %) groups in paired cauda epididymal buck spermatozoa at refrigerated temperature, respectively.

2 tables, 19 ref

044413   CHANDRAKANTA, K, MANDAL , TARIYAL H, NAIWAL P, THAKUR D, GHOSH S (NRC, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: mandalsucker@gmail.com) : Haemadipsa lolegaonsis sp. nov. (hirudinea: haemadipsidae): A new leech from West Bengal, India. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 81-5.

This new species of leech, is collected from lolegaon, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. This species is distinguished from other species by possessing the following characters. Body is elongated somewhat round. Eyes five pairs and round shaped. Five pairs of eyes. Sommte VI 3 annulate, somite VIII 5 annulate. No gap between 1 2 and 2 3 pair of eyes. Eyes 3 and 4 separated by one annuli. Eyes fourth and fifth pairs separated by two annuli. Three black stripes. One median dorsal stripe and two dorsolateral black stripes. Table showing comparison of sp. nov. with the other five species of the genus in India.

1 table, 17 ref

044412   REDDY P D, SUJATHA A, VIJI C P, JYOTHI K U (Dr. Y. S.R. Horticultural Univ, Venkataramannagudem- 534 101, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sujathaavvaru1977 gmail.com) : Seasonal occurrence of different insect pests of potato crop in Andhra Pradesh. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 71-80.

Studies were conducted for first time on eight potato crop varieties to know the pest scenario and impact of weather parameters on its population in two districts of Andhra Pradesh in two different locations [1. Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district (L1) and 2. Pandirimamidi, East Godavari district (L2)]. The total number of pests were recorded according to the standard meteorological week and the correlation studies of pest population with different weather parameters Temperature ( C) (maximum and minimum), Relative humidity (%) (Morning and evening) and Rainfall (mm) were recorded. Results revealed that the occurrence of sucking pests during 41 SMW where as the occurrence of foliage feeding pests during 42 and peak occurene during the 45 SMW in Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari. The lowest incidence of insect pests was observed in the variety Kufri Badshah and the highest incidence was noticed in the variety Kufri Khyati in L1. While, in Pandirimamidi, East Godavari, the occurrence of foliage feeding and sucking insect pests were recorded during 42 SMW and attained peak during 44 SMW. Variety Kufri Himalini recorded the lowest incidence and Kufri Jyothi recorded the highest incidence in L2 Pandirimamidi, East Godavari (dist.). Temperature ( C) (maximum and minimum) was positively correlated with pest population where as Relative humidity (%) and Rainfall (mm) were negatively correlated with pest population. The study concluded that the two varieties Kufri Badshah and Kufri Himalini with lowest incidence of pests in both locations proved their suitability for successful cultivation both the test locations.

5 tables, 14 ref

044411   SUSHMITHA S, SUJATHA A, EMMANUEL N (Dr. Y. S. R. Horticultural Univ, Venkataramannagudem- 534 101, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sujathaavvaru1977@gmail.com) : Impact of biochemical constituents of host plants on the rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus martin infestation levels in Andhra Pradesh. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 62-70.

The rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Martin is an invasive pest of polyphagous in nature and attacks a wide range of host plants. RSW has become a consequential pest and identified in the several regions of India, including Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Since, it is a new species, lack of information necessitated immediate attention of scientific community to focus on detailed studies of the pest. In this scenario, a study has been conducted to know the impact of biochemical constituents of host plants in relation to RSW infestation. Results revealed that, a lower level of total phenol content resulted highest RSW infestation in oil palm in which other constituents moisture, chlorophyll, proteins and total sugars were in higher levels among the host plants studied, coconut, guava, banana and cocoa. Lowest RSW infestation was observed in cocoa leaves in which higher level of total phenols and lower levels of moisture, chlorophyll, proteins and total sugars were recorded. The correlation coefficients of RSW infestation were strong and negative with total phenols whereas positive and significant with respect to moisture, chlorophyll, proteins, total sugars; non significant with fiber and lignin.

1 table, 14 ref

044410   KUMAR R, SHASHANK, NARESH P R, MESHRAM M, ANOOJ, S S, KOLLASREEDEVI (Entomology Dep, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NewDelhi-110 012, Email: spathour@gmail.com) : Evolution of modern insect classification: A comprehensive account. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 1-15.

Insects are the most numerous and diverse group of animals in the entire animal kingdom. Insect classification has evolved in different phases over a considerable period of time. There are four different phasesoreras, .,the Pre-Linnean Era, the Linnean Era, the Darwinian Era, and the Hennigian Era and other developments. Among all eras the Hennigian Era marks a revolutionary shift in classification of insects with introduction of Phylogenetic Systematics that strictly considers monophyly of different taxa to decide their respective positions within the tree of classification. Modern classification of insects is based on knowledge gained from multiple sources like Anatomy, Paleontology, Molecular Biology, and Embryology leading to a more natural and reliable classification scheme. Modern classification of insects also reflects their phylogeny. With new findings and advent of new technologies there is always a scope of change in the existing framework of insect classification in future. 

11 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

044304   JILARIYA K J, PATEL P K, BABARIYA J (SMT. J.A. Patel Mahila Coll, Patel Kanya Chhatralaya Campus, Email: jilariyakishan25891@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of novel schiff base of quinolin aldehyde with 4-(4-aminophenyl) morpholin-3-one derivatives and its antimicrobial activity. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 219-23.

A highly functionalized heterocyclic library were synthesized, characterized and tested for biological evaluation against bacteria and fungus. This novel synthetic rout involves Schiff base of Quinolin aldehyde with 4-(4-aminophenyl) morpholin-3-one in the presence of base and methanol as a solvent in good yield and high purity. All the synthesized compound of libraries characterized using ¹H NMR, Mass, and IR spectroscopic technique. Also all compound screened for antimicrobial activity against standard drugs. 

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

044303   BHARTI M, KAMBOJ N (Zoology and Environmental Science Dep, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, Email: kambojgurukul@gmail.com) : Occurrence and diversity of mycofloral population in soil of two different land use types in Haridwar region (Uttarakhand), India. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 208-14.

This study was conducted to estimate the mycofloral diversity in soils of two different land use types namely forest area and the industrial area in district Haridwar. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for selected soil physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical methods and enumeration of soil fungi by serial dilution agar plating method.  Results revealed that the higher Colony Forming Unit (C.F.U.) values for soil fungi was observed in the forest area significantly correlated with varying meteorological factors viz. atmospheric temperature (ºC), relative humidity (%) and rainfall (mm). A total of 21 fungi species belonging to the Ascomycetes (01), Deuteromycetes (18) and Zygomycetes (02) were identified. The Shannon-wiener’s index of species diversity was maximum (2.968) in forest area followed by industrial area (2.84), respectively. Principal component analysis showed that out of 21 fungal species 7 species were highly substantial with good PC values (70.55 %), rather 14 were less occurring (13.10 %) to determine the mycofloral diversity.

3 illus, 6 tables, 24 ref

044301   MANDAL M (Zoology Dep, Charuchandra Coll, Kolkata, Email: mayukhmala.cc@gmail.com) : Assessment of lead accumulation in muscle and abnormal nucleation in the peripheral erythrocytes of fish (Mystus cavisus ham. -buch.) of hooghly river downstream. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 202-7.

The present study was attempted to analysis the concentration of lead (Pb) in water, sediment and muscles as well as to evaluate the frequencies (%) of several nuclear abnormalities (NA) and MN (micronucleation) in the peripheral erythrocytes of fish, Mystus cavisus Ham.-Buch. inhabited in the Hooghly river downstream near Birlapur, West Bengal, India. The study site was selected at Birlapur Hooghly river as downstream site. The concentration of Pb was estimated in water, sediment and muscles of studied fish species by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and also evaluated the frequencies of different MN and NA in the peripheral erythrocytes of test fish. The results clearly indicate that the value of metal Pb as <0.1mg/L in water, 29.00 ± 9.90 mg/Kg in sediment, which are within the threshold value of international standards but14.91 ± 4.14 mg/Kg in muscle was observed beyond the international standard. The present results also reveal alarming risk of genotoxicity through the induction of MN and NA in the peripheral erythrocytes of test fish. The present study was detected Pb accumulation in the muscles of fish, which may lead to alarming genotoxic risk in the peripheral erythrocytes of studied fish. It is suggested that regular monitoring is needed for genotoxin(s) contamination level in the study area and also other sites of Hooghly river by genetic biomonitoring, which is lacking. In future, the higher risk of genotoxicity may reduce the availability of this low-cost fish.

1 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

044300   DHIVYASREE V, LEKESHMANASWAMY M (PG and Research Zoology Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Email: ml_swamy64@yahoo.co.in) : Elevational survey and diversity of butterfly species in Kallar region, Coimbatore, Tamil nadu, India. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 198-201.

Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. Butterflies are one of the most conspicuous species of Earth’s biodiversity. Being extremely responsive to any changes in their environment namely, temperature, humidity, light and rainfall patterns these insects are identified as useful bioindicators. They have different requirements for different habitat types for mating, breeding and nectaring and are thus, in synchronization with the diversity and quality of their habitats. The present study was to portray the butterfly diversity, relative abundance, Simpson and Shannon index of Kallar region, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore district. Butterflies were collected for a period of eight months recorded from Jan 2018 to Aug 2018.The specimens collected were analyzed to study the general population trend and the guild structure. The 42 butterfly species in 34 genera belonging to 5 families clearly indicate a high diversity of butterflies distributed in the study field. Among this the family Nymphalidae was the dominant family with 14 species. 13 butterfly species were reported in the elevation level (longitude, latitude) of 325m (1,066 ft) in the Kallar region Mettupalayam. The butterflies collected during the study were classified into different study sites in Kallar region.

2 tables, 8 ref

044295   RAMDAS M Y, PATIL S J (Life Sciences Dep, Garden City Univ, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: shajapatil@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity assesment and molecular characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 164-72.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a preferred nutritional fruit in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world which belongs to family Lyrthaceae, having chromosome number 2n=16. All time outbreak of oily spot disease of pomegranate is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap), is the major problem and limiting factor in Maharashtra state comparing alone accounts for loss of 80 % out of total cultivated area. Keeping this in view, present study is envisaged towards genetic diversity, isolation, identification and characterization of X. axonopodis pv. punicae strains at molecular level from infected plant samples by using RAPD marker. Among the five primers, primer OPB 20 showed most significant by producing 32.75 % polymorphism and would be exploited for further study of races identification and development of species specific SCAR marker.

7 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

044292   CHETIA J, SAIKIA L R (Life sciences Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh, Assam, Email: junali.chetia@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial assay and phytochemical analysis of Mentha viridis (l.)l., from Dibrugarh, Assam. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 139-47.

The study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Mentha viridis (L.)L. collected from Dibrugarh, Assam. All the parts tested recorded presence of phytochemicals like- tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, alkaloids, reducing sugar and phenol. Methanol extract of mature leaves recorded highest total phenol and flavonoid content (12.02±0.00 mgCE/g extract and 9.59±0.00 mgQE/g extract respectively). Methanol extract of young leaves recorded highest antioxidant inhibition against ABTS (81.62±1.43%). Solvent extract of young leaves recorded antibacterial inhibition against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria like-Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylloccus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methanol extract of mature leaves recorded inhibition against Candida albicans (10±2mm) which is near to the inhibition recorded by Clotrimazole (10mcg)(11±2mm) against C. albicans. From the present study, it can be concluded that the methanol extract is more potent in extracting phytochemicals from the plant which are responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the plant.

2 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

044291   KANDPAL V, KUMAR D (Zoology Dep, S. V. Govt. P. G. Coll, Lohaghat, Uttarakhand, Email: oxidation01@gmail.com) : Ameliorative role of vitamin E against hexavalent chromium induced hepato–nephrotoxicity in laboratory chicks: A histopathological study. J Adv Sci Res 2020, 11(1), 132-8.

Chromium is a widespread environmental waste. It is an industrial contaminant with teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on animals and human. Present study was carried out to evaluate the potential protective effect of vitamin E on the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity generated by potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) in laboratory chicks. The histopathological evaluation of liver and kidney showed severe changes in chicks treated with K₂Cr₂O₇. Liver of the K₂Cr₂O₇ treated group showed major histological alterations, such as necrosis of hepatocytes, dilatation of sinusoids with congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage. In chromium intoxicated chicks, congestion and hemorrhages in renal tissues, hemorrhages in kidney parenchyma, glomeruli segmentation and swelling of glomeruli with infiltration of leucocytes (Glomerulitis) were seen. Administration of vitamin E protects the liver and kidney damaged by K₂Cr₂O₇ as evidenced by appearance of normal histological structures, although hemorrhage was also noticed. Vitamin E treatment showed significant improvement in the histopathological picture. It could be concluded that potassium dichromate is potent hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Vitamin E has a potential protective effect to reverse the toxicity of K₂Cr₂O₇ and has the ability to improve the hepatic and renal tissue damage associated with K₂Cr₂O₇ intoxication.

2 illus, 56 ref

040268   DIGVIR, JAYAS S (Manitoba Univ, Manitoba, Canada, Email: Digvir.Jayas@UManitoba.Ca) : Research needs for stored product entomology. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 24-31.

Stored grain insects (beetles and weevils) cause a considerable damage to stored products. Considerable research has been reported related to understanding of biology and control of insects by entomologists around the world. Studies include understanding life cycles; population dynamics; physical, chemical and biological control of insects. This paper identifies where additional research should be done in the field of stored-products entomology.

2 illus, 51 ref

040265   MANDAL S K, MANDAL R K, BARUN (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Siwan- 841 408, Bihar, Email: head.kvk.siwan@rpcau.ac.in) : Field evaluation of eco-friendly IPM strategies against Leucinodes orbonalis guenee in brinjal ecosystem. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 32-5.

The farmer's field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2017 in village of Gopalganj district in Bihar to standardize a suitable integrated pest management (IPM) packages against the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Guenee. The trail consisted of eight treatments laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated three times with plant spacing of 75cm x 60cm. All the IPM module treatments were significantly superior over farmer packages and untreated check in minimizing the shoot and fruit borer incidence on the crop. Among different sets of treatments, T and T were more effective in reducing the shoot infestation than the rest the treatments, in which the infestation varied from 5.07 to 13.12 % as against in farmers package (16.73 %) and untreated check (28.23 %). Similarly, fruit infestation data on number and weight basis revealed that the minimum fruit damaged (7.51 % and 8.76 %, respectively) in T . The highest fruit yield (168.25q/ha) and the maximum cost benefit ratio (1:10.12) was also obtained with T₂. 

1 table, 8 ref

040264   PATHIPATI V L , LAKSHMI T V, RAJANI , RAMANA C V, NARAMNAIDU L (Dr YSR Horticultural Univ, Krishna- 521201, Andhra Pradesh, Email: vijji.edward6@gmail.com) : Impact of weather parameters on incidences of chilli mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus banks in Andhra Pradesh. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 36-43.

Chilli ( L.) is an important spice & commercial vegetable crop grown all over India. The tarsonemid mite, (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is the considered as major sucking pest. Effected leaves show “down ward” resulting in a typical damage known as 'leaf curl syndrome'. Economic yield loss could be 11-75 % quantitatively and 60-80 % qualitatively in the event of serious infestation. The prevalence and build up of these insect pests of chilli crop is mostly governed by weather parameters like temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, sunshine hours. Furthermore, the weather parameters vary greatly from place to place and season to season. Field experiments were conducted from 2007-08 to 2012-13 at Horticultural Research Station, Lam Farm, Guntur, to study the seasonal incidence and impact of weather parameters on chilli mite in Andhra Pradesh. The results revealed that the infestation and severity of mite were highly influenced by weather parameters. Mite population reached its peak (7.41/leaf) in the 38 Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) in 2007-08, 21.27 in 2008-09, 221.37 in 2009-10, 17.95 in 2010-11, 19.75 in 2011-12 and 20.88 in 2012-13, respectively. Similar trend was observed both in one and two preceding weeks in every year. The mite population had significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity (0.42 in 2007-08,0.50 in 2008-09,0.74 in 2009- 10, 0.53 in 2010-11, 0.65 in 2011-12 and 0.50 in 2012-13) and preceding two weeks (0.38 in 2007-08, 0.40 in 2008-09,0.74 in 2009-10, 0.16 in 2010-11, 0.53 in 2011-12 and 0.50 in 2012-13), respectively. There was significant negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and non-significant correlation with rain fall in six years of the study.The combined effect of weather parameters on incidence of mites indicated that the variation in the incidence (72 to 79 %) was contributed by the weather parameters and major impact was by morning relative humidity on the incidence and severity. Other parameters like temperature and sunshine hours did not show any significant effect. The population levels also vary with year to year because of variations in the Capsicum annuam Polyphagotarsonemus latus th weather parameters. The overall results clearly indicated the peak period of activity of mites species influenced by preceding one and two week weather and significant role of weather parameters on the population dynamics of mites inhabiting the plant parts of chilli crop.

2 tables, 10 ref

040256   PATEL A T, KUMAR S (Entomology Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Gujarat, Email: saxenasushil2003@gmail.com) : Seasonal incidence of mango leaf gall midge, Procontarinia matteiana kieffer & cecconi (diptera: cecidomyiidae). J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 49-53.

Seasonal incidence of mango leaf gall midge, Procontarinia matteiana Kieffer and Cecconi was studied on mango cultivars Alphonso and Kesar at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat. Highest leaf damage (62.51 %) and gall intensity (116.56 galls/sq.cm) were observed in Alphonso during 5-6 (29 January-11 February) and 1-2 (1-14 January) standard weeks, respectively while, it was 56.80 per cent leaf damage with 105.69 galls in Kesar during 7-8 (12-25 February) and 1-2 (1-14 January) standard weeks.

1 table, 15 ref

040255   SHARMA V G, KUMAR S (Entomology Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Gujarat, Email: saxenasushil2003@gmail.com) : Bio-efficacy of different pesticides against mite (Tetranychus urticae) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill). J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 44-8.

The experiments were conducted during 2015-17 to study the bio-efficacy of different pesticides against mite (Tetranychus urticae) on tomato ( Mill). The results revealed that Spiromesifen 22.9 SC 0.028 per cent and Dimethoate 30 EC 0.03 per cent remained most effective treatments against this tomato mite whereas, quinalphos 25 EC 0.05 per cent was proved the least effective.

1 table, 8 ref

040192   SASMAL S, THAKUR A, SHARMA R L, ROY G (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Chhattisgarh, Email: drsasmal@gmail.com) : Effect of growth and prouction on Indian major carps in fresh water biofloc aquaculture system. J Appl Zool Res 2020, 31(1), 545-7.

Biofloc technology (BFT) is one of the innovative methodologies for waste management and nutrient retention that offers a solution to solve environmental problems in aquaculture, because it doesn't use water exchange to solve nitrogen compound elimination, but it utilizes microbial assimilation, stimulated for addition of material rich in carbon, to transform those compounds. However, trials of biofloc system in fresh water aquaculture have not been undertaken in India for Indian major carps. Two trials of ten months period each (2017-2019) were performed to investigate the growth and production of indian major carps in fresh water Biofloc System at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Three rectangular cemented tanks (30,000 liter capacity) were used in each trial under this purpose. Probiotic (probomix) was used for developing beneficial bacterial colonies and controlling ammonia in confined water system. Healthy fingerlings of Rohu (Avg. weight 57.5 g) & Mrigala (Avg. weight 49.9 g) were stocked @ 1 No/cubic meter of water tank with treatment of potassium permanganate. Floating feed with 28-32 % protein level was fed in twice in a day @ 2 % body weight in every trial. Molasses (Biogel) was applied for proper microbial growth. Physico-chemical parameters were studied daily and maintained properly during whole period. Floc volume range was recorded between 17-37 ml/liter water sample, FCO was periodically applied for bacterial growth. The average yield was recorded 271 Kg/tank after a period of 10 months from stocking and FCR was found to be 1.3. Experiments were conducted during 2017- 2019, so the variation of temperature was very high. The other important parameters recorded were, average pH value 7.6, dissolved oxygen 5.7 ppm, TDS 684 ppm and C:N ratio 12:1. Probocare & probocure were applied weekly @ 75ml/tank for maintaining floc and water parameters as well. The results obtained in this experiment suggest that the biofloc system in fresh water aquaculture improves growth performances of the indian major carps in almost zero-water exchange system.

1 table, 11 ref

040154   ANUSIYADEVI K, LEKESHMANASWAMY M (PG and Research Zoology Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore - 641 029, Tamil Nadu, Email: dranudevi@gmail.com) : Haematological changes in a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) exposed to raw sewage. Adv Appl Res 2020, 12(1), 21-7.

The effect of raw sewage discharged into Perur Chettipalayam Lake on an economically important fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) was studied. The calculated 96 hour LC₅₀ for the water sample at 95 percent confidence limit was 39.5 % with a lower limit of 33.80 % and an upper limit of 44.67 %. A noticeable difference of low values of haematological parameters was observed when compared to the control fish. However, the WBC count increased in the sewage treated fishes. The study revealed haemotoxicity in Labeo rohita due to exposure to sewage contaminated water

1 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref