039652   SAWARGAONKAR S L, SINGH A K, TIWARI J, SINGH K P, SAO A, PARAYE P M, PAINKRA S K, RATHIA G R, SAHU S, SARAWAGI A K, SHARMA R N, BAJPAI R K, BABU K N (Agriculture and Research Station Coll, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, Email: shrikant.sawargaonkar@gmail.com) : Genotype x environment interaction and stability of indigenous coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes for seed yield in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. J Spices aromatic Crop 2020, 28(2), 122-30.

The present study was conducted to find out the stability and yield performances indigenous genotypes of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) evaluated in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. The trials were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications at three locations for three years resulting in nine environments (Genotype × year interactions). The genotypes and G × E interactions revealed significant differences at p <0.01 for seed yield indicating varieties and testing environments were distinct from each other. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis (AMMI-biplot) indicated that the yield performances of indigenous coriander genotypes were highly affected by the environments. The first two principal component axes (PCA 1 and PCA 2) were significant and they explained 67% of the total genotype x environment interaction of which 42.4% and 24.6% were represented by PCA 1 and PCA 2, respectively. A biplot generated using genotypic and environmental scores of the first two AMMIcomponents demonstrated that genotype with larger PCA 1 and lower PCA 2 scores were high yielding and stable genotypes and genotypes with lower PCA 1 and larger PCA 2 scores were low yielding and unstable cultivars in tested locations. The genotype GC 5 C-101 (ICS 4) showed higher grain yields (16.35 q ha-1) over grand mean (13.03 q ha-1) and also had the minimum PCA 1score, minimum AMMI stability value (ASV) and yield stability index (YSI). Therefore genotype ICS 4 (Chhattisgarh Shri Chandrahasini Dhaniya -2) showed wider stability across different agroclimatic environments of Chhattisgarh.

2 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

039651   SREEJA K, ANANDARAJ M, BHAI R S (ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode - 673 012, Email: sreejajyothi@gmail.com) : Documentation of fungal endophytes of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and their seed transmission studies. J Spices aromatic Crop 2020, 28(2), 113-21.

The present study envisaged to document the endophytic fungal association with black pepper through a series of in vitro and in planta investigations. Black pepper was found to harbour endophytic fungal flora belonging to the genera Alternaria, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Humicola, Paecilomyces, Rhizoctonia, Phoma and non-sporulating forms. Further, it was found that the endocarp of black pepper seed is free from culturable endophytic fungi. This was evident from the absence of culturable fungi in in vitro grown black pepper seedlings. The growth of fungi from the seedlings grown under green house conditions reveal that the fungal endophytes establish from fungal propagules falling on the (test)plants that may enter the plant tissues as back ground inoculum and grow as endophyte. This was also supported by the study that the type of endophytic fungi that harbour black pepper plants varied with geographical locations from where the samples were collected.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

039650   SHIVAKUMAR M S, SAJI K V (ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Madikeri- 571 201, Email: shivakumar.s@icar.gov.in) : Association and path coefficient analysis among yield attributes and berry yield in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). J Spices Aromatic Crop 2020, 28(2), 106-12.

Eighty two germplasm accessions of black pepper aggregated from pepper cultivating tracts of Karnataka, Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra were characterized for 17 quantitative traits as per the IPGRI descriptors during 2018-19 at the field gene bank of ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Experimental Farm, Kozhikode. Wide range and high coefficient of variation (CV) were recorded for dry berry weight, fresh berry weight, and number of spikes vine-1 whereas, lower CV was observed for berry size. Fresh berry weight showed significant positive correlation with dry berry weight followed by number of spikes vine-1 whereas, number of immature berries spike-1 and berry size showed significant negative association with setting percentage. High positive direct effect of fresh berry weight on dry berry weight was observed during path analysis. Both fresh rachis weight and number of spikes vine-1 had indirect positive effects on dry berry weight through fresh berry weight. Residual effect was meager suggesting that the 17 quantitative traits explained 99 %variability. Traits like number of spikes vine-1 and fresh berry weight are the important traits that need to be augmented during improvement of black pepper for yield.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

039649   SASIKUMAR B (ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode - 673 012, Email: sasikumarsooranadu@gmail.com) : Advances in adulteration and authenticity testing of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). J Spices Aromatic Crop 2020, 28(2), 96-105.

Synthetic colorants such as metanil yellow, lead chromate, Acid orange 7, Sudan Red; rhizomes of related Curcuma sp. besides spent turmeric, starch, chalk and yellow soapstone are the main adulterants in traded turmeric while synthetic curcumin is an adulterant of natural curcumin. Both branded products as well as the produce from the unorganized sector are found adulterated. The adulterants, added either to increase the bulk, improve the colour and appearance or enhance the profit margin, often result in corroding the biological efficacy of the commodity and eroding thepublic impression besides posing health risks to the consumers. Various physical, chemical and PCRbased methods are available to detect the adulterants in traded turmeric. While chemical methods are suited to detect the synthetic adulterants and spent turmeric, DNA based methods are the best options for detecting the biological adulterants (except spent turmeric) in the commodity. Along with adopting a supply chain system and quality linked pricing in turmeric trade, commercial adulteration diagnostic kits, if they can be developed and deployed, will be a very convenient way to ensure the quality of the traded produce.

2 tables, 55 ref

039648   KUMAR B S D, JACOB J (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad - 201 002, Email: kumardileep@niist.res.in) : Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as a biological tool for augmenting productivity and controlling disease in agriculturally important crops- A review. J Spices Aromatic Crop 2020, 28(2), 77-95.

The ecological role of plant growth promoting bacteria associated with plant root environment is currently gaining increased attention. The tremendous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which are environmentally harmful can be replaced with the microbes generally called as PlantGrowth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). These microbes can be developed as biofertilizers because they are eco-friendly, cost effective and are natural living organisms. The advantages of these microorganisms rely on their production of novel bioactive metabolites that inhibit various pathogens in the soil as well as their vast mechanisms in improving growth, productivity and yield in agriculturally important crops. Apart from this, their role in nutrient acquisition, soil fertility improvement and stress tolerance are also inevitable. This review represents the present scenario of beneficial bacteria as plant growth agents and disease control tools. They have been extensively studied for plant disease suppression, plant growth modulation, and interaction with plants. Here, some mechanisms employed by plant growth promoting bacteria from different environments are discussed.

6 illus, 1 table, 103 ref

039645   PARK M S, PARK M S, LEE K G (Food Science and Biotechnology Dep, Dongguk Seoul Univ, Korea, Email: kwglee@dongguk.edu) : Antioxidative activities of volatile and non-volatile extracts of Schisandra chinensis baill fruit. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 435-42.

In this study, the antioxidative activity of volatile and non-volatile extracts from Schisandra chinensis Baill fruit was evaluated. The antioxidative activity of the sample was measured via aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and lipid/malonaldehyde assay. The sample was steam distilled under reduced pressure for extracting out the volatile components. The volatile extract was fractionated into seven fractions. The non-volatile compounds were extracted using methanol. The antioxidative activities of 500 μg/mL of non-volatile extract were estimated to be 76.80% by DPPH assay and 85.55% by lipid/malonaldehyde assay. Aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay revealed that fractions ⅰ and ⅱ of the volatile extract exhibited the most potent and dose-dependent antioxidative activity. Terpenes in the volatile extract including α-ylangene (733.512 μg/g), β-elemene (145.690 μg/g), and bornyl acetate (321.825 μg/g) were found to contribute to the antioxidative activity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

039644   LAN L, HUAN S, LIU Y, SUN B, TIAN H (Beijing Technology and Business Univ, China, Email: tianhy@btbu.edu.cn.) : Preparation and odor characteristics of nitriles derived from aldehydes. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 425-34.

Twenty nitriles, including saturated and unsaturated aliphatic, araliphatic, and aromatic nitriles, were prepared from the corresponding aldehydes, commonly used as flavors or fragrances. The aldehydes were converted to aldoximes first, which then underwent dehydration by treatment with oxalyl chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of dimethyl sulfoxide. The nitriles were obtained in high yields in most cases. The odor characteristics of the nitriles obtained were evaluated by GC-O. The nitriles present varied characteristic odors, which are usually distinct from those of the corresponding aldehydes.

1 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

039642   KESKIN S (Bilecik Seyh Edebali Univ, Turkey, Email: sabankeskin61@hotmail.com) : Orange peel volatile oil: A green solvent for propolis extraction, enhanced α-amylase inhibition activity. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 411-6.

Orange peel oil contains high amount of d-limonene which is reported to have antidiabetic activity. Propolis contains many biologically active compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes. Because of its rich phenolic composition, antidiabetic activity of propolis has also been shown in literature. Consumption of raw propolis is limited because of its resinous nature. It should be extracted to convert it into consumable form. Ethanol is the most used solvent for this purpose. Ethanol is the limiting factor for propolis consumption either for religious concerns or being harmful for human health. There is an increasing need for new, compatible and healthier solvents for propolis extraction. This is the first paper describing the extraction of propolis with orange peel oil. 1:10 (g/v) ratio was used for extraction. Orange peel oil (OPO), orange peel oil propolis extract (OPOPE) and ethanol propolis extract (EPE) were separately analysed by using GC-MS technique. Total phenolic content of oil and propolis extract was also carried out. Inhibition of α-amylase from barley malt with new extract was also reported. It was found that OPOPE was rich in volatile compounds of propolis, phenolic acid derivatives and free fatty acids. It was observed that OPOPE showed higher inhibition on α-amylase enzyme (IC50 0.196 mg/ mL). It can be concluded that orange peel oil could be used as solvent for preparing propolis extract. Propolis extract obtained with orange peel oil could also be used as complementary medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

5 tables, 25 ref

039640   WILDE A S, HANSEN A M S, FROMBERG A, FRANDSEN H L, SMEDSGAARD J (Technical Denmark Univ, Denmark, Email: amsi@food.dtu.dk) : Determination of δ13C of vanillin in complex food matrices by HS-SPME-GC-C-IRMS. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(4), 387-93.

Vanilla is one of the most popular spices in the world and is therefore often added to food products to enhance the taste with its desirable flavour. Vanilla flavour is highly susceptible to economically motivated food fraud since the main component ‘vanillin’ can easily be produced by much cheaper synthetic processes. The determination of the vanillin source is not always an easy task, especially when very low concentrations are incorporated in complex food matrices. Here, we present an easy sample preparation procedure that includes a solid-phase extraction clean-up to determine the isotopic carbon ratio of vanillin in food products by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic fractionation during the sample preparation procedure was carefully evaluated. The method was applied to 23 commercial food samples including vanilla sugar, dairy and soy products. The study illustrates the potential and limitations of the authentication of vanilla flavour by the isotopic carbon ratio of vanillin. Further, the complexity of the authenticity assessment of vanilla flavours in composite food is demonstrated.

4 tables, 38 ref

039637   PENG X, WANG B, WANG X, NI B, ZUO Z (Zhejiang A&F Univ, China, Email: zuozhaojiang@126.com) : Variations in aroma and specific flavor in strawberry under different colored light-quality selective plastic film. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 350-9.

Strawberry aroma is beneficial to the quality of the fruits and derived foods, as well as consumer health. Light quality affects strawberry aroma emission, which can be conveniently supplied by colored light-quality selective plastic films. To produce high-aroma strawberry by using optical colored light-quality selective plastic film, the aroma emission and key gene expression were investigated under transparent (T), red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), and purple (P) films. Moreover, the content of sugar, soluble proteins, and anthocyanins as well as total titratable acidity was also investigated. Strawberry released an abundance of aroma, mainly including esters, terpenoids, alkanes, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and ketones. T, R, and Y films increased FaAAT (alcohol acyltransferase) expression to promote ester emission. Among strawberry aroma components, trans-nerolidol showed the maximum emission amount. R film promoted its emission by increasing FaNES1 (nerolidol synthase) expression. Meanwhile, R film was also beneficial to the accumulation of reducing sugar, sucrose, total sugar, anthocyanins, and soluble proteins, and total titratable acidity. Therefore, high-aroma strawberry can be produced by using R light selective plastic film, with increasing fruit chemical properties.

1 table, 44 ref

039635   MIYAZAWA Y, OHASHI T, KAWAGUCHI K, TANAKA N, KATSUTA R, YAJIMA A, NUKADA T, ISHIGAMI K (Technical Research Institute, Japan, Email: yamato_miyazawa@t-hasegawa.co.jp) : Synthesis and odour evaluation of double-bond isomers of DAMASCENOLIDE, 4-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-2(5H)- furanone, which has a citrus-like odour. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 341-9.

Our group recently isolated 4-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-2(5H)-furanone (DAMASCENOLIDE or MPF), which has a citrus-like odour, from damask rose (Rosa damascena). DAMASCENOLIDE has two double bonds, and we were interested in how the position and the geometric isomerism of these double bonds change the odour. Therefore, we synthesized eleven novel double-bond isomers of DAMASCENOLIDE and evaluated their odours. Some of them have similar odours to DAMASCENOLIDE, while many others have different odours such as metallic, tropical and fishy. Especially, a Z-form double-bond moiety changed the odour significantly. Regarding the odour intensity, compounds with 2(3H)-furanone skeleton tend to be stronger than compounds with 2(5H)-furanone skeleton. From these results, it was found that the position and the geometric isomerism of the double bond greatly affected the odour

3 tables, 7 ref

039626   KIM M, CHHOEUN T B, KIM T, SOWNDHARAJAN K, KIM S (Kangwon National Univ, Coimbatore – 641 029, Email: perfume@kangwon.ac.kr) : The gender variation on the electroencephalographic activity in response to the exposure of black pepper essential oil from kampong cham, Cambodia. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(3), 284-93.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of exposure of Cambodian black pepper essential oil on the human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. In the EEG study, 20 men and 20 women healthy volunteers participated. The EEG readings were recorded from 32 electrodes placed on the scalp according to the International 10-20 system and 25 EEG indices were analyzed. The essential oil of black pepper mainly contains β-caryophyllene (30.53%), 3-carene (19.85%), limonene (14.26%), β-pinene (9.45%), and α-pinene (5.25%). The EEG data showed that the exposure of black pepper essential oil exhibited different brain wave activity according to the gender. In women, a significant increase of spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha at C4 region was observed due to the exposure of black pepper essential oil. In the case of men, relative gamma, the ratio of sensorimotor rhythm to theta, spectral edge frequency 50%, spectral edge frequency 90%, and spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha significantly increased during the exposure of black pepper essential oil. The result revealed that the gender variation plays a major role in the EEG activity of black pepper essential oil and the exposure of black pepper essential oil may improve the cognitive functions.

5 illus, 2 tables, 50 ref

039616   LUO X, YUAN M, LI B, LI C, ZHANG Y, SHI Q (Northwest A&F Univ, China, Email: zhangyanlong@nwsuaf.edu.cn) : Variation of floral volatiles and fragrance reveals the phylogenetic relationship among nine wild tree peony species. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 227-41.

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the natural floral volatiles in tree peony and the fragrance components have been widely used in the fields of health care, perfumes, and cosmetics. However, there is little research on the identification of fragrance components of wild tree peony species. In present study, volatile components in petals of nine wild tree peony species were analyzed using a headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 124 volatile components were identified and clustered into five major chemical classes: terpenoids, alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Overall, combined with the sensory evaluation of nine wild tree peony species, Paeonia. ostii (P2) performed herbal and waxy attributes, mainly dominated by hexanal and pentadecane, respectively. P rockii (P1), P qiui (P3), P jishanensis (P4), and P decomposita (P5) all possessed sweet attribute, which was positively correlated with geraniol and citronellol. P delavayi (P9), P lutea (P7), P ludlowii (P8), and P potanini (P6) performed intense floral attribute dominated by linalool and trans-linalool oxide. Moreover, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) showed P decomposita (P5), P qiui (P3), P rockii (P1), P jishanensis (P4), and P ostii (P2) in the Subsect. Vagiatae were mixed to form one cluster while P lutea (P7), P delavayi (P9), P ludlowii (P8), and P potanini (P6) in the Subsect. Delavayanae formed the other cluster. In terms of geographical distribution, the two clusters are consistent with the distribution of wild tree peony species. The present study clarified the relationship between fragrance and components and further revealed the phylogenetic relationship of nine wild tree peony species, thus providing a theoretical basis for their development and utilization.

5 illus, 2 tables, 67 ref

039615   STOJICEVIC A S, PSTOR F T, GORJANOVIC S Z, KNUDSEN T M S, ANTIC M P (Belgrade Univ, Serbia, Email: a.ilic.vts@gmail.com) : Modification of DC polarographic antioxidant assay? Application to aromatic plants and their active principles. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 219-26.

A direct current (DC) polarographic assay based on the decrease of anodic current of HydroxoPerhydroxoMercury (II) Complex (HPMC) formation in H2O2 solution in Clark Lubs (CL) buffer (pH 9.8) as working solution was previously applied to determine antioxidant (AO) capacity of water-soluble compounds. Here, the applicability of HPMC assay was extended into samples poorly soluble in water such as the essential oils and extracts of Lamiaceae and Apiaceae species obtained by ultrasoundassisted maceration (UAM) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) with 70 and 96% ethanol as well as individual compounds present. The influence of solvents miscible with water on HPMC anodic current was studied, and working solution was optimized. A modified HPMC method was applied to measure AO capacity of essential oils and extracts as well as compounds identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GCMS) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) (terpenoids and catechols) or known to be present (phenolic acids and flavonoids). A 1:1 mixture of CL buffer and ethanol was chosen as working solution. AO capacity of essential oils and extracts, established by modified HPMC assay, was in range of 1.2-2.0 and 9.2-38.4 (%/mL) while terpenoids and phenolics in range of 0.1-0.5 and 13.5-38.5 (%/mol), respectively. The superior AO capacity was ascribed to essential oils and extracts of Lamiaceae species and to extracts obtained with 70% ethanol. A higher AO capacity of extracts in comparison to essential oils was corroborated with a difference in phenolics and terpenoids capacity

3 illus, 2 tables,274 ref

039614   BAYOUT I, BOUZEMI N, GUO N, MAO X, SERRA S, RIVA S, SECUNDO F (Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Italy, Email: francesco.secundo@scitec.cnr.it) : Natural flavor ester synthesis catalyzed by lipases. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 209-18.

In spite of the fact that several flavors and fragrances are obtained either by chemical synthesis or by extraction from plants, the application of biocatalysis for the sake of a safe and productive pathway by more sustainable chemical processes is the main alternative. The current study focuses on the synthesis of three flavor esters, namely cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, and methyl phenylacetate, via transesterification and esterification of the natural corresponding alcohols or acids. The impact of optimizing variables that influence this lipase-catalyzed synthesis, such as enzyme formulations, solvent-free media, and acetylating agents, is crucial to achieving higher conversions. The enzymatic transesterification using Novozym 435 afforded cis-3-hexen-1-yl, and 2-phenylethyl acetates with high yields (>90%) in green solvents. Similar results were obtained in solvent-free system, which is more economic for the scaling up of this synthesis. In the case of esterification reactions, the removal of water, formed as a by-product, with the use of Aquasorb enhanced the conversions as in the case of methyl phenylacetate attained with a conversion of 89% in the presence of Novozym 435. However, this effect was not observed in the larger scale reaction (with 0.85 mol of cis-3-hexen-1-ol). Instead, the efficient strategy of gradual addition of acetic acid has proven to significantly improve the yield of cis-3- hexen-1-yl acetate (from 2% up to about 80% in the case of the preparative reaction with 100 mL substrate). Box-Behnken analysis was also performed to identify the lowest amount of acetylating agent and the shorter time to obtain the highest conversion ratio. This analysis showed that a triacetin/alcohol molar ratio of 1 and 1.75 can be sufficient to obtain a conversion >90% and up to 95%, for cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate, respectively, similarly to what is obtained with higher triacetin/alcohol molar ratios and comparable reaction time.

3 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

039613   YU R, CHEN L, XIN X (Bioengineering Coll, China, Email: yuran1230@hotmail.com) : Comparative assessment of chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in ten berries grown in China. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 197-208.

Berries have many biological and physiological functions such as antioxidant, antibac‐ terial and anti‐inflammatory, and become a more popular food in China. Water‐solu‐ ble polyphenols are their main functional active substances, and aroma components contribute to the flavour. The contents of total phenol and volatile organic com‐ pounds (VOCs) in ten berries grown in Northeast China were determined. Their anti‐ oxidant and antimicrobial activities were also investigated. Ribes rubrum L. and Rubus glaucus showed a higher antioxidant capacity. Ribes rubrum L. and Lonicera caerulea have a broader antibacterial spectrum. There is a correlation between the content of hydroxyl compounds in radical antioxidant activity. The metabolic pathways of polyphenols and VOCs are correlated, indicating a rapid evaluation of the biological activity of berries using the determination of volatile components.

8 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

039612   PERDOMO I C, ROMANO D, FERNANDES P, PINTO A, ROMANO D, FERNANDES P, MOLINARI F (Food Dep, Milan Univ, Italy, Email: francesco.molinari@unimi.it) : Continuous preparation of flavour-active acetate esters by direct biocatalytic esterification. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 190-6.

Mycelium‐bound lipase(s) from Aspergillus oryzae catalysed direct esterification of isoamyl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol with acetic acid in organic solvent, showing high stability towards substrates and products. Water produced during the esterification did not significantly affect the equilibrium of the reaction, allowing for high conver‐ sions. These features were exploited for preparing flavour‐active acetate esters (isoa‐ myl and cinnamyl acetate) in batch and continuous systems. A continuous stirred tank membrane reactor (CST‐MR) was developed securing good reactor productivity and high biocatalyst stability

4 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

039611   YASSEIN A S, SAID A H M E, DAWY E G A E (Botany and Microbiology Dep, South Valley Univ, Egypt, Email: asmaa_fungi@yahoo.com) : Biocontrol of toxigenic Aspergillus strains isolated from baby foods by essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 182-9.

Essential oils are natural antimicrobial agents that can be used to control fungal and mycotoxin contamination. Although there are numerous reports discussing the fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods, there are few researches on baby food contamination so this work aimed to determine the fungal and mycotoxin contamination in cerelac, cornflakes and milk powder and tried to control the mycotoxigenic strain growth and their production of mycotoxins by using essential oils. Cornflakes were heavily contaminated (24 species including 9 genera), while cerelac and milk powder were less contaminated. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the prevalent genera. The produced aflatoxins and ochratoxins from the tested strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were extracted and estimated by fluorometric method. We used the 18S rRNA sequence technique to identify the genotypes of the three isolates. Two isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger and the third isolate as A. flavus. Omt‐A gene was detected in the A. flavus, while Aopks gene was detected in A. niger isolates. Amongst the five used essential oils, only cumin and peppermint oil depressed the mycotoxigenic strain growth and peppermint oil had the highest result. Its inhibitory effect on aflatoxin and ochratoxin production was evaluated. Aflatoxin production was highly reduced by 52.1%, but ochratoxin inhibition was very low, 4.88% and 3.17% by A. niger obtained from cornflakes and milk powder, respectively. The three tested samples were contaminated by ochratoxins, but cerelac and milk powder samples were free of aflatoxins. Cornflakes sample recorded the highest reading for both toxins.

3 illus, 3 tables, 49 ref

039610   KANDIMAZ E A, BIRTANE H, CIGIL A B, OZCAN A (Printing Technologies Dep, Marmara Univ, Turkey, Email: arifozcan@marmara.edu.tr) : pH-controlled lavender oil capsulation with ABA-type block copolymer and usage in paper coating. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 174-81.

The aim of this study is to produce a lavender oil capsules with triblock copolymer and to use these capsules for providing scented paper. Thus, polyethylene oxidepolypropylene glycol‐polyethylene oxide (PEO‐b‐PPG‐b‐PEO) ABA‐type block copolymer was synthesized by means of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and the chemical structure of PEO‐b‐PPG‐b‐PEO was characterized by ATR‐FTIR and 1 HNMR. Moreover, block ratio of the PEO‐b‐PPG‐b‐PEO was identified with 1 H-NMR. Lavender oil was encapsulated in the polymer by micellization of interactions between hydrophilic-lipophilic-hydrophilic polymer and oil. These interactions include lavender oil and lipophilic block interaction and oil-hydrophilic group repulsion. In addition, hydrophilic groups interacted with water to keep the micelles suspended. The critical micelle concentration and size of the micelles were analysed with SEM. Decomposition of capsules was determined by UV spectroscopy with respect to pH change. Paper coating formulations were prepared with fragrant capsules and coated on paper with laboratory-type coating machine. The colour and gloss of obtained papers were determined by spectrophotometer and glossmeter. As a result, PEO‐b‐ PPG‐b‐PEO polymer can be used to encapsulate lavender oil, and the resulting capsules have functioned without degradation in the paper coating.

9 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

039609   ZHAN W, DORO F, TEIXEIRA M A (International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., Liebergerweg 72 – 98, Netherland, Email: miguel.teixeira@iff.com) : A rapid approach to optimize the design of fragrances for fabric care products. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 165-73.

The design of fragrances for laundry products which deliver a prolonged odor inten‐ sity at key consumer touch points is an ongoing challenge in the fragrance industry. Current fragrance development practices are based on the combination of perfumery expertise (eg creation of classic and modern odor themes such as Chypre or Fougère) with technical know‐how (eg chemical–physical properties of fragrance ingredients). However, due to the complexity of such multi‐component mixtures this process still requires a significant number of trial and error cycles throughout the fragrance de‐ velopment process to achieve the desired odor intensity and character requirements. To improve the efficiency of the fragrance development process, we have combined simple, high throughput analytical methods with psychophysical models, to predict the intensity and character of fragrances at three key consumer touch points for laundry products. The predicted results have shown a good agreement with experi‐ mental ones, making this approach useful in the early research phase for defining the structure/backbone of highly performing fragrance themes.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

039608   ZHANG R, HUANG L, XIONG X, QIAN M C, JI H (Sun Yat-sen Univ, China, Email: jihb@mail.sysu.edu.cn) : Preparation and release mechanism of lavender oil microcapsules with different combinations of coating materials. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 157-66.

The aim of the work was to control morphology and release of lavender oil (LO) microcapsules produced using spray drying through different combination of coating materials (gum acacia, sodium caseinate, gelatin, chitosan, β-cyclodextrin and polyvinyl alcohol). In addition, the properties of LO microcapsules including encapsulating efficiency (EE), loading capacity, mean particle size and morphology were characterized. Results displayed that the ternary formulations showed higher EE than the pure and binary mixtures; meantime, employment of pure gum acacia indicated the worse encapsulation efficiency. Images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that morphology of microcapsules has better sphericity because of the presence of polyvinyl alcohol, which illustrated that polyvinyl alcohol might be contributed to surface modification of particles. Furthermore, the release mechanism was described as two stages: burst release and diffusion. And four release models were mainly used to reveal the release mechanism of microcapsules in diffusion process. In most cases, the release of LO microcapsules was dominant by Fickian diffusion except particles prepared from gum acacia—polyvinyl alcohol and gum acacia—sodium caseinate— polyvinyl alcohol.

6 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

039607   LI X, HUANG L, CHEN H, QIAN M, JI H (Sun Yat-sen Univ, China, Email: jihb@mail.sysu.edu.cn) : Pore size matching up: A novel insight into cotton textile aromatic finishing. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 149-56.

Aromatic reservation is one of the key evaluation index of textiles which be finished with fragrant micro‐/nanocapsules, and some researches discover that when the fragrant micro‐/nanocapsules penetrating into the spacing of textiles, the resulting aromatic textiles own much better carrying capability of micro‐/nanocapsules. Based on these phenomena, hence in our research, the matching up between pore sizes of cotton textile and sizes of fragrant micro‐/nanocapsules is investigated systemati‐ cally in order to reveal the size effect on the durability of fragrant micro‐/nanocap‐ sules in cotton textile. Firstly, the pore sizes of cotton textile are analyzed by three different techniques: 3D X‐ray microscopy (Micro‐CT), nitrogen adsorption/desorp‐ tion method (BET), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) technique. Based on the pore sizes obtained from MIP technique, citronella oil/chitosan micro‐/nanocap‐ sules with three corresponding sizes are prepared and then applied on cotton textiles through vacuum impregnation process. The pore sizes of cotton textile measured by MIP technique decrease from before finishing to after finishing with nanocapsules, which states that nanocapsules are entrapped inside the pores of cotton textile. Finally, the washing durability of aromatic cotton textile is evaluated by headspace– solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) technique combining with GC‐MS which can keep the fragrant micro‐/nanocapsules unbroken to simulate the “real” sniffing en‐ vironment. The results show that aromatic cotton textile treated with nanocapsules possesses much better washing durability, which is met up with the results of pore size measurements: More nanocapsules are penetrating into the spacing of cotton textile fibers even the pores in fibers.

10 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

039606   PRIYADARSHI S, RAMAKRISHNA C, CHELUVADASAIAH R, NAIDU M M (Spices and Flavour Sciences, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru-570 020, Email: mmnaidu@cftri.res.in) : Effect of pretreatment and low-temperature low humidity drying on quality characteristics of coriander foliage. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 139-48.

Pretreatment followed by low‐temperature low humidity drying was explored for ef‐ ficient dehydration of coriander foliage to retain its quality characteristics. Newton, Page, Handerson & Pabis, Logarithmic & Midilli and Kucuk models were used to study the drying kinetics. Hygienic shelf‐stable green dried coriander foliage (HSSGDCF) obtained was evaluated for their flavour, physico‐chemical, microbial and sensory qualities during storage at ambient (65% RH, 27 ± 1°C) and accelerated (92% RH, 37 ± 1°C) conditions for 90 days. Logarithmic model with higher (R2 = 0.9997) and lower root mean square error value (0.0050) showed the best‐fitted model. Major volatiles identified in HSSGDCF were decanal (5.103%), 2‐decenal (10.021%), do‐ decanal (7.314%), 2‐dodecenal (7.684%), tetradecanal (8.509%), 13‐tetradecenal (19.393%) and decanoic acid decyl ester (6.051%). Degradation of chlorophyll, ca‐ rotenoid and colour values were higher at 37 ± 1°C during storage. HSSGDCF was found to be microbiologically safe and sensorily acceptable at the end of 90 days at 27 ± 1°C.

3 illus, 5 tables, 53 ref

039605   CALANDRA M J, WANG Y, BECKETT C (Firmenich Inc., 250 Plainsboro Road, USA, Email: michael.calandra@firmenich.com) : Iodide reaction times of peroxyhemiacetals (PHAs) in the peroxide value titration; implications for the testing of citrus oils. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(2), 131-8.

Limonene and linalool are major components in many essential oils, and both may autoxidize under certain conditions to form terpene hydroperoxides (THPs), which are reported to be sensitizers that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. This labora‐ tory previously reported that peroxyhemiacetals (PHAs) may be present in some cit‐ rus oils, formed by reaction of THPs with endogenous aldehydes. It was also shown that PHAs can dissociate back to the corresponding THPs in polar solvation envi‐ ronments. Because of this potential for reversion to THPs, the analysis of PHAs is important in the context of measuring peroxide values in products. The fragrance industry currently utilizes iodometric titration to monitor THP levels in many raw materials; the currently accepted method requires that THPs in the sample are al‐ lowed to oxidize excess added iodide to molecular iodine for a one‐minute reaction time. The iodine generated is then titrated with thiosulfate to give the peroxide value. This paper reports on the iodide reaction time required for PHAs to be quantitatively measured by such an iodometric titration technique, and on the implications to citrus oil raw material testing.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

039588   BINDZI J B A Z, ABONDO R N M, NGOUPAYO J, VICTORINE B F (Yaoundé Univ, Yaoundé, Cameroon) : Micrography, Phyto-chemical screening and physico-chemical properties of bridelia micrantha (hochst.) baill. and persea americana L. stem bark. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 32-6.

Traditional African Medicine in general and Cameroonian in particular use medicinal plant recipes to treat various pathologies. In order to improve the safety and the progressive integration of those plants in our health systems, it is important to set protocol that would permit an easy characterization of medicinal plants. This study is interested in a recipe of Bridelia micrantha and Persea americana trunk’s bark, traditionally used in the center region of Cameroon to treat “hemorrhoids”. Thus, we develop the macrography, the micrography, the phytochemical screening, the water content and the total ash content percentages of the stem bark of each plant. The water contents in P. americana and B. micrantha are 7.82±1% and 10.16±% respectively. And total ash content are 3.36±1% and 4.25±1% for P. americana and B. micrantha respectively. Micrography of truncated P. americana bark showed: cells containing crystals of calcium oxalate and spindle sclerified fibers. That from B. micrantha revealed: fibers and assesses cells containing crystals of calcium oxalate, wooden vessels, and a red parenchyma cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence in our recipe of polyphenolic substances such as flavonoids. The information gathered throughout this study will contribute to the identification and characterization of P. americana and B. micrantha stem bark.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

039587   HOLTZ A M, ASSIS C H B D, PIFFER A B M, CARVALHO J R D, AGUIAR R L, PRATISSOLI D (Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, ES, Brazil) : Toxicity of moringa oleifera lam. seed extracts at different stages of maturation on tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 1-4.

The study evaluated the acaricidal effect of aqueous extracts of green, mature and dried seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. aiming to control Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Powder of green, ripe and dried seeds of M. oleifera were used in the preparation of aqueous extracts. Petri dishes containing Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D.C. leaf disc was used as arenas, with 10 replicates per treatment. First, the toxicity test was carried out, spraying the concentration of 20% (m / v) of each treatment on the mites in the arena. Later, the lethal concentration for T. urticae was estimated. The extracts were toxic to T. urticae, with higher mortality for green seed extracts, followed by mature seed extract. The green seed extract of M. oleifera showed lower LC50 among the tested treatments. This demonstrates that seed extracts, in the early stage of development, are promising for the control of T. urticae.

2 tables, 31 ref

039586   BABU R A, M T G, TR A, S I, NAIR A S (Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : Pharmacognostic and antibacterial activity evaluation of acacia caesia (L.) willd. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 48-54.

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd has been extensively used in India as a substitute for soap and is widely acclaimed for its antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to establish a phytochemical profile for the medicinal plant and to confirm the antibacterial property on three human pathogenic bacteria. The qualitative analysis revealed the presence of phytochemical classes such as alkaloids, Saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, coumarins, phenols, catechins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids and tri-terpenoids. Quantitative estimations of three classes of phytochemical present were carried out, which indicated the presence of 0.464859mg/ml alkaloids, 1.747573mg/ml of phenols and 0.929426mg/ml flavonoids. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 21 compounds present in the methanolic extract of the stem of Acacia caesia (L.) WILLD including some known antibacterial phytochemicals such as phytol and isoeugenol. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity, comparable to that of Ciprofloxacin, against the gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

7 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

039585   ESTELLA O U, LOVETH N A (Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria) : Evaluation of oxytocic and haematological effects of methanol extract of the root bark of spondais mombin linn (anacardiaceae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 41-7.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the oxytocic and haematological effects of the methanol extract of root bark of Spondias mombin Linn (Anacardiaceae) using female and male albino rats respectively. The oxytocic effect was done using isolated tissue experiment (pregnant and stilbesterol pretreated non pregnant model). The hematological study was done using whole animal experiment. The weights of the animals were determined and the blood samples collected through periorbital puncture. These were done on weekly basis for three weeks. Hematological indices of the collected blood were determined. The results of the study showed that the methanol extract of Spondias mombin root bark contracted the uterine horns of both the stilbesterol pretreated non-pregnant and pregnant rats just like Oxytocin and Acetylcholine. And the uterine contractility was dose dependent. Also there was a significant increase in the Red blood cells count, haemoglobin level and haematocrit level, at p< 0.05 of the groups that received the highest dose of the methanol extract when compared with the control. While there was a significant decrease in the white blood cell and neutrophil counts in the groups that received the extract on day 7 and the group that received the highest dose of the extract on days 14 and 21. The case is vice versa with lymphocytes. The preliminary phytochemical analysis result showed that methanol extract of root bark of Spondias mombin contained carbohydrates, reducing sugar, alkaloids, glycosides, Saponins, tannins, flavonoids, resins, proteins, steroids, oil and terpenoids. In conclusion, the results suggest that the root bark of this plant has oxytocic and hematological effect.

5 illus, 8 tables, 44 ref

039584   KIRANMAYEE V, MISHRA J P, PRASAD R, SEKHAR J C, REDDY V P, KUMAR S (Plant Pathology Dep, Uttaranchal Univ, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Isolation and in vitro evaluation of essential oils against anthracnose of pomegranate caused by colletotrichum gloeosporioides (penz.) penz. and sacc. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 37-40.

Pomegranate is widely grown fruit in many regions of the world. It is regarded as ‟Fruit of Paradise”. Anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. is one of the limiting factor for low productivity of Pomegranate. Hence, in vitro evaluation of eight essential oils were carried out against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. causing anthracnose of pomegranate. Among these oilsˏ Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) and Clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) had shown the best result in controlling the fungal growth. Savory oil (Satureja hortensis) and Cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum verum) are considered as secondary best oils followed by Citronella oil (Cymbopogon) and Mint (Mentha) oils. Whereas, Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus) had shown poor results in fungal growth control.

8 tables, 11 ref

039583   ALLY F, MOHANLALL V (Biotechnology and food technology Dep, Durban Univ, Durban, South Africa.) : An overview of tropane alkaloids from datura stramonium L.. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 5-13.

Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed throughout the world. It contains a variety of tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine In Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the phytochemistry remains unclear. This comprehensive review includes information on botany and phytochemistry of the major tropane alkaloids produced by D. stramonium.

1 illus, 7 tables, 46 ref

039582   SHARMA R, JAIN D V, RANA K (Pharmacology Dep, Shri Ram College of Pharmacy, Morena, Madhya Pradesh) : Evaluation of comparative hypoglycaemic activity of ethanolic leaves extracts of datura stramonium and eclipta alba. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 26-31.

Datura stramonium is a yearly plant belongs to family Solanaceae. Datura stramonium is generally known as jimson weed or thorn apple. Eclipta alba is commonly known as False Daisy or Bhringraj, a plant having a place with the family Asteraceae. Diabetes was produce in overnight fasted male Wistar rats (160-250 mg/kg) by Interparitonial injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. Alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg, b.w was dissolved in normal saline and injected I.P after 18 hours fasting. The rats were then given 4% w/v glucose solution in feeding bottle for the next 24 h in their cages to inhibit hypoglycemia. The rats will be divided into 7 groups of 6 animals each, total 42 animals used. Ethanolic extract of both plants (datura stramonium and eclipta alba) given in dose of 100, 200 mg/kg b.w and 200, 400 mg/kg b.w ethanolic extracts of both plants are administered orally for 14 days, in a single dose daily seven days after confirmation of hyperglycemia. Standard drug Glibenclamid & ethanolic leaves extracts of datura stramonium and eclipta Alba were administered orally for 14 days, in a single dose daily 7 days after confirmation of hyperglycemia. Significantly reversed decrease in body weight seen in diabetes. The dose of 200, mg/kg b.w /day of ethanolic extract of leaves datura and 400 mg/kg b.w/day of ethanolic extract of eclipta alba leaves were found to be having maximum activity.

3 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

039581   VERMA A K, MAURYA S K, KUMAR A, BARIK D M, YADAV D V, UMAR B, LAWAL M, USMAN Z A, ADAM M A, BALARABE B A (Biochemistry Dep, Mewar Univ, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan) : Inhibition of multidrug resistance property of candida albicans by natural compounds of parthenium hysterophorus L. An in-silico approach. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 55-64.

In this study, we targeted enzymes (Erg11, Erg5, Erg3), transporters (CDR1, CDR2), and cytochrome 450 (CaALK8) involved in MDR of Candida albicans, which caused fungal disease. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and some other major facilitator superfamilies (MFS) of transporters are responsible for MDR in Candida Albicans.
The compounds present in Parthenium hysterophorus L. were docked against the proteins involved in MDR of Candida Albicans. PyRx-Python prescription 0.8. was used to identify binding affinities of compounds against the proteins.
 Erg11, Erg5, Erg3, CDR1, CDR2 and CaALK8 proteins docked with β-Sitosterol (-10.6, -9.6, -9.6, -9.6, -9.6, and -8.5) ç-Sitosterol (-9.9, -9.2, -9.3, -9.4, -9.6, and -8.5). Piperine (-10.0, -8.3, -9.3, -8.4, -8.5, and -8.4) Kcal/mol respectively and found to show good hydrophobic interactions.
 In this study, we may conclude that compounds isolated from parthenium hysterophorus might be effective against the fungal disease caused by Candida Albicans.

14 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

039580   SAINI A, PANDEY A, SHARMA S, SURADKAR U S, AMBEDKAR Y R, MEENA P, RAMAN R, GURJAR A S (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Assessment of antioxidant activity of rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) leaves extract. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 14-17.

Different kind of biochemical test (Antioxidant ability assays, Total phenol content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Reducing power assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and 2, 2′-azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were exercised to evaluate antioxidant activity of rosemary leaves extract (RE). The result showed that RE exhibit high Antioxidant ability assays (254.18±11.82 μg ascorbic acid), TPC (136.66±7.41 mg of gallic acid (GAE)/g), TFC (37.13±6.04 mg rutin/g), FRAP ranging from 32.17±1.12 to 1.28±1.56 μm Fe (II)/g, Reducing power assay was found from 33.09±0.09 to 6.42±0.05 mg AscAE/g and IC50 value of RE for DPPH, Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and ABTS was found 40.76±2.81, 31.62±1.43, 47.37±2.30, 70.48±2.13 and 70±4.67 respectively. It can be concluded that rosemary leaves could be use as antioxidants in food industry to overcome the problem of lipid oxidation and rancidity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

039579   TA A, FO K (Botany Dep, Lagos Univ, Akoka, Nigeria) : Phytochemicals, total lipids and molecular characterization of west african strain of oscillatoria sp. (cyanobacterium) isolated from ceratophyllum demersum l. (Hornwort). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(3), 18-25.

Cyanobacteria are potential sources of biologically active compounds with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Bioactive compounds were obtained from the batch culture using Wright’s Cryptophyte (WC) medium for Oscillatoria sp. isolated from Ceratophyllum demersum L. The DNA of the pure culture was extracted using DNeasy^® Plant Mini Kit following the protocols, conserved DNA regions of chloroplast genome corresponding to SSU/18S rDNA and Rbcl were amplified and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product was sequenced. Lipids analysis and the active compounds of Oscillatoria strain were evaluated using Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatography (GC) and Agilent 5975C inert Mass Spectrometer detector. GC-MS analysis of hexane extract of Oscillatoria strain showed the presence of bicyclic sesquiterpene (Caryophyllene), α–Caryophyllene (monocyclic sesquiterpene) and terpenoids (Caryophyllene oxide). The result implied a closely related but unique strain which is probably endemic to West Africa and Nigeria as other strains are from other parts of the world, the potentials of this Oscillatoria strain in pharmaceutical industries is also worthy of note.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

039578   NAND K, CHINCHANE V, GOPAL G, PURI S (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Studies on combining ability for yield, yield contributing and fibre quality traits in desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 12-4.

Line x tester analysis was carried out involving 6 line and 4 testers for seed cotton yield and fibre quality traits. Significant difference among genotypes was observed for all traits under study meaning thereby considerable amount of genetic variability. The magnitude of GCA variances was higher than SCA variance suggesting per-ponderance of additive gene effects for almost all the traits. The genotypes PA 785, PA 774, JLA 794 and JLA 611 were found good general combiner for seed cotton yield and yield contributing characters. The cross combinations PA 785 x DAS 1201, PA 785 x JLA 794 had significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield. Therefore, the breeder should compromise at acceptable values of seed cotton yield and fiber quality parameters. It is advocated that the genotypes having such values for these traits could be used in further breeding programme.

4 tables, 8 ref

039577   CHINCHANE V, BAIG K, GOPAL G (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Performance of gossypium arboreum genotypes of different agro-climatic zones for yield and fibre quality parameters under rainfed condition. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 10-1.

Cotton is an important agriculture commodity for export in the form of raw cotton, cotton yarn and other value added textile goods. The textile industry demands long staple cotton genotypes for better clothes. Therefore in the present investigation, Gossypium arboreum genotypes from different agro-climatic zones were evaluated to study their superiority for yield and quality parameters. The genotypes evaluated in the present study showed high yield potential on par with the zonal check AKA 7.These genotypes show wide range of variation for different yield and fibre quality characters. Among the twenty eight genotypes of G. arboreum cotton, the genotype PA 785 and CISA 6-2 were the best genotypes for seed cotton yield as well as fibre properties like fibre length, fibre strength, uniformity ratio and fibre fineness.

1 tables, 10 ref

039576   ALI M, NISHAD U, YADAV V K (Gaya Prasad Institute of Human Excellence for Pharmacy, Malihabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of phytochemical & antibacterial activity on some Indian medicinal plants (kateli, datura, makoi). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 51-60.

To prepare agar plates (cultures) of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Gram- negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Klebsiella pneumonia (KP) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) individually.
Collection of plant, Microbial strain and culture preparation, Preparation of antimicrobial extract by solvent extraction, antimicrobial analysis, determination of inhibitory concentration, phytochemical analysis, purification of secondary metabolism. Antibacterial screening of Solanum S, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium: Anti bio gram analysis of Acetone, 80%Methanol, Chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of Solanum virginianum, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium extract against S. aureus (SA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), K. pneumoniae (KP) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
 Project was done in the end of May throughout this project, we come up to a point where we can state that Solanum nigrum (makoi) and Datura stramonium (Datura) plants are good source of antimicrobial compound and can give to be a good source of natural medicine. They activity of antimicrobial can be enhanced by using metal ions, tested in different temperature and pH and can be tested in various other solvent. It has demonstrated to be powerful against bacteria and used at raise temperatures. So, we can terminate that drugs made out of would not be based on what conditions that are stored, this gives an edge in hold the drugs build out of this fruit.

3 illus, 18 tables, 10 ref

039575   GANGARADDI V, BRAHMAPRAKASH G, L K N, MUDALAGIRIYAPPA (Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Screening of the selected formulations of a microbial consortium for their effectiveness on the growth of finger millet (eleusine coracana L. gaertn.). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 1-9.

A Greenhouse investigation was carried out to screen the effectiveness of selected four formulations (alginate based, fluid bed dryer based, lignite and liquid formulations) of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (AIMs) viz., Azotobacter chroococcum., Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth parameters of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. gaertn.). As a result, the plant growth parameters such as higher plant height (38.93 cm), maximum number of leaves (9.67), total chlorophyll content (2.54mg/g of leaf), total nitrogen uptake (103.56mg/ plant), total phosphorus uptake (63.11mg/plant) and total biomass content (12.87g/plant) were recorded in plants treated with triple inoculants in liquid formulation. The present study revealed that the triple inoculants in liquid formulation contributed more to the growth attributes and nutrient uptake compared to the other test formulations used in the present study.

2 illus, 9 tables, 35 ref

039574   GUEVARA J C G, REDONDO G L M, ZUNIGA R V, SIBAJA S R (Costa Rica Univ, Costa Rica) : Comparison of the antifungal and antibacterial effect of the essential oil and ethanolic extract of the zingiber officinale rhizome (Ginger) cultivated in the san carlos zone, costa rica in order to standardize a hydroponic medicinal cultivation of the same. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 43-50.

Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Its potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural products has been reported, however depending on the conditions of cultivation the medicinal components of the different parts of the plant not only changes in its concentration, but in its composition, this modifies its action medicinal. Characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale cultivated in the San Carlos area, Costa Rica, and to compare its antifungal and antibacterial effect in order to standardize future crops of the plant. Hydroponic form and validate its pharmacological effect and, or Cosmetic a posteriori. The rhizomes of the plant were used, the active ingredients were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxhlet and steam distillation, the analysis was performed by a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by means of Gas Chromatography coupled to a mass detector (GC-MS). In addition, microbiological tests were performed by plate diffusion for ethanolic extracts and essential oil with strains of bacteria and fungi common in cutaneous pathologies. By means of a scanning electron microscope. The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In the characterization of the essential oil by GC-MS, geranial (27.42%), neral (20.11%), 1,8-cineol (13.35%), camphene (4.65%) and E-geraniol%). The composition obtained with the composition reported in the literature was compared, obtaining a clear difference with that reported in other studies, which allows to predict an antimicrobial behavior different from most of the traditional essential oils of this rhizome. It was determined that the essential oil inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Stahylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Enteroccocus faecalis, but not against Pseudomonas aureginosa, the ethanolic extract showed no antifungal or antibacterial activity, in addition it was demonstrated that the oil Essential has a stronger anti-Candida Albicans effect than inhibition halo at the same concentration of essential oil and that its mechanism of action included destruction of the membrane by pore formation and an osmotic shock.

8 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

039573   DAS M, SAHU D S, BANERJI A, NARASIMHAJI C V, HAZRA J (Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Pharmacognostical evaluation and HPTLC finger-printing profile of fresh and dried leaves of rabonlata (mikania micrantha kunth.). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 37-42.

Recently, there has been a global surge of interest in herbal drugs, which have been in use for centuries in traditional Asian schools of medicine. Current research on plant-based drugs continue to provide new remedies to mankind. The weed Rabonlata (Mikania micrantha Kunth.) has medicinal properties and is widely used in ethnomedical practice in India and other south-east Asian countries. The present study reports comparative HPTLC finger-printing studies of the fresh and dried leaves of Rabonlata (Mikania micrantha Kunth.) and pharmacognostical studies.

6 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

039572   DAVID A, GUPTA S, SINGH S N, MOSES A S (Chemistry Dep, Ewing Christian Coll, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Antimicrobial activity of cynodon dactylon against MDR bacteria. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 34-6.

The antimicrobial activity of Cynodon dactylon (Grass) were determined and compared against 2 Gram+ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and 2 Gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli), which are Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). The Cynodon dactylon leaves were crushed and their extract was taken in Propanol. The efficiency of the extract were tested against MDR bacteria through well diffusion assay. In this endeavor the antimicrobial assay extract show inhibitory or antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria. The propanol extract of Cynodon dactylon showed maximum antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+ve) followed by Bacillus cereus (Gram+ve) while there is no antimicrobial activity obtained against Salmonella typhi (Gram-ve) and Escherichia coli (Gram-ve). On the basis of present finding it was concluded that the extract possess antimicrobial and pharmacological properties, hence can be used parallel to synthetic drugs which have undesirable side effects.

1 illus, 1 tables, 10 ref

039571   UDO U E, ECHEME J O, IGWE O U (Chemistry Dep, Uyo Univ, Uyo, Nigeria) : Isolation of 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one from the stem bark of lonchocarpus sericeus poir. (Papilionaceae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 31-3.

An O-methylated flavonol 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one (isorhamnetin) was isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of the stem bark of Lonchocarpus sericeus Poir., (Papilionaceae), a medicinal plant widely employed in folkloric medicine in many communities in Southern Nigeria for the treatment of inflammation and pain. Its structure was established by a combination of spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS/MS and by direct comparison with literature values. This is the first report of the isolation of this compound from the plant L. sericeus.

1 illus, 7 ref

039570   TOKLO P M, LADEKAN E Y, SAKIRIGUI A, ASSOGBA FIDELE M, ALOWANOU G G, AHOMADEGBE M A, ADOTE S H, GBENOU J D (D Abomey Calavi Univ, Cotonou, Bénin) : Phytochemistry and pharmacological review of mitragyna inermis (willd.) kuntze (rubiaceae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 22-30.

As part of the development of traditional medicine rich in Africa and particularly in Bénin, several studies have been conducted for years to evaluate the ethnopharmacological properties of medicinal plants. It is in this context that Mitragyna inermis is known for many of these properties mentioned in the traditional pharmacopoeia and whose biological analyses have confirmed some of them. The purpose of this work is to summarise previous work; biological as chemical on this plant. The extracts showed that it has antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic properties. The isolated compounds are certainly responsible for these known biological activities. The synergistic action of the compounds present in the extracts can justify also its use in the treatment of several pathologies. Finally, this review of literature carried out on this plant, is a contribution to the synthesis of the previous works carried out in order to deepen its valuation.

53 ref

039569   NAZISH G E, SHAHZAD M, ALI L, JOHNSON N (Pharmacology Dep, Health Sciences Univ, Lahore, Pakistan) : Effectiveness of azadirachta indica bark extract in periodontitis induced rabbit model. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(2), 15-21.

Azadirachta indica twigs have been used to maintain healthy periodontium for many years in Pakistan and India. Leaves and fruit oil have also been used to treat and as a prophylactic agent for periodontitis in the form toothpastes, mouthwashes, oral chips. However, there is lack of scientific data for its efficacy in this particular condition. The present study was designed to see the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica bark extract in rabbit model of experimentally induced periodontitis. 24 rabbits were distributed into four groups. Group A served as healthy control, Group B, C and D were induced with periodontitis. Group C and D were treated with Azadirachta indica bark extract and amoxicillin, respectively. Parameters recorded were periodontal index, total leukocyte count in blood and gingival crevicular fluid, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and levels of IL- 6 in serum and gingival crevicular fluid. The treatment with Azadirachta indica bark extract and amoxicillin significantly reduced inflammation. There was a significant reduction in bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation, probing pocket depth, total leukocyte count in gingival crevicular fluid and blood; also levels of IL 6 in gingival crevicular fluid were reduced in both treatment groups. Results indicate that Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract possesses the capacity to improve periodontal inflammation.

5 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

039568   ARJMAND Z, DASTAN D (Hamadan Medical Sciences Univ, Iran, Email: d.dastan@umsha.ac.ir) : Chemical characterization and biological activity of essential oils from the aerial part and root of ferula haussknechtii. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 114-23.

Ferula genus belongs to Umbelliferae family. Plants with this kind of genus are distributedin an extended region such as central Asia and Mediterranean area. Ferulaspecies are used in traditional medicine as a remedy in different kinds of illnessesand also in different kinds of industries. The Ferula haussknechtii H. Wolff ex Rech. f.is one of the flora species in Iran which in this research the essential oil of its aerialparts and root was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. After that, theirs compoundswere recognized using gas chromatography methods (GC‐MS and GC‐FID) and theiramount was determined. Antibacterial activity of essential oils was examined, andphytochemical screening on the plant's extracts was done too. GC‐MS/FID methodidentified 62 compounds in root and 64 compounds in aerial parts of this plant whichwere 94.6 and 92.8 percent of their respective whole essential oil. Camphene, α‐pinene, and isoverbanol had the most percent in both essential oils. Antibacterialtests on root and aerial parts of plant essential oils on 4 g‐negative and 5 g‐positivebacteria were done. Results concluded that essential oils were effective on theBacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus (17‐18mm,7.5 mg/mL); therefore, this plant can be useful in medicine and food industry as anantibacterial agent.

2 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

039564   SILVA A C R, BIZZO H R, VIEIRA R F, JR J B A B, AZEVEDO D A, UEKANE T M, REZENDE C M (Federal Rio de Janeiro – Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos Univ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Email: acarolinarosa.16@gmail.com) : Characterization of volatile and odor-active compounds of the essential oil from bidens graveolens mart. (asteraceae). Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 79-87.

During a bioprospection study in the Brazilian Cerrado, samples of Bidens graveolens Mart., an endemic species, were investigated. Chemical and olfactive analyses were performed on the essential oil obtained from fresh leaves of B. graveolens collected in November 2013 (BG1) and May 2014 (BG2). A total of 60 compounds were identified in the essential oil extracted from fresh leaves, by hydrodistillation. The mainconstituents were identified as monoterpene hydrocarbons, ranging from 86.5 % to 89.6 %. Limonene was the major compound, accounting for 22.8 % in BG1 and 47.7 %in BG2. Thirty‐three–oxygenated monoterpenes were identified, comprising about 9 % in both essential oils (EO). The attributes described by the panelists are in accordance to the sensorial profile. Myrcene, limonene, epoxy‐myrcene, and limonene dioxide were rated by all panelists. Present at a frequency of 83.3 %, α‐pinene, β‐pinene,α‐pinene oxide, and carvone were picked out by five panelists. It is note worthy thatmost compounds rated with the highest intensity score belonged to the oxygenated monoterpene class, considered the most expressive terpene class used in perfumery.In general, these compounds were described as presenting green, herb, spicy, fresh, and camphoraceus odors.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

039561   LIU H, ZOU Y, YAO C, YANG Z (Shenzhen Univ, Shenzhen, China, Email: zyang@szu.edu.cn) : Enzymatic synthesis of vanillin and related catalytic mechanism. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 51-8.

There has been an increasing demand for bio vanillin for a variety of applications. Although vanillin production using biotechnological methods based on microbial fermentation has been extensively explored, the use of isolated enzymes for vanillin synthesis has not yet attracted much attention. Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an iron‐containing dioxygenase well known for catalysing the hydroperoxidation of poly unsaturated fatty acids and esters. Its newly discovered ability to catalyse the oxidative cleavage of isoeugenol to vanillin offers a promising solution for synthesizing bio vanillin. In this study, soybean LOX was used as the catalyst for vanillin synthesis. The reaction was optimised by examining the effects of pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme dosage. By investigating the impact of various additives, including two denaturants, seven chelators, six surfactants, 10 organic solvents, eight deep eutectic solvents, and 13 natural deep eutectic solvents, it was found that denaturants(urea and guanidine) and some chelators (e.g. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA)are effective in improving synthetic yields, by up to 133 and 406 %, respectively, relative to the additive‐free reaction system. Two free‐radical catalytic mechanisms were proposed to explain the new activity of the enzyme for vanillin synthesis.

4 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

039560   SU N, YE Z, LI J, YANG L, HOU G, YE M (Hefei Technology Univ, Hefei, China, Email: yeming123@sina.com) : Effect of the addition of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts on the rheological, textural, and antioxidant activity of fermented milks. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 42-50.

The study aims to evaluate the rheological, textural, and antioxidant activity offermented milks with the addition of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts at concentrations of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 % (CFM, RFM1, RFM2, and RFM3). The chemical composition of the fermented milks, including crude protein, fat, ash, total solids and non‐fat solids, were also determined. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy(GC‐MS) detected 42, 46, 47, and 49 kinds of volatile flavour compounds in CFM,RFM1, RFM2, and RFM3, respectively. The antioxidant activity of fermented milks was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power and scavenging capacities for 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals during 28 days of refrigerated storage. The results of this study are of great significance to improve the understanding and application of roselle extracts in the food industry. Both roselle and fermented milk are beneficial to human health, with many biological activities, such as antioxidant, hypoglycaemic,liver‐protecting, and anti hypertensive properties; however, no attention has been paid to the combined effects of roselle and fermented milks. The study created a novel fermented milk and the results indicate that 0.3 % roselle extracts can play the most important role in affecting the rheological, textural properties, and antioxidant activity of fermented milks, so this modification of fermented milk shows promise for potential application in the food industry.

2 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

039559   KEMPRAI P, MAHANTA B P, SUT D, BARMAN R, BANIK D, LAL M, SAIKIA S P, HALDAR S (CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat - 785 006, Email: saikatchembiol@gmail.) : Review on safrole: Identity shift of the 'candy shop' aroma to a carcinogen and deforester. Flavour Fragrance J 2020, 35(1), 5-23.

Safrole, a phenylpropene with a ‘candy shop’ aroma, is abundant in nature among diverse plant genera such as Sassafras, Ocotea, Cinnamomum, Myristica, and Piper.Sassafras oil has been used extensively for a long time, first by Native Americans and later by European settlers in traditional medicine and as a flavouring agent. Until 1960 the consumption of safrole by the western population, as a flavouring agent in beer,meat, and soft drinks, was unregulated. Later, the recognition of this phytochemical as a weak hepatocarcinogen with demonstrated genotoxicity in rodents led to strict restrictions on its use in food by various regulatory bodies globally. Moreover, in Asian countries oral carcinogenesis has been linked to safrole through the habit of chewing betel quid. As a separate issue, safrole is an inexpensive synthetic precursor to the illicit recreational drug Ecstasy. Accelerating demand for this party drug during the last few decades has encouraged the unscientific harvesting, illegal production,and trading of safrole‐rich oils, leading to massive deforestation. Recently, many government authorities have enforced laws to restrict the production and harvesting of safrole‐bearing plants. Thus, the identity of safrole has altered with time from a pleasant flavouring agent to a hepatocarcinogen, and more recently as a driver of the destruction of biodiversity. Law enforcement has not only hampered its availability but has also extensively affected industrial use. Our review describes the research progress (1960–2018) on its natural distribution, carcinogenicity, usage as a natural synthon, and the regulations imposed on safrole and safrole‐rich oils worldwide.Finally, we draw our readers’ attention to the sustainable use of this phytochemical for a better future.

5 illus, 1 table, 180 ref

039558   PATEL I, MASHRU R (Baroda Univ, Vadodara, Gujarat) : Development of herbal SPF formulation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 40-44.

The study of Phytoconstituent is done by finding the uses of plants and by applying the acquired information to produce novel therapeutics drugs and their formulations. It has a number of benefits like anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, as well as anti-hypertensive activities. To remove the oxidative stress induced diseases in plants, these plants will produce secondary metabolites which ultimately lead to therapeutic potential. According to the recent studies it is seen that there is a lot of damaging effect of sunlight such as sunburn, cracks, melanoma and cancer which make the cosmetic industries more prone towards sun protection formulations. The purpose of this research paper is to develop a herbal sunscreen product containing Phytoconstituent (flavonoids, phenolic) carrying the capacity to absorb radiation in the UV-A and UV-B region. The SPF value of the developed formulation was found to be 35. When Billi, Rose, and Mango were used together in the formulation.

1 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref