017548   Archana;Khare S;Singh K (Physiology Dep, Subharti Medical College, Meerut) : Effect of vincristine on motility and histology of gastrointestinal tract of albino Rats. J anat Sci 2014, 22(2), 18-21.

Vincristine, an alkaloid of periwinkle plant (vinca) used in the treatment of various malignancies. The experimental group included 36 male wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into four groups of nine animals each. The animals received same dose of vincristine 1 mg/kg b.w. given intragastrically through a fine rubber catheter reaching lower third of oesophagus. Equal number of controls corresponding to each group was given vehicular fluid by the same route. The animals of Group I, II, III and IV were used for the barium meal study after 1 hr, 5 hr, 12 hr and 24 hr respectively following the intragastric administration of the dose. The design of experiment was such that animal of Group I, II, III and IV were on fasting for 13 hr, 17 hr, 24 hr and 36 hr respectively before being used for the barium meal study. The observation on animals studied after 1 hr, 5 hr, 12 hr and 24 hr of intragastric dose suggest that the drug initiate slowing down of motility within 1 hr (control group 64. 13±11.36cm and experimental group 62.02±4.90cm) and increase motility within five hours of intragastric dose (control group 64.99±6.0 cm and experimental group 68.92±3.40 cm). The observation also shows that between 12-24 hours, the motility of small intestine was decreased. This decrease of intestinal motility in experimental animals as compared to control group was significant (p<60>0.01). The alkaloid reduces the rate of gastric emptying and slowed the transit of test substance through the small intestine.

2 illus, 21 ref

017547   Alwan S F;Saleem R Z (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, College of Education, Omar El Mukhtar Univ, Tobruk, Libya, Email: alwan_sami2005@yahoo.com) : Effect of heparin on the capacitation of frozen- thawed bull sperm used in the In-vitro fertilization of oocytes matured in -vitro. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2013, 4(2), 2368-70.

Ovarian Oocytes were matured and fertilized in-vitro with frozen-thawed bull sperm capacitated in-vitro. Frozen - thawed sperm were swim up separated in a modified Ca^{++ - free Tyrode's medium and washed twice for 10 min. on each occasion. The washed sperm were then diluted (1:1) with same medium containing heparin so as to give final concentration of 0, 10, 50 and 100 ug/ml. Incubation of heparin treated sperm was carried out at 39C° in 5% Co₂ for a periods of either 15 min. or 30 min. The inseminated Oocytes were cultured at 39C 5% Co₂ in air for 20-48h and were then fixed, stained and examined for evidence of maturation and fertilization. The results show that a high percentage (96%) of Oocytes to reach metaphase II within 28 hours. It was also observed that the use of heparin was highly effective in enabling sperm to penetrate Oocytes. The proportion of Oocytes fertilized was increased significantly as the concentration of heparin in the capacitation medium increased significantly as the concentration of heparin in the capacitation medium increased (4.8%, 50.9%, 69.3%, and 83.6% for 0,10,50 and 100 μg/ml, respectively; P <60> 0.01). The percentage of Oocytes cultured with cow serum developed to 2-4-cells in a significantly greater than those cultured with BSA (63.3% VS 32.1%; P<60>0.01).}

3 tables, 9 ref

017546   Alam M;Galav V (Krish Biotech Research Pvt. Ltd., , Kalyani, West Bengal, Email: mehtab_tox@rediffmail.com) : Antiinflammatory effect and toxicological evaluation of thymoquinone volatile oil of black seed onadjuvant induced arthritis in Wistar Rat. Indian J Life Sci 2013, 2(2), 17-22.

Inflammatory disorder to be considered autoimmune disease which, affects the joints and is associated with swelling, stiffness and pain. The study was subjected to evaluate therapeutic potential of thymoquinone (volatile oil of black seed) on freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis was induced in rats by injecting 0.1ml of freund's complete adjuvant into the left hind paw of the rat intradermally for 21 days. Thymoquinone orally administered to male and female wistar rat at dose level of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg body weight for 35 days repeatedly, post induced did not produce any sign of toxicity, mortality, pathological changes and significant blood parameters changes. The investigated result showed that the thymoquinone (10 mg/kgb.wt) significantly (p<60>0.001) inhibited the FCA induced arthritis and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. Thymoquinone 10 mg/kgb.wt also tends to suppress the inflammation at p<60>0.05 level significance. Therefore, thymoquinone treatment found to possess potent anti-inflammatory activity with no toxicity and the treatment significantly inhibited the development phase of arthritis which, is further supported by its anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to that of standard drug prednisolone (5 mg/kgb.wt).

2 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

016515   Xu X P;Xi Y L;Chu Z X;Xiang X L (NO, Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Pr, Wuhu, Anhui-241 000, Email: ylxi1965@126.com) : Effect of DDT and dicofol on population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus under different algal (Scenedesmus obliquus) densities. J envir Biol 2014, 35(5), 907-16.

A number of organochlorine pesticides, including DDT and dicofol, used to be important in crop protection and management. Their residues may reach water bodies and eventually affect the non-target organisms such as rotifers. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of DDT (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg l^{-1) and dicofol (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg l-1) on the population growth of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under two levels of Scenedesmus obliquus (1.0106 and 3.0106 cell ml-1). Regardless of the food level, DDT was more toxic than dicofol to B. calyciflorus. Under low food level, DDT at 0.1 and 0.2 mg l-1 decreased the population growth rate (r), and DDT at 0.05-0.4 mg l-1 decreased the maximum population density (K). Dicofol at 0.4 and 0.8 mg l-1 decreased r and K, but dicofol at 0.2 mg l-1 increased K. Under high food level, DDT at 0.05-0.2 mg l-1 increased K, whereas DDT at 0.4 mg l-1 as well as dicofol at 0.4 and 0.8 mg l-1 decreased r and K. Increase in food level increased r exposed to DDT at 0.05-0.2 mg l-1 as well as dicofol at 0.8 mg l-1, and K exposed to DDT at 0.05-0.2 mg l-1 as well as dicofol at 0.1 and 0.2 mg l-1. DDT concentration, algal density and their interaction affected r and K of B. calyciflorus. Both dicofol concentration and algal density affected r. Dicofol concentration, algal density and their interaction affected K. Both r and K were suitable endpoints for assessing the effects of DDT and dicofol on the rotifers population dynamics under two algal densities, and the latter was more sensitive.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 61 ref

016514   Tiwari S;Singh S N;Garg S K (NO, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: drsn06@gmail.com) : Induced phytoremediation of metals from fly ash mediated by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. J envir Biol 2013, 34(4), 717-27.

A study was carried out to observe the impact of a consortium of bacteria isolated from the fly ash on the metal accumulation by T. latifolia. When a consortium of bacteria Bacillus endophyticus NBRFT4 (MTCC 9021), Paenibacillus macerans NBRFT5 (MTCC 8912) and Bacillus pumilus NBRFT9 (MTCC 8913) was bioaugmented into the rhizosphere of T. latifolia, it enhanced the metal concentration in root, stem and leaves of the plants through increased bioavailability of metals Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in the fly ash. Besides, these bacteria also promoted the plant growth perhaps due to utilization of ACC, synthesis of phytoharmones and solubilisation of essential metals found in fly ash. As compared to fly ash alone, the accumulation of Fe was maximally enhanced by 164%, 196%, and 251%, followed by Ni by 92%, 44% and 56%, Zn by 82%, 57% and 91%, Cu by 71%, 53% and 60%, Cr by 96%, 80% and 105%, Pb by 119%, 87% and 140%, Cd by 80%, 109% and 115% in root, stem and leaves, respectively in fly ash with bacteria. Thus, an increased solubilisation of metals coupled with enhanced plant growth stimulated the phytoextraction of metals by T. latifolia from fly ash.

8 illus, 5 tables, 53 ref

016513   Sarathchandra G;Muralimanohar B (Pharmacovigilance Laboratory for Animal Feed and Food Safety, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Chennai-600 051, Email: gsarathchandra@rediffmail.com) : Occurrence of mycotoxins in livestock feeds and feed stuffs of Tamil Nadu. J envir Biol 2013, 34(4), 825-30.

The livestock feed and feed ingredients were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin, penicillic Acid, T2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. The samples were collected from different livestock farmers/farms of Tamil Nadu. Mycotoxins were determined in all the samples. The present study clearly indicates high occurrence of citrinin highly predominant followed by Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in feedstuffs and feeds. Aflatoxins B1, citrinin, ochratoxin A were the most common mycotoxins observed. The aflatoxin B1 levels ranged between 50 to 80 μg kg^{-1, ochratoxin A levels ranged between 20 to 160 μg kg-1, Citrinin levels ranged between 20 to 350 μg kg-1, penicillic acid levels ranged between 20 to 30 μg kg-1, T2 Toxin levels ranged between 75 to 450 μg kg-1 and zearalenone levels ranged between 150 to 1000 μg kg-1 respectively. The results of the study warrant the need for sustained monitoring of these commodities periodically and evolve policies which discourage the marketing of toxin contaminated feeds as existing in the developed countries.}

2 tables, 22 ref

016512   Salehian O;Rashidi M;Sedaghat M (Physical Education and Sport Sciences Dep, Semnan Branch Islamic Azad Univ, Semnan, Iran) : Oral supplementation of natural honey and levels of inflammatory and anti- inflammatory plasma cytokines duing 10-week of intensive treadmill training in endurance-trained athletes.. Biomed Res 2014, 25(4), 459-62.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of natural honey supplementation on levels of plasma cytokines during 10 weeks of treadmill training in endurance-trained athletes. Twenty male endurance-trained athletes (age 20 years, weight 75 kg) participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to exercise supplement (E+S, n=10), and exercise control (EC, n=10) groups. All subjects participated in 10 weeks of intensive treadmill training. Venous blood samples were collected immediately after exercise (T1), 1 hour after exercise (T2) and 24 hours after exercise (T3). In the EC group, 10 weeks of training increased the seminal, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) immediately after exercise (T1), 1 h after exercise (T2), 24 hours after exercise (T3)(P<60>0.05). However, E+S group showed significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-6 with a corresponding increase in IL1ra immediately after exercise (T1), 1 h after exercise (T2) and 24 hours after exercise (T3) p<60>0.05. It is proposed that oral supplementation of honey decreases inflammatory cytokine such as IL-6 and TNF-α with a corresponding increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL1ra.

1 table, 20 ref

016511   Perumal P;Gowriishankar R;Narayanan S B (Structural Biology Lab, Bioinformatics Dep, School of Life Sciences, Bharathair Univ, Coimbatore-641 046, Email: sundarabaalaji@gmail.com) : BTDB-database on structural and functional information of biotoxins. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(3), 731-73.

Biotoxins, one of the hot diverse topics, enables us to identify the membrane proteins, ion channels and to predict the surface of cancer cells, consequently leading to discovery of novel drugs. The present work aims at providing the scientific community a quick review of the 477 toxic proteins from various species of snake, spider and scorpion, their structural features, putative functions and links to various online databases. In the present study each toxin protein's 3D structure was predicted by homology modeling and validated and the possible functions were annotated through computational methods. For the easy access of the theoretically modeled proteins and related data, database named BioToxin DataBase (BTDB) was created which is user friendly and the information collected from this database will have implications on further in silico and in vitro analysis on therapeutics, studies on membrane proteins and identification of ion channels. This database can be accessed at the URL: http://b-u.ac.in/btdb/

3 illus, 29 ref

016510   Pedram N;Shahhosseiny M H;Bayat M;Bokaei S; Ghahri M (Mycology Dep, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branc, Tehran, Iran, Email: nahidpedram@yahoo.com) : Multiplex PCR diagnosis of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in respiratory samples in tuberculosis-suspicious bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 355-61.

Aspergillosis is induced by the inhalation of fungal spores, which leads to invasive diseases in organs. Also, a relationship has been found between aspergillosis and tuberculosis. This study aimed to investigate fungal contamination of Aspergillus parasiticus and A.flavus in tuberculosis-suspicious bronchoalveolar lavage cells that are TB negative. In the optimized PCR test, 343bp and 413bp products of Aspergillus parasitcus and A. flavus were respectively amplified. Fifty tuberculosis-negative BAL samples were directly tested and cultured using multiplex PCR method. Eighteen samples were positive, 17 only by M-PCR and 1 by both direct testing and culturing and M-PCR. Results of McNemar's test demonstrated lack of agreement among the three tests (p<60>0.001). M-PCR test was more successful than traditional methods. Molecular methods such as M-PCR are more appropriate techniques for diagnosing fungal factors than direct testing and culturing methods in tuberculosis-suspicious samples.

5 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

016509   Mohamat Yusuff F;Zulkifli S Z;Otake T;Harino H;Ismail A (NO, International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research I, 2-106-1 Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate-028-1102, Japan, Email: ferdius@upm.edu.my) : New mechanism of sterilization in imposex affected females of tropical marine neogastropod, Thais sp.. J envir Biol 2014, 35(5), 995-1003.

The morphological expressions and histopathological analysis of the gonads of a tropical marine neogastropod species (Thais sp.) from East Malaysia revealed new evidence of mechanical sterility in the imposex affected females. The gradual development of imposex was classified into five stages (Stage 0 to Stage 4) with three types of sterility conditions; Type A caused prohibition of copulation and capsule formation; Type B prohibits the releasing process of eggs; and gonads in Type C are infertile. Further analysis is needed to confirm, if the gonad malformation in imposex affected snails is generated specifically by tributyltin (TBT) or by other possible factors. The levels of imposex incidence (stages and percentages) were greater in a marina and decreased with increasing distance from the marina. Organotin tissue burden across the sexes showed that dibutyltin (DBT) as well as TBT might be the elements inducing imposex in Thais sp. from Miri in East Malaysia.

4 illus, 44 ref

016508   Mishra M (Life Science Dep, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela-769 008, Email: mishramo@nitrkl.ac.in) : Transformation of colourful pattern of eyespot in peacock wing. Curr Sci 2014, 107(2), 186-8.

4 illus, 15 ref

016507   Lele U N;Watve M G (Microbiology Dep, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Email: milind@iiserpune.ac.in) : Bacterial growth rate and growth yield: is there a relationship?. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(3), 537-46.

In microbial ecology and physiology, growth rate and growth yield are among the most fundamental parameters. The question whether the two are independent of each other or correlated in some way has been addressed by two schools of microbiologists with contradicting outcomes. After the classical Monodian assumption of constant growth yield was found unsupported, microbial physiologists predicted a positive rate-yield correlation. This was based on the assumption of constant maintenance energy. On the other hand evolutionary biologists predicted a rate-yield trade-off subject to differential selective pressures in different environments. Such a trade-off can explain the wide variation in growth rates and growth yields across the microbial world. However, empirical approaches to the question are plagued by methodological problems and inconsistencies across studies. We critically evaluate the alternative ways of thinking highlighting on selective forces, mechanisms shaping the relationship and appropriate experimental approaches.

^iia4 illus, 39 ref

016506   Khayyat L I;Essawy A E;AlRawy M M;Sorour J M (Biology Dep, Faculty of Applied Science for Girls, Umm Al-Qura Univ, Mekkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: amina_essawy@yahoo.com) : Comparative study on the effect of energy drinks on haematopoietic system in wistar albino rats. J envir Biol 2014, 35(5), 883-91.

Energy drinks have become popularized and the market value for these drinks is continually growing. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of three popular kinds of energy drinks (Power Horse, Red Bull and Code Red) on certain hematological parameters and on the ultrastructure of blood cells in male Wistar albino rats. Animals were treated orally with Power Horse, Red Bull and Code Red respectively for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken after two and four weeks for determination of haematological indices. Ultrastructure examination of blood cells was carried only after 4 weeks of treatment. The results indicated significant reduction (P<60>0.05)in red blood cell count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit value, blood platelets count and neutrophils in animals treated with Red Bull and Power Horse and these changes were time dependant. Insignificant changes were recorded in rats administered with Code Red. On the other hand, ultrastructural alterations, including both nucleus and cytoplasm of peripheral blood cells, were recorded in all treated animals but they were more pronounced in animals received Red Bull and Power Horse. It is concluded that energy drinks have serious detrimental impacts on haematopoietic system of male rats.

4 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

016505   Khanagoudar S;Narayanaswamy B;Pampangouda (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: shivu4473@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of Gluconoacetobacter sp. from different fruits. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 407-11.

Studies were under taken on Isolation and characterization of Gluconoacetobacter sp. from natural sources:" The Nata producing bacteria were isolated from 10 different samples of fruits collected from different places of Bangalore, which are rich in sugar content. The enrichment medium was contained with Totally 81 Nata producing bacterial isolates were isolated and screened for their Nata production ability, out of which 4 isolates were promising which was isolated from pineapple, orange, banana and stone-apple. The rate of cellulose production by Gluconoacetobacter sp. is roughly proportional to rate of cell growth. There was increase in Nata yield from 1:1 to 1:2 ratios and further increase in the dilution of pineapple juice, there was a decrease in the production of bacterial cellulose (cell growth). The highest growth was recorded in 1:2 ratio of pineapple juice. The identification of bacterial isolates was done by studying their morphological and biochemical tests.

3 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

016504   Kalia P;Kumar N R;Harjat K (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh, Email: preeti.kalia84@gmail.com) : Effect of ethanolic extract of propolis in BALB/c mice. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 638-43.

Propolis is widely used since ages for the treatment of various ailments. Present study focussed on the toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of propolis on BALB/c mice. The effect of different concentrations of propolis (300, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight) was analysed by studying the biochemical, haematological and histological changes in mice for 28 days. No significant difference in various parameters were observed in groups of mice treated with propolis and the normal control (P<62>0.05). Histological findings on liver, spleen, kidney and brain revealed normal architecture. The ethanolic extract of propolis did not produce significant toxic effect in mice and hence can be utilized for nutraceuticals formulations.

016503   Das G (NO, Pingla thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Pingla, West Bengal-721 140, Email: souravkumarmaity1987@gmail.com) : Trends and problems in implementing population education curriculum in Bodoland territorial area district. Int J appl envir Sci Technol 2014, 2(2), 1-4.

The problems of population is alarming almost every where including Bodoland Territorial Area District. Population explosions have made each and every citizen worried about the future existence of man. At present, it is the most crucial problem every where in the world. It affects every aspect of man's life - individual, National and International. It affects the health, wealth, happiness, prosperity in human life. Due to over population most countries in the world are found with the problem of food supply, quality of life style, social, economic and educational, natural resources and politics etc.

3 tables, 8 ref

016502   Choi J S;Park N H;Hwang S Y;Sohn J H;Kwak I; Cho K K;Choi I S (NO, RIS Center, Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Silla Univ, Busan 617-736, Republic of Korea, Email: ischoi@silla.ac.kr) : The antibacterial activity of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids against several oral pathogens. J envir Biol 2013, 34(4), 673-6.

The antibacterial activity of various saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) against different oral pathogens which are implicated in the cause of dental caries, stomatitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis was examined. The saturated fatty acids Pa, StA and ArA, and the unsaturated ω-7 fatty acids PLA and ω-9 fatty acids OA showed either none to low antimicrobial activity against all of the 12 oral pathogenic strains used in this study. In contrast, the ω-3 PUFAs, ALA, SDA, EPA and DHA, and the ω-6 PUFAs, LA, GLA, and AA showed considerable antimicrobial activity against 8, 7, 6 and 5 strains, and 6, 10 and 5 strains, respectively. In particular, the ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs showed strong antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis KCTC 381, the cause of periodontitis, and against Aggregatibacter segnis KCTC 5968, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. Polymorphum KCTC 5172 and Prevotella intermedia KCTC 25611, all organisms implicated in the cause of gingivitis. To date, no bacterial resistance to free fatty acids has been encountered and no resistance phenotype has emerged. Therefore, these results suggest that PUFAs may be useful in the development of therapeutic agents for oral diseases, and in particular, in the development of agents that have minimal side effects and against which there is no bacterial resistance.

2 tables, 16 ref

016501   Charaka V K;Kota S;Misra H S (Molecular Biology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: hsmisra@barc.gov.in) : ParA encoded on chromsome I of Deinococcus radiodurans requires its cognate ParB and centromere for its dynamics. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(3), 663-74.

The presence of multiple sets of ParA and ParB genome partitioning proteins in bacteria harboring multipartite genomes raises doubt about their functional redundancy. Deinococcus radiodurans is a highly stress tolerant bacterium that harbors multipartite genome system comprising chromosome I, chromosome II and plasmids. Par As encoded on these elements were found to be different in terms of their primary sequences and eventually clustered in the separate phylogenetic groups. As known earlier, ParBl (ParB encoded on chromosome I) showed sequence specific interaction with its cognate cis element (centromere). ParA of chromosome I (ParAl) produced larger size complex in the presence of dsDNA and ATP, which was reduced to smaller size upon incubation with ParBl- centromere complex in vitro. GFP-ParA1 expressing in recombinant Escherichia coli showed a dynamic change in its cellular localization during cell division only when both ParB 1 and centromere co-existed with ParAl. These results suggested that ParAl requires ParB 1 and its cognate centromere for its cellular dynamics, which would eventually drive the separation of duplicated daughter chromosomes to opposite poles during cell division.

7 illus, 41 ref

016500   Banerjee N;Giri A K (Molecular and Human Genetics Div, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032) : Arsenic induced health effects, genetic damage and genetic variants in the population exposed to arsenic through drinking water in West Bengal. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(3), 565-81.

Arsenic is a potent human carcinogen, which affects millions of people around the world causing deleterious health impacts including cancer and death. In India, West Bengal is the worst affected state where more than 26 million people are exposed chronically to arsenic by drinking heavily contaminated ground water. Several hypotheses have been associated with arsenic-induced carcinogenesis including chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, altered DNA repair, p53 gene suppression, gene amplification, transformation and altered growth factors leading to increased cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. In addition to that, it has been hypothesised that altered DNA methylation patterns might contribute to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Even then, the mechanisms leading to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood. We have been trying to identify the contenders that contribute to arsenic susceptibility, toxicity and carcinogenicity in the arsenic exposed rural population of West Bengal. In this article, attempts have been made to summarise the work that we have carried out so far in the said human population exposed to arsenic through drinking water.

1 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

016499   Awasthi A;Rathore G;Pradhan P K;Rebello S C; Khan M Y;Lakra W S (NO, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow-226 002, Email: grathore69@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of head kidney derived macrophages of Labeo rohita. J envir Biol 2014, 35(5), 949-54.

Macrophages play a significant role in non-specific defense mechanisms of all vertebrates against pathogens. One critical element in the area of fish immunology is the unavailability of in-vitro model of immune cells. Therefore, it is essential to develop methods for harvesting and culture of macrophages for assessing innate immune functions of rohu, Labeo rohita, an important culture fish of India. Head kidney leukocytes from were isolated by density gradient sedimentation, so as to exclude other cells. Among isolated leukocytes, only macrophages showed the unique property of sustained adherence on plastic surfaces. These cells exhibited optimum growth at 28 °C in L-15 containing 20% FBS. Cultured head kidney macrophages (HKM) demonstrated the property of phagocytosis as evidenced by engulfment of yeast cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (20μg/ml) resulted in functional activation of macrophages as seen by enhanced reactive oxygen and nitrite production; and lysosomal enzyme activity. These results show that in-vitro model of HKM cells can be used to study the role of macrophages in innate immune responses against various immunomodulators.

6 illus, 33 ref

015583   Yadav K;Upadhyay S (Warner School of Food and Dairy Technology, SHIATS, Allahabad-211 007) : Isolation and Biochemical characterization of Azotobacter spp. from Rhizospheric soil of Urd Bean. Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 46-51.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial group of bacteria that colonize plant root and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanism. Azotobacter spp. were isolated from root nodule of Urd bean plant. Sixty days old plants of urd bean were randomly dugged out from different location. Azotobacter spp were isolated by using Jensen?s medium, designated as - A1, A2, and A3 and characterized. Screening of Azotobacter in pot culture (soil) and in pot culture (Chemical fertilizer and Organic manure) with Azotobacter strain A1, A2, A3 affects the biomass of urd bean. The biomass of pot-culture (soil) is ranged from 75.6 mg/plant (control) to 116.5mg/plant in A3 and in pot culture (Chemical fertilizer and Organic Manure) A3 is better and range from 0.0407mg/plant (root weight) to 0.1222 mg/plant (shoot weight). Azotobacter affects nodulation of urd bean, nodule number was higher in organic block and nodule weight was higher in chemical block after 15 days. Azotobacter affected the nodulation of urd bean between 15 to 30 days.

3 tables, 15 ref

015582   Tom R;Mudhovozi P (University of Venda, , Thohoyandou, South Africa) : Exploring knowledge of and burden felt by high school learners with parents living with HIV and AIDS. J hum Ecol 2014, 46(3), 319-30.

Study ought to investigate the burden felt by children of AIDS patients. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted. Stratified random sampling was used to select 83 learners (grade 8 = 14; grade 9 = 20; grade 10 = 20; grade 11 = 29) from four grades. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. The study found that most of the learners had knowledge of the HIV positive status of their parents. Challenges that the learners experienced include discrimination, stigmatization, heavy family responsibilities and psychological distress. Strategies for reducing the burden include the introduction of HIV and AIDS progra mme in the community, peer support and counseling. Furture research with a wider sample for generalisability of findings is recommened.

1 illus, 2 tables, 63 ref

015581   Thenmozhi S;Rajeswari P;Suresh Kumar B T; Saipriyanga V;Kalpana M (Microbiology Dep, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal- 637 205, Tamil Nadu, Email: stmmicro@gmail.com) : Multi-drug resistant patterns of biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila from urine samples. Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(7), 2908-18.

Biofilm are a matnx of microorgamsms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed they are very difficult to remove and act as a source of contamination in processing environments. As bacteria in biofilm exhibit enhanced resistance to antibiotics and clearance by the host immune system, the resistance of enteropathogenic bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistances have emerged even to newer, more potent antimicrobial agents. This study was under taken to investigate the presence of multi drug resistance producing biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila in human clinical samples. A total of 150 urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode during the period of six month. Among these only 75 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates and confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila were determined by using standard biochemical analysis according to Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology. Slime producing isolates were studied on Congo Red Agar (CRA) plate method and'the biofilm were determined in tube method. Multi-drug resistance patterence and MDR index were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factors (biofilm) act as a one of the source for multi-drug resistance producing isolates among the microbial population. Aeromonas hydrophila has received particular attention because of its association with human infection. So that, in this present study the slime and biofilm forming isolates was detected and studied their multi-drug resistance patterns. Urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode was found to contain very diverse populations of biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila.

19 ref

015580   Palamuleni M E (North West University, , Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, Republic of South Africa, Email: martin.palamuleni@nwu.ac.za) : Demographic and socio-economic factors affecting contraceptive use in Malawi. J hum Ecol 2014, 46(3), 331-41.

Malawi has one of the highest Contraceptive Prevalence Rates (CPR) in sub-Saharan Africa. However, fertility remains high and fertility decline is slow. This paper uses data from the 2000 and 2004 Demographic and Health Surveys to examine correlates of contraceptive use among currently married women in Malawi. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to establish the relationships between socio economic variables and current use of contraception. The results show that the major determinants of contraceptive use are age, respondents' and partners' approval of family planning, family planning discussion with partner, number of living children, work status, education and visit to a health centre. As a policy measure, information, education and communication programmes on family planning should be intensified, particularly in rural areas and targeting men.

2 tables, 40 ref

015579   Meena H;Singh K P;Negi P S;Nasim M (NO, Defense Institute of Bio Energy Research (DIBER), Defense R & D Organ, Field Section, Pithoragarh-262 501, Email: harsahayudps@gmail.com) : Anti stress and muscular endurance effects of natural specimens and laboratory cultured mycelia of ophiocordyceps sinensi (Berk.) G H Sung, J M Sung on rats and mice. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(3), 228-36.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung. is an entomogenous fungus, used as physical performance enhancer and herbal medicine for preventing or curing a number of human ailments. Owing to its high medicinal value and expensive market price, the present study was aimed to determine the anti-stress and muscular endurance effects of natural and laboratory cultured O. sinensis in animals. The natural specimens collected from 4000 - 5000 m altitude of Central Himalayan hills as well as the lab cultured mycelium were tested for anti-stress activity in rats and muscular endurance effect in mice with the help of Force Swim Test. Three doses (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg body wt.) of natural specimens and lab cultured O. sinensis were administered in test groups and Imipramine (15 mg/kg body wt.) in positive control group and 0.9% NaCl solution in control group for 30 days. Natural specimens (100, 300 and 500 mg) and lab cultured (300 and 500 mg) of O. sinensis showed anti-stress and muscular endurance effects significantly (p<0.05) following oral administration. Natural specimens and lab cultured O. sinensis at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the increase in LDH, cholesterol and BUN and decrease in ALP level of immobilized stress rats. Thus, both natural and lab cultured O. sinensis have almost equal anti-stress and muscular endurance effect.

1 illus, 4 tables, 55 ref

015578   Kolhe R;Acharya R N;Ashok B K;Ravishankar B (Dravyaguna Dep, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat A, Jamnagar-361 008, Email: drnacharya@gmail.com) : Chronic toxicity study of stem bark powder of Kanchanara (Bauhinia variegata L.) in albino rats. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(3), 244-8.

Stem bark of Kanchanara (Bauhinia variegata L., Family-Caesalpiniaceae) is used in Ayurvedic system of medicine, either as a single drug or as ingredient of compound formulations. The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of stem bark where its powder suspension was administered in Therapeutic Equivalent Dose (TED) (350mg/kg/day) in TED group and five fold of TED (1800 mg/kg/day) in TEDx 5 group for sixty days in albino rats. Control group received distilled water. Parameters like body weight, weight of important organs, biochemical, hematological were studied along with histopathology of vital organs. Kanchanara at both the dose levels significantly increased the weight of spleen and thymus. Decreased HDL cholesterol and direct bilirubin were observed in both the treated group while decreased blood urea was observed in TEDx5 group. Significant increase in platelet count and significant decrease in haemoglobin and lymphocyte count were observed in TEDx5 treated group. In histopathological study, destruction of epithelial layer of stomach was observed in majority of the sections in TEDx5 dose groups compared to control group. Thus, toxicity profile obtained from the present study showed that B. variegata bark is likely to produce toxic effect when administered in a five times dose in powder form.

4 tables, 23 ref

015577   Gautam A;Chaturvedi A;Upadhyay S (Warner School of Food and Dairy Technology, SHIATS, Allahabad-211 007) : Isolation, Identification and Characterization of health beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria from milk. Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 89-93.

Milk is an important part of daily diet as an essential food for human beings and also serves as good medium for microbial growth. The lactic acid bacteria was isolated from milk samples and identified. They are tested for the tolerance of Nacl from the concentration of 1-10% at which isolates grow well from 1-7% concentration. Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. of different volume of 15μl/well, 20μl/well and 25μl/well was tested against E.coli, S.aureus, and S.typhi in which it was found that 25μl/well volume of Lactobacilli is more effective in inhibiting the three organisms where as highly antagonistic against the S.typhi. So the use of Lactobacillus as probiotic products in packed foods which provide alternate therapy to the medicinal world apart from the use of traditional antibiotics and pharmaceutical compounds for the treatment of many infections.

2 tables, 7 ref

015576   Chaturvedi A;Gautam A;Upadhyay S (Dairy Microbiology Dep, Warner School of Food and Dairy Technology, SHIATS, Allahabad-211 007) : Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from street foods. Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 94-8.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired diseases and mainly food borne illness. The aim of the present study is to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern mainly isolated from different street foods. Out of 50 food sample 53% were present in samosa which is highest percent of all the samples and antibiotic susceptibility pattern were observe for Staphylococcus aureus concluding to have resistance to Methicillin while all were sensitive to Vancomycin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, and Erythromycin. So further studies should be carried out to investigate the antibiotic resistance within the bacterial community, which is mainly developed because of frequent exposure of antibiotic due to self medication habit of general people.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

015575   Chandrasekhar K;Sreevani S;Pramoda Kumari J (Microbiology Dep, S V University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh-517 502, Email: pramodakumarij@gmail.om) : Identification of E.Coli Nissle 1917 proteins by using 2-D gel electrophoresis under the influence of Cocos Nucifera Sap and wine. Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(7), 2763-71.

Proteomics is the large scale study of proteins. Before going to analyse the differentially expressed proteins, through 2-D gel electrophoresis the proteins were extracted in a sample under stress. In the present study, we were isolated the protein samples of E. coli Nissle 1917 treated with cocoti sap and wine stress. The isolated proteins washed with 2-D clean up kit because it was very sensitive to salts and detergents. Quantify the protein concentration for loading the samples in 2-D electrophoresis. Proteins were separated by based on IEF and Molecular weight. By using Image master 2-D platinum 6.0 software programmes analyze the protein spots in the gel. We noticed over all 800 proteins in our gel, 370 protein spots were visualized clearly, in that considers 15 spots were isolated based on the regulation. Ten spots shows up regulation and remaining shows down regulation. One newly expressed protein was isolated from wine treated gel when compared to the control and also sap treated gels. Independent t-test was performed to analyze the significant difference between up and down regulation values. Further, this study helps to undergo the proteins identification and its functions through MALDI-TOF analysis.

17 ref

014694   Witczak P;Pietrzak A;Wodz K; Brzezinska-Blaszczyk E (Experimental Immunology Dep, Medical Univ of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, Email: ewab@csk.umed.lodz.pl) : Mast cells generate cysteinyl leukotriens and interferon-β as well as evince impaired IgE-dependent degranulation upon TLR7 engagement. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(6), 589-96.

Mast cells are numerous at anatomical sites close to external environment, virtually at the portals of infection. A few data indicated that these cells express cytoplasmic Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognizing virus-derived molecules. Accordingly, mast cells could participate in anti-viral defense or/and in viral-related diseases. However, data concerning the influence of viruses on mast cell activity are limited. Thus, the aim of our study was to determine mast cell response to TLR7 ligand, i.e. resiquimod (R848), a synthetic mimic of viral ssRNA. Since mast cells play a central role in allergic reactions the effect of TLR7 agonist was also investigated on FceRI-dependent mast cell response. Experiments were carried out in vitro on freshly isolated fully mature rat peritoneal mast cells. Mast cells exhibit constitutive TLR7 molecule expression and its up-regulation after the agonist challenge. TLR7-mediated mast cell stimulation resulted in cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) and interferon (IFN)-β synthesis, whereas no histamine and CXCL8 secretion was stated. Moreover, mast cell priming with TLR7 ligand caused the reduction in anti-IgE-induced histamine release. The results suggest that ssRNA viruses could directly activate mast cells to alter their phenotype and to release of potent proinflammatory mediators or indirectly modulate IgE-dependent allergic processes.

5 illus, 47 ref

014693   Watham T;Kushwaha S P S;Patel N R;Dadhwal V K (Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun-248 001, Email: taibang01@gmail.com) : Monitoring of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange over a young mixed forest plantation using eddy covariance technique. Curr Sci 2014, 107(5), 858-66.

Studies on CO₂ and water vapour exchange in natural and man-made vegetation are necessary for quantifying their role in landscape-level carbon budget. The present study investigated variations in carbon and water vapour fluxes and monthly net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over a 9-year-old mixed forest plantation (Holoptelea integrifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu and Albizia procera) in Terai Central Forest Division of Nainital district, Uttarakhand using January to September 2013 eddy covariance data. During leafless period (i.e. January), the plantation acted as a net carbon source (i.e. positive NEE) with daily mean release of 0.35 g C m^{-2 day, while from leaf onset to growing period (i.e. April to September), it acted as a sink (i.e. negative NEE) due to carbon uptake by an increasing number of leaves. The monthly mean daily NEE was noticed to be increasingly more negative in each subsequent month until September. The diurnal trend in NEE closely followed the variations in the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation. The diurnal NEE in all months was related to vapour pressure deficit with time-lag. Maximum daytime uptake (-29.5 μmol m-2 s-1) and night-time release of CO2 (8.2 μmol m-2 s-1) was observed in July. Monthly mean of daily NEE over plantation continuously increased from February and was highest (-5.74 g C m-2 day-1) in September. Rectangular hyperbolic function provided reasonably good fit between NEE and PAR. Ecosystem parameters (α and P_max) of the light response curve also followed the canopy development trend.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

014692   Thinkratok A;Suwannaprapha P;Srisawat R (NO, Institute of Science, Suranaree Technology Univ, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree District, Amphur Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima Province 30000, Thailand, Email: srisawat@sut.ac.th) : Safety assessment of hydroethanolic rambutan rind extract: acute and sub chronic toxicity studies. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(10), 989-98.

This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male Wistar rats. While acute toxicity was evaluated by feeding the rats with single doses of RRE (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg) and its sub-chronic toxicity was observed in rats orally administered with RRE (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) daily for 30 days. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg of RRE. In sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality and sign of toxicity was found up to 1000 mg/kg/day of RRE. At 2000 mg/kg/day dose, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were found in both acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. In acute toxicity study, all the studied doses of RRE did not alter serum levels of triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In sub-chronic toxicity study, all studied doses of RRE significantly decreased plasma levels of TG and blood urea nitrogen, but did not alter plasma levels of AST and ALT. TC levels did not show any significant change in both the studies. The obtained results provide basic information for in vivo experimental studies of the pharmacological potentiality of RRE.

6 tables, 25 ref

014691   Supkamonseni N;Thinkratok A;Meksuriyen D; Srisawat R (NO, Institute of Science Suranaree, Univ of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree District, Amphur Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand, Email: srisawat@sut.ac.th) : Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Centella asiatica (L.) extract in Vitro and in Vivo. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(10), 965-71.

In vitro study revealed that pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of C. asiatica extract was significantly higher than rutin but lower than orlistat, an anti-obesity drug. α-Amylase inhibitory activities of C. asiatica extract and rutin were significantly lower than acarbose, an anti-diabetic drug. Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity by C. asiatica extract, rutin, and acarbose was not different. The in vivo study substantiated the in vitro results. C. asiatica extract (1000 and 2000 mg/4 mL/kg), rutin (1000 mg/4 mL/kg), and orlistat (45 mg/4 mL/kg) significantly decreased plasma glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in lipid emulsion-induced hyperlipidemic rats at 3 h. However, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels did not show significant change. The present work further supports that the C. asiatica extract and its bioactive rutin may help managing hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects.

1 table, 34 ref

014690   Srikanth M;Sathyanarayana M L;Chandrashekhara N;Manjunath K P (Pathology Dep, Veterinary College, Bangalore-24, Email: ncsrvet@gmail.com) : Biochemical studies on the effect of aged garlic extract on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Field Vet 2013, 9(2), 9-11.

Aged garlic extract has been shown to protect rats against acetaminophen induced liver injury through its antioxidant property. Aged garlic extract was given orally to rats for a period of 28 days. Liver damage was induced by inoculating acetaminophen at 500 mg/kg on 12th day of the experimental study. In acetaminophen treated rats there was significant increase in serum amino transferases (ALT and AST), but these enzymes were in the normal range in aged garlic extract (AGE) treated group indicating the protective effect of aged garlic extract against acetaminophen induced injury.

3 tables, 4 ref

014689   Somani S J;Badgujar L B;Sutariya B K;Saraf M N (Pharmacology Dep, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400 098, Email: madhusudan.saraf@gmail.com) : Protective effect of Dillenia indica L. on acetic acid induced colitis in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(9), 876-81.

The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic, immune mediated and chronic inflammation of the intestine. The study aimed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of methanolic extract of Dillenia indica (DIME), hexane fraction (HFDI) and chloroform fraction (CFDI) of Dillenia indica in acetic acid induced experimental colitis in mice. Macroscopic score, colon weight, colonic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and histological changes were recorded after the treatment regimen of 7 days. Intra-rectal instillation of acetic acid caused enhanced macroscopic score, colon weight, colonic MPO, MDA, and TNF-α level. It caused significant decreased level of CAT, SOD and GSH. DIME (800 mg/kg), HFDI (200 mg/kg) and CFDI (200 mg/kg) treatment exhibited significant effect in lowering macroscopic score, colon weight, MPO, MDA, TNF-α levels and elevation of CAT, GSH and SOD levels. The results suggest that D. indica has ameliorating effects on experimental colitis by inhibiting the proinflammatory mediators like TNF-α production.

2 illus, 22 ref

014688   Siddiqi N J (Biochemistry Dep, College of Sciences, P.O. Box 22452, King Saud Univ, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia, Email: nikhat@ksu.edu.sa) : Effect of gold nanoparticles on superoxide dismutase and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in various rat tissues. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2014, 51(2), 156-9.

Gold nanoparticles have diverse applications and are being used in food and cosmetic industry, for drug delivery and in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. However there is a need to study their biochemical mode of action. In this study, in vivo effect of gold nanoparticles on the activities of the two antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase (SOD) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was investigated in various tissues of rats. Rats were injected with 20 μg/kg body wt of 20 nm gold nanoparticles for three consecutive days through intraperitoneal route. The animals were sacrificed by CO₂ asphyxiation 24 h after the last dose of gold nanoparticles. Results showed that treatment with gold nanoparticles caused no significant change in SOD activity in most of the tissues, except kidneys. In kidneys, gold nanoparticles caused a significant increase in SOD activity, when compared to the activity in control rats. However, treatment with gold nanoparticles altered the expression pattern of SOD activity in various tissues. For example, in control rats highest SOD activity was demonstrated in heart and least in kidneys and spleen. But, in gold nanoparticles treated rats, maximum SOD activity was observed in liver and the lowest in spleen. Gold nanoparticles caused no significant change in IDO activity in the studied tissues.

^ssc2 illus, 25 ref

014687   Shukla S;Bhargava S;Somasundaram K (Microbiology and Cell Biology Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Email: skumar@mcb1.iisc.ernet.in) : Cancer gene signatures in risk stratification: use in personalized medicine. Curr Sci 2014, 107(5), 815-23.

Cancer is a complex disease which arises due to a series of genetic changes related to cell division and growth control. Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in humans next to heart diseases. As a testimony to our progress in understanding the biology of cancer and developments in cancer diagnosis and treatment methods, the overall median survival time of all cancers has increased six fold - one year to six years - during the last four decades. However, while the median survival time has increased dramatically for some cancers like breast and colon, there has been only little change for other cancers like pancreas and brain. Further, not all patients having a single type of tumour respond to the standard treatment. The differential response is due to genetic heterogeneity which exists not only between tumours, which is called intertumour heterogeneity, but also within individual tumours, which is called intratumoural heterogeneity. Thus it becomes essential to personalize the cancer treatment based on a specific genetic change in a given tumour. It is also possible to stratify cancer patients into low- and high-risk groups based on expression changes or alterations in a group of genes - gene signatures and choose a more suitable mode of therapy. It is now possible that each tumour can be analysed using various high-throughput methods like gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing to identify its unique fingerprint based on which a personalized or tailor-made therapy can be developed. Here, we review the important progress made in the recent years towards personalizing cancer treatment with the use of gene signatures.

3 illus, 1 table, 69 ref

014686   Shukla K;Dikshit P;Shukla R;Sharma S;Gambhir J K (Biochemistry and Pathology Dep, Univ College of Medical Sciences (Delhi Univ) and GTB Hospital, Delhi-110 095, Email: jassigambhir@yahoo.co.in) : Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of fruit of Withania coagulans (stocks) dunal in cholesterol-fed hyperlipidemic rabbit model. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(9), 870-5.

Withania coagulans (family: Solanaceae, English: Indian Cheese Maker, Hindi: Doda Paneer) fruit is known for its ethanopharmacological significance in health care system of India. Diet rich in high-fat is an important risk factor for diabetes, atherosclerosis and macro and microvascular complications. Treatment with aqueous extract of fruit of W. coagulans (aqWC; 250 mg/kg body weight) in cholesterol-fed animals resulted in significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein, tissue lipid content and acetyl CoA carboxylase activity whereas, the level of high density lipoprotein and activity of HMGCoA reductase also recovered partially. Treatment with aqWC also significantly decreased plasma lipid peroxide levels and increased reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase activities. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of W. coagulans has potent lipid lowering and antioxidant activities.

1 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

014685   Sharma B B;Mustafa M;Sharma T;Banerjee B D; Urfi A J (Environmental Studies Dep, Delhi Univ, New Delhi-110 007, Email: ajurfi@rediffmail.com) : Cross species amplification of microsatellite markers in Mycteria leucocephala pennant 1769: molted feathers as successful DNA source. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(10), 1011-16.

DNA from molted feathers is being increasingly used for genetic studies on birds. However, the DNA obtained from such non-invasive sources is often not of enough quantity and quality for isolation of new microsatellite markers. The present study examined the potential of shed feathers of near threatened Painted Stork as a source of its DNA for cross-species amplification of microsatellites. Thirty-one shed feathers of varying conditions ('good' and 'deteriorated') and sizes ('large', 'intermediate' and 'small') collected in a north Indian population were used to isolate DNA by a standard isopropanol method and 11 microsatellite markers already developed in the Wood Stork were screened for amplification. Nine plucked feathers from two dead Painted Storks were also used to compare the DNA yield and amplification success. The DNA yield of feathers varied significantly in relation to the calamus size and condition. Among molted feathers, 'good' and 'large' samples provided more DNA than 'deteriorated' and 'small' ones, respectively. 'Large' plucked feathers yielded more DNA than 'large' molted feathers. DNA was almost degraded in all the samples and ratio of absorbance at 260/280 nm varied from 1.0 to 1.8, indicating impurity in many samples. Independent of DNA yields, all microsatellites were cross-amplified in all kinds of feathers, with <62>80% success in different feather categories. It is concluded that the shed feathers can be successfully used to isolate DNA in the Painted Stork and for cross-species amplification of microsatellites.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

014684   Sharma A;Deshmukh A;Sharma R;Kumar A; Mukherjee S;Chandra G C;Gakhar S K (NO, Centre for Biotechnology Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak-123 4001, Email: surengak@gmail.com) : Population genetic structure of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene in Indian populations. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(10), 996-1002.

The genetic differentiation in A. stephensi based on haplotype diversity using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and by sequencing of CO II gene across different localities in India has been analyzed. The presence of only one DraI restriction site in CO II gene conferred to haplotype B indicating that the gene is very much conserved and the gene flow is not affected even by a major geographical distance barrier. The sequencing and analysisof various population parameters revealed seven haplotypes in all populations. The West Bengal population was found to be more genetically diverse than others. The geographic distance between populations was found to be contributing to the genetic differentiation. The sign of demographic expansion were found in three of the five populations. The local geographic barriers were found to be ineffective in prevention of gene flow.

4 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

014683   Shaikh S S;Patel P R;Patel S S;Nikam S D;Rane T U;Sayyed R Z (Microbiology Dep, PSGVP Mandal' Arts, Science & Commerce College, Shahada, Dist. Nandurbar, 425 409, Email: riyaz829@yahoo.co.in) : Production of biocontrol traits by banana field fluorescent pseudomonads and comparison with chemical fungicide. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(9), 917-20.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from banana field rhizosphere produced different antifungal metabolites like bactriocin, hydrogen cyanide and siderophore. Bacteriocinogenic, siderophoregenic, and HCN rich broth of isolate inhibited the growth of phytopathogen like Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. The isolate exhibited more antifungal activity and comparatively low MIC vis-a-vis commonly used copper based systemic chemical fungicide;bil cop.

2 tables, 16 ref

014682   Shah D J;Dahiya M S (NO, Directorate of Forensic Science, Gandhinagar-382 007, Email: dax.a1995@gmail.com) : Determination of the state of origin of the writer from the class characteristics in english handwriting. Curr Sci 2014, 107(7), 1177-83.

In this research work, authors discuss class characteristics in English handwriting of people from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The subjects had primarily studied in their local language, with English as their second language. The regional handwriting samples from 750 subjects were collected randomly in the age group between 18 and 60 years and their class characteristics such as writing movement, formation of letters, letter designs, pen-lifts, letter size, artistic ability, letter spacing and embellishments were examined. Several characteristic features peculiar to the individual linguistic groups were identified and the impact of the regional language script writing system was observed on the English handwriting of almost all the subjects.

5 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

014681   Saxena P;Nishad D K;Singh T;Amit Kumar; Kashyap R;Bhatnagar A;Mittal G (NO, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence R&D Organisation, Delhi-110 054, Email: gauravmittal23@gmail.com) : Evaluation of a novel decorporation approach to prevent radioactivity uptake by using acidosis in experimental animals. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(8), 793-8.

With an aim to devise a prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach for preventing internalization of radiothallium (^{201Tl), and more importantly by implication, its chemical analogue radiocesium (137Cs) during any nuclear emergency, different ex vivo and in vivo animal models were created to determine the role of pH in absorption of 201Tl across jejunum/muscle tissue and whole body retention of 201Tl respectively. Movement of Tl+ under simulated pH conditions proved that pH had direct influence on its absorption. Oral intake of acidified water or parenteral administration of lactic acid was able to reduce the body burden of 201Tl by up to 12 and 50% respectively. The results indicate that acidification of gut, within physiological range may be used as an option for decorporation/inhibition of incorporation of radiothallium and radiocesium, particularly in cases of mass casualty.}

5 illus, 18 ref

014680   Sarkar J (NO, , Labanya Apartment", H.B. Town, Sodepur, Kolkata-700 110, Email: jsjayanta0@gmail.com) : Degradation of forest and the small tribes of Andaman Islands. J Indian Anthrop Soc 2013, 48(1), 69-74.

It is an established fact that populations living in close association with their immediate ecology develop skill of close observation in understanding the behaviour of the nature. Such understanding results in cultivating knowledge that helps them towards their survival. In order to negotiate with the specific ecological niches these populations usually fall back to the natural resources available in their immediate surroundings to procure items of their subsistence. Intervention of the people of other culture having better technological knowledge in the way of life of small communities severely disturb the equilibrium that is normally maintained between the ecology and the inhabitants of the area. The present exercise discusses the effect of deforestation and influx of population in the forest thus cleared, on the small tribes of Andaman Islands. Such external pressures on these tribes are likely to result loss in their age-old right on the surrounding resources and may cause reduction in their close and intimate relation with their immediate ecolqgy that help nurturing traditional knowledge of these endangered populations.

4 ref

014679   Sanjay Kumar;Nirala J P;Behari J;Paulraj R (Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Environment Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: jbehari@hotmail.com) : Effect of electromagnetic irradiation produced by 3G mobile phone on male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(9), 890-7.

Reports of declining male fertility have renewed interest in assessing the role of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Testicular function is particularly susceptible to the radiation emitted by EMFs. Significant decrease in sperm count, increase in the lipid peroxidation damage in sperm cells, reduction in seminiferous tubules and testicular weight and DNA damage were observed following exposure to EMF in male albino rats. The results suggest that mobile phone exposure adversely affects male fertility.

3 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

014678   Saifuddin M;Osman N (NO, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Malaya Univ, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: saifuddin@siswa.um.edu.my) : Evaluation of hydro mechanical properties and root architecture of plants for soil reinforcement. Curr Sci 2014, 107(5), 845-52.

Plant helps to stabilize the masses of soil via hydrologi-cal and mechanical means. The effects of vegetation on soil depend on the overall root growth, architecture and its hydro-mechanical functions. Three leguminous plants, Leucaena leucocephala, Pterocarpus indicus and Peltophorum pterocarpum were evaluated in terms of their hydro-mechanical characteristics and root architecture for soil reinforcement. The results show that L. leucocephala exhibited the highest hydrological properties such as diurnal transpiration, water absorption capacity and soil matric suction (SMS). Regarding mechanical characteristics, L. leucocephala exhibited the highest root tensile strength and cellu-losic components in the root. Interestingly, L. leucocephala also showed a higher root length, volume and tips than Pterocarpus indicus and Peltophorum pterocarpum. The SMS was strongly (r = 0.79) correlated with leaf area index (LAI), indicating that high LAI improved SMS. In conjunction with the cellulosic composition, root tensile strength of the species studied was highly correlated with the alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.9) and showed that high alpha-cellulose content of roots improved mechanical properties of plants to provide reinforcement in the soil. The high-root tensile strength, root cellulosic composition and VH-type root of L. leucocephala make the species special for growing as a soil reinforcing plant. In conclusion, L. leucocephala properties revealed that it possessed excellent hydro-mechanical properties and root architecture and can be planted on slopes for soil reinforcement.

6 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

014677   Saha P P;Bhowmik T;Dasgupta A K;Gomes A (Laboratory of Toxinology & Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Physiology, Calcutta Univ, 92 A P C Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: agomescu@gmail.com) : Nano gold conjugation, anti-arthritic potential and toxicity studies of snake Naja kaouthia (lesson, 1831) venom protein toxin NKCT1 in male albino rats and mice. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(8), 763-72.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology have found their way in the fields of pharmacology and medicine. The conjugation of drug to nanoparticles combines the properties of both. In this study, gold nanoparticle (GNP) was conjugated with NKCT1, a cytotoxic protein toxin from Indian cobra venom for evaluation of anti-arthritic activity and toxicity in experimental animal models. GNP conjugated NKCT1 (GNP-NKCT1) synthesized by NaBH₄ reduction method was stable at room temperature (25±2 °C), pH 7.2. Hydrodynamic size of GNP-NKCT1 was 68-122 nm. Arthritis was developed by Freund's complete adjuvant induction in male albino rats and treatment was done with NKCT1/GNP-NKCT1/standard drug. The paw/ankle swelling, urinary markers, serum markers and cytokines were changed significantly in arthritic control rats which were restored after GNP-NKCT1 treatment. Acute toxicity study revealed that GNP conjugation increased the minimum lethal dose value of NKCT1 and partially reduced the NKCT1 induced increase of the serum biochemical tissue injury markers. Histopathological study showed partial restoration of toxic effect in kidney tissue after GNP conjugation. Normal lymphocyte count in culture was in the order of GNP-NKCT1>NKCT1>Indomethacine treatment. The present study confirmed that GNP conjugation increased the antiarthritic activity and decreased toxicity profile of NKCT1.

2 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

014676   Rao Y P C;Lokesh B R (Lipid Science and Traditional Foods Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore-570 020, Email: lokesh_lipids@yahoo.co.in) : Modulatory effects of α-linolenic acid on generation of reactive oxygen species in elaidic acid enriched peritoneal macrophages in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(9), 860-9.

Fatty acids are known to influence the ability of macrophages to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). However the effect of elaidic acid (EA, 18:1 trans fatty acid) on ROS generation is not well studied. Rat peritoneal macrophages were enriched with elaidic acid by incubating the cells with 80 μM EA. The macrophages containing EA generated higher amounts of superoxide anion (O₂^{.-), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and nitric oxide (NO.) by 54, 123 and 237%, respectively as compared to control cells which did not contain EA. To study the competition of other C18 fatty acids with EA macrophages were incubated with EA along with stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and a- linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3). ALA significantly reduced the incorporation of EA into macrophage lipids. This also significantly reduced the generation of O₂, -, H₂O₂, NO. by macrophages. Studies were also conducted by feeding rats with diet containing partially hydrogenated vegetable fat (PHVF) as a source for EA and linseed oil (LSO) as a source for ALA. The rats were fed AIN-93 diet containing PHVF with 17% EA and incremental amounts of linseed oil for 10 weeks. The peritoneal macrophages from rats fed partially hydrogenated vegetable fat generated higher levels of O₂.-, H₂O₂, NO. by 46, 161 and 76% respectively, when compared to rats fed control diets containing ground nut oil. Macrophages from rats fed PHVF with incremental amounts of LSO produced significantly lower levels ROS in a dose dependent manner. Thus ALA reduces the higher levels of ROS generated by macrophages containing EA.}

4 tables, 36 ref

014675   Rajmani R S; (Veterinary Biotechnology Div, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareily-243 122, Email: aktiwari63@yahoo.com) : Development of dog mammary tumor xenograft in immunosuppressed swiss albino mice. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(10), 935-42.

Development and study of dog mammary tumour xenograft in immunosuppressed Swiss Albino Mice adds a new dimension in cancer research as dog tumors have many similarities with human tumors regarding progression, histopathology, molecular mechanism, immune response and therapy. Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells leads to cancer progression and the fight between immune cells and cancer cells has a great role in understanding the mechanism of cancer progression and elimination. Rejection and acceptance of tumour xenograft depends on efficiency of CD4^{+, CD8+ and NK cell populations. In the present investigation, dog mammary tumor xenograft in cyclosporine-A and ?-irradiated, immunosuppressed Swiss Albino mice was developed and the immune cell status of graft accepted and rejected mice was assessed. It was observed that all the major immune cells (CD4+, CD8+ and NK cells) play an equal role in tumour rejection.}

5 illus, 48 ref

014674   Prajapati A;Verma Y;Swamy M;Dubey A (Veterinary Pathology Dep, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., N.D.V.S.U., Jabalpur-482 001, Email: dryaminiverma@rediffmail.com) : Efficacy of herbal binder in aflatoxin B1 induced toxicity on haematological profile in wistar rats. Indian J Field Vet 2013, 9(2), 16-19.

Study was conducted in forty eight male wistar rats to evaluate the efficacy of herbal binder on AFB1 induced toxicity on haematological profile. Aflatoxin adversely affected haematological profile. Administration of AFB1 was found to be immunosuppressive, leading to significant reduction in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and lymphocyte percent. There was significant increase in total leukocyte count and neutrophil in rats of group II as compared to the control group animals. However supplementation of herbal binder diminished the toxicity produced by aflatoxin administration in rats.

1 table, 12 ref