008655   Oyeyipo I P;Obembe O O;Oladokun O O;Raji Y (Physiology Dep, College of Health Sciences, Osun State Univ, Osun State, Nigeria, Email: greatibuks@yahoo.com) : Sperm function and fertility profile following nicotine administration in male rats: protective potentials of Zingiber officinale. Int J Green Pharm 2014, 8(2), 125-9.

It is well documented that Zingiber officinale has androgenic property while nicotine induce infertility through hormonal imbalances, but there are no data in the open scientific literature that have examined the effects of Z. officinale in preventing nicotine-induced infertility. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Z. officinale on nicotine-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Thirty-two male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8). Group 1 served as the control, group 2 was administered with 1.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) of nicotine orally for 30 days, group 3 was administered with 1.0 mg/kg BW of nicotine alongside with 500 mg/kg BW/day of aqueous extract of Z. officinale and group 4 was administered with 500 mg/kg BW/day of aqueous extract of Z. officinale. Semen analysis showing sperm count, morphology, motility, volume and viability was carried out. Fertility study, litter weight and size were also determined. Testosterone was also assayed. Nicotine treatment significantly decreased sperm count, motility, normal morphology and serum testosterone level. There was a decrease in libido, litter weight and number delivered by the untreated cohabited female during the experiments. However, the extract prevented the decrease in sperm quality and hormonal imbalances caused by nicotine. This finding shows that aqueous extract of Z. officinale prevented nicotine-induced infertility during nicotine administration and possesses pro-fertility potentials attributed to the androgenic properties of the plant.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

008654   Modaresi M;Dadkhah D (Agriculture Dep, Khorasan Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Isfahan, Iran) : Effects of yarrow's (Achillea millefolium) hydroalcoholic extract on blood protein in mice. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(2), 281-4.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) means thousands leaves plant and belongs to Asteraceae family. Yarrow is a perennial plant which grows in mountainous regions of Europe, North Africa and East Asia (including North Iran and Alborz heights). This plant has many health benefits like treating problems of digestive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system (stimulating blood circulation and lowering blood pressure), and genital-urinary system. In this study, the effect of Yarrow extract was evaluated on immunity parameters of blood serum in little female laboratory rats (Balb/C race). At first, samples were divided randomly in five groups: three treatment groups, one control group and one placebo group. Each group had eight members and all groups were kept in similar conditions. Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared in three doses including 50,100 and 200 mg/kg and was injected in peritoneum every two days for twenty days. Normal saline was injected to placebo group. All measurements were done using protein electrophoresis method. Measured parameters were albumin amount, α-1 and α-2 globulin, β globulin, gamma globulin, albumin globulin ratio, and total protein. Results showed that the amount of albumin, β globulin and total protein were increased in all three doses, α-2 were decreased in all treatments and a-1 were increased in all three doses but this increase was significant for doses 100 and 200 mg. Albumin globulin ratio was increased also in all treatments but it was significant only for 50 mg. Gamma globulin amount was increased in 50 and 100 mg but decreased a little in 200 mg. Results of this study showed that Yarrow extract caused significant changes in blood immune parameters and can affect immune system of body even in absence of antigenic factors.

2 illus, 16 ref

008653   Maria A;Shahardar R A;Bumla N A;Suradkar U S (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, Apollo College of Veterinary Medicine, Agra Road, Jaipur-302 031, Email: mariaabbas122@gmail.com) : Comparative efficacy of benzimidazole and avermectin group of medicines against equine stronglylosis in Kashmir. Vet Practnr 2013, 14(2), 542-4.

Sixty adult ponies, of either sex, aged >5 years, positive for the Strongyle spp., with mean faecal egg counts per gram (EPG) of faeces ranging from 500- were randomly assigned to three groups (Gr. I, Gr. II & Gr.III) of 20 animals each. In each group 5 ponies were maintained as infected controls (Gr.IB, IIB & IIIB) and no treatment was administered where as the 15 ponies in each group (Gr. IA, Gr. IIA & Gr.IIIA) were administered antiparasitic drugs. Each animal in Gr. IA was orally treated with fenbendazole @ 7.5mg/kg b.w., Gr. II A were administered albendazole @ 5mg/kg b.w. Whereas each animal in group IIIA received sub-cutaneous single dose of doramectin @ 0.2mg/kg b.w. The efficacy of the drugs under trial was assessed by the reduction in pretreatment faecal egg counts vis a vis post-treatment EPG on Day-7, 14 and 28 post-treatment. It was observed that the post treatment egg counts in different treated groups start declining significantly from Day-7 and attained almost 100.0% reduction (Gr. IA, IIA, IIIA) in faecal egg counts by Day 14. However, on Day 28, some animals in treated group (Gr. IIA &IIIA) evidenced a negligible increase in post-treatment EPG counts. Possibilities of hypobiotic Strongyle larvae becoming active consequential to expulsion of in situ adult worm population have been discussed as contributing factor.

1 table, 18 ref

008652   Mandal S;Subhradal Nath (Veterinary, Parasitology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Jabalpur, Email: subhradal@gmail.com) : Biochemical alteration in caprine blood before and after slaughter. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(2c), 1128-32.

Slaughter induced changes in blood biochemical profile in goat as reported here are of significance in commercial biomedical use of this connective tissue. Blood samples were collected from 30 goats from abattoirs before and after slaughter and biochemical and statistical analysis (mean was compared with t-test), was observed that the albumin, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase increased, while globulin, urea nitrogen and creatinine decreased (p<60>0.05) significantly. Significant increase in glucose and cholesterol, and marginal variation in concentration of total protein was observed. Sodium and chloride decreased, potassium was observed to have increased highly significantly due to slaughter.

27 ref, 1 table

008651   Li Y;Chen L;Han G;Zhou J;Zhao Y (College of Life Science, Nothwest Univ, Biomedical Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China, Email: ly2011@nwu.edu.cn) : Determination of antibacterial activity of aucubugenin and aucubin. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(2), w559-561.

Because of the previously conflicted reports, the aucubigenin and aucubin have been reinvestigated for their antibacterial activities by a sensitive standardized micro-well dilution with automated spectrophotometric method, compared with paper disc diffusion method. The micro-well dilution assay was more accurate than paper disc diffusion method. The results showed that aucubin exhibited no antibacterial activity, while aucubigenin showed remarkable antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacteria. Aucubigenin was particularly more effective against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 0.0313 mg/mL and MBC value of 0.0625 mg/mL, respectively.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

008650   Lahir Y K (Zoology Dep, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Kandivli (E), Mumbai-400 101, Email: lahiryk@gmail.com) : Natural cure for genetic integrity. Biochem Cell Archs 2013, 13(1), 1-17.

Genetic material, "DNA" of an organism is stable and intact. Its transfer in original form from one generation to next generation is essential. This facilitates the transfer of somatic and sex-linked traits from parents to offspring. Under normal physiological conditions the genetic material of an organism is prone to number of interactions within nucleus and/or cell. In spite of all these interactions the DNA maintains its integrity. There are number of processes which affect its structural and functional aspects, some of these have derogative effects causing damage to DNA. Over all under normal physiological conditions the DNA has tendency to keep itself intact and retain its integrity. Various biochemical, metabolic pathways, micro and macromolecules, exogenous, endogenous including anthropogenic chemicals, components of solar and ionizing radiations etc, and life related processes like senescence, aging, are potential agents which are responsible for the damage of genetic material. In this presentation an effort is made to understand their role in the process of damaging DNA and its restoration modes along with some suitable examples. Most of the impairments to DNA are repaired, restoring the structural and functional efficacy of DNA without hampering its integrity. The restoration processes are complex, elaborated, and varied; these are designed to minimize the harm caused to genetic matter so that its originality is maintained.

^iia77 ref

008649   Kishore R;Janadri S;Shah M;Harishankar T; Shahu G (NO, Ayurwin Pharma Pvt Ltd, Bangalore) : Cardioprotective effects of protein powder supplemented with grape seed extract and co enzyme Q10 on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Indian J Nutr Diet 2013, 50(9), 387-91.

Protein powder supplemented with grape seed extract and co enzyme (1800 mg/kg, p.o) twice daily was found to have cardioprotective activity against isoprenaline induced cardiac damage in albino rats compared with cardiac control (Isoprenaline, 85 mg/kg,s.c). Results are clearly shows that the cardioprotective effects of protein powder supplemented with grape seed extract and co enzyme Q10 (1800 mg/ kg, p.o) of twice daily in rats due to reduction of serum cardiac markers and lipid levels. Further studies are required to confirm exact mechanism of its cardioprotective activity.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

008648   Karki H;Upadhayay K;Pal H;Singh R (NO, Shree Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology, Dehradun-248 001, Email: himani_karki@rediffmail.com) : Antidiabetic potential of Zanthoxlum armatum bark extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Green Pharm 2014, 8(2), 77-83.

Hydromethanolic extract of the bark of Zanthoxylum armatum (HMZA) was evaluated for its antidiabetic and antioxidant activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. HMZA was evaluated in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg i.p.). Normal and diabetic rats were divided into different groups and orally administered with HMZA (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from overnight-fasted rats on at 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment and analysed for blood glucose level and lipid profile. On day 21, rats were sacrificed and liver and kidney tissues were excised to measure their antioxidant status. Oral administration of HMZA for 21 days (200 and 400 mg/kg) resulted in significant reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and significant increase in high density lipoprotein and body weight of streptozotocin diabetic rats. In addition to that, significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione were observed in streptozotocin diabetic rats. From the present study, it is evident that, the bark of Z. armatum possesses significant antidiabetic and antioxidant effect on diabetic rats and suggests that the plant may have therapeutic value in diabetes and related complications.

5 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

008647   Johri P K;Johri R;Tripathi R;Dayal V (Zoology Dep, D.A.V. College, Kanpur-208 001, Email: aarkumarpee59@gmail.com) : Cytogenic assay-analysis of chromosomal aberration/mutation in the bone marrow cells of male albino rats treated with polyherbal preparations; used inreducing arsenic induced oxidative stress, enhancement of libido activity/ aphrodisiac and reversible suppression of male fertility. Biochem Cell Archs 2013, 13(1), 19-29.

Indigenous medicinal plants are widely used for control of various diseases and for other beneficial effects. In this study the cytotoxic effects of anti-arsenic (31herbs) viz., Solanum nigrum Linn.(Whole plant), Ocimum sanctum Linn.(Leaves), Azadirachta indica A. Juss, (Leaves, Bark and Kernel), Vitex negundo Linn.(Leaves and Roots), Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Fruits), Tribulus terrestris Linn. (Whole plant), Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Fruits, leaves and seeds), Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois (Whole plant), Gloriosa superba Linn. (Whole plant), Baliospermum solanifolium Suresh. (Whole plant), Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Roots), Pongamia pinnata Pierre (Seeds), Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso. (Roots), Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn.(Leaves), Embelia ribes Burm.f. (Berry), Cyperus rotundas Linn. (Dried tuberous roots), Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. (Dried roots), Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Whole plant), Elephantopus scaber Linn.(Roots), Cichorium intybus Linn.(Roots), Ficus benghalensis Linn (Bark), Eclipta alba (Linn.) (Whole plant) Hassk, Trigonella foenum-Graecum Linn. (Seeds), Sesamum indium Linn. (Seeds), Nardostachys jatamansi D.C. (Rhizomes), Psoralea corylifolia Linn.(Fruits), Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fruit kernel), Terminalia bellirica Roxb. (Fruit kernel), Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Bark and fruits), Ficus carica Linn, (Fruit) and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Flowers); aphrodisiac (24 herbs) viz., Asparagus racemosus Willd (Tuberous root), Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Dried stem), Tribulus terrestris Linn (Fruits), Withania somnifera Dunal (Roots), Astercantha longifolia Nees.(Seeds), Asparagus adscendenns Roxb (Tuberous roots), Elettaria cardamomum Maton (Seeds), Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Seeds), Crocus sativus Linn. (Stigma), Piper longum Linn (Fruit), Syzygium aromaticum Linn (Inflorescence), Myristica fragrans Houtt (Fruit), Zingiber officinale Rose (Rhizome), Pueraria tuberosa DC (Bark), Mucuna pruriens Baker (Seeds) Eulophia campestris Wall. (Inflorescence), Salmalia malabaeicum (DC.) (Bark), Santalum album Linn (Wood), Anacyclus pyrethrum C.D. (Twigs), Centella asiatica Linn (Whole plant), Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (Stem bark), Salvia plebeia R.Br. (Seeds), Altingia excelsa Noronha (Stone), Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Seeds) and 16 Male reversible antifertility indigenous medicinal plants viz., Solanum surattense Burm. f. (Berries, seeds and roots) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., (Dried Flowers), Embelia ribes Burm. f., (Berries), Syzygium cumini Skeels., (Seeds), Abrus precatorius Linn.,(Seeds), Alstonia scholaris RBr., (Stem Bark), Calotropis procera (Ait) R.Br., (Roots and Flowers), Cichorium intybus Linn., (Whole Plant), Sarcostemma acidum Voigt., (Stem), Semecarpus anacardium Linn, f., (Seeds & Fruits), Vitex negundo Linn., (Seeds), Gossypium herbaceum Linn., (Seeds), Biophytum senstivum DC., (Seeds), Aristolochia indica Linn., (Roots), Carica papaya Linn. (Seeds) and Lalle-mantia royleana Benth. (Seeds) were used in the form of polyherbal preparations at the dose level of 200 mg/kg b. wt. for 60 consecutive days. The chromosomes preparations were made following a schedule of colchicines-fixative-air drying-Giemsa method. The end points screened were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. The aphrodisiac and male reversible antifertility polyherbal preparation were found to be non-mutagenic as compared to control in bone-marrow cells of male albino rat. The oral administration of 1.0 mg/kg b.wt. of As₂0₃ alone worked as a positive inducer of different types of chromosomal aberrations in the bone-marrow cells of experimental animals as compared to control. The arsenic along with the anti-arsenic polyherbal preparation prevented significantly chromosomal aberrations. The mutagenicity induced by arsenic in mitotic cell division, changes in DNA and RNA were called as leaky mutation and administration of crude anti-arsenic polyherbal preparation reduced missense mutation and the cells retained their normal integrity. Results conclude that the polyherbal preparations viz., aphrodisiac and reversible male antifertility seems to have non-mutagenic in the bone-marrow cells, testis smear and hepatocytes cells of male albino rat.

26 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

008646   Gupta V K;Shukla S;Singh R V;Gupta P (Veterinary Public Health Dep, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., Mhow, Indore, Madhya Pradesh) : Assessment of milk food safety status: common milk adulterants in rural and urban areas of Indian malwa plateau and their public health significance. Vet Practnr 2013, 14(2), 536-9.

The milk food safety is a challenging global problem of human health concern. A milk adulterant is a substance which should not be legally contained within milk food. The additions of various adulterants are practices to increase the bulk of milk and to make more profit. It is objectionable in the view point of country's economic growth, legal, religion and public health. The milk food safety issue; common milk adulterants found in milk of some rural and urban areas of Malwa region and its public health significance has been discussed in this article. Laboratory investigation of the milk samples collected from various milk vendors confirmed the adulteration in the studied region. It was concluded that most common milk adulterant was found as water. The milk samples were also found adulterated by urea, starch, neutralizers (carbonates/bicarbonates), detergents (shampoo), sodium chloride/salt, skim milk powder, sugar, glucose, formalin and hydrogen peroxide, among which some are toxic chemicals and highly poisonous to human health. The milk adulteration was found in both rural and urban areas of Malwa region. The frequency of milk adulteration was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Adulterated milk is a sweet and slow poison and children can suffer by taking such milk. Further this synthetic milk causes a number of serious harms and health complications in human body. It proves deadly for pregnant women and patients suffering from various vital problems. Addition of preservatives into milk is also harmful to consumer's health. Certain chemicals in the milk have cancerous effect also. Increasing number of human population is suffering from incurable diseases and the impure food might be a major reason responsible for these diseases. Prompt preventive and control measures like wide publicity through print, electronic media, complete ban on sale of loose milk, strict vigil over the private and unorganized dairies; local milk vendors, high legal standards, strict laws and their proper enforcement, regular consumer's awareness programmes, availability of easy, rapid and sure test for detection of nature and extent of adulteration and trainings of milk food business operators and housewives regarding the same, should be adopted immediately to resolve the issue as a whole.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

008645   Ganeshpurkar A;Ganeshpurkar A;Bansal D;Dubey N (Drug Discovery Laboratory, Shri Ram Institute of Technology-Pharmacy, Jabalpur-482 002, Email: adityaganeshpurkar@gmail.com ) : Biological evaluation of ferulic acid as potent immunomodulator: an in vitro study. Int J Green Pharm 2014, 8(2), 130-4.

The development of immunity and suppression of undesired immune reaction are two of the strategies that are responsible to control the disease. Immunomodulators, which are devoid of any untoward effects, can be administered for a long period for prevention of variety of diseases. Ferulic acid, a hydroxylated cinnamic acid is an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in cell wall of plants. It is one of the important phyto-molecule with diverse therapeutic effects. The current work was proposed to determine in vitro immunomodulatory effects of ferulic acid. Nitroblue tetrazolium test, phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans, neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis test and membrane stabilisation studies were performed to determine immunomodulatory effect of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid caused stimulation of neutrophils causing phagocytotic activity to significant degree. Ferulic acid aroused the process of phagocytosis of killed C. albicans and demonstrated a significant (P <60> 0.05) chemotactic activity at all tested concentrations. Ferulic acid at concentrations of 50-300 μg/ml demonstrated protection to goat erythrocytes membrane against lysis induced by heat solution. The present study suggests that ferulic acid could be regarded as potential immunomodulatory compound. However, it would be interesting to understand in vivo behaviour of ferulic acid under varied experimental conditions.

3 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

008644   Augustine B B;Dash S;Lakhar M;Rao Amara V; Samudrala P K;Thomas J M (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahti-781 032, Email: bibinbabyaugustine@gmail.com) : Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of ethyl acetate extract of Leucas aspera in swiss albino mice. Int J Green Pharm 2014, 8(2), 84-9.

Leucas aspera is a widely used ethno-medicinal plant for various diseases in India. In our recent research work, this plant showed powerful anti-cancer activity in various cancer cell lines by stimulating macrophage cells which plays a central role in the immune system. The present study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Leucas aspera (EALA). In the current study, we have used neutrophil adhesion test, carbon clearance test, haemagglutinating antibody titre test, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction test and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression test. EALA 200 and 400 mg/kg oral dose were selected for the study after conducting the acute dose toxicity study. All the studies were performed in Swiss albino mice. EALA showed a dose dependant increase in the neutrophil adhesion to the nylon fibres, produced a significant increase in the phagocytic index in carbon clearance test and a significant protection against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Moreover both doses of EALA produced an increase in the circulating serum immunoglobulins in haemagglutinating antibody titre test along with an increase in the foot pad edema in delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction test. From the above findings it is concluded that EALA has the ability to modulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

5 tables, 23 ref

008643   Ahmad M;Khan A U;Wahid A;Farhan M;Buti Z A; Ahmad F (Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College Univ, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: maqsood_ahmad92@yahoo.com) : Urban wastewater as hotspot for antibiotic and antibiotic resistant bacteria spread into the aquatic Enviornment. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(2), 579-82.

The study was under taken to investigate the occurrence of ofloxacin in hospital wastewater, municipal wastewater and in river water receiving the sewage; along with the assessment of antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi) in these waters. Transfer of antibiotic resistance between two different strains of bacteria was also studied. Untreated sewage from the three hospitals (Mayo, Services and Jinnah) directly entering into municipal wastewater and ultimately flows into the river Ravi without any prior treatment. The concentration of ofloxacin in wastewater of the three hospitals was ranged between 10.69 to 30.55 μg mL^{-1. However, before mixing of the hospital wastewater, concentration of ofloxacin in the three municipal wastewater drains (receiving the wastewater) was ranged between 0.26 to 0.43 μg mL-1. Downstream to the hospitals, increase in concentration was observed and concentration was ranged between 0.54 to 1.29 μg mL-1. The river water was not contaminated with ofloxacin upstream to the city, while a concentration of the antibiotic downstream to the city was 0.067 μg mL-1. All the water samples collected from hospital and municipal wastewater drains were contaminated with S. typhi. It was noted that hospital isolates were more resistant (50 %) to ofloxacin as compare to municipal wastewater isolates (16.7 %). No S. typhi was detected from the river water before entering first municipal wastewater drain from the city. Downstream to first municipal wastewater drain S. typhi were detected and 33 % of them were resistant to ofloxacin. The bacterial isolates isolated from river water downstream to the city were 100 % resistant to the antibiotic. The results of co-culture of ofloxacin resistant S. typhi and ofloxacin sensitive Escherichia coli revealed that the resistant S. typhi were able to transfer the antibiotic resistance to another species.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

007505   Wiwanitkit V (NO, , Wiwanitkit House, Bangkhae, Bangkok-10160, Thailand, Email: wviroj@yahoo.com) : Usage of U7 small nuclear ribonucleic acid in gene therapy of hemoglobin D Punjab disorder: rationale. Indian J Hum Genet 2013, 19(3), 291-2.

Hemoglobin (Hb) D Punjab disorder is a congenital hemoglobinopathy described in India. It is a disorder due to defect in beta-globin gene. Here, the author assesses the possibility of U7.623 gene therapy for Hb D Punjab disorder. A standard bioinformatic analysis to study the effect of co-expression between nucleic acid sequence for human Hb D Punjab beta-globin chain and U7.623 was performed. It can be seen that fully recovery of Hb function and biological process can be derived via gene ontology study. Here, there is a rationale to use U7 small nuclear ribonucleic acid as a possible tool for gene therapy in Hb D Punjab disorder.

7 ref

007504   Wiwanitkit V (NO, , Wiwanitkit, House, Banghkae, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: wviroj@yahoo.com) : Hemoglobin E disorder: newborn screening program. Indian J Hum Genet 2013, 19(3), 279-81.

Hemoglobin E (Hb E) disorder is an important kind of hemoglobinopathy. It can be seen around the world with the highest prevalence in Southeast Asia. The screening for this disorder becomes the public health policies in many countries. The screening can be performed in several population groups. The newborn screening program for Hb E disorder is an important issue in pediatric genetics. In this brief review, the author discusses on important laboratory tests for screening for Hb E disorder in newborn.

27 ref

007503   Vimala G;Anbu K (Zoology Dep, K.N. Govt. Arts College of Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur-613 007) : Comparative study on the enzyme profile of monocrotophos treated Indian major carps. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect B 2011, 81(4), 389-95.

Healthy medium sized females of Channa punctatus (Bloch), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Labeo rohita (Hamilton) were selected and exposed to the ascending concentration of monocrotophos. LC₅₀ was recorded at 5 ppm in 96 hrs. The enzyme study was carried out under 1 ppm to 5 ppm at 96 hrs. Quantitative estimation of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum glutamate oxalo acetate transminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase was done in blood serum of the experimental fishes. The control fish data revealed highest enzyme activity whereas dose dependent decrease of enzyme activity was observed in the treated groups. This may be due to the disruption of the entire protein metabolic activity. The restlessness, aggressive nature, secretion of mucous and suffocation of fishes during the experimental period may be due to the action of monocrotophos on the tested phosphatase, kinase, dehydrogenase and transaminases.

6 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

007502   Upadhyay R K;Sharma G D;Panda S K (Life Science Dep, School of Life Sciences, Assam Central Univ, Silchar-788 011, Email: rishilc.upadhyay@rediffinail.com) : Responses of antioxidant metabolism and defense mechanism of aquatic macrophyte, Pistia stratioes L. to zinc treatment under copper stress. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect B 2011, 81(4), 422-7.

The role of Zinc on antioxidant regulation and defense system was investigated in Pistia stratiotes L. exposed to Cu-stress. Increasing copper stress decreases the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in Pistia stratiotes L. Treatment with 10μM CuSO₄ promoted the enzymic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidise (APX), however it decreased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide radical (O₂^{-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as compared with non-treated plants. The proline content also showed an increasing trend. Zn proved significant in enhancing the antioxidant defense regulation system in P. stratiotes L. under copper stress.}

2 tables, 31 ref

007501   Sohkhlet B (Anthropology Dep, Saint Claret College, Ziro, Lower Subansiri, District, Arunachal Pradesh-791 120) : Index of opportunity for natural selection among the Gowdas of Kodagahalli village, Karnataka, India. Indian J Hum Genet 2013, 19(3), 315-19.

In order to understand how selection is operating in the Gowda population, the index of opportunity for selection was calculated and the present findings were compared with some related findings from other South Indian (SI) populations. Crow (1958) and the modified method by Johnston and Kensinger (1971) were used for the present purpose. The index of total selection intensity (I) was found to be moderate taking into consideration the range for many Indian populations. Considering certain differences in fertility and mortality heritable, it appears that natural selection play an important role in shaping the genetic constitution of the Gowda population. Analysis of data indicates that the index due to fertility seems to contribute more towards selection than mortality. This trend might be because of better living condition and health-care system among the Gowdas which have a positive impact on the lower contribution of mortality for the evolution mechanism of the Gowda population through natural selection.

4 illus, 23 ref

007500   Shindia A A;Khalaf S A;Yassin M A (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Science, Zagazig Univ, Zagazig, Egypt, Email: shinida_a@yahoo.com) : Production and partial characterization of β-glucanase from Aspergillus niger JQ1516491 under submerged and solid state fermentation. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 459-72.

Aspergillus niger was the potent β-glucanase producer, as observed from the screening profile. Based on morphological and molecular approaches (18S-28S rRNA sequence, flanking the ITS and 5.8S rRNA regions), the isolate was identified as Aspergillus niger with accession number JQ1516491. Under submerged fermentation conditions, the maximum enzyme yield (127.3 U/mg) by A. niger was obtained using 2% CMC, 0.3% yeast extract, 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.05% KCl. Among the tested ten natural agricultural byproducts, peanut shell cake was the potent substrate for induction of β-glucanase (178 U/mg) by A. niger under solid state fermentations (SSF). Under SSF conditions, the enzyme yield was increased by about 1.4 folds by supplementation of 0.1% CMC and 0.1% yeast extract to the same salt solution. The enzyme was purified and characterized from the solid cultures of A. niger using peanut as substrate, by salting out, gel-filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Following the chromatographic step, the enzyme activity was increased by 5.4 fold with 42.6% yield. Using SDS-PAGE, the enzyme has molecular weight 55 and 35 kDa. The maximum enzyme activity was measured using 1% β-glucan in potassium phosphate buffer of pH 6.5-7.0, with relative pH stability at 5.4 to 6.0. Also, the highest enzyme activity was detected by incubation of the reaction mixture at 50°C, with plausible thermal stability at this degree. The enzyme thermal denaturation rate was increased subsequently with the heating temperature, as revealed from the T_1/2 values that were 10, 4.7 and 2.7 hr at 50, 60 and 70°C, respectively. The enzyme has iso-electric focusing (pI) at pH 6.6-7.4. From the absorption spectra, the enzyme has a distinct peak at 230 nm for the apo- enzyme and other at 300 nm.

10 illus, 3 tables, 61 ref

007499   Shinde Jayshri U;Gawai D U (Botany Research Laboratory and Plant Disease Clinic, Botany P.G. Dep, N.E.S Science College, Nanded, Maharashtra, Email: dilip.gawai777@gmail.com) : Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on growth of Colletotrichum sp.. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 555-9.

The effect of carbon and nitrogen nutrition on Colletotrichum coccodes isolated from tomato, Colletotrichum capsici from chilli. Colletotrichum gloeosporiosides isolated from pepper were studied. Among carbon sources glucose, lactose and sucrose were found to be the best for growth of Colletotrichum capsici. Glucose, sucrose and fructose were found to the best for growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporiosides and Colletotrichum coccodes. About Nitrogen sources potassium nitrate, casein and calcium nitrate were found to be good for the Colletotrichum capsici, For Colletotrichum gloeosporiosides peptone, potassium nitrate and peptone and sodium nitrate were found to be the best for the growth of Colletotrichum coccodes.

2 tables, 23 ref

007498   Sharmila Rani;Srivastava R;Gupta D K (Zoology Dep, Ranchi Women's College, Ranchi-834 001, Email: rranisharmila@gmail.com) : Preliminary observation on the vermicomposting of vegetable wastes amended with cattle manure. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 511-14.

Vermicomposting of vegetable wastes amended with cattle manure using earthworm species Eisenia foetida was studied for a period of 45 days. The vegetable waste mixture had 45.15 ± 1.9% organic carbon, 1.5 ± 0.21% total nitrogen and 30.1 ± 2.1 C: N ratio initially. Organic carbon and C/N ratio decreased in both the control and experimental pots whereas nitrogen content increased during the study period. Significant variation in total organic carbon, nitrogen content and C/N ratio (P<60>0.05) was observed on 15th, 30th and 45th day of composting.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

007497   Shah M P;Patel K A;Nair S S;Darji A M (Applied & Environmental Microbiology Lab, Enviro Technology Limited (CETP), Plot No: 2413/2414, GIDC, Ankleshwar-393 002, Email: shahmp@uniphos.com) : Isolation, screening and identification of dye decolorizing bacteria from textile effluent treatment plant of Ankleshwar, Gujarat. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 531-8.

Textile effluent and sludge produced by effluent treatment plant is rich source of dye decolorizing bacterial population. Total 39 isolates were selected on the basis of their Gram reaction, colony characteristics, and cell morphology. Samples contain both the types of organisms, Gm +ve and Gm ?ve with dominated Gm +ve species. Initially, all 39 isolates were tested for their ability to decolorize two azo dyes, Reactive Black 5 and Green B. Then, six potential isolates were selected on the basis of their dye decolorizing ability and further tested with FF sky Blue, Black E, Black BT and Reactive Orange M2R. Differences in structures and complexity of the dye led to variable percentage of decolorization of different dyes by the same organism.

7 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

007496   Salah M;Gobalakrishnan R;Sivakumar K;Kannan L (Centre of Advanced Study of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai-608 502, Email: salah.maryam@gmail.com) : Actinobacterial research from the mangroves of India. Scient Trans Envir Technovation 2014, 7(3), 106-12.

Microbial diversity comprises a wider range of microbes than any other living group of organisms of the world. This rich diversity is due to existence of microbes in all niches including those of oceans where life is possible. Among the microbes, actinobacterial populations in the estuarine and marine sediments vary in density with varying regions and even among the different sites within an ecosystem and actinobacteria are being continuously reported from the marine sub habitats such as marine sediments and marine soils of almost all parts of the world. Thus, they have worldwide distribution which indicates their plasticity and adaptability to extremely varied environmental conditions. The actinobacteria found in the marine and coastal ecosystems may be viewed as a rich gene pool, possibly containing isolates capable of producing useful metabolites of unexhausted reserve of bioactive compounds having excellent commercial applications. Mangroves are of great ecological, economic and social significance. Further, mangroves occurring along the estuaries, backwaters and the deltas function as the most important links between the land and sea. They are also unique intertidal ecosystems of the tropics, which support genetically diverse groups of aquatic and terrestrial microorganisms. As the mangrove environments differ greatly from terrestrial habitats, distribution and biological characteristics of the mangrove microbes including actinobacteria are expected to be different from those of the terrestrial ones. Hence, studies on the diversity of mangrove actinobacteria are important not only in terms of basic research, but also for the biotechnological exploitation of such organisms. This review highlights the works on marine actinobacteria isolated from the mangrove environment of India.

33 ref

007495   Rekha V;Dhanalakshmi;Sudha K (School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT-Univ, Vellore-632 014, Email: rekha.v@vit.ac.in) : Characterization of Bacillus and Micrococcus sp isolated from coal mine soil. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 503-6.

The coal mining activity is characterized by the generation of large amount of by-products. Due to this anthropogenic activity the environment becomes acidic in nature and loaded with heavy metals. So an attempt was made to isolate the microorganisms that are able to survive under this condition which may be of great interest as bioremediation agents. The aim of this work was to isolate and identify bacteria from soil samples collected from coal mining area in Neyveli Lignite Corporation, India. Morphological features and biochemical characteristics of isolates were studied. Molecular characterization revealed that the strains were phylogenetically closely related to species which belongs to species of genus Bacillus and Micrococcus.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

007494   Pradhan P;Dutta A K;Acharya K (Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Botany, Univ College of Science and Agriculture, Taraknath Siksha Prangan, Cal, Kolkata-700 019, Email: krish_paper@yahoo.com) : Pezizales of West Bengal, India I. pyronemataceae: Lamprospora and Miladina. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 491-4.

Two members of the family Pyrenomycetaceae were collected from Lateritic region of West Bengal. Literature survey revealed that Lamprospora carbonicola represent new record for West Bengal and Miladina lecithina represent a new record for India. A detailed macro and microscopic and habitat features of them were presented in this paper.

2 illus, 23 ref

007493   Pawar M;Haram N S (NO, Engineering Sciences and Humanities VIT, Bihwewadi, Pune-411 037) : Water hyacinth: challenges and opportunities. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect B 2011, 81(4), 367-74.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is known for its very high reproduction rate. It changes physical and chemical composition of water beneath it, due to the formation of dense mat. It obstructs fishing activity and also blocks hydroelectric turbines. It provides breeding place for mosquitoes leading to various diseases and is categorized as one of the most dangerous and noxious weeds throughout the world. A lot of money is spent every year for its removal by mechanical, chemical and biological means. However, it can serve as natural resource if used appropriately. In this review article, the authors discuss new opportunities for economic utilization of water hyacinth such as food and energy source, mushroom cultivation, for phytoremediation and for other applications.

1 illus, 38 ref

007492   Pandya N D;Desai P V (Microbiology Dep, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Kamrej Cross Road, Surat-394 185, Email: ndp139@gmail.com) : Effect of additional carbon and nitrogen sources on GA₃ biosynthesis by Bacillus cereus isolated from the rhizosphere of sugarcane. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 563-6.

In this study, favorable carbon-nitrogen ratio for high yields of gibberellic acid (GA₃) production from Bacillus cereus was investigated. First of all, optimum carbon (glucose, sucrose, maltose) and nitrogen (NH₄Cl, NaNO₃, urea) sources among the others were chosen. The highest yield of GA₃ productivity was found in growth medium supplemented with glucose (445.52±0.45 mg/L). NaNO₃ was found as a suitable nitrogen source (424.18±0.18 mg/L). Then, in order to determine the optimum carbon-nitrogen ratio, different concentrations of carbon (from 50 mM to 200 mM) and nitrogen (from 10 mM to 40 mM) sources were added in culture media. As a result, optimum carbon- nitrogen ratio for GA₃ production from Bacillus cereus was found to be 100:10 mM.

2 illus, 15 ref

007491   Panat A V;Kulkarni D A;Ghooi R B (Zoology Dep, A.S.C. College, Sanjeevani Hospital, Rahuri, District Ahemadnagar) : Population based family history analysis of Brahmins in a small town in India for the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Hum Genet 2013, 19(3), 342-5.

The objective of this study is to determine the inheritance pattern of type-2 diabetes and make stratification for the general population risk. A questionnaire was developed for o btaining the family history. Analysis of the data was carried out by using student and Chi-square tests and for stratification; the guidelines of Scheuner et al. were followed. The pattern of inheritance is the male sex specific (χ^{2 =13.44). The mean age of onset of diabetes in parents was 58.61 ± 2.94 and in offspring 46.75 ± 2.54. In all 47.22 ± 11.53% families were found in high risk and 31.94 ± 10.77% in the moderate risk category. In female diabetics, the onset was in the age range of 41-60 years. Found a high-risk of diabetes and familial clustering in successive generations of Brahmins with prominent male sex specificity. In females onset of diabetes was coinciding with the period around menopause.}

2 tables, 15 ref

007490   Modaresi M;Iranpour M (Animal Science Dep, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Isfahan, Iran) : Effect of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) extract on blood parameters in mice. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2014, 13(1), 147-50.

Fragrant pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Lamiaceae family has many medicinal properties like haematopoietic enhancement. The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of pennyroyal on blood parameters of mice was studied on little laboratory mice from Balb/C race. Fifty mice were divided in five groups: control group, Placebo (0.6 cc of normal saline), and three extract treatment groups (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/ 2days). Peritoneum injection was used for enforcing treatments. Blood samples were taken from mice hearts. Data were analysed using SPSS program at 5% probability level. Results showed that total number of white blood cells was increased significantly in third treatment group (200 mg/kg). Red blood cells also increased significantly in this group. Haemoglobin was increased in all treatment groups but haematocrit and blood indices (MCHC, MCH, MCV) did not show any significant effect. According to the results, pennyroyal extract can strengthen immune system in 200 mg/kg dose via increase in number of white blood cells and can affect haematopoietic via increase in number of red cells.

4 illus, 10 ref

007489   Mathur A;Mummigatti K;Ranganathan R; Sreedharan J;Muttappallymyalil J (Microbiology Dep, Gulf Medical Univ, Ajman, UAE, Email: researchdivision2@gmail.com) : Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women: a hospital based study. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 455-8.

This is to study the incidence of bacteriuria during pregnancy with no presenting symptoms of UTI and to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates. The study was conducted among 411 pregnant women (primi- or multigravida) on their first antenatal checkup visit in GMC hospital, Ajman over a period of one year. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect the demographic and health information from the subjects giving consent. The results of the laboratory investigations (bacteriuria, pus cells and culture sensitivity) were noted from the medical records. Bacteriuria was present in 48 (11.7%) cases, and 10 samples sent for culture sensitivity showed positive growth in 3 samples (30%). Prevalence of culture positivity among patients with no bacteriuria, but showing presence of significant number of pus cells, was 22.2% (18/81). Out of total 91 samples cultured, no growth was isolated in 70 samples on incubation. However, various gram positive and gram negative organisms were isolated from the remaining samples which showed variable sensitivity to different antibiotics. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women suggests dormant urinary tract infection which might lead to complications such as low birth weight, hypertension and higher fetal mortality rates, if left untreated. It has been suggested that a urine culture should be obtained from all women during antenatal checkup even in the absence of UTI symptoms.

4 tables, 12 ref

007488   Manikandaselvi S;Geetha S;Priya E (Biochemistry PP. G Dep, STET Women's college, Mannargudi, Email: selvithinagar@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antifertility activity of Limonia cranulata L. in albino rats.. Scient Trans Envir Technovation 2014, 7(3), 130-4.

Antifertility activity of different dosages of Limonia cranulata L. in albino rats was studied. The parameters used in the study include number of implants in individual, number of neonates, weight of neonates, pregnancy rate, cholesterol level in ovary and estradiol content of female rats, and number of sperm cell and testosterone from male rats. Administration of L. cranulata L. demonstrates implantation activity and reduced number of neonates, that is consistent with its use in folk medicine as an contraceptive agent.

3 tables, 17 ref

007487   Kumaraswamy B;Dup Singh L;Ramesh Babu M; Digamber Rao B (Algal Biotechnology & Hydrobiology Lab, Botany Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal-506 009) : Study of algae from freshwater reservoirs of Warangal (A.P), India. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(4), 577-84.

A total of 105 algal members were reported from two freshwater reservoirs of Warangal (A.P.) including phytoplanktonic and euplanktonic algae belonging to 71 genera, in which 21 Cyanophyceae, 28 Chlorophyceae, 18 Bacillariophyceae and 4 Euglenophyceae genera were identified. Waddepally reservoir was observed with 67 species followed by Bhadrakali reservoir with 83 species of algae under investigation. This is a first report of freshwater algae from Warangal, as the previous reports were related to only Cyanophyceae from paddy fields and wet soil samples.

8 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

007486   Kansal R;Agrawal C;Madan M;Asthana A K (Microbiology Dep, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti Univ, Delhi-Haridwar By Pass, Meerut-250 005) : Rapid diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR) based on IS6110 insertion sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 517-20.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is a significant health problem in both developing & developed countries. India is the highest tuberculosis burden country accounting for one fifth of the global incidence ranges between 8.3% and 13.1% in different districts. The aim of this study is to evaluate PCR as a rapid and sensitive tool for diagnosis of clinically suspected cases of Extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Two hundred samples of clinically suspected cases of EPTB were collected and processed for Mycobacteria by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and also for PCR amplification with primers targeting 123 bp fragment of insertion element IS6110 of M. tuberculosis complex. 65 samples were positive for M. tuberculosis complex by nPCR. Out of these 65 PCR positive samples, only 22 (68.75%) were ZN smear positive.We conclude that PCR assay targeting 123 bp fragment of IS6110 is a highly sensitive and specific test for rapid diagnosis of EPTBs.

1 illus, 18 ref

007485   Kamthane D C;Rakh R R (Microbiology Dep, S.G.B. College, Purna, Maharashtra, Email: daiwa.kamthane@rediffmail.com) : Studies on percent incidence and severity index of alternaria blight of soybean of Parbhani district. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 615-19.

The soybean (Glycine max), are commonly called as "Cinderella crop" or "King of legumes". Soybeans are the world's most important legume crop and China is world's largest soybean producer. As the cradle of soy foods, China offers an excellent opportunity to experience the long standing oriental soy culture and exchange ideas about soybean research and industry development with the experts from all around the world. The underground as well as the foliar parts get affected by different micro-organisms causing various diseases. Among these, there are bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. A fungal disease Alternaria blight is caused by Alternaria tennuissima. The Alternaria blight infected leaves show brown necrotic spots with concentric rings which coalesce and form large necrotic area. The lesions get surrounded by yellow zone. Infected leaves later in the season dry out and drop prematurely. The seeds become small and shriveled dark, irregular, spreading sunken areas occur on the seed. This results in yield loss of soybean. Therefore in this, the emphasis is given in relation to studies on percent incidence and reaction of soybean varieties to Alternaria Blight.

5 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

007484   Jespin IDA C (Botany Dep, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil-629 004, Email: surejkensa@gmail.com) : Invitro antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. and Cissus quadrangularis L. on food poisoning bacteria. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 527-30.

Purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various extracts of stem of Cissus quadrangularis and fruits of Terminalia chebula against some food poisoning bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts (ethyl acetate and methanol) of these plants was determined by using disc diffusion method. Results revealed that ethyl acetate extract of C.quadrangularis exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria except P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract of T. chebula showed maximum zone of inhibition against the bacteria B. cereus. From the present study it is clear that these two plants may have the potential to be used as natural medicine against food poisoning bacteria. However there is a need for further research to isolate the bio-active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity.

2 tables, 26 ref

007483   Jeevan E N;Naik K L;Sayeswara H A;Hosetti B B (Zoology Dep, Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga-577 203, Email: jeevanu67@gmail.com) : Studies on feeding activity of fruit eating bat (Pteropus giganteus B.) in Shivamogga area, Karnataka, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 551-4.

This paper deals with study of feeding activity of fruit eating bat (Pteropus giganteus) in Shivamogga area. The present investigation identified ten host plants for roosting and more than twenty different types of fruits preferred as food. They play an important role in the seed dispersal of fruit plants. They chew the fruit to obtain the juice. Very soft fruits such as bananas are swallowed, but usually the bat spit out the fruit pulp and seeds once it has extracted all the juice. In the evening bats become increasingly active and at one point they take off and find a feeding place, often very far away from their resting places. Bats travel 40-50 Km per day around the nesting area. They move to different places such as Thirthahalli, Agumbe, Sringeri, Kavishyla, Huncha, Heggargudda forest, Shettihalli forest near Mastikatte reservoir, tunga reservoir and Bhadra reservoir around Shivamogga. In the present study area bats mainly fed on 18 different varieties of fruits. These food plants are available around the nesting area. During day time they were roost in various host plants such as Bamboosa valgeri, Samanea samana, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Artocarpus integraifalia, Pongamia pinnata etc. The hitherto study revealed around 1000 animals in six rookeries and there is an urgent need to create awareness among common public to protect these useful animals to maintain ecological balance.

2 illus, 2 ref

007482   Janaki Alias Priya S;Chaturvedi A;Kanuri M; Ameda R;Namburi P;Mulinti S;Krishna Bhagavatula M R;Kulkarni S C (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Post Graduate and Research Center, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural Uni, Hyderabad, Email: janagipriya@yahoo.com) : Development of PCR based rapid assay method for the detection of aflatoxin in foods using 2100 bioanalyzer. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 593-8.

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic polyketide metabolities produced by the species Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Parasiticus. Contamination of foods and animal feeds with aflatoxin is a worldwide problem. Aflatoxin contamination constitutes one of the major health hazard groups of naturally occurring toxicants both for humans and animals. The present study was undertaken with the main aim of developing rapid PCR based method for detection of aflatoxin in foods. Aflatoxin producing gene fragments in fungal strains were amplified using PCR along with an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer in an attempt to develop a rapid assay for aflatoxin detection. Forward and reverse primers were designed from original gene sequences (obtained from GENBANK) of the aflatoxin genes, aflQ, which are key genes involved in the production of the Aflatoxin, using DNASTAR Lasergene 8.0 version software. These primers were used for amplification of a 166 base pair fragment of aflQ target from DNA of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. The fragments obtained were resolved on a DNA 1000 LabchipR in the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer for visualizing the amplified fragments. Use of the PCR combined with the Bioanalyzer offered significant benefits over traditional agarose gel electrophoresis and staining methods.

3 illus, 8 ref

007481   Jadhav R N (NO, , Flat No. 10, Janhavi Apartment, Katpur Road, Latur-413 512, Email: ramchandrajadhav30@hotmail.com) : Screening of actinomycetes from rhizosphere of sugarcane cultivated in Latur area (India) and study of its antimicrobial activity. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 483-6.

Actinomycetes are ubiquitous group of bacteria that occur in multiplicity of natural and man made environments. They are predominantly Gram positive bacteria with high G+C % (57-79 %). Several species of actinomycetes produce antibiotics of agricultural and industrial importance. Biocontrol of plant pathogen is an attractive alternative to chemical pesticides which causes environmental pollution and development of resistant strain. Majority of antibiotics so far isolated were produced from Streptomycetes, which are common inhabitants of the soil. There are 23,000 known secondary metabolite, 42% of which are produced by actinomycetes, 42% by fungi and 16% by other bacteria. In the present study screening of actinomycetes from rhizosphere of sugarcane was done by using specific media. Plates were incubated at 28°C for 4-14 days. Ten isolates of actinomycetes were isolated. They were further purified and identified by using several biochemical tests. The antimicrobial activity of isolates of actinomycetes was studied by using agar diffusion (well) method against Bacillus megaterium NCIM2326; Candida albicans NCIM3103; Escherichia coli NCIM2064; Fusarium oxysporium (soil isolate) and Xanthomonas compestris NCIM2956. It was observed that isolates of actinomycetes ISS06 showed maximum antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. The morphology along with cultural and biochemical tests confirmed that these isolates belonged to genus Streptomyces.

2 tables, 23 ref

007480   Dubey P;Raghubanshi A S;Singh J S (Ecosytems Analysis Laboratory, Botany Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: prajjalg@gmail.com) : Temporal variability of herbaceous vegetation diversity in rainy season in a tropical dry deciduous forest. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect B 2011, 81(4), 396-403.

In this study, the authors examined the temporal variability of the herbaceous layer diversity of a tropical dry forest. The study was conducted on four sites and the sampling was done fortnightly from July to September in 2006 and 2007. On each sampling date at each site, five quadrats, each 1 x 1 m in size, were sampled randomly. The four study sites illustrate differences in soil moisture, nutrient and light and as a result Shannon diversity and species richness varied spatially. In the present study, the driest Ranitalli site showed the highest diversity and species richness. There was considerable temporal variation in Shannon diversity and species richness primarily due to the variability in soil moisture. Diversity is thought to be regulated by environmental factors operating over temporal scales.

5 tables, 43 ref

007479   Dheeba B;Sampathkumar P;Vijay S;Kannan K; Kannan M (Chemistry and Biosciences, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA Univ, Kumbakonam-612 001, Email: deepabaskaran76@gmail.com) : Potential hepatoprotective effect of Solanum xanthocarpum against CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 230-2.

The objective of current study is to assess the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit in rat liver injured with carbon tetrachloride. The damage of the liver was studied in the experimental animals by assessing total protein, total bilirubin, cholesterol, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), triglycerides, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), in serum. The effect of co-administration of ethanolic extract of fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum (200 mg/Kg) on the above parameters was investigated. Hepatic damage was demonstrated with high levels of all parameters in serum of experimental animals which received carbon tetrachloride. The antioxidant assay of plant extract was proved against hydrogen peroxide and phospho molybdate assay. It is concluded that the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum are rich in antioxidant and acts as a hepatoprotective agent and attenuates the hepatotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride.

2 tables, 29 ref

007478   Deshmukh A S (NO, Matoshree Vimalabai Deshmukh Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, Email: arunasdeshmukh@gmail.com) : Exploration of treasure of wild edible mushroom in the last decade. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 539-45.

Nutrition is the main living reason for all the societies of the world. Health and nutrition involve balanced and essential functional food components. Sufficient daily calorie intake is the main problem of developing countries. Mushrooms had long been used for medicinal and food purposes since decades. The correct diet, controls and modulates many functions of human body and thus participates in the maintenance of state of good health, necessary to reduce the risk of many diseases. Mushrooms play an important role in ecology and environment also. The treasure of wild edible mushrooms must be explored to control world wide malnutrition. This review summaries the facts and figures explored by various authors and sums up the information regarding the recent collection of wild edible mushrooms and their properties for future research purpose and benefit to society.

36 ref

007477   Charif M;et al (Departement de Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire et Humaine, Institut Pasteur, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, C.P. 20360 Casablanca, Morocco, Email: hamdi.barakat@pasteur.ma) : Genetic and molecular analysis of the CLDN14 gene in moroccan family with non-syndromic hearing loss. Indian J Hum Genet 2013, 19(3), 331-6.

Hearing loss is the most prevalent human genetic sensorineural defect. Mutations in the CLDN14 gene, encoding the tight junction claudin 14 protein expressed in the inner ear, have been shown to cause non-syndromic recessive hearing loss DFNB29. We describe a Moroccan SF7 family with non-syndromic hearing loss. We performed linkage analysis in this family and sequencing to identify the mutation causing deafness. Genetic linkage analysis, suggested the involvement of CLDN14 and KCNE1 gene in deafness in this family. Mutation screening was performed using direct sequencing of the CLDN14 and KCNE1 coding exon gene. Our results show the presence of c.11C>T mutation in the CLDN14 gene. Transmission analysis of this mutation in the family showed that the three affected individuals are homozygous, whereas parents and three healthy individuals are heterozygous. This mutation induces a substitution of threonine to methionine at position 4. These data show that CLDN14 gene can be i mplicated in the development of hearing loss in SF7 family; however, the pathogenicity of c.11C>T mutation remains to be determined.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

007476   Amrate P K;Sharma J R;Singh C (Plant Pathology at AICRP on Sugarcane, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Powarkhada-461 001, Email: pawanamrate@gmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of fungicides, plant extracts and oils against Alternaria alternata (Fr. Keissler causing leaf spot of Aloe barbadensis (Miller)). Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 609-13.

Among all the tested fungicides, difenconazole was found to be most effective followed by tebuconazole and propiconzole as it showed EC50 value of 1.7, 3.3 5.8 μm/mL, respectively and completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen even at 25 mg/mL. However, turmeric rhizome and garlic clove extract were inhibited about 70.0 per cent growth of the pathogen at 20 per cent concentration. Garlic oil at 1000 μg/mL whereas lemon grass, ginger, palmarosa and tulsi oils at 2000 μg/m completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. The EC₅₀ value for garlic oil was very low 290 μg/mL.

3 tables, 13 ref

007475   Ahmed M F;Rahman S R (Microbiology Dep, Jahangirnagar Univ, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh) : Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in slum children of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(3), 473-7.

The burden of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi in children of shanty town is not well recognized in Bangladesh. However, without such data successful disease control program cannot be achieved. This study investigated on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in shanty town children of Dhaka city and investigated the extent of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Blood sample was collected from the suspected subjects prior to isolation of blood borne Salmonella spp.. Out of the 100 blood samples examined, bacterial growth was found in 57% samples and Salmonella typhi was present in 61% of the positive cases. The highest distribution of the pathogen was found within the age group of 5-<60>10 years. A higher level of antibiotic resistance was noted for the Salmonella isolates and 77% of them were found to be multidrug resistant. However, the isolates were sensitive to some less commonly used drugs like amikacin, netilmicin etc.. This study suggests regular monitoring of the prevalence and drug resistance of typhoid bacilli among slum community so that the knowledge can act as reference for proper treatment of Salmonella related diseases.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

006568   Wang X;Zhou B (Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, The Chinese Academy of For, , Fuyang 311 400, Zhejiang Province, China) : Assessment of the forest damage by Typhoon Saomai using remote sensing and GIS. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(1), 121-4.

Saomai (August 10, 2006) was one of the most significant typhoons to hit the coast in southeast China. Quantitative assessment of forest disturbances is important for improving management strategies. This study used remote sensing techniques to investigate vegetation changes after Saomai in Changnan county. Two landsat ETM+ satellite images were acquired before and after landfall. The results showed that averaged NDVI values decreased by 17.8% after Saomai. Elevation and relative aspect present strong influence on the typhoon damage. These results provide insight into the sensitivity of coastal vegetation from the interactions of both tropical cyclones and long-term environmental conditions.

6 illus, 13 ref

006567   Vijayasamundeeswari;Ronald J;Visala Sree J (Biochemistry Dep, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Salem,Tamilnadu, Email: drvijimani@gmail.com) : Comparison of Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase associated lipocalin [NGAL] with cystatin C and serum creatinine as an early indicator of renal dysfunction following coronary angiography. Int J Med Hlth Sci 2013, 2(2), 126-31.

This is a prospective study to evaluate the role of plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin [NGAL] in the early detection of contrast induced renal injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography and compare it with conventional markers. Materials and Methods:The present study included 40 patients who underwent coronary angiography. 25 patients were categorised as Group I who had preangiography plasma NGAL in normal range. 15 patients were categorised as Group II who had elevated preangiography plasma NGAL levels. Venous blood samples were collected from the patients before, after 4hours and after 24 hours following angiography. Blood levels of creatinine, urea, Cystatin C and NGAL were estimated. Results: Out of 40 patients taken for the study, 6 in Group I [24%] and 3 in Group II [20%] showed significant rise in 4th hour plasma NGAL following angiography compared to its preangiography values [p<60> 0.05]. However, Plasma Cystatin C, serum creatinine and urea did not show significant rise in both the groups at 4th hour period as well as after 24 hours [P<62>0.05]. Plasma NGAL which shows significant rise as early as 4 hours after angiography when compared to conventional markers could qualify as an early marker for detecting renal dysfunction before setting in of AKI. Conclusion: Plasma NGAL level may provide an early, simple and non invasive biomarker for predicting contrast induced nephropathy.

2 tables, 24 ref

006566   Treesh S A;El Jaafari H A;Darmun E I; Abu-Aisha A M;Alwaer F S;Eltubuly R A;Elghedamsi M;Aburawi S M (Histology and Medical Genetics Dep, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Email: smaburawi@gmail.com) : Histological study on the effect of formaldehyde on mice livr and kidney and possible protective role of selenium. J Cell Tissue Res 2014, 14(2), 4201-9.

Study was performed to identify the histological changes in the Liver and kidney resulting from formaldehyde injection and to investigate the possible protective role of selenium in repairing the hepatic and renal damage. Twenty four albino male mice were included in this study; intraperitoneal administration was adopted. Mice were divided into three groups (n=8). Group 1 mice received 5ml/kg. water for injection daily for five days (Control Group). Group 2 received 30mg/kg. of formaldehyde daily for five days. Group 3 (Cure Group) received formaldehyde daily for five days followed by daily administration of selenium (100μ for the next five days. Specimens of liver and kidney were evaluated histologically by Hematoxylin and Eosin and Mallory Trichrome stains. The result showed that formaldehyde exposure induced many histological changes in the liver and kidney. In formaldehyde treated group, the hepatocytes exhibited a vacuolated cytoplasm, dilated congested blood sinusoids, congested blood vessels and the von kupffer cells became more prominent. In the renal cortex, some glomeruli had dilated Bowman's capsule space. The renal cortex exhibited a vacuolated cytoplasm of proximal convoluted tubules with loss of integrity of their brush border; also congested renal blood vessels and little damage of renal tubules were observed. Treatment with selenium led to a marked improvement of most of the previously mentioned changes as disappearance of cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes and preservation of renal tissue in a way that resembles the control. It can be concluded that, the short term exposure to formaldehyde can cause remarkable damage in the liver and kidney tissues; treatment with selenium as an antioxidant agent was effective in reversing the damage caused by formaldehyde in both liver and kidney.

23 illus, 50 ref

006565   Tekyn-Ozan S (Biology Dep, Sleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science and Art, Isparta-Turkey, Email: seldaozan@sdu.edu.tr) : Seasonal variations of some heavy metals in bogue (boops boops l.) inhabiting Antalya bay- Mediterrenean sea, Turkey. Indian J Geomar Sci 2014, 43(2), 198-207.

Seasonal accumulation of heavy metals were determined in bogue (Boops boops) collected monthly from Antalya Bay by using for ICP-AES Vista. Two standard material DORM-3 and DOLT-4 were analyzed for each ten elements. Analysis of these reference materials showed good accuracy. Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Se and Zn were determined in all tissues in all seasons, but other metals in tissues were below detection limit in some tissues. Fe was the highest metal in tissues while the lowest was was Cd. Highest of heavy metals were found in the liver while the lowest concentrations were found in muscle and gill. Level of metals shows differences among seasons. Metal levels were highest duirng spring. Positive and negative relationships were found between metal levels and fish size. Metal concentrations in the muscle of examined fish were compared with Turkish Food Codex, World Health organization and EC standarts.

5 tables, 48 ref

006564   Srivastava R;Gupta D K;Choudhary A K;Sinha M P (Zoology Dep, J. N. College, Dhurwa, Ranchi-834 004) : Biomass and secondary production of earthworm Drawida willsi (Michaelsen) from a tropical agroecosystem in Ranchi, Jharkhand. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(1), 179-82.

Biomass variation, secondary production and turn-over of the earthworm Drawida willsi (Michaelsen) was assessed from a tropical agroecosystem site at Ranchi for 18 months. The total biomass ranged between 0.88 ± 0.33 and 29.55 ± 3.15 g dry weight m^{-2. Secondary production of 53.37 g dry weight m-2 yr-1 was obtained which in terms of calorific value amounts to 246.57 kcal m-2 yr-1. Biomass turnover value was 4.99.}

3 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

006563   Srivastava N K;Sharma S;Purusottam R N;Sinha N;Singh R;Sharma D (Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, Email: deepak57in@yahoo.co.in) : Abnormal lipid metabolism in collagen-induced arthritis rat model: In vitro, high resolution NMR spectroscopy based analysis. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(7), 673-82.

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in female Wistar rats by intradermal injection of porcine immunization grade native collagen type II (Chondrex). Development and progression of CIA was monitored by studying histopathological, radiographical and biochemical features of arthritic manifestations in the knee joints, hind limb and blood plasma. In addition, oxidative stress status of arthritic animals was determined by measuring lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymes: catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. High resolution proton NMR spectroscopy was employed for the analysis of lipid components in the lipid extracts of the joint tissue and plasma of collagen-induced arthritic and control rats. Triglyceride levels showed significant decreases in plasma (1.7 times) but were unchanged in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to control. One-dimensional proton NMR spectra showed a 6.2 times reduction in the quantity of choline-containing phospholipids in the plasma of CIA as compared to control rats. There was a 1.6 times elevation of choline-containing phospholipids in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to controls. Induction of arthritis showed a 4.0 times reduction in the level of total cholesterol in the plasma and 1.6 times elevation in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to controls. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids was 1.5 times significantly higher in joint tissue and 2.1 times significantly higher in plasma of CIA rats as compared to controls. The results demonstrated significantly altered lipid patterns in the joint tissue and plasma of collagen-induced arthritic rats as detected by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy compared with controls.

6 illus, 51 ref