015398   Singh H S;Mamta; (Zoology Dep, Ch. C.S. University, Meerut-250 004, Email: hirdaya_singh@rediffmail.com) : Postmortal changes in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 199-205.

Deals with the study of the postmortal changes in the skin coloration and muscle myogen of clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).

2 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

015397   Senthilkumar N;Sanjayan K P (NO, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam) : Impact of climate change on embryonic and post-embryonic development of Conocephalus maculatus (Le Guillou) (Orthoptera:Ensifera:Tettigoniidae:Conocephalinae). Indian For 2008, 134(1), 57-65.

Development of Conocephalus maculatus under controlled environmental conditions was studied. In order to test whether the development of C. maculatus is influenced by environmental factors, it was bred in the laboratory under simulated environmental conditions. Water/moisture had an influence on embryonic development of C. maculatus as no eggs developed without water. No hatching occurred, when the eggs were incubated deprived of water for varied periods from 50 days to 12 months and then transferred to moist conditions. Results from the study revealed that C. maculatus does not sustain in drought conditions and does not undergo any egg diapause. They require constant access to water for the development till hatching. At controlled temperature of 24°C and 35°C, eggs hatched in 21-37 and 14-21 days respectively. At temperature fluctuating between 20°C to 30°C (Mean 28.6±1.7°C) the incubation period ranges between 16-26 days. It is also indicated that the embryonic developmental period is inversely proportional to increase in temperature. Both males and females pass through a 6 nymphal ins tar life cycle, with an average embryonic developmental period of 43.5±7.4 (range between 39-52 days) days. The duration of post-embryonic development is short (male 27-31 days; female 32-40 days) in high temperature (35°C), but longer in low temperature of 25°C (male 40-49 days; female 48-55 days). From the study it is revealed that change in climatic factors will lead to change in growth and development of C. maculatus and it may be considered as an indicator species on climate change.

2 tables, 18 ref

015396   Pujari S;Roy R (Zoology Dep, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, Email: rroy@unigoa.ac.in) : Lipid metabolism of growing bird, Gallus domesticus during post hatching development. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2007, 73(2), 37-42.

An attempt has been made to explore the role of lipid in the growing bird, Gallus domesticus during post hatching development from the day of hatching to 35^th day age. Various tissues viz., liver, pectoral muscle, large intestine and total blood showed a distinct tissue specific pattern in the lipid profiles in terms of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid from the 1^st to the 35^th day of post hatching developmental period. An increase in the relative concentration of arachidonic acid in liver, muscle, intestine and blood and linoleic acid (except in muscle) at the cost of oleic acid (except in intestine) was noticed during the post hatching development of chicks. Although the activity of HMG CoA reductase in liver increases from the ih day of post hatching development till the 35^th day of age, the activity of the same enzyme in serum remain constant during the same period. Changes in the lipid metabolism during the post hatching development of the bird are discussed.

5 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

015395   Prashanth M S;Neelagund S E (Studies and Research in Biochemistry PG Dep, Kuvempu University, Jana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577 451) : Behavioural surveillance of Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to free cyanide. Int J appl envir Sci 2008, 3(1), 31-6.

Toxicity of free cyanide (i.e. sodium cyanide) to the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala was studied using static bioassay method. The LC50 in 96 h was found to be 35 μg/L. Behavioural changes when exposed to lethal concentration of free cyanide showed increased opercular movement, increased surface behaviour, loss of equilibrium, change in body colour, increased secretion of mucus, irregular swimming activity, rapid jerk movement, `S' jerk, partial jerk and aggressiveness.

1 table, 23 ref

015394   Piska R S;Murali Krishna S (Zoology Dep, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007) : Comparative studies of periphyton diversity on added substrata in fish pond and minor reservoir. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 45-9.

The study deals with the comparative studies of periphyton diversity on added substrata, bamboo poles in two water bodies, a fish pond and a minor reservoir. The size of fish pond is 0.1 ha. and reservoir is 21.00 ha, but only a part (0.1 ha) of the reservoir is used for this study. The periphyton study was carried out after harvesting fish in both the water bodies, i.e., without fish. The bamboo poles were arranged at the rate of one pole/10m. The periphyton was analyzed after a month. Diversified periphyton communicates were found on bamboo poles. These belong to chlorphyceae, cyanophyceae basillariophyceae and euglenophyceae of algae and zooplankton in the fish pond whereas, bacterial and macro-invertebrates along with above group of organisms in the part of reservoir. In both the cases, periphyton was dominated by diatoms, followed by green algae and blue-greens. Diatoms most abundantly found in both water bodies. The periphyton was found more in fish pond when compared to the reservoir due to the application of manures in the pond during fish culture.

2 tables, 20 ref

015393   Panigrahi A (Zoology Dep, Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah-712 101) : Temperature effect on speed of development and rate of hatching of eggs of the giant pestiferous land snail Achatina fulica Bowdich. Indian Biol 2008, 40(1), 23-6.

Temperature effect on speed of development and rate of hatching of eggs of the pestiferous land snail Achatina fulica Bowdich while studied at room temperatures (18.5°Cª35.0°C) and constant 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C temperature grades in B.O.D. (Biological Oxygen Demand) incubators did not hatch at all at 10°C and 15°C. The eggs required on average 13.66 (±S.D. 1.52), 17.33 (±S.D. 1.15), 13.50 (±S.D. 1.73), 9.42 (±S.D. 0.92), 15.67 (±S.D. 0.74) days and 9.40 (±S.D. 1.96), 13.65 (±S.D. 0.57), 10.25 (±S.D.0.52), 8.00 (±S.D. 0.83), 17.75 (±S.D. 1.29) days to start and complete hatching respectively at room temperatures, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C. The rate of hatching varied with the temperatures viz 89.92% at room temperatures, 71.60% at 20°C, 78.42% at 25°C, 81.06% at 30°C, 9.95% at 35°C.

1 table, 9 ref

015392   Narendran T C (Systematic Entomology Lab, Zoology Dep, University of Calicut, Kerala-673 355, Email: drtcnarendran@yahoo.com) : New species of Entedonastichus Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Borneo. Entomon 2007, 32(3), 241-4.

New species borneonicus under genus Entedonastichus is described and illustrated. The species is closely allied to Entedonastichus mirus Girault in general appearance but can be easily distinguished on the basis of different proportions of antennal segments, lengths of forewing veins and general colouration.

3 illus, 4 ref

015391   Murugaian P;Ramamurthy V;Karmegam N (Biotechnology Dep, V.M.K.V. Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions University, Periya Seeragapadi, Salem-636 308, Email: mgaian1968@yahoo.co.in) : Protein conversion efficiency of (Labeo rohita (Ham.) in different cultural conditions. Int J appl envir Sci 2008, 3(1), 57-64.

Protein conversion efficiency of Labeo rohita (Ham.) was studied in relation to body weight (25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 g), temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C), different types of protein sources in diet (goat liver, goat flesh and boiled egg white) and salinity levels (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). The protein conversion efficiency was inversely related to body weight (p<0.001). The protein conversion efficiency L. rohita was found maximum in the fish diet with goat liver which was significantly (p<0.05) different from the fish fed with egg white and goat flesh incorporated diets. The protein conversion efficiency was found to be high at 30°C and low at 20°C and 40°C. As salinity increased, the protein conversion efficiency decreased.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

015390   Mishra P N;Singh M P (Entomology Sect, College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agr, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal-249 199) : Biological observations on white grub, Anomala dimidiata Hope (Coleoptera: Rutelinae) in western Himalayas. Indian J Ent 2007, 69(2), 113-16.

In Western Himalayan region, Anomala dimidiata (Hope) is a predominant species of white grub. Second fortnight of June was observed to be the Peak Emergence Period (PEP) for the beetles of A. dimidiata. Adults emerged between 7.15-7.30 p.m. from soil with buzzing sound and mating took place immediately after the emergence that lasted for 33.7 ± 0.94 minutes on preferred host plant, Juglans regia L. The pre-oviposition period was recorded for 4.1 ± 0.14 days. On an average, a female laid 34.4 ± 2.56 eggs at the depth of 4 to 6 cm in moist sandy loam soil. Incubation period ranged from 12 to 21 days (17.6 ± 0.62 days) in lab conditions (room temp. 17.6°C, 70.5% RH.). The total larval duration was 308.90 ± 1.01 days. Total life cycle from egg to adult completed in 345.15 ± 1.17 days and there was only one generation in a year. The male beetles lived for 20.8 ± 0.35 days while the females survived for 27.9 ± 0.69 days after mating under lab conditions.

2 tables, 8 ref

015389   Khan V;Sandeep Kumar;Gupta N;Ahmad A;Sexena A K (Zoology Dep, Govt Postgraduate College, Rampur-244 901) : Lousicidal properties of mentha oil against the tropical hen louse. Indian vet J 2008, 85(3), 323-4.

^ssc3 ref

015388   Karthikeyan K A M;Vijayakumar I;Suresh P; Janarthanan S (Thiagarajar Centre for Entomological Science, Zoology Dep, Thiagarajar College (Autonomous), Madurai-625 009, Email: janas_09@yahoo.co.in) : Molecular variation in the natural populations of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (saunders). Entomon 2007, 32(4), 245-50.

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations, collected from eight different cotton fields in districts of southern Tamil Nadu, India were studied to determine their genetic variation using the technique of RAPD-PCR. Out of the twenty primers tested, primer Kit A09 and A20 yielded clear, consistent and discrete scorable banding patterns. The UPGMA based dendrogram of the two primers grouped the populations of P. gossypiella in two clusters. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.03 to 0.86, indicating that no two populations were 100% similar. The similarity matrix of all the primers indicated that most of the populations exhibited coefficient <50%. This suggested that the populations of P. gossypiella exhibit a great degree of intra-Species variation.

2 illus, 18 ref

015387   Gupta B K;Sharma L L;Surendra Pal Singh (Zoology Dep, M.S.J.Govt. P.G. College, Bharatpur-321 001) : Yaltox induced biochemical alterations in blood of Columba livia Gmelin. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 165-8.

Yaltox, a widely used carbamate pesticide, producing reversible anticholinesterase activity, was intramuscularly administered into blue rock pigeons at 4.17 mg./kg body wt. for acute (one day) and at 1.04 mg/kg. body wt. for sub-chronic (four weeks) treatment to study its impact on blood glucose, serum phospholipids, alkaline and acid phosphatase. Yaltox caused a significant increase in blood glucose level, serum phospholipids, alkaline and acid phosphatase, after acute treatment, however their increase was nonsignificant after sub-chronic exposure. The observed changes may be due to metabolic stress (convulsion and labored breathing) and anticholinesterase activity of yaltox.

1 table, 18 ref

015386   Gupta A (NO, Project Directorate of Biological Control, P.B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024, Email: ankitagupta9@rediffmail.com) : New species of Dinarmus Thomson (Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea:Pteromalidae) from India. Entomon 2007, 32(3), 161-7.

Dinarmus crotalariae sp. Nov. is described from Karnataka, India and a modified key to the Indian species of Dinarmus given.

4 illus, 15 ref

015385   Ghosh S (Zoology Dep, Midnapore College, Midnapore-721 101, Email: subho_26@rediffmail.com) : Effect of the mood - stabilizing drug lithium chloride on adrenal cortex: an experimental approach. Indian Biol 2008, 40(1), 7-10.

Deals with the direct effect of Lithium chloride (LiCl) on the Adrenal Cortex of Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia) by performing `chemical adrenomedullectomy'. Both histological and biochemical parameters were considered. From the study, it became evident that, acute LiCI treatment exert some effects upon the adrenal cortex during medullary blockage. These include hypertrophy of cortical regions and increase in level of adrenocortical hormone corticosterone. Hence, Lithium was found to alter the activity of adrenal cortex, which is certainly important from the biomedical point of view.

1 table, 15 ref

015384   Ghonmode S V;Tembhare D B (S.S.E.S.A's, Science College Nagar, Nagpur-440 012, Email: sharyu_ghonmode@yahoo.co.in ) : Involvement of acid phosphatase in degeneration of the silkgland of the tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta (Drury) (Lepidoptera: saturniidae). Entomon 2007, 32(4), 285-6.

Increased level of phosphatase activity during the period of degeneration of the silkgland of the tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta was demonstrated.

1 illus, 5 ref

015383   Gera M;Yadav A K;Bisht N S;Giresh Mohan (NO, The Energy and Resources Institute, IHC, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, Email: mohitg@teri.res.in) : Valuation of recreational benefits from valley of Flowers National Park. Indian For 2008, 134(1), 26-35.

Valley of Flowers National Park spread over an area of around 87.5 km² ensconced within the upper Himalayan ridges between the altitudes of 3,200 to 6,675 m is visited by on an average around 3,000 visitors annually from all over the country as well as from out side. The study was carried out to estimate recreational benefits derived from the national park by employing two valuation techniques, viz., travel cost method (TCM) and the contingent valuation method (CVM). Application of TCM estimated a recreational value of Rs.194.68 per visit and when extrapolated to the total number of visitors, the total recreational benefits of Rs.5,88,332 were obtained. The recreational value estimated by application of CVM gave an average willingness to pay of Rs.1833.83 which when extrapolated to the total number of visitors become Rs.55,41,834. The reason for significant higher value obtained by the CVM may be due to the hypothetical nature of this valuation technique and the strategic bias where the nature loving respondents tend to place a much higher value on a site like Valley of Flowers National Park. In view of the weighted average travel cost being a small fraction of the average income of the visitors, the authors recommend an increase in gate fee and utilization of these funds for improvement in the management of the park.

3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

015382   Dinakaran S;Anbalagan S (Centre for Research in Aquatic Entomology, The Madura College, Madurai-625 011, Email: dinkaraji@gmail.com) : Diversity, trophic relationships and biomonitoring potential of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera communities in streams of southern Eastern Ghats. Entomon 2007, 32(3), 169-75.

Survey of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) occupying streams in three hills of south portion of Eastern Ghats was conducted between October 2004 and May 2005. Three sites were selected on each stream and visited monthly throughout the sampling period. A total of 2,226 individuals belonging to 14 genera and 10 families of the three taxa were collected. Diversity indices showed higher values in stream of Sirumalai hill. High similarity was observed between Karanthamalai and Sirumalai and low similarity between Alagarmalai and Sirumalai. Collectors were predominant than other functional feeding groups. Sirumalai stream scored high BMWP values indicating good water quality.

1 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

015381   Clifton J D;Pandian T J (Gastroenterology Dep, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) : Dispermic induction of interspecific androgenesis in the fish, Buenos Aires tetra using surrogate eggs of widow tetra. Curr Sci 2008, 95(1), 64-74.

Induction of interspecific androgenesis in fish involves introduction of one or more sperm of a species into genome-inactivated eggs of another compatible species that serve as surrogate. Incubation of milt of Buenos Aires tetra (BT), Hemigrammus caudovittatus (recessive golden strain) for a constant period of 7 min in selected concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) facilitated entry of two fused haploid sperm into genome-inactivated egg of widow tetra (WT), Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (dominant black strain). Following incubation at 2.5% PEG, the milt contained 78% motile sperm, of which 37% remained single; of the 41% fused sperm, 14% alone were completely fused from head to tail subsequently activating 61% of UV-irradiated (3 min) WT eggs. Hatched F₀ androgenotes were morphologically identical to the golden BT but were distinguishable from hybrid diploids and triploids by colour and shape. Karyotype, erythrocyte measurements and sex ratio 1 (X²X²) : 2 (X²Y^{2 or Y2 Y2) (the superscript `2' indicates paternal origin) of androgenotes confirmed their diploid status. Reproductive performance of androgenetic males was equal to normal males but that of the females was inferior. Of six crosses involving the androgenetic males (X2Y2 or Y2Y2) and normal females (X1X2) (the superscript `1' indicates maternal origin), four produced 100% male progenies by sperm bearing Y2 genotype; two generated 50% (X1X2/X2X2) females and 50% (X1Y2/X2Y2) male progenies by sperm bearing either X2 or Y2 genotype. Only 1.8% dispermic androgenotes survived at hatching. Causes for low survival at hatching were traced to the death of 39% inactivated eggs, 49% haploids and about 10% embryos suffering developmental incompatibility. Hatching success increased to 4.3% with availability of 19% completely fused double sperm, when sperm concentration was quadruplicated.}

6 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

015380   Chaudhary U B;Gupta V K;Singh M (NO, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah-281 122) : Comparative evaluation of different DNA extraction methods from rumen fungi. Indian vet J 2008, 85(1), 4-7.

Five different protocols were compared in relation to recovery of pure DNA in optimum concentration. Result indicated varied concentration and purity of DNA under five protocols on account of rigid cell wall of rumen fungi. Pure yield and optimum concentration of DNA was obtained following the 2^nd and 4^th protocol of this study as confirmed by gel electrophoresis analysis.

2 illus, 11 ref

015379   Chakrabarti S;Chakrabarti S (Biosystematics Research Unit, Zoology Dep, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741 235, Email: chakrabarti32b@gmail.com) : New species of Tegonotus Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from Bhutan. Entomon 2007, 32(3), 237-40.

Tegonotus bhutanensis n. sp., a leaf vagrant eriophyid mite infesting Lionia ovalifolia is described and illustrated from Bhutan. Its distinction from the related taxa and host-mite relationship are also discussed.

1 illus, 9 ref

015378   Bhatt R M;Srivastava H C;Rajnikant;Yadav R S (NO, National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, RLTRI Campus, Raipur-492 015, Email: rmbhatt@rediffmail.com) : Dynamics of Anopheles culicifacies - transmitted malaria in the absence of effective zooprophylaxis in a riverine settlement in Gujarat, India. Curr Sci 2008, 95(1), 82-7.

Study on the bionomics of malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies and its role in malaria transmission was carried out in two phases between August-July 1991 - 92 and 2000-01 in Galteshwar, a small village situated on the perennial river Mahi, Kheda District, Gujarat, where the ratio of cattle to man was <1, compared to nearly equal or more elsewhere in the district. An. culicifacies was the predominant vector species in all collections and was mainly endophilic, though good numbers were also collected outdoors during 1991-92. Its mean human biting rates were 17.4 (1991-92) and 10.7/man/night (2000-01) and varied significantly indoors and outdoors during the hot and rainy seasons, and also between different quarters of the night during the first phase of study. Anthropophilic indices reported as 22.7 and 29.4% in samples collected from human dwellings during both phases were considerably high than reported previously from other parts of the district. The annual entomological inoculation rates estimated for the two study periods varied greatly. Estimates of vectorial capacity for different months during 1991-92 did not correlate with the malaria infection rate in the population. An. culicifacies was found resistant to DDT, dieldrin and malathion and the latter was used for indoor residual spraying during the 7- year intervening period. The study showed that the people are at a relatively greater risk of malaria in human settlements like Galteshwar, where there was little opportunity for diversion of mosquitoes to feed on cattle.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

015377   Amanchi N;Bhagavathi M (Zoology Dep, Protozoology and Environmental Toxicology Lab, OUCS, Osmania Universi, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Email: nageswar_ou@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study on cytotoxicity of delfin insecticide using two vital protozoan ciliates paramecium caudatum and oxytricha fallax. Asian J expl Sci 0000, 23(1), 55-60.

The freshwater ciliate protozoan Paramecium caudatum and Oxytricha fallax were used to evaluate potential cytotoxic effects of Delfin Insecticide and a comparison was made. LC₅₀ value by mortality curve for three hours acute toxicity test of Paramecium caudatum and Oxytricha fallax was found to be 250.l7<145>15.33ppm and 413.363<145>72.9lppm, respectively. Paramecium caudatum was found to be sensitive than Oxytricha fallax to Delfin. The shape, size and length of test organisms were reduced prominently. Similarly, changes in contractile vacuole and phagocytosis were also observed. Genotoxicity of pesticide was clearly evident from the alterations in nuclear morphology such as fragmentation, vacuolization, elongation, rod shaped deformity and complete diffusion of nucleus on exposure to Delfin in a concentration dependent manner. The results call attention to the possible role of ciliates in genotoxic studies and to their capacity as suitable toxicological tools.

2 illus, 12 tables, 23 ref

015376   Alagar M;Sivasubramanian P (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003) : Influence of botanicals and insecticides on predatory potential and biology of Chrysoperla carnea stephens. Indian J Ent 2007, 69(2), 117-21.

Prey consumption pattern of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens grubs was I instar <II instar <III instar. Among all the treatments the prey consumption was highest in botanical treated prey followed by botanicals + insecticide insecticide alone treated prey. Among the botanicals, Catharanthus roseus G-Don 5% registered highest prey consumption of 714.00 Corcyra cephalonica Staint eggs followed by Eucalyptus tereticornis L. 5% (707.34). Among the botanicals + insecticide treated prey, the prey consumption was highest in E. tereticornis 2.5% + endosulfan 0.035% (644.25) followed by E. tereticornis 2.5% + dimethoate 0.03% (642.75) and it was the lowest in dimethoate 0.06% (580.78) treated prey. All the three instars of C. carnea grubs showed significantly prolonged grub (9.70 days) and pupal developmental period (8.50 days) when fed with NSKE 5% treated prey. The total developmental period of C. carnea ranged from 19.54 to 21.20 days and it was higher (21.20 days) when NSKE 5% treated prey was offered as food followed by Tribulus terrestris L. 5% (20.70 days) compared to untreated check (19.40 days).

2 tables, 17 ref

014374   Roy C (Zoology Dep, G.C. College, Silchar-788 004) : Effect of sublethal toxicity of malathion 50 Ec (.006 Ppm) on the histopathology of ovary of Fejervarya limnocharis. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(4), 15-19.

The effect of malathion at sub-lethal concentration 50 EC (0.006 ppm) on ovary of Fejervarya limnocharis was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure. Remarkable histo-pathological alterations were observed in this organ. Histopathological effects such as fragmentation, ruptured wall, karyolysis of ova, ooplasmic vacuolation and atresia of the matured Oocyte were also observed. In most of the follicles oogenesis was not observed but in few follicles there were stages of primary Oocyte and secondary oocyte in the area of germinal epithelium. A coagulative and degenerative change of the Oogonia with a tendency towards cystic transformation was another prominent feature of malathion exposure. The magnitude of changes was time dependent being more prominent after 48 hrs of treatment with malathion 50EC (0.006 ppm).

6 illus, 19 ref

014373   Kirti J S;Sodhi J S (Zoology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: jskirti@pbi.ac.in) : Internal male reproductive organs of ten Indian species of genus Spilarctia butler (Arctiidae : Lepidoptera). Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 83-98.

Ten species viz. leopardina (Kollar), casignata (Kollar), comma Kollar, niceata (Stoll), erythrozona (Kollar), multiguttata (Walker), obliqua (Walker), rubilinea (Moore), multivittata Moore and subfascia Walker, belonging to genus Spilarctia Butler have been dissected out to study the morphology of male internal reproductive organs. Key to the species on the basis of male internal genitalic attributes has been formulated.

10 tables, 4 ref

014372   Johal M S;Dhiman M (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: johal_ms@yahoo.com) : Ultrastructure of fish scales as a tool in fish identification up to species level of genusn Puntius Hamilton-Buchanan. Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 73-81.

Some freshwater fish genera especially from Asian region having large number of fish species having taxonomic ambiguity Pose problems for their identification considering morphological and meristic characters. Most of the advance molecular identification techniques can not be applied due to certain limitations such as high cost, non-availability of equipments at the disposal of the taxonomists and lack of expertise. Keeping these limitations in mind, an alternate taxonomic tool i.e., scale morphometery and ultrastructure of the fish scale as revealed by SEM has been suggested for those fish species having overlapping or confusing morphological and meristic characters. In the present studies, dichotomous key of the four species of the genus Puntius Hamilton from Western Ghats namely Puntius arulius arulius (Jerdon), P. carnaticus (Jerdon), P. fasciatus (Jerdon) and P. melanostigma (Day) using scale morphometery and ultrastrucural characaters viz., the focus structure, origin of radii and details of lepidonts has been given. It has been opined that the shape, size and distributional pattern of chromatophores present on the dorsal surface posterior region of the scale can not be employed for taxonomic purpose in the species under report. This type of key has been proposed for the first time.

4 illus, 36 ref

014371   Jindal M;Garg S K;Yadava N K (Zoology & Aquaculture Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: mypshya@rediffmail.com) : Effect of replacement of fishmeal with dietary protein sources of plant origin on the growth performance and nutrient retention in the fingerlings of Channa punctatus (Bloch) for sustainable aquaculture. Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 131-8.

To study the growth performance of fish Channa punctatus, ten iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets (1 -10) were formulated by replacing fishmeal (FM) with hydrothermically processed soybean (HPS) and defatted canola (DFC) from the reference diet with and without supplementing the diets with mineral premix and amino-acids (MPA). Studies have revealed that when the diets were supplemented with MPA, a significantly (p <0.05) high live weight gain, low feed conversion ratio (FCR) and high protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent protein digestibility (APD) values were observed in fishes fed on HPS as compared to the fish fed on DFC based diets. A reduction in excretory levels of total ammonia (NH₃-N) and reactive phosphate (P) production was observed with increase in the inclusion levels of HPS and DFC in the diets supplemented with MPA. Such a replacement could save total feed costs and alleviate pollution problems in intensive aqua-cultural systems.

1 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

014370   Dorucu M;Altinterim B (Fisheries Faculty, Firat Univ, Elazig, Turkey) : Histopathological changes induced by Saprolegina parasitica in rainbow trout. Indian vet J 2008, 85(2), 209-10.

^ssc6 ref

014369   Bera B;Manna B (Zoology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Calcutta-700 019, Email: bmanna59in@yahoo.com) : Report on rate of glucose uptake and leakage in adult Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Digenea:Trematoda). Punjab Univ Res J Sci 2007, 57, 117-23.

Glucose uptake and glucose leakage by adult Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Trematoda:Digenea) recovered from the swim-bladder of Wallago attu were studied in in vitro starvation condition in the culture medium. The glucose uptake rates of Isoparorchis hypselobagri were much lower in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution than in the same media supplemented with 10% bovine serum albumen (BSA). The leakage of glucose from the fluke body to the incubating medium during in vitro starvation is more or less a factor of incubation time and quality of the medium.

^iia4 illus, 19 ref

013283   Nurul Amin S M;Arshad A;Siraj S S;Japar Sidik B (Laboratory of Marine Science and Aquaculture, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: smnabd02@yahoo.com) : Population structure, growth, mortality and yield per recruit of segestid shrimp, Acetes japonicus (Decapoda: Sergestidae) from the coastal waters of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(1), 57-68.

Study deals with the population structure, growth, mortality and relative yield recruit of A. japonicus from the coastal waters of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia. FISAT software has been used to examine the monthly data. The asymptotic length (L_α) and growth co-efficient (K) was estimated as 29.08 mm and 1.4 y^-1. The growth performance index (ϕ') was calculated as 3.073. The exponent (b) of the length-weight relationship was found to be 3.063 (± 0.015). The asymptotic weight was calculated as 187.72 mg. Total mortality coefficient (Z) was estimated at 5.16 yr^-1. The natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) was calculated as 2.35 yr^-1 and 2.81 yr^-1, respectively. Exploitation rate (E) of A. japonicus was estimated as 0.54. The recruitment pattern was continuous throughout the year with one major peak. The relative yield per recruit analysis predicted the maximum exploitation rate (E_max) = 0.52. The current exploitation rate E is slightly higher than predicted E_max. The stock of A. japonicus was found to be over exploited in the investigated area.

013282   Dhiman S C;Bhargava M L (NO, Entomology Research lab., M.S. (P.G.) College, Saharanpur-247 001) : Some ethological aspects of Zygogramma bicolorata pallister (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) a potential biocontrol agent of parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae). Cheetal 2008, 46(3-4), 15-28.

Mexican beetle Zygogmmma bicolorata is prominent and promising biocontrol agent of Parthenium weed whici causes various health hazards in man. The beetles and its larvae are phytophagus and voracious feeder. Complete weed is destroyed by feeding, breeding and salivary as faeces action. Copulation of this beetle occurs both in day and night hours preferably in morning hours and cloudy days. Duration of copulation ranges 30 min. to 18 hrs. average being 8 hours. A preoviposition period of 1 to 4 days is required prior to egg laying. 2 to 5 sec. are required for laying an egg and 1 to 5 minutes are required for laying an egg batch. Z. bicolorata perform both local and distant migration, due to this migration it has spread in most of western Uttar Pradesh and lower parts of Uttarakhand. On the onset of winter most of the adult beetles begin to hibernate and fully developed larvae develop into pupae and under go diapause in soil. Hibernation and diapause are broken on rise in temperature during early February.

3 tables, 18 ref

013281   Chakraborty R;Kar S (NO, , Zoological Survey of India, 27, J.L. Nehru Road, F.P.S. Building Kolkata-700 097, Email: sujitrinazsi@yahoo.co.in) : Report on elephants in Chhatisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Cheetal 2008, 46(3-4), 13-14.

8 ref

013280   Bajpai S;Bajpai P K (Zoology Dep, D.A.V. College, Kanpur) : Ice fish - the survival secret and possible implications. Cheetal 2008, 46(3-4), 1-6.

3 ref

013279   Akerkar A S;Ponkshe C A;Indap M M (Zoology Dep, D G Ruparel College, Senapati Bapat Marg, Mahim, Mumbai-400 016, Email: madhaviindap@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of extracts from marine animals. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(1), 22-7.

The whole body ether extracts of a marine prawn Nematopaleamon tenuipes (PEP), two gastropods viz. Euchelus asper (EAE) and Hemifusus pugilinus (HPE), and acetone extract of a fish Rastrelliger kanagurta (MA), were tested for their effects on Delayed type Hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and Plaque Forming Cell (PFC) assay. The Delayed type Hypersensitive reaction assay for HPE and PEP as well as MA showed stimulation but EAE was found to be less effective. In the PFC assay HPE and MA showed immunostimulation whereas PEP and EAE showed immunosuppression. PEP was further resolved into two fractions, which were tested for in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay as well as antiproliferative assay. It is concluded that the test extracts possess immunomodulatory property.

012238   Vincent M;John Thomas K (Animal Behaviour and Wetland Research Lab, Zoology Dep, Christ College, Irinjalakuda-680 125, Email: jkurishinkal@rediffmail.com) : Nuptial colouration and courtship behaviour during induced breeding of the swamp barb Puntinus chola, a freshwater fish. Curr Sci 2008, 94(7), 922-5.

In Puntius chola, scarlet bands appear on the lateral sides in both sexes during reproductive season. Sexspecific reproductive behaviour patterns, development and disappearance of nuptial colouration were studied following injection of Ovaprim. In females, intensity of the colour of the lateral bands increased with the advancement of courtship activity, reached a peak just before spawning and then faded away. In males, intense nuptial colouration developed earlier than the females and disappeared 40 h after spawning. Vent kissing, circling and synchronized movement were some of the characteristic behaviours of the males, while the females often remained motionless in the column of water and occasionally exhibited trailing behaviour to a vigorously displaying male. The results show that the male P. chola have a low threshold for sexual arousal. They attain nuptial colouration earlier than the females and also retain the colouration for a longer period than the females.

4 illus, 14 ref

012237   Tennyson S;Velmurugan B;Thresia Mathews K; John William S (Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034, Email: secnarm@loyolacollege.edu) : Impact of biopesticide azadirachtin on freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 103-6.

Azadirachtin, biopesticide widely used in agricultural activities was investigated in the study for histopathological studies in catfish Clarias gariepinus. Fishes were exposed to sublethal concentration of azadirachtin 0.247 ppm and sampled at 5, 10 and 15 days after exposure. Histopathological changes such as epithelium necrosis, vacuolization, shortening of secondary lamella, desquamation of secondary lamella, necrosis in primary lamella, oedema of primary lamella, swelling at the tip of secondary lamella, lifting of secondary lamellar epithelium, fusion of secondary lamella, hyperplasia and hypertrophy were observed in gill tissues of Clarias gariepinus.

1 illus, 28 ref

012236   Tajagopal T;Thangamani A;Archunan G (Animal Science Dep, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: deer_raj@yahoo.co.in) : Zooplankton species richness and diversity in three perennial ponds of Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 49-58.

Plankton, as a first step in trophic cascades of water bodies, can be a good indicator of trophic states, considering that every environmental change affects this community and many species of this community are sensitive to changes, and that they response very quickly. Tries to assess the zooplankton species richness, diversity, and evenness and predict the state of three perennial ponds according to zooplankton data and physico-chemical parameters. A total of 47 taxa were recorded: 24 rotifers, 9 copepods, 8 cladocerans, 4 ostracods and 2 protozoa. Maximum numbers of zooplankton population were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond (47 species) followed by Nallanchettipatti pond (39 species) and Kadabamkulam pond (24 species). Among the rotifers, Branchionus sp. is abundant. Diaphanosoma sp. predominant among the cladoceras. Among copepods, numerical superiority was found in the case of Mesocyclopes sp. Cypris sp. repeated abundance among ostracoda. Study revealed that zooplankton species richness (RI & R2) was comparatively higher (RI: 4.39 ± 0.11; R2: 2.13 ±0.04) in Chinnapperkovil pond. The species diversity was high in (H': 2.53 ± 0.03; NI: 15.05 ± 0.49; N2: 15.75 ± 0.47) Chinnapperkovil pond as compared to that other ponds. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, salinity, phosphate, hardness, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand. Higher value of physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton diversity were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond as compared to other ponds. The zooplankton population shows positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters such as, temperature, alkalinity, phosphate, hardness and biochemical oxygen demand, whereas negatively correlated with rainfall and salinity. This work revealed that by the presence of certain species like, Monostyla sp., Keratella sp., lapadella sp., Leydigia sp., Moinodaphnia sp., Diaptomus sp., Diaphanosoma sp., Mesocyclopes sp., Cypris sp., and Brachionus sp., is considered to be biological indicator for eutrophication.

6 tables, 50 ref

012235   Sornaraj R;Ranjitsingh A J A;Jaisheeba A A (Biology Dep, S.P.K. College, Alwarkurichi-627 412) : Histopathological alterations in the architecture of stomach in the fish Mystus vittatus reared in the pesticide mixed medium. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 145-9.

Histopathological study inferred that the pesticides cause damage not only to the absorptive area of the stomach but also to the functioning of gastric glands and disturb the physiological process of digestion and absorption. In the gastric mucosa ulceration by deepening of foveolae gastricae and corrosion had reduced the appetite and the food intake in the fish. The formation of rugae due to longitudinal foldings and hyperplasia of epithelial layer enhanced the area of absorption. The aggregation of cellular debris promoted phagocytic invasion on them. Poor food in the stomach confirmed the loss of appetite and bioenergy.

7 illus, 19 ref

012234   Shanthala Kumar;Kumara H N;Mewa Singh (Biopsychology Lab, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Email: msingh@psychology.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Observations on toll use in captive lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus). Curr Sci 2008, 94(7), 925-8.

Lion-tailed macaques in Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Garden, Mysore, India were observed to use several tools (plastic piece, candy wrapper, leaf, vegetable leaf, egg-shell and coconut shell) to drink water from the pool. Reports the simple multiple tool use in the species. The behaviour was first observed in an adult male. This male was confiscated and was probably hand-reared. It started using tools within a short period of introduction. After some time, the other captive monkeys also started to use multiple tools in a similar way to drink water. This may be an example of social learning.

2 illus, 16 ref

012233   Sethi V K;Bhatt D (Avian Diversity and Bioacoustics Lab, Zoology and Environemntal Scienc, Gurukula Kangri University, Hardwar-249 404, Email: dineshharidwar@gmail.com) : Call repertoire of an endemic avian species, the Indian chat Cercomela fusca. Curr Sci 2008, 94(9), 1173-9.

Almost all birds produce acoustic signals either in the form of calls or songs or both, while communicating. These signals play an important role in their social life. Songs play a somewhat restricted role in many species in territorial establishment and mate attraction, while calls are generally used for immediate requirements throughout the year and seem to be more important than the songs. The study deals with the physical characteristics and significance of different types of calls used by the Indian chat, Cercomela fusca. A total of eight types of calls, namely territorial calls, begging call, feeding call, alarm call, threat call, contact call, distress call, and roosting and emergence calls were observed in the call repertoire of this species. Three of these are used by the young ones, while adults produce the remaining five types. The possible functions of these call-types have been deduced from the contexts under which they are produced.

2 illus, 1 table, 58 ref

012232   Govindasamy C;Vasudevan N;Singaravelu G (Zoology Dep, Thiruvalluvar University, Fort Campus, Vellore-635 004) : Biodiversity of zooplankton communities in clive bazaar and Talanur Lakes, Arcot, Vellore. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 137-44.

Study was designed to assess the nature and present status of the two permanent Ranipettai reservoirs viz., Clive Bazaar and Talanur Lakes areas, Arcot, Vellore with special reference to zooplankton biodiversity. Nutrient levels were high at both the stations, when compared to BSI limit. A total of 45 species of zooplanktons were recorded at both the stations. Rotifers were the largest contributors in terms of density (33.70%) at both the stations. At both the stations, Cladocerans occupies second place (16.93%) as a dominant group followed by copepods (15.39%), ostrocods (15.37%), protozoa (10.50%) and insecta (8.53%) of zooplankton groups were worked out during the study period. Monthly variations in hydrographical variables and dissolved nutrient such as PO₄^- P, NO₃^- N, NO₂^- N, Cl^{- C and Fl- F were high at both the stations. Sulphate concentration of water sample in the study areas ranged from 332 and 593 mg L -1 at stations I and II, whereas it was showed lower concentration in April at both stations I and II is 101 to 19 mg L-1 respectively. The concentration of physico-chemical variables were relatively high at both the stations. Talanur Lake is considered to be relatively high biodiversity whereas Clive Bazaar Lake is low in biodiversity of zooplankton. Moreover, the station I is polluted by domestic and industrial waste, when compare to Talanur lake. Attention should be paid immediately to both the regions fairly, otherwise these areas will leads to concomitant loss of valuable Lake water resources due to high eutrophication.}

2 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

012231   Ebenezer M R;Swamidoss P (Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, St. John's College, Palaymkottai, Tamilnadu) : Toxic effects of fenvalerate in the reproductive system of Euphlyctis hexadactylus. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 193-6.

Effects of different sub-lethal concentrations (0.003, 0.005, 0.007 mgL/kg) of fenvalerate on testes and ovary of the green frog, Ellphlyctis hexadactylus were studied during different exposure periods. The significant perturbations observed in testes and ovary of Euphlyctis hexadactylus when exposed to fenvalerate suggest that the perturbations were due to the toxic effects of fenvalerate. The results of the studies clearly show that the testes and ovary of Euphlyctis hexadactylus are very sensitive to sub lethal dose of fenvalerate.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

012230   Bhowate C S;Mulgir M T;Kulkarni A N (Zoology and Fishery Science Dep, Science College, Nanded-431 602) : Food and feeding habits of Clupisoma bastari Datta and karmakar inhibiting godavari river, nanded, Maharashtra. Bioinfolet 2009, 6(1), 55-6.

2 tables, 2 ref

012229   Bhamre P R;Deoray B M (Zoology Dep, K.T.H.M. College, Nashik, Maharashtra) : Impact of heavy metals on protein metabolism in the digestive gland of the bivalve, Parreysia favidens. Pollut Res 2008, 27(1), 177-8.

Evaluates the impact of heavy metals on protein metabolism in the digestive gland of a freshwater bivalve P. favidens as heavy metals are pervasive components of the aquatic environment. Sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride, copper sulphate, and cadmium chloride cause alteration in the protein level and protease activity in the digestive gland of P. favidens. Protein content of the digestive gland of P. favidens was 7.60 mg/g dry wt. and the protease activity was 6.451 mg of amino acid / mg protein / hr at room temp. Gradual decline in protein level was dose dependent. The decrease in protein content might be due to higher rate of protein utilization as a source of energy for metabolism during stress condition. Increased protease activity might be correlated with the maximum utilization of protein, to overcome the stress caused by heavy metals.

1 table, 7 ref

011334   Tiwari S;Singh A (Zoology Dep, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009) : Changes in some biochemical parameters in the liver and muscle of Colisa fasciatus due to toxicity of ethanolic extract of Nerium indicum Mill. (Lal Kaner) latex. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(1), 48-54.

Deals with piscicidal, toxicological and biochemical effects of ethanolic extract of Nerium indicum Mill. (Lal Kaner) latex against freshwater weed fish Colisa fasciatus. There was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation between LC values and exposure periods i.e. LC₅₀ values decreased from 14.05mg/l (24h) to 5.52mg/l (96h). Sub-lethal exposure of ethanolic latex extract for 24h and 96h caused significant (P<0.05) time and dose dependent alterations in the levels of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acid, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and also in the activity of enzyme protease, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, acetylcholinesterase, lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in liver and muscle tissues of fish. Withdrawal experiments shows, their biochemical effects are reversible in action. Thus, N. indicum latex extract mainly suppress energy production and shifts fish respiration towards the anaerobic segment.

011333   Swnguttuvan M;Sivakumar A A (Animal Science and Biotechnology Dep, P.S.G. College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 014) : Age and growth studies of Channa punctatus (Bloch) in Ukkadam lake, coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2008, 15(1-2), 281-8.

Age and growth estimated by various methods are in close agreement regarding C. punctatus. The empirical lengths and different ages calculated by using von Bertalanffy's growth equation show high degree of agreement with the estimates obtained from other methods, showing thereby that, in the length ranges studied, the theoretical growth equation adequately represents actual growth. The asymptotic length (La) calculated by Ford-Walford method was 525.0752 mm. In the present study, C. puncfatus is found to grow up to five years of age.

6 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

011332   Sesh Serebiah J;Stella C;Abdul Kadhar A (Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies Dep, Alagappa Univ, Thondi Campus, Thondi-623 409) : Assessment of benthos in the subtidal area of thondi (Palk bay), southeast Tamilnadu - GIS based explication. Seaweed Res Utilis 2008, 30(spl), 279-96.

The study on benthos fauna was carried out in Thondi coastal area. Twelve sampling points were fixed by GPS. A total of 137 species were identified in twelve random stations. Of this, 24 species belonged to gastropods, 15 species to bivalves, 5 species to amphipods, 6 species to decapods, 4 species to echinoderms, 30 species to polychaetes and 53 species to interstitial nematodes. The diversity, seasonal variation, dominance, influence of environmental parameters were studied geographically using GIS software.

26 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

011331   Remia K M;Logaswamy S;Logan kumar K;Rajamohan D (Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641 029) : Efficacy of an insecticide on oxygen consumption of a freshwater fish Tilpia mossambica. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2008, 15(1-2), 185-8.

The effect of an insecticide monocrotophos on the rate of oxygen consumption of a freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica at 24, 48, 72 and 96hrs of exposures were studied. Median lethal concentration (Lc₅₀) of monocrotophos to the fish for 24hr exposure was determined during bioassay study. An increased rate of oxygen consumption was observed in all the exposure periods. The reason may be due to the respiratory distress as a consequence of the impairment of oxidative metabolism due to toxicant stress.

1 table, 18 ref

011330   Rekha Rani;Gautam R K;Suneel Kumar (Zoology Dep, Faculty of Life Sciences, Dr B.R. Ambedkar Univ, Agra-282 002) : Toxicity of nuvan on kidney cholesterol on labeo rohita. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2008, 15(1-2), 115-18.

Organophosphate pesticides Nuvan has been taken for the acute toxicity to a fresh water fish Labeo rohita. LC₅₀ value calculated for the acute toxicity, which was 0.215 ml. Biochemical study of kidney total cholesterol revealed decreasing trend after 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs exposure to acute subiethal toxicity.

1 illus, 1 table

011329   Muktesh Kumar;Sequiera S (NO, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi-680 653) : Preliminary study of lower group of plants in the Neyyar wildlife sanctuary, Kerala (India). Indian J For 2008, 31(2), 261-8.

Preliminary study of lower group of plants from Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary revealed the occurrence of 36 species of lichens, 20 species of bryophytes and 81 species of pteridophytes. Under bryophytes the following 7 species Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum majus, Homaliodendronflabellatum, Rhodobryum roseum, Theriotia sp., Thuidium delicatulum, Tortella tortuosa are new records to Kerala. All species are enumerated along with their frequency of occurrence.

1 illus, 9 ref