040988   KUMAR B, SARLACH R S (Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Harike - 143 412, Tarn Taran, Punjab, Email: dr.balwinderkumar@rediffmail.com) : Effect of foliar sprays of sulfuric acid and thiourea on herbage and seed yield in berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum l.). Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(1), 35-42.

An abiotic stress such as low temperature or frost poses serious challenge for proper growth and development of the crop. The study was carried out for two consecutive years to investigate the effect of mixed cropping (berseem + oat vs pure berseem) and two bioregulators (H₂SO₄ and Thiourea) applied at different concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 %) during low temperature conditions on growth, fodder yield and seed yield of berseem. Berseem + oat cropping recorded significantly higher green fodder yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield by 7.0 %, 6.1 % and 3.4 % respectively over pure stand. Bio-regulators sprays viz. H₂SO₄ and Thiourea after first cut recorded 5.2-11.2 % increase in green fodder yield. Berseem seed yield and harvest index were significantly superior in pure stand than intercrops. An increase of 21.4 % in berseem seed yield was recorded with foliar sprays of 0.05 % TU over control.

6 tables, 19 ref

040986   AYISI K K, MUNJONJI L, MASEKELA K V (Limpopo Univ, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa, Email: munjonji@gmail.com) : Yield and physiological response of common bean in three semi-commercial farmers’ fields in limpopo province. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(1), 19-26.

Despite the importance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in human nutrition, its production in developing countries is far below consumption rates. A study was established to understand the yield performance and physiological response of common bean under three farmers’ field in the Limpopo Province. The results revealed significant variation in grain yield and biomass between the locations. Physiological parameters such as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), SPAD value and leaf gas exchanges were strongly influenced by the location, the crop growth stage and crop management. Dry bean crop performance was significantly lower at Masemola. Grain yield at Masemola was 30 % less than that achieved at Dalmada and Mokopane. NDVI and LAI were also consistently lower at Masemola when compared to the other locations. This study revealed that poor yields by emerging farmers in dry areas are due to poor agronomic and irrigation management.

6 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

040985   GHOSH S, DAS D, NANDY P, RAY A (Scottish Church Coll, Kolkata - 700 006, West Bengal, Email: satabdighoshbotany@gmail.com) : Study of germin like oxalate oxidase enzyme in monocot plants. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(1), 10-8.

Oxalate oxidase enzyme in monocotyledonous plants, act as a scavenger to breakdown oxalic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. They perform several important functions in early plant defence responses, including induction of PR protein synthesis and systemic resistance. In the present study oxalic acid, the virulence factor of fungi, was applied to monocotyledonous plants and it was observed that it activates the innate host immune system, along with secretion of oxalate oxidase. The enzymatic activities of other host defence related enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid oxidase, phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia lyase were compared between the control and oxalic acid treated (2mM) plants.

9 illus, 50 ref

042778   MANDAL A, SAHA P , BEGUM A , SAHA A , CHAKRABORTY B , DUTTA S , ROY K K (Botany Dep, A.B. N. Seal Coll, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, Email: mandal.aninda@gmail.com) : Ethnomedicinal plants used by the ethnic people living in fringe villages of rasikbil of Cooch Behar district , West Bengal, India. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(16), 1676–85.

The field study was undertaken at the adjoining villages of Rasikbil of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal, India to record the ethnomedicinal plants used by the Rava, Santal and Oraon people and to explore their traditional knowledge to treat common ailments. With the help of pretested semi-structured questionnaire, tribal men and women were interviewed on ethnomedicinal uses of local flora during July 2018 to January 2020. The questionnaire covered aspects like local name, scientific name, family, used parts, ethnomedicinal uses, among others. Routine methods of plant collection and herbarium techniques were followed and the collected species were identified using relevant sources. A total of 57 plant species of 34 families were found to be used to treat several diseases like cough and cold, diabetes, among others. In few cases, the plant parts were used in combination with other plant parts to prepare traditional medicine. The plant family Fabaceae represents the highest number (6 species) of ethnomedicinal plants among others. Among different plant parts used for the preparation of medicine, leaves were most frequently used (49.12 %) for the treatment of diseases. Besides, fruits, seeds, roots, etc. were also found to be used as traditional medicine for the treatment of ailments among human beings. The traditional knowledge of ethnic people regarding the utilisation of ethnomedicinal plants may be used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products which could contribute towards availability of essential drugs at much reduced cost. In addition, populations of medicinal plants must be monitored in order to conserve them and aid in planning sustainable utilisation. In comparison to earlier reports, present study revealed 14 more plant species having immense ethnomedicinal values and frequently used by the tribal people in the area. In this regard, the study is significant to enrich the existing database.

3 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

040984   KICHU A, AJUNGLA T, NYENTHANG G, YEPTHO L (Botany Dep, Nagaland Univ, Lumami - 798 627, Nagaland, Email: asanglakichu15@gmail.com) : Colonial and morphological characteristics of soil fungi from jhum land. Indian J Agric Res 2020, 54(1), 1-9.

Soil fungi represent one of the important microbial groups that are actively involved in enhancement of environmental quality and plant nutrient supply. Studying native soil fungal species and their accurate identification is crucial for contribution to the checklist of fungi. The present study aimed at isolation and identification of some soil fungi from Jhum land, Mokokchung district, Nagaland. Serial dilution method was used to isolate soil fungi on RBA (Rose Bengal Agar) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) plates. Altogether fourteen fungal species belonging to genera Absidia, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Mortierella, Mucor, Penicillium and Trichoderma were identified by studying their macro- and micro-morphological characteristics.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

044774   NATH A, ALI K, CHAKRABORTY S K (Samhita & Siddhanta Dep, Govt. Ayurvedic Coll, Ghy, Assam) : A detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical study of Haridra, Haritaki and Guduchi Churna. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(1), 31-3.

A large number of plants are claimed to possess the medicinal properties in the system of Ayurveda. Among those Haridra (Curcuma longa), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) are commonly used in many formulations to treat Kustha (Skin disorders). But these herbs are needed to be standardized to prove their authenticity and establishment of a unique identification data. Present study is carried out to establish a standard pharmacognostic profile & phytochemical standard of these three herbs to find out the bioactive compounds which will be helpful to ensure the purity, safety and efficacy. Here in this present work the powdered form of combined Haridra, Haritaki and Guduchi is subjected to physiochemical and phytochemical analysis. The microscopic study shows different significant cell structures and exhibits the unique identification characteristics. Hereby the present study will be beneficial for future references for standardization.

3 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

044772   MORALES-VELA K, PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ F C, PADRÓN J M, MÁRQUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ O (Veracruzana Univ, México) : Antiproliferative activity of cucurbitaceae species extracts from southeast of Antiproliferative activity of cucurbitaceae species extracts from southeast of Mexico. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(1), 20-5.

There are many species of endemic plants from Mexico, without food or commercial use, but with different applications in traditional medicine and valuable for their content of secondary metabolites. In this sense, we found two species of Cucurbitaceae family plants natives of southeast and gulf of México, used traditionally as soap and laundry agent, control of some pests, and it has also been used as infusion for the treatment of different types of dermatitis and stomachache. In the present work, we evaluate the antiproliferative activity in vitro, of six crude organic extracts, tested against six human tumor cell lines, A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), T-47D (breast) and WiDr (colon), the results indicated that at least three extracts from both species presents an interesting antiproliferative activity against five tumor cell lines.

3 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

044771   ALI M, IQBAL I M, SHABBIR A, KHAN Z-U-D , KHAN M T A (Botany Dep, Punjab Univ, Lahore, Pakistan) : Ethnomedicinal studies on aquatic plants of Tehsil Shakargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(1), 15-9.

The present work was aimed to conduct the ethnobotanical studies of aquatic flora of Tehsil Shakargarh, Punjab to record their medicinal uses through discussions with the local people especially medicinal healers. Regular field surveys were made to collect aquatic plants and interviews of local people and medicinal healers were carried out during October 2015- April 2017. The basic information on the uses of conventional medicinal plants was documented. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 32 families were found ethno medicinally important, to cure different human disorders and diseases, i.e. skin problems, asthma, gonorrhea, ulcer, stomach pain and piles. Different plant parts such as seeds, roots, stems, barks, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds were being used for the preparation of herbal medicines. The study area encompasses plenty of aquatic habitats, which are commonly inhabited by a variety of aquatic plants. A little work has been carried out on these hydrophytes. Thus, there is a need to carry out an ethnomedicinal study on these plants.

1 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

040960   PATEL H, PATEL V H (PG Home Science Dep, Sardar Patel Univ, Anand - 388 110, Gujarat, Email: patelvh2004@yahoo.co.in) : Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac) and in vitro antiinflammatory activity of fruits of different plants. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 49-55.

Nine well-known fruits of plants (Amla; Bael fruit; Guava white; Grapes green; Mango raw; Papaya; Pomegranate; Tamarind pulp and Tomato ripe) were assessed for phytoconstitutents, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)), total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) based on the scavenging ability of the cation radical DPPH RSA, ABTS RSA and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)) and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (protein denaturation inhibition (PDI)). The TPC and TFC ranged from 2535.51±10.88 to 26.99±0.58 mg GAE/100 g and 659.61±1.14 to 10.10±1.30 mg RE/100 g, respectively. The higher TPC, TFC and total antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP, DPPH RSA and ABTS RSA) was observed in methanolic extract of amla among all the extracts. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity could be ranked based on the IC₅₀, as Amla>Grapes>Tomato>Pomegranate>Mango>Tamarind>Papaya>Bael> Guava. Additionally, a significant correlation existed between TPC and antioxidant activity. In general, the results indicate that majority of the fresh fruits of plants studied were rich in phenolic antioxidants with potent ORAC imply their importance to human health.

2 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

044654   STANLEY RAJA V K, MUTHUKUMAR S A ( Botany Dep, St. John's Coll, Tirunelveli– 627 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: stanlee31@gmail.com) : Administration of blue green algae Spirulina meneghiniana on the Morus alba leaves to enhanced growth rate and economic traits of silkworm. J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 165-70.

Blue-green algae Spirulina meneghiniana is one of the most popular microalgae that was found to be mostly protein. It includes amino acids, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, minerals and trace minerals, omega 3 fatty acid, beta-carotene, chlorophyll, and many other nutrients. The mulberry leaves fortified with different concentrations of blue green algae S. meneghiniana extracts were given to silkworm larvae from 3rd instar onwards once a day. A significant increase in growth rate, silk gland ratio, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length and fibroin percentage denier was observed.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

044654   STANLEY RAJA V K, MUTHUKUMAR S A ( Botany Dep, St. John's Coll, Tirunelveli– 627 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: stanlee31@gmail.com) : Administration of blue green algae Spirulina meneghiniana on the Morus alba leaves to enhanced growth rate and economic traits of silkworm. J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 165-70.

Blue-green algae Spirulina meneghiniana is one of the most popular microalgae that was found to be mostly protein. It includes amino acids, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, minerals and trace minerals, omega 3 fatty acid, beta-carotene, chlorophyll, and many other nutrients. The mulberry leaves fortified with different concentrations of blue green algae S. meneghiniana extracts were given to silkworm larvae from 3rd instar onwards once a day. A significant increase in growth rate, silk gland ratio, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length and fibroin percentage denier was observed.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

044637   BORAH S, SINGH S K, BHORALI P, BORA D (Life Sciences Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh- 786 004, Assam, Email: dipsikhabora03@gmail.com) : Seasonal incidence pattern and host preference of Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in certain banana cultivars of Assam. J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 59-66.

Coleopteran insect Odoiporus longicollis Olivier is an economically important monophagous insect pest of banana. In Assam, it is a serious constraint in banana production. The present study was undertaken from May, 2015 to April, 2018 to monitor seasonal incidence of the pest in certain banana cultivars of Assam viz., Bhimkal, Kachkal, Manohar, Malbhog, Jahaji, Sapor Jahaji and Chenichampa. Survey was done in farmers’ plot at different locations of Jorhat district of Assam. All the stages of the insect was observed inside the pseudostem all round the year. The trend of incidence pattern showed correlation with meteorological parameters. The pest remains active almost throughout the year but percent infestation reached its peak during July to September, which then declined during November to January. Cultivar Bhimkal was completely infestation free while a mild infestation was seen in Kachkal (8.73, 11.56 and 10.79 %) followed by cultivar Manohar (28.31, 28.5 and 24.12 %), Malbhog (59.2, 49.53 and 45.67 %), Jahaji (51.37, 50.52 and 44.57 %), Sapor jahaji (61.36, 54.94 and 48.29 %), Chenichampa (48.73, 40.53 and 45.92 %) as recorded in 3 years of survey in 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2017-2018, respectively. Therefore, cultivar Malbhog, Chenichampa, Jahaji and Sapor Jahaji are the most preferred cultivars of the pest in Assam.

5 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

040768   TRONG L V, KHANH N N, LAM L T (Hongduc Univ, Thanhhoa - 40000, Vietnam, Email: tronghongduc@gmail.com) : Physiological and biochemical changes in longan fruit (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) cultivated in Vietnam during growth and ripening. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 333-9.

This paper presents research results on some physiological (pigments content) and biochemical indicators (reducing sugar content, starch, total organic acid, vitamin C, α-amylase enzyme, catalase enzyme, peroxidase enzyme) of longan fruit grown in Vietnam during growth and ripening, thereby determining the physiological ripening time of the fruit (the most appropriate time for fruit harvest). The results showed that significant changes occurred in pigments content, reducing sugar content, starch, total organic acid, vitamin C, protein, lipid, α-amylase enzyme, catalase enzyme, and peroxidase enzyme of longan from formation to fruit ripening. Through the research process, it was observed that the longan achieved the best quality to harvest when fruits were 19 weeks old. The results of this study provide important data for the harvesting and storage of longan fruit.

4 tables, 25 ref

040760   SAANIN S N, WAHYUDIANINGSIH R, AFNI M, AFIFAH E, MAESAROH M, WIDOWATI W (Maranatha Christian Univ, Bandung, Indonesia, Email: wahyu_w60@yahoo.com) : Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators production by ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) ethanolic extract and gingerol in lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 260-6.

Chronic inflammation could lead to several life-threatening diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used for many years to treat various diseases and health problems, including inflammation. This study was conducted to assess ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) and its compound gingerol’s potential as an anti-inflammatory agent by evaluating the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NO in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The safe concentration of GEE and gingerol for the RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. The quantification of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, was conducted based on the ELISA method, while the quantification of NO was conducted by the nitrate/nitrite colourimetric method. The results showed that GEE and gingerol were able to inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. GEE has better anti-inflammatory activity than gingerol. GEE in the concentration of 50 µg/mL has the highest inhibition activity over positive control or inflammatory cells model. GEE exhibited good anti-inflammatory properties through reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and NO. Thus, ginger ethanolic extract has a high potential in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

6 tables, 29 ref

040759   KOLAP R M, GULAVE A B, ZIMARE S B (Naoroji Godrej Centre For Plant Research (NGCPR), Satara District - 412 801, Maharashtra, Email: saurabhabot@gmail.com) : Bioprospecting of the underutilized endemic taxon Cissus woodrowii (Stapf ex Cooke) Santapau for its antioxidant activity and phenolic profiling. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 250-9.

The present study explored the antioxidant potential of endemic Cissus woodrowii (CW) which is an underutilised tree taxon of the Vitaceae family. Maximum per cent yield (13.49 %), total phenolic content (24.14 mg TAE/g dry weight), and total flavonoid content (18.45 mg QE/g dry weight) were recorded in the methanolic leaf extract. Whereas the in vitro antioxidant activities of different extracts were assessed using 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide percent radical scavenging activity (% RSA), antioxidant power assay (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), and total antioxidant capacity (phosphomolybdate assay). Antioxidant activity of CW extract may be due to its high level of phenolic compounds, which were screened through liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and the selected three phenolic compounds were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC analysis revealed a higher concentration of gallic acid (119.78 µg/g dry weight), followed by quercetin (22.13 µg/g dry weight) and embelin (21.09 µg/g dry weight). This is the first report on this underexplored taxon which could be employed for the development of several nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

10 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

040758   MEGHASHREE K S, LATHA K P, VAGDEVI H M (PG Studies and Research in Chemistry Dep, Sahyadri Science Coll, Shivamogga - 577 203, Karnataka, Email: lathakp337@gmail.com) : Antioxidant and antitubercular activities of leaf extracts of Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) and Amischophacelus axillaris (L.). Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 244-9.

Modern civilization is facing hundreds of disorders associated with free radicals. The natural antioxidants from non-edible plants are gaining importance to fight against these disorders. One such commonly seen disorder is tuberculosis, which is responsible for about 8 million deaths annually worldwide. This study intends to evaluate the ethanol extracts of Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extracts of Amischophacelus axillaris (L.) for antioxidant and antitubercular activities. The antioxidant activity of the extracts has been evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging methods. The results of the study indicated that ethanol extract of C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris (L.) possess promising DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antitubercular activity of ethanol extract of C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris (L.) have been evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H73Rv strain using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). The activity was documented within the MIC range of 0.8 to 12.5 µg/mL for C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and 0.8 to 50 µg/mL for A. axillaris (L.). The results of MABA showed that both the plant extracts exhibited excellent antitubercular activity. The present investigation suggests that C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and A. axillaris (L.) possess remarkable antioxidant and antitubercular activity.

3 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

040757   GUPTA S, RANADE A, GAYAKWAD S, ACHARYA R, PAWAR S (Gujarat Ayurved Univ, Jamnagar - 361 008, Email: shashi.gpt@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. leaves aqueous extract on D-galactosamine induced toxicity in HepG2 cell line. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 239-43.

The leaves of Ficus semicordata Buch-Ham.ex Sm., locally in North India is referred to as Bhumi udumbara have been reported for their traditional use to cure jaundice and various liver ailments. Despite its extensive usage in northeastern states of India, there is a lack of scientific substantiation on the safety and pharmacotherapeutic efficacy. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of F. semicordata (FS) leaves aqueous extract on HepG2 cell line to validate its ethnic claim in the management of liver disorders. D-galactosamine induced HepG2 cell toxicity model was used to evaluate its hepatoprotective activity. The cells were treated with different concentrations of aqueous extracts and dexamethasone as a standard. MTT assay was performed to determine the % inhibition of hepatotoxicity. The result indicates that the toxicity induced by D-galactosamine is reduced by FS aqueous extract group which is better when compared with the standard drug. This study revealed the hepatoprotective potential of F. semicordata on HepG2 cell line.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

040752   SWAMY A L V, SWAMY M M (Post Graduate Botany Dep, JSS Coll of Arts, Mysuru - 570 025, Karnataka, Email: veerual@gmail.com) : Studies on reproductive organs and morpho-anatomical features of leaf and stem in three traits of Vinca rosea L.. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 185-93.

Periwinkle or Vinca rosea L. has medicinal importance with three phenotypes i.e., Pink, Red eye and White. The present investigation distinguishes the three traits i.e., white, pink and red-eyed flower-bearing traits of V. rosea based on morphology, palynology, pollen grain germination and study of anatomical features of leaf, stem and variations in parts of the flower. The results revealed that significant differences were recorded in stomatal frequency, stomatal index, size of the petals, pollen viability and pollen germination. The highest per cent viability appears in pink flower-bearing plants (98.8 %) followed by red-eyed flower-bearing plants (34.3 %) and White flower-bearing plants (34 %). Similarly, the percentage germination of pollen grains is high in pink flower-bearing plants (98.1 %) followed by red-eyed flower-bearing plants (33.3 %) and white flower-bearing plants (33.3 %).

7 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

040749   REX M C, RAVI L (Botany Dep, St. Joseph’s Coll, Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560 027, Email: lokesh.ravi@sjc.ac.in) : A review on Cissus quadrangularis L. as herbal medicine. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 155-64.

Cissus quadrangularis L. is a fleshy plant found in major parts of the world, especially in Asia, Africa, and a few other warm tropical regions. It is one of the common food items in India. Ayurveda uses the whole plant for digestive aid (Pachana) and directed as palliative and roborant. C. quadrangularis also serves as a good source of triterpenoids ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, and steroids. C. quadrangularis is also used for various treatments like fracture healing, anti-ulcer, antihelmintic, antifungal, antihemorrhoidal, analgesic, antibacterial properties, etc. It also serves in the best way to treat various infirmities such as hemorrhoids, leprosy, epilepsy, dyspepsia, skin burns, dysentery, bowel complaints, to increase appetite, etc. This article throws light on various recent knowledge of scientific research in various aspects of this plant, which mainly incorporate remarkable pharmacological activities such as anti-ulcer, anti-bacterial, anxiolytic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, bone healing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and phytochemicals studies.

1 illus, 2 tables, 72 ref

040748   EISSA M A, HASHIM Y Z H-Y, SALLEH H M, ABD-AZZIZ S S S, ISA M L M, WARIF N M A, NOR Y A, EL-KERSH D M, SANI M S A (International Islamic Univ Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur - 53100, Malaysia, Email: manareissa1210@gmail.com) : Aquilaria species as potential anti-inflammatory agents–A review on in vitro and in vivo studies. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 141-54.

In the current review article, the studies conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Aquilaria species are compiled and summarized. Since inflammation is the underlying cause of many diseases, the encounter of effective and safe biomedical anti-inflammatory compounds has become the focus of recent researches. Aquilaria species were known to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, among which anti-inflammatory activity has been reported in many in vitro and in vivo studies. Chromones, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, benzophenones and phorbol esters were the major anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from Aquilaria species. The objective of this review paper is to extend researches on the anti-inflammatory activity of different parts of Aquilaria species and support their future use in natural pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of inflammation-associated conditions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

040747   FIKRI A M, POPOVA M, SULAEMAN A, BANKOVA V (Community Nutrition Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: asulaema06@gmail.com) : Stingless bees and Mangifera indica: A close relationship?. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 130-4.

Propolis is a bee product with various biological activities and phytochemical compositions. This study was aimed to identify the chemical composition and botanical origin of Indonesian stingless bees propolis produced by Tetragonula laeviceps in Banten and Heterotrigona itama in South Kalimantan, respectively. Propolis extracts were prepared using 70 % ethanol and chloroform. The extracts were analysed by GC/MS after silylation. The results showed that the studied stingless bee propolis contained a relatively high amount of sugars, probably due to the harvesting method used. Furthermore, triterpenes were found as the main constituents followed by phenolic lipids. Both samples were Mangifera indica type propolis with typical compounds, including cycloartenol, isomangiferolic acid, mangiferolic acid, ambolic acid, alk(en)ylphenols, alk(en)ylresorcinols, and anacardic acids. Therefore, M. indica might be a preferred botanical source of propolis from a tropical zone. In addition, the suctioning method in harvesting the stingless bee honey could be recommended to avoid high content of sugar and sugar derivatives.

2 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

040746   MANN S, GUPTA R K (Applied Chemistry Dep, Delhi Technical Univ, Rohini, Delhi - 110 042, Email: rkg67ap@yahoo.com) : Application of Choerospondias axillaris fruit extract in edible coating films. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 124-9.

Choerospondias axillaris fruit methanolic extract along with natural gums have been studied for its application in edible coating films as a bioactive agent for the protection of orange fruit against decay, to prevent post-harvest losses. Edible coating minimize migration of components within the food system or between the food and its surrounding environment. They provide an alternative to synthetic packaging and thereby bring on a significant role in environmental protection.C. axillaris fruit methanolic extract was checked for its antibacterial properties and the extract was then added in edible coating films for its effectiveness against the decay of orange fruits. The effect of coatings on the extension of shelf-life of orange fruits was studied at 4 and 25 °C for 30 days. During storage, changes in various physiological and chemical parameters such as weight loss, change in pH, total soluble solids and decay rate of coated and uncoated samples were observed at regular intervals. The results indicated that the methanolic extract of C. axillaris showed considerable antimicrobial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and when added in the coating solution along with gum acacia was efficient in delaying weight loss, pH, total soluble solids and decay rate.

3 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

040742   RAJPUT R T, GOHIL K J (Pharmacognosy Dep, Anand Coll of Pharmacy, Agra - 282 007, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rekhatrajput6@gmail.com) : Development and evaluation of herbomineral ointment from Bauhinia variegata L. for wound healing effects. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 96-100.

The present study has been undertaken to formulate and evaluate the herbomineral ointment containing Bauhinia variegata L. extract. The ointment formulation was designed by using aqueous extract of stem barks of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.), mineral and other excipients needed for formulation. Wound healing activity of herbomineral ointment was evaluated in excision and incision wound models in rats. The ointment was prepared by using B. variegata extract, prawal bhasma, propylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, white petrolatum and required amount of distilled water. The prepared herbomineral ointment was evaluated for physical appearance, pH, spreadability, skin irritation to observe side effects and also for wound healing activity. The herbomineral formulation was found to be good in appearance, homogeneity and it possessed significant (P <0.001) wound healing effect compared to the positive control group and nearly comparable with a standard group. In the incision wound model of rats, the formulation showed a significant increase in the skin breaking strength compared to control and reference standard. The results suggested that herbomineral formulation possessed significant wound healing potential.

3 tables, 34 ref

040739   VERMA P P S, KUMAR A, PADALIA R C, SINGH V R (CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Post Gagrigole Bageshwar 63641, Uttarakhand, Email: prawal.psv@cimap.res.in) : nfluence of NPK levels on growth and yield of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under hills of Uttarakhand. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(1), 66-72.

A field experiment was carried out at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research Centre Purara, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India during 2014 and 2015 in sandy loam soil on Influence of NPK levels on plant growth and yield of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under lower hills of Kumaon Uttarakhand were tested in a randomized block design with factorial concept in three replications. Four harvestings were taken in a year. Stevia were treated with three doses of nitrogen (100,200,300 N kg/ha), three doses of phosphorus (60,120,180 P₂O₅ kg/ha) and two levels of potassium (80,160 K₂O kg/ha). Pooled results indicated that significantly higher dry leaf yield was obtained with nitrogen @ 300 Kg/ha (45.68 t/ha) and it was on par with 200 kg/ha (43.76 t/ha). Phosphorus @ 180/ha recorded significantly highest dry leaf yield (40.68 t/ha) and it was on par with 120 kg/ha (43.40 t/ha). Potassium @ 160 kg/ha recorded dry leaf yield of 43.12 t/ha and it was comparable with potassium @80 kg/ha (41.84 t/ha). The growth parameters viz., plant height (cm), number of branches per plant and number of leaves per plant were significantly higher with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium @ 300 kg/ha, 180 kg/ha and 160 kg/ha, respectively which were on par with 200 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha and 80 kg/ha respectively. In pooled data nitrogen N₃ i.e., 300 kg/ha recorded the highest B:C (4.60) which was on par with nitrogen @ N₂ i.e., 200 kg/ha (4.34), but significantly higher than N₁ i.e., 100 kg/ha (3.38). Phosphorous P₃ i.e., 180 kg/ha resulted in higher B:C (4.61) which was on par with P₂ i.e., 120 kg/ha (4.50). Potassium level influenced the B:C non-significantly. Significantly lowest B:C was recorded with absolute control in pooled data (2.19). Nutrient level of 300:180:160 kg/ha NPK applied in equal splits to four harvestings in a year has been considered as an economically optimum level of nutrients for stevia.

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

040714   ABARNA V, RAJAVEL D S, MUTHIAH C, PAULPANDI V K, SALIHA B B, MURUGAN M, RANI B U (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ (TNAU), Madurai - 625 104, Email: abarnavenkat22@gmail.com) : Evaluation of botanicals against jassid Empoasca kerri pruthi in groundnut. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 306-10.

Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2017-2018 at Aruppukottai and Narikudi blocks, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the efficacy of various botanicals against jassid Empoasca kerri Pruthi (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on groundnut under rainfed conditions. Among them, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) @5 % was found to be the most effective in both locations [Aruppukottai (65.45 %) and Narikudi (64.98 %)]. Similarly, neem oil @ 3 % was found effective- Aruppukottai (55.27 %) and Narikudi (56.46 %). In terms of yield, the maximum yield (1523 and 1512 kg/ha) was obtained with NSKE @ 5 % (910 and 927 kg/ ha).

4 tables, 12 ref

040708   CHANDER S, MANJU, MOHAN B (Entomology Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: schanderthakur@gmail.com) : Effect of planting date of rice on brown planthopper. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 277-9.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate effect of planting date of rice on brown planthopper incidence at the ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during kharif 2016 and 2018. The results revealed that first planting (5-8 July) significantly reduced the pest incidence followed by second (18-23 July) and maximum incidence was observed in third planting (5-7 August). Early to normal planting thus can avoid higher BPH infestation, thereby preventing avoidable yield loss.

1 illus, 16 ref

040705   REENA, SINGH V B, JAMWAL S, SINHA B K, SINGH A P, KUMAR R, SINGH P (SKUAST- Jammu, Bari Brahmana - 181 133, Email: bkreena12@gmail.com) : Evaluation of some botanicals against citrus psylla Diaphorina citri. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(2), 265-7.

Five abundantly locally available roadside growing shrubs were collected, shade dried and extracts were prepared in cow urine. These extracts were evaluated against citrus psylla, Diaphorina citrii, one of the major pests infesting citrus in Jammu and Samba districts, which is also responsible for the citrus greening disease. Citrus trees planted at the Research Farm of Advanced Centre for Rainfed Agriculture, Dhiansar, Bari Brahmana and Rainfed Horticulture Research Sub Station, Raya Suchani, Vijaypur, were infested with citrus psylla. It was observed that the psylla population was more during kharif as compared to rabi. The prepared extracts were sprayed on trees during kharif, 2014 and 2015 at the ACRA, Dhiansar and during kharif, 2016 at the RHRSS, Raya, when psylla population crossed the economic threshold level. The control trees were sprayed with cow urine alone and commonly used insecticides viz., imidacloprid @ 0.5 ml/ l water, imidacloprid @ 1.0 ml/ l and dimethoate @ 1.5 ml / l. Prespray and post spray counts were made and % reduction worked out after 3 and 5 days after spray (DAS). Verbascum thapsus extract was observed to give maximum reduction (59.14 and 58.17 %, respectively at ACRA and RRSS research farm); that was more than imidacloprid @ 0.5 ml/ l spray (42.61 and 40.76 %, respectively at ACRA and RRSS research farm) and at par with imidacloprid @ 1.0 ml/ l spray (62.53 and 62.63 %, respectively at ACRA and RRSS research farm). This V. thapsus extract has great potential as botanical and can be easily incorporated in IPM.

1 table, 12 ref

040651   NARAYANAMMA V L, RAO V V (PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Email: lakshmipalem9@yahoo.com) : Exploitation of beneficial birds against major insect pests of castor Ricinus communis l.. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(1), 29-31.

Castor is infested by number of insect pests and these are attacked by many natural enemies and insectivorous birds. Some insecticides/ other treatments and beneficial birds in suppression of insect pests of castor were evaluated at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem during 2009-13. The results revealed that the farmers practice (need based insecticides application) is significantly superior against the defoliators (1.90, 1.82 and 1.62 larvae/ plant for semilooper, Spodoptera and Bihar hairy caterpillar, respectively). But the farmers practice, though gave maximum yield, the cost benefit ratio was not high. A total of 20 species of beneficial birds under 15 families and 4 orders were observed with the species diversity (N=36) (1.89 H’) and bird density/ km2 occurred being more. These birds played a role with spread of SlNPV infected larva.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

040646   BAKRY M M S, ARBAB A (Scale Insects and Mealybugs Research Dep, Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokii, Giza, Egypt, Email: md.md_sabry@yahoo.com) : Monitoring of the scale insect Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) infesting guava. Indian J Entomol 2020, 82(1), 1-12.

The present study is on the spatial distribution and for estimating the optimum sample size for monitoring the populations of the scale insect Icerya seychellarum (Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) on guava. The study was done in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Luxor, Egypt. It was observed that the scale occurred year round and there were three to four peaks of seasonal activity: beginning of June, mid-September and mid-November in 2017 and the beginning of April, mid-June, mid-August and mid-October in 2018. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that I. seychellarum had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15 %). These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Furthermore, the sampling protocol presented herein will be a tool for IPM decisions.

2 illus, 3 tables, 48 ref

040640   KAMALA I M (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore - 641 003, Email: merlinento@gmail.com) : Seasonal incidence and influence of weather factors on population dynamics of blossom midge, Contarinia maculipennis felt in jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.). Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 579-81.

A study was conducted to assess the population dynamics of blossom midge in infesting jasmine in two different climate zone, Madurai and Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. The occurrence of blossom midge, Contarinia maculipennis was less severe during December till March, where the midge incidence varied from 10.30to 34.27 per cent in Madurai District, while the incidence was minimum from December till April in Coimbatore district with the midge incidence from 9.96 to 31.58 per cent. The midge incidence showed a steady increase during summer months in both the districts. The blossom midge incidence in jasmine had a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature; sunshine hours and wind velocity, while significant negative correlation with minimum temperature.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

040636   RIMPIKA, SHARMA N (Fruit Science Dep, Dr Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni - 173 230, Email: rimpikathakur1989@gmail.com) : Influence of chemical fruit thinning on thinning level, fruit yield and quality in nectarine cv. may fire. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 559-63.

The present investigations were carried out on 12-year old trees of nectarine cultivar May Fire raised on wild peach seedling rootstocks during 2014 and 2015. Experimental trees were subjected to nine different treatments NAA at 40 and 60 ppm; Ethrel at 200 and 300 ppm applied one and two week after petal fall at 40 ppm when applied two weeks after petal fall resulted insignificantly higher thinning, decreased yield and increased fruit size and weight over the control. Fruit TSS, and total sugar contents were higher and fruit acidity and firmness were lower in the fruits from trees treated with NAA at 60 ppm when applied two weeks after petal fall. Fruit surface colouration was higher in fruits from trees treated with Ethrelat300 ppm, two weeks after petal fall Fruit thinning percentage, yield, fruit size, fruit weight, fruit colouration, fruit TSS and total sugar contents were significantly lower and fruit firmness higher in control as compared to all the chemical thinning treatments.

4 tables, 13 ref

040629   USOLTSEV V A, SHOBAIRI S O R, AHRARI A, ZHANG M, CHASOVSKIKH V P (Ural State Forest Engineering Univ, Sibirskiy Trakt, Russia, Email: Omidshobeyri214@gmail.com) : Prediction of allometric models of stand biomass of Betula sp. in Eurasia. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 517-22.

When using the unique in terms of the volume of database on the level of stand of the genus Betula sp., the trans-Eurasian additive allometric models of biomass of stands for Eurasian birch forests are developed for the first time, and thereby the combined problem of model additivity and generality is solved. The additive model of forest biomass of Betula is harmonized in two ways: it eliminated the internal contradictions of the component and the total biomass equations, and in addition, it takes into account regional differences of forest stands not only on total, aboveground and underground biomass, but also on its component structure, i.e. it reflects the regional peculiarities of the component structure of biomass.

3 illus, 8 tables, 15 ref

040627   MITTAL A, SINGH N, TEWARI A (Allied Sciences Dep, Graphic Era Hill Univ, Nainital - 263 126, Email: amitforestry26@gmail.com) : Quantitative analysis and regeneration status of forest trees species in Humaun Central Himalaya. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 507-13.

The aim of the present study to assess the diversity and regeneration status of three dominant forest types located between 413 and 2345 m in the Kumaun Himalaya. Quadrats methods used for phytosociological analysis and assessment of regeneration status was was based on seedling, sapling and trees density. The total density varied between 140 and 617 ha in sal dominated forest, 295 and 855 ha^-1 in chir-pine dominated forest and 245 and 555 ha^-1 banj oak dominated forest. The value of species diversity (H’) was between 1.62 and 2.39 for tree layer in sal dominated forest. The H' (r²= 0.96) and CD (r²= 0.91) correlated positively with density of trees in banj oak dominated forest. The relative proportion of seedling varied between 38.89 and 67.35 % 47.89 and 53.33 % of Pinus roxburghii and 33.33 and 43.64 % of Quercus leucotrichophora forests.

3 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

040623   KUMAR S, CHAUHAN M, SINGH N, SAXENA M K (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur - 302 004, Email: manjulaksaxena@yahoo.com) : Efficacy of different bioassays for the assessment of toxicity of plant extracts. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 485-92.

The toxicity of eight weed species was assessed by four bioassays using different organism's viz., wheat (Triticum aestivum L), rice (Oryza sativa L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in terrestrial, and duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.) in aquatic medium. Among all, wheat bioassay gave the best results. The growth of wheat seedlings in different concentrations (1 to 3% w/v) of aqueous leachate of 5 species, C. album, E. ciliaris, A. mexicana, T. grandis V hastata reduced significantly, whereas, A. ramosa, P. virgatum V. cineraria were found to be least affected. Lettuce and rice bioassay were not found suitable for ascertaining allelopathy. Duckweed bioassay gave doubtful results in some species. The study suggested the use of wheat bioassay for assessment of allelopathy of plant extracts in India.

1 illus, 8 tables, 31 ref

040622   RAMYA E K, SHARMILA S, MOWNIKA S (Botany Dep, Vellalar Coll for Women, Erode - 638 012, Email: ekramya16@gmail.com) : Phytosociological assessment of tree vegetation in tropical moist deciduous forest of veerakkal area, Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 480-4.

A phyto-sociological study was accomplished in the Tropical moist deciduous forest of Manar beat (Veerakkal forest ecosystem), Karamadai Reserve forest, Nilgiris South Division, India during January to December 2018. Nineteen tree species belongs to 13 families were identified. The circumference ranged between 100-180 cm and height between 15 to 25 m. Pongamia pinnata and Terminalia arjuna depicted the highest important value index (IVI) which defined the dominant species. Community indices Shannon diversity (2.7877), Simpson index (0.1352), Margalef index (4.2513), Menhinick's index (0.2753) and equitability of evenness (2.1813) of the tree species the community indicate the status of biodiversity of tree species. Dalbergia latifolia and Santalum album species are comes under vulnerable category in 2019, and these species are observed in the ecological survey of sampling plots.

4 tables, 22 ref

040621   MALAKAR S, JOSHI H G (Botany Dep, Visva-Bharati Univ, Santiniketan - 731 235, Email: santumalakar.lik@gmail.com) : Vegetation structure, composition and species diversity in an age series of coal mine overburden dumps. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 467-79.

This paper reports on the vegetation composition and diversity of herb, shrub and tree layers developing on an age series of overburden dumps (1, 3, 9, 12, 18 and 21yr) in Bansra and Sonepur Bazari colliery of Raniganj Coalfields. An adjacent native forest Garhjungle was also studied to compare the vegetation development. Total 69, 20, and 30 species of herbs, shrubs including climbers, and trees, respectively, were recorded from the overburden dumps, whereas 10 species of trees, 7 of shrubs and 20 herbaceous species were recorded from the natural forest Garhjungle. Four indices of species diversity estimated the richness, heterogeneity, evenness and dominance of species. Herbs appeared from 1yr dump while shrubs and trees appeared from 3yr onwards. Herb layer was most diverse in the early successional stage while shrub layer was most diverse in the intermediate stage. Density of herbs and shrubs decreased, whereas density, basal area and diversity of tree increased with increase in dump age. Herb layer was dominated by invasive species in the initial phase of succession and gradually replaced by higher successional herbs. Shrub layer was dominated by invasive species throughout the succession. Importance of Leucaena leucocephala, only invasive tree species recorded, increased in the late successional stage. Generic Coefficient indicated the possibility of ecological restoration.

3 illus, 10 tables, 47 ref

040615   AMMU P, ASWINI R, MURUGESAN S (Botany Dep, Periyar Univ, Salem - 636 011, Email: drsmbtpu@gmail.com) : Study on biodiversity and floristic at wetland in tirupattur taluk. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 431-41.

The present review gives noteworthy data on biodiversity and floristic at wetland plants in Tirupattur Taluk. This is the principal biodiversity ponder, which records the morpho-ecological gatherings of wetland plants and their uses, point by point of assorted qualities in various lakes. This examination thinks about reports of the biodiversity and floristic investigations of the employments of plants by tenants in Tirupattur Taluk of the distinctive lake. The present review manages the preparing and expending biodiversity of wetland plants. The acquired information was utilized as a part of the learning of Tirupattur Taluk of wetland morphological, natural, pH and their employments. It supports to find out the rare and endangered plants in the particular area.

4 illus, 8 tables, 14 ref

040614   BAISHNAB B, MAJUMDAR K, DATTA B K (Botany Dep, Tripura Univ, Suryamaninagar - 799 022, Email: biswajit.baishnab540@gmail.com) : Anatomical features oth orchid, Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana (O. Gruss & Roellke) from Tripura, Northeast India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 426-430.

Phalaenopsis deliciosa subsp. hookeriana a moth orchids, is reported for the first time from Tripura. Present study deals with its anatomical description of the aerial root and leaf internal structure. The collateral vascular bundle in leaf which is surrounded by homogenous mesophyll, epidermis and cuticle were examined. The anomocytic type of stomata are present in this species and estimated stomatal density was 2.1/92.9 mm² and stomatal index was 3.71 %. The root anatomical study revealed that it having uniseriate velamen as additional adaptive feature. Pelotons of mycorrhzia were also identified in the root cortex. This species blooms in Agust to September in moist deciduous forest of Atharomura at an altitude of 145m amsl on the trunk of Artocarpus chama Buch. Ham.

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

040612   LYNGDOH N, MUKUL K, DEVI M B, VASUDEVA R, PANDEY A K (Tree Improvement Dep, Horticulture and Forestry Coll Central Agricultural Univ, Pasighat - 791 102, Email: lyngdoh@gmail.com) : Population status of hollock (Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muell. Arg) in the Eastern hollock forest type of North East India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 414-8.

The study aims to ascertain whether Hollock trees (Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muell. Arg) still retain their dominant status in Terminalia myriocarpa the Eastern Hollock Forest type (3/_IS₂) of Arunachal Pradesh. This forest type is an edaphic formation under North Indian Moist deciduous forests. We primarily assessed its population status and compared its various population parameters with overall community indices, and inferred future population status based on its existing regeneration pattern. The study was carried out during 2015-16 in Pasighat Station reserve and Poba reserve forests of 3/_IS₂ forest type under Pasighat Forest Division of Arunachal Pradesh. In both reserves a total of 74 tree species was recorded. Out of the total number of individual stems enumerated Hollock represented 26.67 % and 18.60 %. Stem density was the highest for Hollock with 95 and 73.12 individuals/ha with a relative density of 35.22 % and 19.33 % in Pasighat Station and Poba reserve forest, respectively. Complete dominance was observed for basal area contributing 95.90 % of the total at Pasighat Station reserve forest while it was 41.94 % in Poba reserve forest, only lower to Gmelina arborea. The density of seedlings of Hollock in Poba reserve forest was also lower than seedling density of Gmelina.

3 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

040609   VERMA A, TEWARI A (Forestry & Environmental Science Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital - 263 001, Email: artiverma60@gmail.com) : Seedling mortality and timing of phenological events in Quercus semecarpifolia dominated forests in Kumaun Himalayan Region. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 397-403.

Phenology and population dynamics of Quercus semecarpifolia Smith. (Kharsu) in Nainital district of Kumaun region of Uttarakhand Quercus semecarpifolia were observed during 2009-10 and 2010-11. The results revealed that the leafing occurred in the pre-monsoon period which peaked in July. Full leaf expansion was completed in August. The leaf expansion period in Yr1 was 10-15 days longer than Yr2 on both the sites. Leaf drop occurred throughout the year with a peak in June, while flowering was seen in July. Similarly, flowering was one week later in Yr2 in comparison to Yr1. The period between pollination and the ripening of acorns in Q. semecarpifolia was 12-14 months. Seed fall started from August and continued till September. The germination rate varied between 50-65 % between the sites. The seedling emergence ranged from 35-45 %. Across the study period seedling mortality rate was very high on both the sites. The regeneration was poor. At the end of observation the mean seedling density ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 seedling m^-2. Seedling mortality was high in the first year of recruitment between December and June.

4 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

040606   JASIM N S, ATI M A-A (Basrah Univ, Basrah, Iraq, Email: ahmidnaji916@gmail.com) : Effect of salycilic acid on antioxidant enzymes and biochemical contents of date palm plantlets (Phoenix dactylifera L.) under salt stress conditions. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 378-82.

The study was conducted to observe the effect of Salicylic acid (SA) on physiological and biochemical changes in date palm plantlets. Plantlets were irrigated water with different concentrations of salt stress (10, 15 and 20 ds m^-1), while the control treatment was irrigated by tap water only. The salt concentration significantly decreased chloroplast pigments, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, total soluble carbohydrates compared with increased levels of proline contents and antioxidant activities (catalase and peroxidase). The treatments of date palm plantlets with salicylic acid (1.5 mm) under salt conditions led to increase of leaf chemical composition and antioxidant enzymes activity, catalase and peroxidase compared with treatments under salt stress only and control .

6 illus, 40 ref

040604   CHEDADI T, IDRISSI O, ELHANSALI M, HADDIOUI A (Sultan Moulay Slimane Univ, Beni Mellal, Morocco, Email: toufik.chedadi@gmail.com) : Survey of yield losses by Orobanche crenata in carrot (Daucus carota L.) in Morocco. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 365-8.

The carrot (Daucus carota L.) plays important socio-economic role in Morocco. Recently, frequent attacks by the parasitic plant Orobanche crenata has been reported and the infestation is increasingly observed in recent years causing huge damages. The results of study show that the parasitic weed attacks reduced root weight, root length and root diameter in carrot. Average reduction was 19.98, 20.04 and 9.10 %, respectively. Furthermore, O. crenata affects the end-quality of carrot roots. This causes total yield decrease resulting in significant economic losses and thus reducing growers' incomes. Total yield losses dues to O. crenata infestation ranged from 21 to 27 t/ha corresponding to monetary values of about 2600 and 3400 USD ha^-1. To overcome this situation, there is an urgent need for effective control methods to limit the infestation and reduce the losses.

1 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

040602   BHIAH K M (Soil Science Dep, Kufa Univ, Kufa, Iraq, Email: karimm.bhiah@uokufa.edu.iq) : Effects of optimus plus and red tea extract fertilizer on the growth and flowering of freesia (Freesia hybrida). Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 357-60.

The experiment was conducted in poly house to find out the effects of optimus plus at 0, 4 and 8 g l^-1 and red tea (Roselle) extract 0, 6 and 12 g l^-1 on freesia plant characteristics. Plant height, leaves number, shoot dry weight, number of flowering days, number of flower stalks floret diameter, total chlorophyll content and leaves carbohydrate content and leaves content of anthocyanin increased significantly with the application of extracts.

3 tables, 15 ref

040601   AL-MEEKH M T A, ALKARAWI H H, ASI S L, AL-AMEER H K A (Al-Furat Al-Awast Technical Univ, Babylon, Iraq, Email: hassan.alkarawi@atu.edu.iq) : Effect of spraying urea and addition of potassium on growth Parameters of local citrus seedling (Citrus sinensis L.) grafted on sour orange rootstock. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 351-6.

The effects of different levels of urea spray (0, 0.5, 1, 2 %) with a total number of five spraying. The interval between each spray was one month. The second-factor addition of potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate) applied of partitioning for five batches, the concentration of potassium sulfate was 50 g per seedling. The results revealed that a significant association of the concentration of the urea and growth indicators of the seedlings, by giving the highest averages for seedling length, stem diameter, total leaves number, leaf area, dry weight, the leaves content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Similarly, the potassium fertilizer application was significantly correlated to the growth indicators for a citrus seedling. However, the urea alone or combined with the addition of potassium at the early stages of growth could be useful in improving seedling quality.

6 tables, 28 ref

040600   MAHMOOD S M (Biology Dep, Mosul Univ, Mosul, Iraq, Email: mohammedsafaa1978@gmail.com) : Effect of zinc soil contamination on the survival of earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa and effect on protein content and their tissues. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 345-50.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc toxicity (750, 1000 and 1500 mg kg^-1) during periods (15 days) on worms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) collected from poultry breeding fields and effect on the protein content and the mortality rate. The highest mortality collected from poultry breeding fields and effect on the protein content and the mortality rate. The highest mortality Aporrectodea caliginosa was (33 %) at concentration 1500 mg kg^-1 and within 15 days of treatment. The histological sections showed that when the worms exposed to different concentrations of zinc, it resulted in shrinkage in the thickness of the body wall and bleeding under the epidermis and the presence of fragmentation, necrosis and contraction in the longitudinal muscle layer. The zinc metal reduces the proportion of protein in the body of worms in all concentrations, especially with increased concentration. Thus, this reduction in protein affects the diet of poultry and cows that add worms as nutrients in their diet to raise the level of protein in their bodies.

10 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

040596   JOSHI V, MITRA J C, SAR S K (Chemistry Dep, Dr. C.V. Raman Univ, Kota, Bilaspur - 495 113, Email: abhivarsha327@gmail.com) : Characterization of plant based low cost adsorbents in Chhattisgarh State. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 320-3.

This study evaluates to prepare and characterize plant based adsorbent from leaves. The adsorbent prepared with physical and chemical treatment. The sieving size 125 µm was selected for adsorbents. The physico-chemical parameters of adsorbents pH, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, bulk density and iodine value were determined. Targeted the functional group of biosorbents were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The present research work indicated that all biosorbent shown carbon (68-76 %),iodine value (131-223) and important functional group i.e.,carboxylic acid, amino acid, ether, aldehyde and ketone.

3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

040572   SURYAVAMSHI L G, SHIVANNA M B (Kuvempu Univ, Shankaraghatta - 577 451, Email: mbshivanna@yahoo.co.uk) : Diversity and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi in Memecylon umbellatum burm. F.- A medicinal plant in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 171-80.

Endophytic fungi in Memecylon umbellatum were isolated by potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar or moist blotter methods, and studied for species richness, diversity and evenness. Sixty-three species of 22 genera of fungi and 10 morphotype isolates were documented. Certain morphotypes were characterized as Endomelanconiopsis endophytica, Lasiodiplodia iranensis, L. theobromae and Phyllosticta capitalensis by ITS regions of rDNA. Aspergillus niger, Cochlibolus lunatus and Pestalotiopsis guepinii were dominant species in leaves, bark and fruits. Winter season supported the high fungal incidence of species of Cochliobolus, Bipolaris and Khuskia. PDAsupported high fungal expression in foliages during winter. Cochlibolus affinis and P. guepinii expressed high antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial strains. The study suggested rich endophytic fungal diversity in M. umbellatum which depended on isolation methods, seasons and plant parts, and some of them could be the future source of novel compounds with biological activities.

4 illus, 4 tables, 70 ref

040571   PAL S, PANWAR P, LORIA N, VERMA M R, SHARMA N K (ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chandigarh -160 019, Email: sharmistha.ars@gmail.com) : Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass carbon under different forests of North Western Himalaya, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 164-70.

Present research was conducted to study the seasonal variation of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in relation to soil depth under different forest based ecosystems of western Himalaya, India. Soil samples were collected randomly from each of the five land uses, in different seasons (i.e., rainy, winter and summer). Soil samples were collected in triplicate, from four different depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm), in every season. The chloroform fumigation extraction method was used to determine soil microbial biomass carbon. Irrespective of land uses, the highest value of soil microbial biomass carbon was observed during rainy season, followed by summer and minimum in winter. Microbial biomass carbon showed a strong positive correlation with soil organic carbon and soil moisture. MBC was highest in surface soil (0- 5cm) of Quescus (572.9 µgg^-1 soil) forest and lowest in agricultural lands (262.2 µgg^-1 soil) at 45-60 cm depth. The effect of forest based ecosystems on soil microbial carbon was most prominent in surface soil and decreased as the soil depth increased.

3 illus, 4 tables, 46 ref

040569   KUMAR M L, NAG A, MALAKAR S, JOSHI H G (Botany Dep, Visva-Bharati Univ, Santiniketan - 731 235, Email: hemagupta.gupta123@gmail.com) : Population structure and diversity of trees in Amarkutir, a tropical dry deciduous forest of West Bengal, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 150-4.

Present study analyzed the population structure and species diversity of tree layer in Amarkutir, a tropical dry deciduous forest of Sriniketan-Santiniketan lateritic patch in Birbhum district of West Bengal. Atotal of 295 individuals belonging to 14 species were recorded, out of which 221 individuals had diameter ranging between 1-10 cm indicating that the forest is in under-mature condition. Acacia auriculiformis was the dominant tree species and Shorea robusta present co-dominantly. All the tree species showed clumped distribution. Shannon's diversity index of the tree species was 2.46. Simpson's index indicated absence of dominance by single or few species. Highest family index value (FIV) was exhibited by Mimosaceae (104.73) followed by Dipterocarpaceae (46.4), whereas Flacourtiaceae (7.62) was the least represented family.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

040568   NAYAK S, SAHOO U K (Forestry Dep, Mizoram Univ, Aizawl - 796 004, Email: uksahoo_2003@rediffmail.com) : Tree diversity and ecological status of Madhuca latifolia (roxb.) j.f. macbr in forests of Odisha. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 138-49.

The present paper aims to study the tree diversity in Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J.F. Macbr. (Mahua) dominated forests of Odisha situated in 10 different agroecological zones. Atotal of 94 tree species belonging to 29 families were recorded. The most dominant family was Fabaceae. The Shannon-Wiener index (H′) for all the natural forests studied under different agroclimatic zones ranges from 1.592–2.560 with maximum in AEZ-9 (2.560) and minimum in (AEZs) (1.592). The quantatitive features such as density and importance value index of different species varied significantly between the forests in different agroecological zones. The tree density varied from 343 stems ha^-1 (in AEZ-4- Nayagarh Baispalli-Buguda-Banigochha Forest) to 790 stems ha (in AEZ-2-Mayurbhanj Similipal Reserve Forest, Chandbil), and the majority of the tree species were found in intermediate girth class. M. latifolia recorded for maximum stem density in AEZ-2 (137.5 stems ha^-1) and minimum in AEZ-8 (30 stems ha^-1). There was a lot of variation in tree size of this species between the forests and the tree size heterogeneity of this species was clearly related to stand density; the stands with larger trees were less heterogenous in tree size.

3 illus, 6 tables, 30 ref