039556   SAHEB T S, ZAKIA S, NAZEERUDDIN S K, AHMED S K, MASIULLAH S (Botany Dep, Osmania Degree & PG Coll, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh) : The conservation of medicinal plants in the over-exploited nallamalais hills, central eastern ghats, Andhra Pradesh. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 36-9.

Forests, considered to be precious assets and the lungs of the earth are at the risk of being destroyed and exploited by human intruders. Thus ecosystem services of biodiversity, maintained through formation and protection of soil, conservation and purification of water and the maintenance of hydrological cycles are disrupted by human mismanagement of biological resources. It is the need of the hour to conserve biodiversity from the threats of anthropogenic activity. The Nallamalais region is being exploited in an unregulated manner for its natural wealth and the rich and diverse heritage of traditional indigenous plant wealth which needs to be conserved. In this bleak scenario, conservation and sustainable development of forests are the only solutions to save not only the germplasm of trees and shrubs but also tiny herbs with medicinal properties.

1 table, 23 ref

039554   SINGH S P, PAIKRA K K, PATEL C R (Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Nutrient omission: An plant nutrient deficiencies assessment technology of rice (Oryza sativa) in Inceptisols. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 27-30.

Experiment was conducted on rice (Oryza sativa) during Kharif, 2015 at Instructional Farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raigarh (C.G.) to investigate the yield limiting nutrients through crop response in Inceptisols with rice (MTU-1010) as test crop. The experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 11 treatments and 3 replications. Yield attributing characters viz. effective tillers, filled grains panicle-1 and grain and straw yields of rice were significantly influenced by nutrient omission treatments. The omission of N, P, S and Zn resulted in significant reductions in yield attributing parameters and grain and straw yields. Highest grain and straw yields (16.01 and 30.57 g pot-1) were recorded with the treatment receiving all the nutrients whereas the lowest with omission of N (18.01 and 32.58 g pot-1) followed by P, S and Zn omission. The omission of N reduced the grain yield by 47.64 % while P omission reduced grain yield by 40.82 % over the treatment receiving all nutrients. Per cent reduction of grain yield under different nutrient omitted pots followed the order N > P > S >Zn. The omission of N, P and S reduced the yield attributing parameters and grain and straw yields significantly over the treatment receiving all the nutrients. Nutrient uptake by rice was significantly reduced with omission of N, P and S. On the basis of per cent grain yield reduction, the limiting nutrients found in the order of N > P > S.

5 tables, 8 ref

039553   SAXENA P N, SINGHAL R, BHUSHAN B (Zoology Dep, Pandit Sant Ram Government Degree Coll, Baijanth, Himachal Pradesh) : Modulation of mercuric chloride nephrotoxicity in albino rat by flower extract of tagetes erecta. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 17-26.

Mercuric chloride, an inorganic form of mercury poses serious threat to all the living forms. In the present study, an effort has been made to assess the nephrotoxic potential of mercuric chloride against albino rats. In addition, the nephro-protective potential of Tagetes erecta (marigold) flower extract against mercuric chloride induced damage if any has also been assessed. Further, effort has also been extended to observe the effect if any, of introduction of Tagetes erecta flower extract prior or after the mercuric chloride intoxication. For this experimental, albino rats were divided firstly into four groups, then each group into five sets. Albino rats of group one received acute dose for one day only, whereas animals of group 2, 3 and 4 were administrated sub-acute doses for 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. All the doses were administrated orally. Set one of each group represented control animals and were neither administrated mercuric chloride nor Tagetes erecta flower extract. Albino rats of set 2 of each group were orally administrated different doses of Tagetes erecta flower extract as per experimental protocol. Rats corresponding to set 3 of each group were intoxicated with different doses of mercuric chloride only. Animals corresponding to the set 4, were pretreated with Tagetes erecta flower extract then after particular dose of mercuric chloride was given, whereas rats of set 5 of each group, post treated with Tagetes erecta flower extract following mercuric chloride intoxication. Acute dose for mercuric chloride came out to be 0.926mg/kg b.wt/day (1/10th of LD50), whereas sub-acute for 7, 14 and 21 days as 0.132, 0.066 and 0.044 mg/kg/b.wt./day respectively. 10 mg/kg b.wt/day of Tagetes erecta flower extract was given to animals corresponding to acute set, whereas 1.43, 0.71 and 0.48 mg/kg b.wt for 7, 14 and 21 days (sub-acute sets). Nephrotoxicity of mercuric chloride as well as nephro-protective potential of Tagetes erecta flower extract has been ascertained on the basis of serum biochemical estimation of four electrolytes namely sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride, serum total protein content, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio as well as serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and Blood urea nitrogen. Among the selected parameters, sodium, chloride, calcium, total proteins, albumin and globulin were found to decrease in the serum of mercuric intoxicated rats, whereas potassium, urea, uric acid and BUN were increased. However, those supplemented with pre or post Tagetes eretca flower extract showed reduced deviation from the normal values.

12 tables, 33 ref

039552   RAI B, BHUTIA S, PAL P, KAKOTI B B (Sikkim Univ, East Sikkim, Sikkim) : Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluation against selected gram strains by oroxylum indicum (L.) kurz stem bark extract, a folklore medicine of Sikkim Himalaya. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 11-6.

The aim of the present research work was to study the phytochemical constituents and evaluation of antibacterial potency and to perform TLC of the different extracts of the plant Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz. The crude drug (bark part) was successively extracted by simple maceration process using various solvents. Alkaloids were detected in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. Carbohydrates were found in hexane and water extracts. Flavonoids and tannins were common in ethyl acetate, ethanol and water extracts. Glycosides and saponins in water extract only. TLC of hexane extract was performed on the solvent system hexane: ethyl acetate 1:1. Detection of spots was done using dragendorff’s reagent and two spots was observed at visible light. Rf value was calculated to be 0.7 and 0.86 respectively of both the spots. Antibacterial study was done using Hexane, Ethanol and Water extract dissolve in DMSO 3 % by cup-plate method. It was performed against both gram negative (Escherichia coli) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus). The activity was found to be equivalent to that of standard reference (Streptomycine-2mg/ml). The Hexane extract was found to have higher inhibition than other extracts. The bark extracts exhibited marketed dose dependent antimicrobial activity in-vitro against both gram bacteria and can be used as a good therapeutic approach for infection disease management and therapy.

6 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

039551   Shilpa V S, Lekshmi S, Swapna T S (Botany Dep, Kerala Univ, Kariavattom, Kerala) : In vitro antidiabetic potential of euphorbia hirta linn.: A nutritionally significant plant. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 1-4.

Euphorbia hirta is an ethno medicinally important plant of the family Euphorbiaceae. The leaves of the plant are consumed as a vegetable by tribal people. Traditionally, various parts of the plant are used to treat against worm infestations in babies, dysentery, gonorrhea, jaundice, digestive disorders, cancer, and diabetes. The root extract is used against vomiting, diarrhea, and also as snake anti-venom. In the present study, the nutritional quality of the leaves of the plant was assessed by the estimation of various nutritional and antinutritional components. The in vitro antidiabetic potential of the plant was determined by alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The results revealed that the leaves of this plant are nutritionally significant, and also the plant has substantial inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

039550   AKILA R, MINI M L (Plant Pathology Dep, Agricultural Coll and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Solvent extraction and antifungal assay of lawsonia inermis linn. Against the brown spot fungus bipolaris oryzae. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 5-8.

Rice brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae is the most devastating pathogen ruining rice production next to sheath rot in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts of Tamil Nadu. This fungus is highly responsible for grain discolouration which ultimately leads to qualitative and quantitative losses in rice grain production. In the current scenario of disease management the hazardous fungicide are being replaced by botanicals. Among the eight botanicals tested against the mycelial growth of B. oryzae by poisoned food technique the leaf extract (10%) of Maruthani (Lawsonia inermis) and Kodukkapuli (Pithecolobium dulce) were highly effective. The antifungal compounds of L. inermis were extracted subsequently with the series of solvents. Acetone and ethanol fractions are found effective and having much antifungal activity on the mycelial growth of B. oryzae.

1 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

039549   ABIDI S, GILANI U, ZEHRA R (Pharmacognosy Dep, Karachi Univ, Pakistan) : Extraction and analysis of caffeine from various brands of tea leaves marketed in Pakistan. J Pharmac Phytochem 2020, 9(1), 9-10.

Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid originate in a variety of sources such as coca seeds, coffee beans, tea leaves. Its content in tea is predictable by methods like spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, liquid-liquid extraction. In this study, the content of caffeine was estimated using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction and thin layer chromatography. It is the presences of caffeine in tea that keeps us attentive and energetic and facilitates us to work powerfully when consumed in proper amounts. This aromatic complex, on the one hand, can help fight in opposition to diseases like cancer while on the other hand can trouble one's health by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and causing mental ailments like depression and anxiety when addicted in a small amount.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

039488   LUOM T T, KHANH B X (Kien Giang Univ, Vietnam, Email: thaithanhluom@vnkgu.edu.vn) : Genetic characteristics and nine trial species growing forests in the coastal alluvial soil in the south-west of the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam. J Adv Plant Sci 2020, 3(1), 1-10.

In this study, two research contents were identified, namely species through molecule and monitoring of adaptation to the first year growth of nine tree species of mangroves on the newly-accreted land. The research’s goals are: (1) Determining genetic characteristics through molecular markers in order to determine the right species of indigenous plants to be tested and assessed the adaptive and grow characteristics for seedlings (native to on-site mother tree) on coastal mud flats in Kien Giang province (in the study area) and (2) Proposing potential forest tree species in the study area. The results showed that suspicious species have strong vitality and potential prospects for highly adaptation. The conclusion contributes to the research theory of selecting forest tree species, adaptation of native species to newly reclaimed land in the context of unfavorable factors of new soil environment and responding to the actual restoration of forests, creating artificial forests on new land, other practical significance is to response development requirements of local and national forestry. 

7 illus, 9 tables, 10 ref

039482   AHLAWAT J, SEHRAWAT A R, CHOUDHARY R, YADAV S K (Botany Dep, Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Haryana- 124 001, Email: j.10dec@gmail.com) : Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles eclipse fungal and bacterial contamination in micropropagation of Capparis decidua (FORSK.) edgew: A substitute to toxic substances. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(5), 336-43.

Microbial contamination is a serious challenge in plant tissue culture, particularly in micropropagation of threatened and rare medicinally important plants for conservation purpose. Use of antibiotics exhibit harmful effects on plants, and continuous use makes bacteria more resistant. Also, chemicals used to control such contaminations are either toxic to the explant or have limited efficiency. Though nanobiotechnology offers an effective alternate to deal with the bacterial and fungal contamination, chemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles has limitations and found to be toxic, flammable and hard to get disposed. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) employing plant extracts, being environment friendly, cost-effective, and single step, is gaining attention as better alternative method. In this study, the green synthesised silver nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy (462.73 nm, 0.473 Abs) and Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). The fruit extract of Capparis decidua served as an environmentally benign reducing agent and the phytochemicals of the extract as non-toxic agent to stabilize the AgNP (FTIR) upholding its significance as an eco-friendly approach compared to hazardous chemicals. The nano size (1.5-15 nm) makes the green synthesized AgNPs a better antimicrobial agent allowing easy diffusion into the cells. Evaluation of decontamination as well as the survival rate of the explants was monitored using the explants (shoot tip and nodal segment) immersion in three different concentrations of AgNP solution (100, 300, and 500 mg/L) and controlled by 0.1 % mercuric chloride treatment demonstrating promising decrease in decontamination. However, the survival was expedient excluding immersion in 100 mg/L for 20 or 30 min. The MS media supplementation by AgNP solution (50, 100, 300 and 500 mg/L), controlled by 70 % ethanol treatment divulged the superior decontamination rate at 150 mg/L of AgNPs (90.2 % for bacteria and 94.4 % for fungal contamination) with 80.5 % survival. The increased concentration gave 100 % bacterial and 98.6 % fungal decontamination but a reduced survival percent (68.5 %). This work potentially showed that nanosized AgNPs could serve as an appropriate antimicrobial substitute to chemicals being innocuous to the explant regeneration.

7 illus, 34 ref

039462   KHATIK N, JOSHI R (Botany Dep, Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati Univ, Ajmer- 305 001, Email: drnishakhatik14@gmail.com) : Assessment of genetic fidelity in microclones of curry leaf plants [Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.] using ISSR markers. Indian J expl Biol 2020, 58(4), 286-91.

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., commonly called Indian curry leaf, is an aromatic shrub highly valued for its medicinal potentialviz. anticonvulsant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral and diuretic. Its leaves, locally known as curry patta, are used widely for culinary purpose, particularly in India. However, M. koenigii, due to poor rate of fruit set and seeds with short viability period and poor rate of germination, are sparsely distributed in wild, and has attracted researchers for propagation through biotechnological approaches. In this context, maintaining genetic fidelity is a vital for assessing genetic uniformity in micropropagated plantlets as variations within the progeny can result in serious losses to the end users. Therefore, it is necessary to screen them for their genetic makeup whether they are true-to-type or not. Molecular techniques like Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) that are not influenced by environmental factors are appropriate tools to analyse genetic fidelity of in vitro propagated plants as, and generate reliable and reproducible results. In this study, we tried to evaluate genetic fidelity of micro-clones of tissue culture raised M. koenigii using ISSR technique. Twenty five ISSR primers were used to amplify genomic DNA from in vitro raised field grown plants and mother plant. Out of 25 primers screened, a total 465 amplified products were obtained from 10 ISSR primers. Out of which, 55 were monomorphic across the mother plant and its micropropagated progenies of 10 ISSR primers 05 showed profiles identical to mother plant. Similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient and pair-wise values between mother plant and tissue cultured plant ranged from 0.91 to 1.00, indicating a high degree of genetic fidelity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

039415   ROY D, MALLICK B, SAMANTA D (Botany Dep, Lady Brabourne Coll, Kolkata- 700 017, Email: debleenaroy@rediffmail.com) : Augmentation of antioxidative potential of in vitro propagated Mentha piperita L.. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 131-7.

Mentha piperita L., as an aromatic culinary herb and a source of variety of phytochemicals including effective antioxidants, is overexploited by food industry. It demands rapid conservation by means of in vitro propagation of improved clones. Here, we have made an attempt to evaluate and augment the antioxidative potential of M. piperita L. by additing a precursor to the tissue culture derived clones and compared it with the in vivo plants so that tissue culture derived plants can serve as an alternative source of drug. M. piperita L. were analyzed for total phenol, flavonoids, total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidase activity. Total phenol content in in vivo plants was lesser than in in vitro. In case of total flavonoid content, it also varies through the season where tissue culture derived plants showed similar and continuous production of total flavonoids content. The percentage inhibition of the in vitro plant extract of precursor fed clone was higher than that of in vivo plant extract. Antioxidant capacity of ascorbic acid was used as a reference standard from which plant extracts with potential antioxidant activity were compared. After addition of precursor, the in vitro mint plant proved more efficient in inhibiting lipid peroxidation after one hour than the in vivo plant, which has high absorbance value indicating lipid peroxide formation.

3 tables, 42 ref

039307   GAYATHRI V, AISHWARIYA K (Botany Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science, Coimbatore- 641 043, Email: gaya4874@gmail.com) : Effect of different bio-fertilizers on the chlorophyll, nitrogen and vitamin E content in Arachis hypogeae l. and Sesamum indicum l.. Agric Sci Dig 2020, 40(1), 49-52.

The peanut or ground nut (Arachis hypogeae L.) is a species in the legume or bean family (Fabaceae). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. The present study was carried out to study the effect of different bio-fertilizers on the chlorophyll, nitrogen content on the 30th day of growth of the plants and Vitamin E content in the seeds after harvest of the two test crops. The bio-fertilizers used were Azospirillum, panchagavya, VAM fungi and a mixture of these three fertilizers. Control plant was maintained without any fertilizer application. The chlorophyll and nitrogen content seemed to be more in the plants treated with mixture of organic fertilizers in both the plants. The Vitamin E content were found to be higher in seeds obtained from Azospirillum treated plants in groundnut and VAM fungus treated plants in sesame.

17 ref

039201   SHAIDA B, SINGH N B, SINGH K (Chemistry Dep, Sharda Univ, Greater Noida, Email: nbsingh43@gmail.com) : In-vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of ethanolic extract of Cydonia oblonga seeds. J Sci Ind Res 2020, 79(01), 49-52.

Phytochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol extract of Cydonia oblonga were studied. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the extract was assessed through different methods using DPPH and bovine albumin respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Cioucalteu reagent. Antimicrobial effect of seeds was studied using disc diffusion method against gram positive and negative bacteria viz; S.aureus, P. aeruginosa and fungi C. albicans. Phyto-chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, amino acids, carbohydrate, fats/oils and glycosides. TPC of the seed extract was found to be 37.46±0.10 mg GAE/gm, extract also showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with IC₅₀ value of 299.98 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml respectively. Anti-microbial results indicated that Cydonia oblonga seeds extract is effective against gram positive bacteria.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

039191   NAIK S K, BEHERA S, RATH S K, PATRA J K (Botany and Center of Excellence in Environment and Public Health Dep, Ravenshaw Univ, Cuttack- 753 003, Email: sknuu@yahoo.com) : A comprehensive scientific overview of Blepharispermum subsessile DC. (Asteraceae), a conservation concern medicinal plant with promising pharmaceutical potential. Indian J Tradit Know 2020, 19, 208-17.

Blepharispermum subsessile DC., belonging to family Asteraceae, is known for its uses in the treatment of arthritis and related joint pain in folkloric medicine in different states of India. Additionally, ethnomedicinal uses of this plant include treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, various ophthalmic problems, common cold, rhinitis, skin diseases, scabies, wound and gynaecological disorders. Most importantly, traditional use of B. subsessile to treat arthritis has been recently supported by scientific pharmacological studies including a clinical trial. However, overexploitation, unregulated trade and habitat destruction has put the B. subsessile under severe threat in their natural habitats of India in general and Odisha state of India in particular. To conserve the gene pool of this plant species along with other medicinal plants in their wild habitat (in situ) amedicinal plant conservation area (MPCA) has already been established in Odisha. Recently, attempt has also been made for development of tissue culture - mediated plant regeneration protocols aiming at its conservation by rehabilitation and ex situ means. In the present review, comprehensive and updated information on the distribution, botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. subsessile has been summarized and focus has been given to the attempts made for conservation of this traditional medicinal plant species through conventional means as well as biotechnological intervention. Future research required for B. subsessile conservation and pharmaceutical utilization in fullest but in best sustainable manner has also been discussed.

2 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

039164   KAYA O F, DAGLI M, CELIK H T (Biology Dep, Harran Univ, Turkey, Email: phytosociologist@gmail.com) : An ethnobotanical research in Sanliurfa Central district and attached villages (Turkey). Indian J Tradit Know 2020, 19, 7-23.

The objective of present study is to identify the plants traditionally utilized by local communities, who reside at the rural areas attached to Central District of Şanlıurfa located in Southeast Anatolia Region, for various purposes, and to reveal the significant of such use in terms of ethnobotany. The study conducted in this respect identified 137 taxa of 87 genera from 47 families (86 species, 34 sub-species, and 17 varieties), 21 of them are cultigens. 1 taxon is from Terfeziaceae of Ascomycota division of Fungi kingdom, while the others are from Gymnospermae and Angiospermae sub-division of Spermatophyte division from the Plantae kingdom. In general, local community utilizes taxa identified in field of study as follows: 56 taxa as food, 37 as medicinal purposes, 5 for belief, 5 for pests, 4 as household goods, 3 as seasoning, 3 as ornaments, 3 as cosmetics, 2 as beverages, 2 as knick-knack, 2 as fuel, 2 as building materials, 1 as dulling, 1 as canopy, 1 as aphrodisiac, 1as clarifying, 1 as repellent, 1 as doddle, 1 as preventive and 1 as aroma. Moreover, 11 taxa are not utilized, but 7 of them are known by their local names and 4 with their harmful effects.

5 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

039133   WAMAN A A (Horticulture and Forestry Div, Andaman and Nicobar Islands- 744 101, Email: ajit.hort595@yahoo.co.in) : Essential oil composition of clove and nutmeg from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2020, 57, 95-100.

In spices, chemical variability is a known phenomenon. Here, we studied the clove and nutmeg grown in different islands both Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands situated in the Bay of Bengal, India. Essential oils were extracted and profiling was carried out which revealed considerable variations among the collections for essential oil content as well as composition. P-Eugenol was observed in island-grown clove samples in the range of 59.895 to 76.059 %, whereas, β-Caryophyllene and Eugenyl acetate were other important constituents of oil. In case of nutmeg, myristicin, the hallucinogenic compound, was present in the range of 7.070 to 20.331 %. Considering the quality of island-grown spices, these crops could be recommended as profitable intercrops in the existing plantations in the islands.

1 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

039051   VASUKI S, KOKILAM G,BABITHA D (Annamalai Univ, Tamil Nadu, Email: vasukipackiaraj04@yahoo.com) : Mineral composition of some selected brown seaweeds from Mandapam region of Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(1), 63-6.

Mineral content was determined in different brown seaweeds (Sargassum wightii, Padina tetrastromatica, Chnoospora minima, Hormophysa triquetra, Sargassum myriocystum, Sargassum plagiophyllum and Sargassum ilicifolium), collected from Mandapam region (Gulf of Mannar), Southeast coast of India. The ash content of different seaweeds ranged from 15 % to 20.5 %. The ash values were significantly different among the seaweeds (P˂ 0.05). The selected brown seaweeds contained both macro elements (0.77-564.5 mg/100g; Na, K, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (0.1-4.83 mg/100g; Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu). The present study was carried out in some of the under utilized brown seaweeds and it was concluded that the selected species can be used as feed additives in future.

1 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

029068   NGARI F W, GIKONYO N K, NJAGI E N, WANJAU R N (Technical and Applied Biology Dep, Kenya Univ, Nairobi, Kenya) : The practice of herbal medicine in management of oral health in Nairobi County, Kenya. Int J Herb Med 2018, 6(5), 05-9.

The use of herbal materials for oral health is on the increase due to the high cost of conventional medicine. However, there is scanty data about key players in the trade of the herbs and conditions under which they are handled and this study addressed the above concerns using a questionnaire. Results show that majority of the participants were male (72 %) and middle aged while 40 % were illiterate. Majority of the participants declined to state how and where they acquired knowledge of herbal medicine. Herbs are stored, packaged, prescribed and sold under unhygienic conditions hence increasing possibility of adulteration and deterioration. The study concluded that the quality of herbal materials used for oral health was poor and therefore safety and efficacy of the herbs may not be guaranteed. We therefore recommend that efforts should be directed at improving herbal trade through good agricultural, harvesting and processing practices that will make the products safe.

4 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

006697   JUNIOR A G, SOUZA P D, LIVERO F A D R (Federal Univ of Grande Dourados, MS, Brazil, Email: arquimedesjunior@ufgd.edu.br) : Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a genuinely Brazilian species. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 245, 112169.

Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel is widespread in alluvial plains and open forests in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. The fruits of P. cauliflora are used as food, and almost all parts of this species have long been used as a traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of skin irritations, flu, diarrhea, labyrinthitis, genito-urinary problems, and asthma. This review provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on P. cauliflora with regard to its ethnopharmacological uses, constituents, biological activities, and toxicology, all of which are useful for future research and the development of new drugs. The information and data on P. cauliflora were collected from ethnobotanical textbooks and scientific databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Google, and Google Scholar. The main chemical constituents in P. cauliflora preparations were depsides, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins. The main medicinal use of the species in Brazil is for the treatment of diarrhea. Although antimicrobial potential of this species has been demonstrated, data on gastrointestinal motility are still incipient and need further investigation. Studies that indicate the efficacy of its traditional use for sore throat, pelvic hemorrhage, uterine wounds, vaginal discharge, and flu are nonexistent. The scientific literature does not describe any toxic effects of its popular use. However, the available data do not allow us to conclude that the ethnomedicinal use of this species is safe, with a lack of well-designed preclinical tests and randomized clinical trials. This review summarizes research on the traditional use, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicology of P. cauliflora. Although P. cauliflora possesses significant biological activities, much of its ethnomedicinal use has not been scientifically evaluated. Well-designed pharmacological and toxicological assays and randomized clinical trials are still needed to validate its ethnopharmacological use as an herbal medicine.

70 ref

006720   RAWA M S A, HASSAN Z, MURUGAIYAH V, NOGAWA D, WAHAB H A (Sains Malaysia Univ, Penang, Malaysia, Email: nogawat@riken.jp) : Anti-cholinesterase potential of diverse botanical families from Malaysia: Evaluation of crude extracts and fractions from liquid-liquid extraction and acid-base fractionation. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 245, 112160.

Enhancement of cholinergic functions in the brain via acetylcholinesterase inhibition is one of the main therapeutic strategies to improve symptoms associated with Alzheimer's or related cognitive deficits. There is a pathophysiological correlation between Alzheimer's and Diabetes Mellitus, as well as inflammation and oxidative stress that may cause cognitive decline. The present study was intended to evaluate anti-cholinesterase potential of 177 Malaysian plant extracts from 148 species known to have related ethnomedicinal uses such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, epilepsy, headache, memory enhancement and anti-aging. Anti-cholinesterase screening against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes was performed on the basis of in-vitro colorimetric 96-well microplate-based assay method. Potent active plant extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction and acid-base fractionation for further analysis. Fifty-seven plant extracts exhibited potent anti-cholinesterase activities (50–100% inhibition) at 200 μg/ml. Majority of the active plants originated from Fabaceae family. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. stem extract manifested the lowest IC₅₀ of 3.78 μg/ml for AChE and 5.94 μg/ml for BChE. A few native species including Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr., Cyrtostachys renda Blume and Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. showed cholinesterase inhibition despite limited local medical applications. Further anti-AChE evaluation (50 μg/ml) of 18 potent plant extracts harbored active polar components in butanol and water fractions, except Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (leaves and stems), Acacia auriculiformis Benth. (leaves), Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg (leaves), and Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg. (leaves) that showed inhibitory activity in less polar fractions. The acidic extraction of these four plant species improved their inhibition level against AChE. This study rendered a preliminary overview of anti-cholinesterase activity from diverse Malaysian botanical families in which provided the medical relevance toward these native plant species, especially ones with limited ethnobotanical record or practice.

170 ref

006668   AKKOL E K, SMEJKAL K, KURTUL E, IIHAN M, GURAGAC F T, ISCAN G S, ACIKARA O B, CVACKA J, BUDESINCKY M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Ankara Univ, Ankara, Turkey, Email: bahadir-ozlem@hotmail.com) : Inhibitory activity of Scorzonera latifolia and its components on enzymes connected with healing process. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 245, 112168.

Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch. & Mey.) DC. (Asteraceae) grows naturally in Eastern Anatolia, northeastern Iran, and Caucasus. Latex of S. latifolia roots is used in Turkish folk medicine for its analgesic effects, externally to cure infertility in women, and internally as an antihelmintic. The milk obtained from the stem of the Scorzonera species is used for wound healing activity. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities have previously been reported for S. latifolia. A methanol extract of the aerial parts of Scorzonera latifolia that had been shown to possess wound-healing activity, was used to elucidate the possible mechanism of the wound-healing activity and to identify the compound(s) responsible for the effect by means of bioassay-guided fractionation. The wound-healing activity potential of methanol extract of S. latifolia was detected by evaluating the inhibitory activity on the collagenase, hyaluronidase and elastase, which play important roles in the wound-healing process. Succesive fractionation of the methanol extract using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, respectively, and the residual wateryielded four respective fractions. The ethyl acetate part, which was determined as the most active fraction, was selected for further separation using chromatographic techniques. Ethylacetate fraction exhibited significant inhibitory activities on collagenase and elastase. Chromatographic separation of the ethylacetate extract yielded an active subfraction, from which was used to isolate quercetin-3-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1′′′→2′′)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), isoorientin (3), and 7-methylisoorientin (4). Of the compounds tested, 7-methylisoorientin (4) exerted inhibitory activity on collagenase and elastase, while quercetin-3-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1′′′→2′′)-β–glucopyranoside (1) inhibited collagenase only. None of the fractions, or isolated compounds showed any inhibitory effect on hyaluronidase. It must be mentioned, that in vitro tests showed that compounds 1–4 inhibit the collagenase and elastase and could help wound-healing process. However, the inhibititory effect of the methanol extract appears to be greater than that of both of the ethylacetate fraction, subfraction G and the isolated compounds, which suggest that a synergistic interaction of several compounds could be responsible for the wound-healing activity of the aerial parts of S. latifolia. 

45 ref

006687   FENG L, ZHAI Y-Y, XU J, YAO W-F, CAO Y-D, CHENG F-F, BAO B-H, ZHANG L (Nanjing Univ of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing- 210 023, Email: fenglinjucm@163.com) : A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 245, 112109.

Eclipta prostrata, a traditional herbal medicine, has long been used in Asia and South America for the therapy of hemorrhagic diseases (e.g. hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, epistaxis and uterine bleeding), skin diseases, respiratory disorders, coronary heart disease, hair loss, vitiligo, snake bite and those caused by the deficiency of liver and kidney. In this review, we highlight relatively comprehensive and up-to-date information of E. prostrata on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, along with featuring the gaps in current knowledge, aiming to provide references for future research and possible opportunities for well applications of this medicinal plant. Information on E. prostrata was gathered from scientific databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scifinder, Baidu Scholar, PubMed and CNKI). Information was also obtained from local books, Ph.D. theses and M.Sc. dissertations and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The plant taxonomy was validated by the database “The Plant List”. Various phytochemical classes has been identified and isolated from the plant covering triterpenes, flavonoids, thiopenes, coumestans, steroids and others. Among these, coumestans are reported as the most common ingredients. The isolated crude extracts and individual compounds have been reported to exhibit promising pharmacological properties, such as hepatoprotective, osteoprotective, cytotoxic, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, hypolipidemic, promoting hair growth, rejuvenative and neuroprotective effects. Until now, significant progress has been witnessed in phytochemistry and pharmacology of E. prostrata. Thus, some traditional uses has been well supported and clarified by modern pharmacological studies. Moreover, E. prostrata also showed therapeutic potential in some refractory diseases such as cancer, dementia and diabetes. But, present findings are still insufficient that cannot satisfactorily explain some mechanisms of action. More well-designed studies in vitro especially in vivo are required to establish links between the traditional uses and bioactivities, discover new skeletons and activity molecules, as well as ensure safety before clinical use.

119 ref

006695   HUGHES K, HO R, BUTAUD J-F, FALAIRE E, RANOUILLE E, BERTHON J-Y, RAHARIVELOMANANA P (French Polynesia Univ, Tahiti, French Polynesia) : A selection of eleven plants used as traditional Polynesian cosmetics and their development potential as anti-aging ingredients, hair growth promoters and whitening products. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 245, 112159.

In French Polynesia, embellishment of the hair and skin is an important cultural and everyday practice. Yet, little research has focused on traditional preparations used for beautification in this region and their potential development as innovative cosmetic ingredients. In this present study we aim to assess and compile the ethnocosmetic potential of plants of French Polynesia to select and further study plants showing the most promise to be developed as anti-aging, anti-blemish and hair care products. A literature analysis of plants of the IECIC list, present in French Polynesia was conducted. The most interesting plants from a cosmetic development standpoint were selected based on four main criteria, i.e. their traditional use in Polynesian cosmetic-related preparations, their biogeographical status, their phytochemistry of cosmetic interest, and lastly their availability and absence from the UICN list. Furthermore, a preliminary screening of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities was also performed on several extracts obtained. Eleven plants were chosen, and a compilation of multidisciplinary data emphasized each selected plant's potentiality. Traditional allegations showed uses ranging from dermatology such as wound healing or anti-inflammatory properties, to hair growth promoting preparations or even skin ligthening ones. Preliminary screenings were useful in narrowing the number of extracts to study. Literature-based data associated to traditional uses depicted how the remaining plants and plant parts could be developed for targeted cosmetic applications. A prospective approach of plants used traditionally for cosmetic purposes in French Polynesia gave insight on their development potential when paired with the appropriate multidisciplinary data. The eleven plants presented show promise in being developed sustainably as natural anti-aging or hair care products and as skin brightening agents.

192 ref

006681   CUI S J H, WU P, LIU Z, ZHAO Z (Guangzhou Univ of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou- 510 006, Email: zzx37@gzucm.edu.cn) : Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Ilex pubescens hook et Arn. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 245, 112147.

Ilex pubescens (I. pubescens), which is well known in Chinese as Mao-Dong-Qing, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. This plant is distributed in the wild in southern China, and the roots and stems are used for clearing heat, detoxifying, activating blood circulation and dispelling stasis. Moreover, it is used for treating wind-heat cold, lung-heat asthma, swelling and pain of pharynxes and gingivae, thoracic obstruction and cardiodynia with pungent, stroke, hemiplegia, thromboangiitis obliterans, burn, scald and central retinitis. This paper aims to provide a critical summary of the current studies on I. pubescens. The progress in research on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the plant is discussed. We mainly focus on the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of I. pubescens. Furthermore, perspectives for possible future studies on I. pubescens are also discussed. A systematic review was conducted on the studies of I. pubescens performed during the past 40 years with resources including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and literature databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar. To date, more than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from the plant, a substantial proportion of which were reported to be triterpenes. Biological effects such as protective effects against cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, anti-thrombosis, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activities were also investigated in in vitro and in vivo research. Therapeutic effects are attributed to the bioactivities of the naturally occurring compounds in this herb. Furthermore, toxicological studies on I. pubescens are relatively scarce, and it is worthy of further research. This review summarizes the results from current studies of I. pubescens, which is one of the valuable medicinal sources from traditional herbs. Some conventional uses have been evaluated by pharmacological investigation. In addition, unresolved issues include molecular mechanisms underlying bioactivities, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and efficacy, which are still being studied and explored before achieving integration into clinical medicines. 

111 ref

006669   ALVES-SILVA J M, ZUZARTE M, GONCALVES M J, CRUZ M T, CAVALEIRO C, SALGUEIRO L (Coimbra Univ, Coimbra, Portugal, Email: jmasilva@student.ff.uc.pt) : Unveiling the bioactive potential of the essential oil of a Portuguese endemism, Santolina impressa. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 244, 112120.

Santolina species are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, digestive, and analgesic properties. S. impressa, a Portuguese endemism, is traditionally recognized for its beneficial anti-inflammatory properties in several gastrointestinal affections and is also used in oropharyngeal infections. The present study aims to characterize the essential oil of S. impressa growing in Portugal and validate its traditional uses by assessing the anti-inflammatory potential of its essential oil at concentrations without toxicity. The antifungal properties of the oil are also addressed, as well as, the putative mechanism of action underlying these effects. The essential oil was obtained in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia and characterized by GC and GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory potential of the oil was assessed on LPS-stimulated macrophages, through the production of nitric oxide (NO) using the Griess reaction. Putative mechanisms of action included the role of the oil as a NO scavenger, as well as its effect on the expression of two key pro-inflammatory enzymes, iNOS and COX-2 by Western blot analysis. The antifungal effect of the oil was evaluated according to the CLSI guidelines on several yeast and filamentous strains and on two major virulence factors in Candida albicans, namely germ tubes and biofilms. Ultrastructural modifications on dermatophytes were also unveiled by transmission electron microscopy. S. impressa essential oil was primarily characterized by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, being the main compounds β-pinene (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (10.0%), limonene (9.1%), camphor (8.1%) and β-phellandrene (8.0%). A significant decrease (ca 60.0%) in nitrite levels was observed in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with the oil without affecting cell viability. This effect could be explained by a great reduction on iNOS expression (85.0% inhibition), thus underpinning the anti-inflammatory potential of the oil. The oil also showed a fungicidal effect, being more active against Cryptococcus neoformans, Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophytum rubrum. For these dermatophytes, significant ultrastructural modifications in cell wall structure were detected. Strikingly, for C. albicans, the oil showed a significant anti-infective potential (at 0.07 mg/mL for germ tube inhibition and 0.02 mg/mL for biofilm disruption) before fungal growth inhibition occurred.

105 ref

006703   LI Q, ZHAO Y-L, LONG C-B, ZHU P-F, LIU Y-P, LUO X-D (Yunnan Univ, Kunming- 650 091, Email: xdluo@mail.kib.ac.cn) : Seven new veratramine-type alkaloids with potent analgesic effect from veratrum taliense. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 244, 112137.

Veratrum taliense is traditionally used TCMs in Yunnan province of China for pain and inflammation. Previous research and clinical applications have shown that V. taliense had significant analgesic activity. Jevine-type alkaloids were shown to be one of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents from V. taliense. However, other types of compounds from V. taliense related to its traditional use remains unknown. To identify veratramine-type steroidal alkaloids with analgesic effects from the roots and rhizomes of V. taliense. Compounds were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of V. taliense by chromatographic separation. Their structures were elucidated based on UV, IR, NMR and MS spectra data. Analgesic activity was assessed with acetic acid-induced writhing in mice model. Seven new veratramine-type alkaloids were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of V. taliense. They all exhibited significant analgesic activity, of which alkaloids 1 and 4 were more potent antalgic than the well-known analgesic drug, pethidine. The veratramine-type alkaloids from V. taliense may serve as new leads for the discovery of analgesic drugs.

30 ref

006690   GOLDONI F C, BARRETTA C, NUNES R, BROERING M F, FAVERI F D, MOLLERI H T, CORREA T P, FARIAS I V, AMORIN C K, PASTOR M V D ET.AL (Do Vale do Itajaí Univ, SC, Brazil, Email: jrs.santin@univali.br) : Effects of Eugenia umbelliflora O. Berg (Myrtaceae)-leaf extract on inflammation and hypersensitivity. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 244, 112133.

The leaves of Eugenia species are widely used in popular medicine to treat several diseases, such as arthritis, rheumatism and diabetes. Eugenia umbelliflora O. Berg is popularly known in Brazil as “baguaçu", name also conferred to Eugenia jambolana probably due to their apparent similarity. Although the popular use scientifically proved of E. jambolana as anti-diabetes and also as anti-inflammatory, there are only two scientific studies demonstrating anti-ulcer and bactericide activities of E. umbelliflora leaves extract, without reference to its possible anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to show the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract obtained from E. umbelliflora leaves (EuL) using in vitro and in vivo protocols. The total phenolic content was evaluated using the folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and phloroglucinols content by HPLC. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by ORAC, ABTS^•+, DPPH, and metal chelation methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice orally pre-treated with the EuL (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg). The leukocyte influx (optical microscopy) and secretion of chemical mediators (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β and CXCL1, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were quantified in the inflamed exudate. Histological analysis of the pouches was also performed. The anti-hypersensitive activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and mice were then evaluated using the von Frey filaments. The Open Field test was used to evaluate possible interference of adverse effect of EuL on locomotor activity that could lead to misinterpretation of the hypersensitivity evaluation. The EuL demonstrated important and moderate reducing capacity on ABTS^•+ and DPPH assays, respectively, but with slight activity in ORAC test. It reflects low protection against cell damage. The EuL also presented 30% of phenolic compounds. The phloroglucinols content of EuL was 25.9 mg/g, 18.4 mg/g and 16.6 mg/g of eugenial C, eugenial D and eugenial E, respectively. The in vivo analysis of the inflammatory exudate of EuL-treated mice demonstrated reduction in the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) migration to the inflamed tissue, as well as the reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Histologically, it was observed evident decrease in the oedema, formed essentially by non-haemorrhagic fibrin exudate, as well as PMN infiltrate, when compared with control mice injected with carrageenan. Furthermore, the extract also presented effective reduction of the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by carrageenan without any interference in animal's locomotor and exploratory activity. Together, the results herein obtained show that EuL presented anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the influx of PMN to the inflamed tissue, as well as the cytokine IL-1β level. This anti-inflammatory activity was also accompanied by significant anti-hypersensitive effect. The effects presented by EuL seem not to be correlated with an antioxidant activity. However other extract chemical compounds could be responsible for its important anti-inflammatory effects.

46 ref

006713   OBAFEMI T O, OLALEYE M T, AKINMOLADUN A C (Biochemistry Dep, The Federal Univ of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Email: oobafemi@abuad.edu.ng) : Antidiabetic property of miracle fruit plant (Synsepalum dulcificum Shumach. & Thonn. Daniell) leaf extracts in fructose-fed streptozotocin-injected rats via anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 244, 112124.

Miracle fruit plant (Synsepalum dulcificum) has many applications in folk medicine. The leaves are used traditionally to treat diabetes and other diseases. The antidiabetic potential of Synsepalum dulcificum leaves in rats has been studied but the mechanisms involved are yet to be elucidated. The present study aimed to provide insight into the antidiabetic mechanisms of methanol and flavonoid-rich leaf extracts of Synsepalum dulcificum (MSD and FSD, respectively). In vivo effects of administering 30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg MSD and FSD for 21 consecutive days to rats after type II diabetes was induced through 14 days of fructose feeding and injection of one dose of streptozotocin, were assessed. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) served as the reference drug. In addition, in vitro inhibitory activity of MSD and FSD on the carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, α-amylase and glucokinase, were evaluated, with acarbose as the reference drug. Moreover, in silico analyses to elucidate the contribution of key polyphenolics to the antidiabetic activity of the extracts through docking with glucokinase were performed. MSD and FSD significantly reduced HbA1c and serum levels of interleukin-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.05) in diabetic animals. Conversely, serum level of insulin and hepatic hexokinase activity were increased (p < 0.05) in extract treated groups. Both extracts showed α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Quercetin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in extracts showed strong binding affinities with glucokinase in the molecular docking analyses. Results from this study indicate that increased insulin synthesis, reduction of inflammation and inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes are likely mechanisms by which MSD and FSD exert antidiabetic action in type II diabetic rats. 

46 ref

006725   SUN J, LIU J-N, FAN B, CHEN X-N, PANG D-R, ZHENG J, ZHANG Q, ZHAO Y-F, XIAO W, TU P-F (Beijing Univ of Chinese Medicine, Beijing- 100 029, Email: drlj666@163.com) : Phenolic constituents, pharmacological activities, quality control, and metabolism of Dracaena species: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 244, 112138.

Dragon's blood (Chinese name: Xuejie), which comprises red resins obtained from several plants (27 species from 4 families), is drawing worldwide interests in medicinal applications owing to its broad pharmacological spectrum such as promoting blood circulation, regenerating muscle, relieving swelling and pain, maintaining hemostasis, etc. This work aims to evaluate current research progress on phenolic constituents, pharmacological activities, quality control, and metabolism of six Dracaena plants, namely, Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen, D. cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep., D. cinnabari Balf. f., D. draco (L.) L., D. loureiroi Gagnep., and D. schizantha Baker, figure out the shortcomings of existing studies, and provide meaningful guidelines for future investigations. Extensive database retrieval, such as SciFinder, PubMed, CNKI, ChemSpider, etc., was performed by using the keywords “Dracaena,” “dragon's blood,” as well as the Latin names of the six Dracaena species. In addition, relevant textbooks, patents, reviews, and documents were also employed to ensure sufficient information is collected. Flavonoids and their oligomers are the primary chemical clusters distributed in Dracaena plants. Pharmacological activities including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and cytotoxic effects; bi-directional regulation effects on hemorheology; and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects have been disclosed by modern pharmacological evaluations. The chemical and metabolic profiles after oral administration of dragon's blood extract were preliminarily characterized. However, some of the pharmacological investigations reported only elementary methodologies and unreliable findings, and even worse, some important aspects were questionable or missing in these articles. Dragon's blood is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and their oligomers. Its potential therapeutic effects on different diseases are attractive, such as the notable effect on cardiovascular diseases. In future studies, there is an urgent need to test the effect of this extract on appropriate cell lines and animal models to analyze its ethnopharmacological applications; moreover, “composition−effect correlation” methods and omics technologies are demanded for identifying the effective material basis and therapeutic mechanisms before entering into clinical trials. Moreover, attention should be paid to the chemical profiling and quality evaluation of this precious herbal medicine. 

93 ref

006718   RADICE M, TASAMBAY A, PEREZ A, DIEGUEZ-SANTANA K, SACCHETTI G, BUSO P, BUZZI R, VERTUANI S, MANFREDINI S, BALDISSEROTTO A (Life Science and Biotechnology Dep, Ferrara Univ, Ferrara- 44121, Email: vrs@unife.it) : Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Hedyosmum (Chlorantaceae): A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2019, 244, 111932.

The genus Hedyosmum (family: Chloranthaceae) represents an interesting source of natural active compounds, and the 45 species of this genus are widespread in Central and South America and to a lesser extent Southeast Asia (southern China and western Malaysia). Several species are traditionally used in folk medicine. However, the data made available in recent years have not been organized and compared. The present study is a critical assessment of the state-of-the-art concerning the traditional uses, the phytochemistry and the pharmacology of species belonging to the genus Hedyosmum to suggest further research strategies and to facilitate the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of Hedyosmum species for the treatment of human disorders. The present review consists of a systematic overview of scientific literature concerning the genus Hedyosmum published between 1965 and 2018. Moreover, an older text, dated from 1843, concerning the traditional uses of H. bonplandianum Kunth has also been considered. Several databases (Francis & Taylor, Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, SciFinder, Springer, Wiley, and The Plant List Database) have been used to perform this work. Sixteen species of the genus Hedyosmum have been mentioned as traditional remedies, and a large number of ethnomedicinal uses, including for the treatment of pain, depression, migraine, stomach-ache and ovary diseases, have been reported. Five species have been used as flavouring agents, tea substitutes or foods. Sesterterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, monoterpenes, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and neolignans have been reported as the most important compounds in these species. Studies concerning their biological activities have shown that members of the Hedyosmum genus possesses promising biological properties, such as analgesic, antinociceptive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic effects. Preliminary studies concerning the antibacterial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and antifungal activities of these plants as well as their cytotoxic activities against different tumour cell lines have been reported. Some active compounds from the Hedyosmum genus have been used as starting points for the innovative and bioinspired development of synthetic molecules. A critical assessment of these papers has been performed, and some conceptual and methodological problems have been identified regarding the materials and methods and the experimental design used in these studies, including a lack of ethnopharmacological research. The present review partially confirms the basis for some of the traditional uses of Hedyosmum species (mainly H. brasiliense) through preclinical studies that demonstrated their antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects. Due to promising preliminary results, further studies should be conducted on 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide and podoandin. Moreover, several essential oils (EOs) from this genus have been preliminarily investigated, and the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of H. brasiliense and H. sprucei EOs certainly deserve further investigation. From the promising findings of the present analysis, we can affirm that this genus deserves further research from ethnopharmacological and toxicological perspectives.

61 ref

006674   BHARDWAJ S, RASHMI, PARCHA V (Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sehrawat82@gmail.com) : Effect of seasonal variation on chemical composition and physicochemical properties of Hedychium spicatum rhizomes essential oil. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1593-1600.

Effectiveness of medicinal plants dependents upon chemical composition and amount of active constituents that present in the species, which may be highly influenced by different factors such as, growing conditions, seasons, climatic conditions, sun light exposure and altitude etc. Therefore the present work aims to study the effect of different seasons on physicochemical profile of Hedychium spicatum rhizomes essential oil from Uttarakhand. The yield (%) of H. spicatum rhizomes essential oil was varying from 1.16 ± 0.012 % to 1.64 ± 0.018 % on moisture free basis. Seasonal variation in chemical composition of H. spicatum essential oil obtained in different seasons was determined by GC/MS analysis and total 65 peaks were identified. 1,8-cineole, α-cadinol, α-elemol and τ-muurolol were present in essential oil samples collected in different seasons. The major chemical compounds of H. spicatum essential oil in rainy and summer seasons were 1, 8- cineole (21.18 % and 21.81 %) and α-cadinol (18.43 % and 17.49 %). While α-elemol (16.44 %) and αcadinol (15.99 %) were found major compounds in autumn season. The main compounds of winter were αcadinol (18.79 %) and 1,8-cineole (14.83 %). Results of GC/MS and physicochemical analysis revealed that, different seasons affect chemical composition and physicochemical properties viz. yield (%), saponification value, acid value, ester value and glycerol content significantly.

3 tables, 22 ref

006732   XING HUANG, CHEN S-Y, ZHANG Y, WANG Y-H, ZHANG X, BI Z-Y, YUAN H-B (Plant Protection Dep, Jilin Agricultural Univ, Changchun- 130 118, Email: yuanhaibin@jlau.edu.cn) : Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from three artemisia species against Alternaria solani. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1581-92.

In this study, the antifungal activity of the essential oil from three Artemisia species was tested against Alternaria solani. The essential oil from A. lavandulaefolia DC was effective when delivered through fumigation in vitro, with inhibition reaching over 60 % at a concentration of 12 μL/plate. The Artemisia scoparia essential oil successfully showed marked effects against A. solani through the agar diffusion method and spore germination assays, inhibiting over 80 % at a concentration of 12 mg/mL. The Artemisia annua essential oil showed moderate antifungal activity against A. solani. The major components of the A. lavandulaefolia essential oil were eucalyptol, (-)-terpinen-4-ol, and α-terpineol. The major components of the A. scoparia essential oil were acenaphthene, curcumene and (+) caryophyllene oxide. The major components of the A. annua essential oil were artemisia ketone, α-selinene and γ-terpineol. Our study provided a theoretical basis for applying these essential oils as future ecofriendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control disease.

1 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

006722   SAHINGIL D (Food Engineering Dep, Inonu Univ, Malatya- 44280, Email: didem.sahingil@inonu.edu.tr) : GC/MS-Olfactometric characterization of the volatile compounds, determination antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil from flowers of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1571-80.

Calendula officinalis is a member of the richest family of flowering plants, Asteraceae. In this study, the volatile profile of C. officinalis flowers obtained from the Marmara region was determined using SPME-GC/MS-O technique. Antimicrobial effects of essential oil in the C. officinalis flowers against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and yeast were determined by disc diffusion method (0.6 mm disc diameter). Six different concentrations (10-200 μg/μL) were studied for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. 22 aroma active compounds were identified in the sample of the GC/MS-Olfactometer. Antimicrobial activity was tested against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria using essential oil of C. officinalis flowers. As a result, it was found that essential oils of C. officinalis flower had high antimicrobial activity. A total of 21 main essential oils were found in C. officinalis flowers.

3 tables, 34 ref

006710   NI J, MAHDAVI B, GHEZI S (Chemistry Dep, Hakim Sabzevari Univ, Sabzevar, Iran, Email: b.mahdavi@hsu.ac.ir) : Chemical composition, antimicrobial, hemolytic, and antiproliferative activity of essential oils from Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & Mey. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1562-70.

We report the chemical composition and bioactivity of flowers essential oil of Ephedra intermedia (EIO) for the first time. The essential oil was obtained using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil composition was identified by chromatography methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC) was chosen to investigate antibacterial activity of EIO. Hemolytic activity and the cytotoxicity effects of EIO on human cancer cells were also evaluated. The essential oil was dominated by 2-ethyl-pyrazine (67.37 %), γ-elemene (9.21 %), benzyl acetate (9.10 %), 2-methyl-butyl acetate (5.28 %). EIO prevented the growth of 6 out of 7 selected microorganisms. The highest activity was observed against Enterococcus faecalis. Due to the low hemolytic rate (below 2.53 %) on humane red blood cells (hRBS); the safety of EIO as an additive for different aspects can be considered. On the other hand, EIO presented anti-proliferative effect on Hela, HCT116, and LnCap cells with mortality of 67 % to 81 %.

2 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

006691   GOMES P R B, CUNHA M J O, SOUSA D A D, REIS J B, MELO A V, FREITAS A C D, HUNALDO V K L, FONTENELE M A, PAULA M D L D, LOUZEIRO H C (Federal Institute of Education, PA, Brazil, Email: prbgomes@yahoo.com.br) : Chemical study and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the branches of Aniba duckei Kostermans. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1554-61.

In this present work, it was tested the linalool pattern and the essential oil extracted from the Aniba duckei Kostermans (rosewood) branches against the fungi Colletotrichum gloesporioides and Fusarium oxysporum. To do this, we extracted the essential oil by hydrodistillation and identified and quantified the components by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We obtained and isolated the fungi by the routine plating method from hose and okra plants, respectively. The results of the chromatographic analysis showed that the oil had 93.60 % linalool and 3.03 % cis-linalool oxide. The essential oil and the standard inhibited mycelial growth by 100% at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.2% respectively. Therefore, the essential oil and the linalool pattern have antifungal action against the fungi demonstrated.

3 tables, 30 ref

006667   AHAMAD J, UTHIRAPATHY S, AMEEN M S M, ANWER E T (Tishk International Univ, Kurdistan, Iraq, Email: jas.hamdard@gmail.com) : Essential oil composition and antidiabetic, anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves from Erbil (Iraq). J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1544-53.

The essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves growing in Erbil, Iraq was investigated by GC/MS. The essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydro-distillation method. The EO of R. officinalis leaf was examined in-vitro for antidiabetic and anticancer effects. The in-vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay was performed to determine antidiabetic effects of R. officinalis EO. MTT assay was carried out to determine the potential antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of R. officinalis EO. The essential oil of R. officinalis leaf yielded 42 constituents amounting to 99.84 %. The major constituents of R. officinalis EO were verbenone (23.46 %), 1,8-cineol (15.96 %), α-pinene (12.10 %), camphor (10.98 %), and bornyl acetate (5.78 %). The R. officinalis EO produces dose dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes which ranges from 31.01±3.99 to 74.66±1.44 % for concentration 3.125 to 100 μg/mL, respectively. The R. officinalis EO with IC₅₀ value 9.64±2.44 μg/mLwas found comparable with acarbose (IC₅₀ value 12.04±3.17 μg/mL) against αglucosidase enzyme. The MTT test shows that R. officinalis EO produces dose dependant cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231cells with IC50 value 59.35 μg/mL. The present study confirmed that the EO of R. officinalis could be used for management of cancer and diabetes mellitus.

5 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

006696   JIN Y, AI J, QU Z, CUI L, WANG Y (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun- 130 112, Email: yingpingw1967@126.com) : Composition variation of essential oil from the stems of Schisandra chinensis with different fruit colours. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1537-43.

The essential oil compositions from the dried stems of Schisandra chinensis with different fruit colours were analyzed and compared by applying multivariate statistical techniques to gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC/MS) data sets. As the results, a total of fifty-six compounds representing 91.0-94.4 % of the oil were identified. Of the total identified compounds, monoterpenes (27.6-39.6 %) and sesquiterpenes (22.2-33.6 %) were the main volatile compositions, followed by alcohols (19.6-23.1 %), ketones (4.2-8.0 %) and aldehydes (0.9-1.4 %). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to successfully discriminate stem samples of S. chinensis with different fruit colours.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

006688   FENG S H, SHEN Q, CHEN S (China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing- 100 700, Email: schen@icmm.ac.cn) : Essential oil profiles of 168 perilla cultivars by head space solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1519-36.

In order to comprehensively elucidate the chemical biosynthesis in Perillla (commonly used in traditional herbal medicine), an untargeted analysis based on Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry was done to reveal the metabolites from 168 different species of Perilla, with 73 components were identified. The results based on the 168 samples, which can be classified into five chemotypes, reveals that different genetic background have a significant influence on the metabolic synthesis of Perilla. The results of heat map for the components of different species and the principal component analysis are implying that the Perilla chemotypes are clustered for characteristic compounds. This study, which used optimized solid-phase microextraction conditions to investigate volatile oil composition, expanded our knowledge of metabolic pathways in Perilla. The differences between chemotypes provide a scientific basis for distinguishing between Perilla species, which not only can improve the testing standards for essential oils from Perilla herbs, but also can be beneficial to Perilla breeding.

5 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

006693   HAIDER S Z, LOHANI H, NAIK G, CHAUHAN D, CHAUHAN N (Centre for Aromatic Plants, Selaqui- 248 197, Email: cap.dun@gmail.com) : Chromatographic fingerprinting of Artemisia vulgaris L. grown in various locations of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1509-18.

The present study aims to investigate the chromatographic fingerprinting of the essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris L. growing wild in Kumaon and Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aerial parts were harvested in full flowering time from twenty two locations at the altitudes between 627-2793 m. The essential oils from aerial parts were isolated by hydro-distillation through a Clevenger apparatus and analysed by GC and GC/MS for the identification of their chemical composition. Chromatographic analysis has shown that all the essential oils of A. vulgaris were dominated by varied composition and chrysanthenone (0.1-26.6 %), vulgarole (0.1-20.6 %), artemisia ketone (0.01-19.8 %), α-thujone (0.01-19.0 %), 1,8-cineole (1.6-13.5 %), β-thujone (0.2-13.2 %), caryophyllene oxide (1.4-11.2 %) and camphor (0.9-11.1 %). Hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to study the chemical variability among populations which showed three major groups. Group-1 having A17, A38, A42, A46 and A56 populations, was possessed vulgarole (7.6-20.6 %) in higher amount followed by γ-eudesmol (4.9-9.2 %), camphor (1.4- 10.0 %), 1,8-cineole (1.6-8.9 %) and camphene (1.3-7.5 %). In group 2 (A52, A60), artemisia ketone was found in major portions (18.9-19.8 %) followed by 1,8-cineole (2.6-13.5 %) and artemisia alcohol (1.8-8.6 %), while group 3 (A6, A9, A13, A33, A44, A48, A51, A58, A61, A65, A66, A69, A71, A74, and A75 populations) contained chrysanthenone (1.9-26.6 %) as the marker compound followed by α-thujone (0.03- 19.0 %) and β-thujone (2.2-13.2 %). The results proved that various chemical groups or chemotypes of A. vulgaris are available in Uttarakhand region, India.

3 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

006665   ABBDELLAOUI M, BOUHLALI E D T, RHAFFARI L E (National Institute of Agronomic Research Regional, Errachidia, Morocco) : Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) conducted under organic production conditions. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1500-8.

The current study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities the essential oils derived from the seeds of three local cumin populations that were grown in an oasis environment. The studied cumin was cultivated according to the organic farming principles in a parcel at the oasis of Oukhite, southeast of Morocco in complete randomised complete blocks with three replications. The results revealed that the organically cultivated cumin seeds had a strong, distinctive aroma due to an abundance of essential oil (3.8 - 5.27 %). The main components in all the studied essential oils were cuminaldehyde (30.42 - 33.24 %), γ-terpinen-7-al (20.54 - 28.36 %), α-terpinen-7-al (about 13 %), γ-terpinene (6,15 - 12.60 %), β-cymene (4.19 - 5.38 %), β-pinene (3,10 - 5.36 %) and p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-ol (0.71 - 0.99 %). The essential oil from the cumin plants that were cultivated at Taaouilite (G₂ ) had the highest antioxidant activity, based on the DPPH scavenging ability (IC₅₀= 3.32 mg/mL) and ferric reducing power FRAP (IC₅₀= 17.02 mg/ mL) while cumin essential oil derived from Takacha (G₁ ) was the least potent. These results indicate that the essential oils of oasis cultivated cumin seeds are an excellent source of natural antioxidants, that could be used for food preservation and health benefits.

2 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

006694   HENNIA A, NEMMICHE S, GUERREIRO A, FALEIRO M L, ANTUNES M D, AAZZA S, MIGUEL M G (Campus de Gambelas, Faro- 8005-139) : Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Myrtus communis L. essential oils from different Algerian regions. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1488-99.

To evaluate the antioxidant activity of fourteen essential oils (EOs) isolated from myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) collected at different regions of Algeria, seven different assays were carried out: ability for scavenging ABTS (2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl), HO (hydroxyl), NO (nitric oxide) free radicals; preventing lipid peroxidation through the thiobarbituric reactive species method, for reducing ferric ions to ferrous ions and chelating activity. The antiproliferative capacity of the EOs on Caco-2 cells were also evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The results showed that the essential oils were mainly constituted by α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, limonene and linalool. The EOs at different concentrations showed moderate to poor antioxidant activity. The sample Mc_Lf_06 was the single one that presented higher antioxidant activity across the four assays (prevention of lipid peroxidation, ability for scavenging the ABTS, NO and hydroxyl radicals). The EOs Mc_Lf_06 and Mc_Lf_10 showed the best antiproliferative activity but only achieving 20 % inhibition after 96 h of incubation for all concentrations tested. Intriguing the sample Mc_Lf_07 that stimulated the proliferation of Caco-2 cells, particularly at lower concentrations (0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL).

2 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

006712   NOROUZI M, MABOUD H E, SEYEDI S M, NIKNAM V (Tehran Univ, Tehran, Iran) : Changes in pistachios essential oil composition during fruit ripening. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1481-7.

Pistacia vera is an agricultural product cultivated in semi-arid regions worldwide. Iran is the major cultivator, producing approximately 230 000 metric tons annually. Some studies have shown that the pistachio hull is rich in volatiles. The essential oil (EO) content and composition of pistachio skin were studied at different fruit ripening stages. The quantity and quality of the EO samples were studied at three different fruit ripening stages including green-hull, green-red hull and red hull. The oil was extracted by the hydro-distillation method and analyzed using GC/MS. Hydro-distillation of each sample resulted in diverse amounts of colorless essential oil lighter than water. Oil yield was the lowest (0.33 %) at the green stage and increased significantly (p < 0.01) reaching the maximum values of 0.67 % at the red stage. Depending on the developmental stage of the plant, different compounds were detected and qualitative variations in the chemical compound categories were observed during fruit ripening. However, familiar monoterpenes, such as α-terpinolene, α-pinene, limonene, αbornyl acetate, Δ-3-carene, etc., were the most dominantconstituents in all stages. In conclusion, the fruit developmental stage significantly (p < 0.01) affect the EO content of pistachio, and change the major EO components. The appearance of the mentioned EO constituents can be considered as the main factors for the scented smell of each cultivar and their presence in pistachio hulls could aid in protection against pests and herbivores. As well as, this aids to produce plant material with the promising required oil composition to meet the specific needs of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

1 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

006673   BARDAKCI H, SERVI H, POLATOGLU K (Altinbas Univ, Istanbul, Turkey) : Essential oil composition of Salvia candidissima vahl. occidentalis hedge, S. tomentosa miller and S. heldreichiana boiss. ex bentham from Turkey. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1467-80.

Previous reports clearly indicate that different chemotypes of Salvia heldreichiana, S. tomentosa and S. candidissima are present. In current study we have investigated essential oil composition of Salvia candidissima ssp. occidentalis, Salvia heldreichiana from Konya and Salvia tomentosa from Eskisehir, Turkey. In GC/MS analysis 89.30 ± 1.034 % (n=3) of the S. heldreichiana oil was identified which corresponds to 83 compounds. Main components of the oil were α-pinene 9.57 ± 0.406 %, borneol 9.21 ± 0.193 % and caryophyllene oxide 7.58 ± 0.052 %. Seventy-seven compounds were identified in aerial parts essential oil of S. candidissima ssp. occidentalis that sums up to 62.00 ± 0.962 % (n=3) of the oil. Main components were hexadecanoic acid 4.73 ± 0.022 %, m-cymene 4.00 ± 0.152 % and manool oxide 3.65 ± 0.057 %. One hundred-four compounds were identified in the aerial parts essential oil of S. tomentosa which corresponds to 89.91 ± 0.444 % (n=3). The main components were, α-pinene 15.25 ± 0.621 % and borneol 7.88 ± 0.273 %. Present study revealed α-pinene/borneol/caryophyllene oxide/terpinen-4-ol chemotype of S. heldreichiana, α-pinene/borneol chemotype of S. tomentosa as well as chemical composition of S. candidissima ssp. occidentalis essential oil for the first time.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

006711   NICZAD A, SHARAFZADEH S, ALIZADEH A, AMIRI B, BAZRAFSHAN F (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Estahban, Iran) : Variability in essential oil constituent, phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different ecotypes of Zataria multiflora Boiss from Iran. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2019, 22(6), 1435-49.

Zataria multiflora Boiss. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is an important folkloric medicinal plant in Fars province, Southwestern Iran. In this study, essential oil constituents, phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from the aerial parts of Z. multiflora collected from different natural habitats of Fars province were investigated. The essential oil of all samples was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The main chemical constituents were, thymol (34.41 - 54.35 %), p-cymene (9.49 - 19.85 %), γ-terpinene (7.34 - 16.70 %), carvacrol (5.35 - 15.34 %) and α-pinene (1.63 - 5.25 %). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 234.66 to 302.28 mg gallic acid equivalents/ g dry weight, and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 348.63 to 453.76 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was individually evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods. The oils obtained from different geographical habitat showed high activity against four medically important pathogens. The results support the traditional usage and also possible use of Z. multiflora essential oil and extracts in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

1 illus, 7 tables, 56 ref

006728   VELUMANI A, SELVI V S (Raja Serfoj Government Arts Coll, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Email: senthamilser1984@gmail.com) : Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopic analysis of bioactive constituents in Mangifera indica leaves extract. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 96-100.

The aim of this study was to carry out for identification of bioactive compounds from ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves by Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GCMS analysis of ethanolic extract was done by standard protocol using the equipment Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. The GC-MS analysis of Mangifera indica leaves extract revealed the presence of various compounds like Heptadecane, Tetradecane, Heptadecane,1-Hexadecyne, 6-Dodecanone, Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecane,Pentadecane, 1-Pentadecanol, 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester. These findings support the traditional use of Mangifera indica leaves in various disorders.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

006702   LAMICHANEY A, CHETTRI P K, MUKHERJEE A, MAITY A, SHUBHA K (ICAR– Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur- 208 024, Email: amritiipr@gmail.com) : Indigenous methods of grain storage followed by the lepcha and limbo tribes in the Himalayan tract of Sikkim. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 769-74.

Since time immemorial, seed has been stored through indigenous methods as per people’s convenience and access to contemporary technologies. Thus, indigenous traditional methods have become essential component of sustainable agriculture and it varies from region to region. However, with modernization, urbanization and the associated technological breakthroughs, the indigenous technologies have been eroded and are not passed on to next generation. In the present study, attempt has been made to identify some of the traditional methods and associated knowledge called Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK), linked to storage of seeds and grains followed by the people of Sikkim, the organic state of North-eastern India. ITKs were collected from 04 villages of east district and 02 villages of west district of Sikkim. Total of 06 (bhakari, kotha, jhutta, dalo, chindo and dhikuti) traditional storage structures were identified which are commonly used by the people of Sikkim to store grains. Utilizing the locally available materials people has designed their own eco-friendly and safe storage structures for storing grains.

6 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

006672   BALAMURUGAN G, KARTHICK A, SASIKUMAR K (PG and Research Dep of Botany, Periyar E.V.R Coll, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, Email: sasikumarkeerthana@gmail.com) : Herbal plants for children diseases’ cure in Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 758-68.

The present study aims at identification and documentation of the medicinal plants which are traditionally used to manage children diseases in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect ethnomedicinal plants during the month of December 2017 and January 2018. Data was statistically analysed using Use value (UV), relative frequency of citations (RFC), utility ratio (UR), relative information (RI) and informant agreement ratio (IAR). Forty three medicinal plants which were identified and documented belong to 30 families. Most of the species belong to Solanaceae and Leguminosae families. Most frequently used plant part and life form are leaves and herbs. Decoction method was used for delivering the oral dose and oral intake was the major route used for administration. Ocimum basilicum had highest UV, RFC, UR, RI and IAR. Maximum plant species were able to cure gastrointestinal diseases followed by fever, liver disorders, respiratory disorders, dermatological problem, ENT problems, etc. The results of this study revealed that Perambalur district has rich plant diversity and people have broad indigenous knowledge of role in curing children diseases. Hence, further phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological investigation on floras that scored highest RFC and UV values is necessary for discovering new drugs.

7 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

006700   KHOMDRAM S D, FANAI L, YUMKHAM S D (Botany Dep, Mizoram Univ, Aizawl- 796 004, Email: sandhyakhomdram@gmail.com) : Local knowledge of edible flowers used in Mizoram. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 714-23.

The edible flowers consumed by indigenous people of Mizoram were assessed from Aizawl and Champhai districts of Mizoram during 2015-2016. Altogether, 59 species of edible flowers under 50 genera and 29 families are recorded. Dominant families include Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Leguminosae with 9% followed by Brassicaceae and Zingiberaceae scoring 7% each. Based on habit and occurrence, plants are categorized into wild (30), cultivated (21) and semi-cultivated (8). Among these plants, 30 species are marketable and 29 species are non-marketable. The study envisaged to highlight the importance of edible flowers in local cuisines of Mizo people and its potential as an additional source of food. It also attempted to document a firsthand report on the traditional knowledge on plant usage for consumption by the people of Mizoram.

5 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

006701   KUMAR V, YADAV H K (CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226 001, Email: vinaypbtbhu@gmail.com) : Therapeutic potential of an edible macro-fungus: Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 702-13.

A range of dietary products has been used in Asia as a common remedy to prevent or cure various diseases. The extracts from medicinal mushrooms (stem, butt and root rot) are utilized for the treatment of multiple diseases. As we know that mushroom is an abundant source of various minerals such as vitamins, fiber and different type of amino acids along with low in fat, cholesterol and calories. Carbohydrates and protein of proteoglycans are in 11.5:1 ratio. In addition, major 03 monosaccharides were present in carbohydrates i.e., D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose in the molar concentration of 3:1:1. The edible mushroom fungus, Ganoderma lucidum reportedly introduces many compounds as well as triterpenoids, polysaccharides, proteoglycans or glycopeptides, sterols, steroids and fatty acids with a role in prevention or cure for various diseases like that immunomodulation, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, chemo-preventive, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-fibrotic, hepatoprotective, anti-androgenic, antiherpetic, anti-angiogenic, antioxidative, free radical-scavenging, anti-aging, hypoglycemic along with estrogenic activity properties. This review summarizes the cultivation and biologically active compounds of G. lucidum with various therapeutic applications.

3 illus, 3 tables, 98 ref

006721   SAEED A, MARWAT M S, SHAH A H, NAZ R, ZAIN-UL-ABIDIN S, AKBAR S, KHAN R, NAVID M T, SAEED A, BHATTI M Z (Biological Sciences Dep, Gomal Univ, Dera Ismail Khan- 29050, Email: zeeshan.bhatti@numspak.edu.pk) : Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of selected fruits and vegetables. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 686-93.

This work was conceptualized with the goal to investigate different fruits and vegetables for their comparative investigation of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. The total phenolic content of 9 fruits and 12 vegetables used in the current study was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. In addition, total flavonoid content was identified through catechin and aluminum colorimetric analysis. The ratio among the phenolic and flavonoid contents of fruits and vegetables extracts were also analyzed. Our results showed that methanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus had higher contents of phenolics and flavonoids (215±1.24 mg GAE/100 g and 73±0.81 mg CE/100 g) than other fruits. Moreover, maturity process of fruits from unripened to fully ripened stage showed significant increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Fruits under study had shown flavonoids/phenolics ratio of 0.32, which indicates that these fruits contained about 32% of flavonoid contents. Among vegetables, the greatest value of phenolic contents was observed in Capsicum annuum (213±1.24 mg GAE/100 g), and total flavonoid content in Raphanus sativus (45±1.24 mg CE/100 g). Vegetables showed lower ratios of flavonoids/phenolics (0.11-0.2) indicating lesser total flavonoid content (11-20%) as compared with fruits. The obtained results indicate that fruits and vegetables could be attributed to a potential source of natural phenolics and flavonoids in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of these selected fruits and vegetables should also be determined in order to explore their beneficial effects against the prevention and management of disorders caused by oxidative stress.

4 tables, 44 ref