008552   Bhattacharya S;Katoch V M;Majumder P P; Bhattacharya A (School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi, Email: sbjnu110@gmail.com) : Rare diseases in India: current knowledge and new possibilities. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2016, 82(4), 1183-7.

008551   Badiei A;Chambers S T;Gaddam R R;Bhatia M (Pathology Dep, Otago Univ, Christchurch, New Zealand, Email: madhav.bhatia@otago.ac.nz) : Cystathionine-γ-lyase gene silencing with siRNA in monocytes/macrophages attenuates inflammation in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in the mouse. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(1), 87-95.

Hydrogen sulphide is an endogenous inflammatory mediator produced by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) in macrophages. To determine the role of H₂S and macrophages in sepsis, we used small interference RNA (siRNA) to target the CSE gene and investigated its effect in a mouse model of sepsis. Cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis is characterized by increased levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, morphological changes in liver and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the liver and lung. SiRNA treatment attenuated inflammation in the liver and lungs of mice following CLP-induced sepsis. Liver MPO activity increased in CLP-induced sepsis and treatment with siRNA significantly reduced this. Similarly, lung MPO activity increased following induction of sepsis with CLP while siRNA treatment significantly reduced MPO activity. Liver and lung cytokine and chemokine levels in CLP-induced sepsis reduced following treatment with siRNA. These findings show a crucial pro-inflammatory role for H₂S synthesized by CSE in macrophages in sepsis and suggest CSE gene silencing with siRNA as a potential therapeutic approach for this condition.

4 illus, 26 ref

008550   Alam N P;Sinha K P (Biotechnology Dep, L.N. Mithila Univ, Darbhanga, Bihar) : Effects of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on sleep-wakefulness in rats. Int J Fauna biol Stud 2017, 4(1), 22-8.

Ethanol and nicotine are the two most widely used and abused substances in the world and are often consumed together. However, the effects of chronic co-consumption of ethanol and nicotine as well as their withdrawal on sleep-wakefulness remain poorly understood. We examined effects of chronic treatments of rats with ethanol, nicotine, and ethanol + nicotine and their withdrawals on sleep-wake architecture. Saline, ethanol (3g/kg), nicotine (3mg/kg), or their mixture was injected intraperitoneally at early light-on phase for 28 days in four different group of rats. Sleep-wake parameters were recorded for 6 hours on treatment day-1, day-14, and day-28, followed by one day without any treatment (day-29 or withdrawal day). The findings suggest that while ethanol acutely increased sleep, its chronic use produced only marginal effects as rats developed a tolerance for ethanol. However, sleep decreased severely on withdrawal day. Nicotine acutely suppressed sleep, but like ethanol, rats developed tolerance and nicotine's effectiveness was attenuated with its chronic use. Sleep, especially, REM sleep, however, increased significantly on withdrawal day. When given together, ethanol and nicotine nullified each other's effects on sleep-wake parameters. These findings are discussed in the light of known interactions between ethanol and nicotine in influencing sleep.

4 illus, 37 ref

008549   Al-Dujaili A N G;Hussain H M K;Al-Fatlawi N A G H (Physiology, Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Kufa, Iraq, Email: arshadnori1972@yahoo.com) : Assessment of leptin hormone and vitamin C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Najaf governorate, Iraq. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(1), 67-73.

The search for new parameters for monitoring and even prediction of diabetes mellitus (DM) are still an important issue in many research fields. Some studies focused on role of insulin status, while others concentrated on lipid disturbances or even oxidative stress disorders in the diabetes. The study was conducted by taking 66 type 2 diabetic patients (NIDDM) (32 males and 34 females) attending the diabetes mellitus center in Al-Sadder Teaching City in Al- Najaf province and a group of 21 apparently healthy subjects (9 Males and 12 Females) were included as a control group. The study was carried out from August 2012 to February 2013. The age of patients and control groups were in the range of 35-65 years old. The concentration of fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), HDL, leptin and vitamin C were measured, also VLDL, LDL and BMI were estimated in patients and the control groups. The results show significant decrease (p<60>0.05) leptin, vitamin C and HDL levels in patients compared with control groups, also the results show significant increase (p<60>0.05) in FBG, cholesterol, TG, LDL and VLDL levels in patients compared with control groups. The results show significant negative correlation (p<60>0.05) among leptin with FBG and HDL in patients. The results have shown significant positive correlation (p<60>0.05) among leptin with cholesterol, TG, LDL and VLDL in patients. Also the results have shown no significant correlation (p<60>0.05) between leptin and vitamin C in patients. The present study concluded that leptin and vitamin C levels were markers for detection and diagnosis of diabetic patients type 2.

9 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

007474   Yakubu N;Mohammed U A (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida Un, PMB 11, Lapai, Nigeria, Email: yndatsu2011@gmail.com) : Protective properties of flavonoid extract of coagulated tofu (curdled soy milk) against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(1), 21-29.

The total flavonoid contents of the various coagulated tofu and the hepatoprotective potential of all tofu flavonoid extracts were investigated. Tofu was prepared from locally sourced coagulants (steep water, alum, lemon, and lemon peel ash extract). Total flavonoid contents of all coagulated tofu were investigated as established in vitro flavonoid assay. The hepatoprotective activities of tofu flavonoid extracts against acetaminophen-induced hepatic cell toxicity in rats was also investigated in this study. The activity was analyzed by assessing the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The concentrations of the serum sugar, total protein, albumin, and cholesterol as well as prothrombin time (PT) of experimental rats with histopathological analysis were also conducted. The range of the total flavonoid contents of tofu was 4.3-6.4 mg/g. Tofu flavonoid extracts significantly reduced the activities of serum AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH; total cholesterol, and sugar levels, but total protein and albumin concentrations increased compared to acetaminophen-intoxicated rats. Also, the prothrombin time prolongation of serum in acetaminophen intoxicated rats was reduced. Histology of the liver tissue demonstrated that tofu flavonoid extracts inhibited the acetaminophen-induced hepatic cell necrosis, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and accelerated hepatocellular regeneration. Therefore, all tofus exhibited high total flavonoid contents, and the tofu supplement in human diets is highly recommended as it can be used as a functional food to prevent liver injuries.

4 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

007473   Tiwari S;Bhavsar S K;Patel R L;Patel J H; Varia R D;Modi F D;Tyagi K K (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, A.H. Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Email: skbhavsar@yahoo.com) : Effect of meloxicam co-administration and febrile state on pharmacokinetic of cefquinome in goats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 8-11.

The pharmacokinetic of cefquinome (20 mg kg^{-1) was studied following intramuscular administration of cefquinome alone, co-administered with meloxicam (0.2 mg kg-1) and under Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide induced febrile state in goats. The concentration of cefquinome in plasma was detected by HPLC, Following single dose intramuscular administration of cefquinome alone, peak plasma concentration (7.16±0.13 μg mL-1) was obtained at 0.75 h. The absorption half-life (t_1/2Kα), volume of distribution (Vd_area), total body clearance (CI_B), elimination half-life (t_1/2β), area under plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC_(0-∞)) and area underfirst moment curve (AUMC)of cefquinome were 0.15±0.01 h, 2.58±0.22 L kg-1, 1.02±0.09 L h-1 kg-1, 1.75±0.08 h, 17.16±0.42 μg.hmL-1 and 41.89±1.37 g.h2/mL, respectively. No significant changes were reported in pharmacokinetic parameters following co-administration of cefquinome with meloxicam. Following intramuscular administration of cefquinome in febrile goats, significant increase (p<60>0.05) in plasma drug concentration of 8.55±0.16, 1.98±0.06 and 0.87±0.05 μg/mL observed at 0.75, 4 and 6 h., respectively, as compared to healthy goats. The pharmacokinetics parameters like Vd_(area)(1.69±0.06 L kg-1), CI_(B)(0.78±0.02 L h-1 kg-1) and t_1/2β (1.47 ± 0.06 h) were significantly lower (p<60>0.05) than non-febrile goats. A significant (p<60>0.01) increase in C_max(9.38±0.08 μg ml-1), AUC (24.58±0.29 μg.hmL-1) and AUMC (57.14±1.63 μg.h2 mL-1) were observed in febrile goats as compared to healthy goats. Pharmacokinetic data of cefquinome generated from the present study and MIC value of cefquinome sensitive bacteria suggested that the drug can be administered intramuscularly (20 mg kg-1) with meloxicam and in febrile condition at 8 h. interval to combat susceptible bacterial infections in goats.}

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

007472   Tandon T;Varshneya C;Sharma D K;Bhardwaj P; Kanika (Animal Husbandry Dep, CSKHPKV, Palampur-176 062, Email: dineshcovas79@gmail.com) : Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin following oral adminstration in calves. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 18-20.

The present study on pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in calves was carried out in six apparently healthy male calves (2-3 months of age). Amoxicillin was given at dose rate of 10 mg.kg^{-1 by oral route. The blood samples were collected at 15 min., 30 min., 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,8,10 and 12h. after oral administration. The samples were analysed for amoxicillin using agar plate diffusion method. The disposition pattern followed two compartment open model. After oral administration the peak plasma level was obtained at 3 h and the values of AUC, t_1/2β, CI_B and MRT were: 9.25 ± 0.31 μg.ml-1.h, 1.66 ± 0.05 h, 617.03 ± 10.71 ml.Kg-1.h-1 and 3.79 ± 0.06 h, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the distribution and elimination phase of amoxicillin revealed rapid distribution of the drug into body fluids.}

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

007471   Sharma S;Singh S P;Ahmad A H;Chaudhary G K (Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, CVASc, Pantnagar, U.K., Email: sppharma@rediffmail.com) : Acute toxicity study of oxytetracycline in rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 82-4.

The present study was carried out in the forty eight rats randomly and equally divided into six groups. Group I served as control. Groups II and III were injected oxytetracycline (OTC) @ 0, 300 and 1000 mg kg^{-1 b. wt., i.p., in three test groups. Haemato-biochemical and antioxidant parameters were recorded. There was a significant (P<60>0.05) increase in TEC, TLC, AST, total cholesterol and creatinine and decrease in Hb, BUN, urea and creatinine in rats of group III and significantly (P<60>0.05) increases the value of PCV, TEC and TLC in group II. There was a significant (P<60>0.05) reduction in LPO in kidney, liver, brain and erythrocytes in OTC treated rats in comparison to control. There was a significant (PO.05) decline in value of GSH in erythrocytes but significantly elevated in liver, kidney and brain in rats of treated groups as compared to untreated control. It is concluded that oxytetracycline at doses as high as 2000 mg/kg, i.p. caused moderate toxic effects on haemato-biochemical parameters but did not induce oxidative stress in rats.}

2 tables, 13 ref

007470   Sharma R;Punia J S;Jain S K (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, LLR Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Email: drskjainhau@gmail.com) : Toxicodynamic interactions of imidacloprid in mice: An insight into its mechanism of action. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 27-31.

Imidacloprid potentiated the experimentally induced convulsions to the highest degree i.e. tonic convulsions or death in all the models (maximal electroshock seizures, pentylenetetrazole, strychnine, tremorine, picrotoxin, and phenytoin-pentylenetetrazole) except status epilepticus induced by lithium pilocarpine. The effects of imidacloprid on experimentally induced convulsions indicate that it does possess some convulsant effect. These results suggested possibility of involvement of GABAergic system and a direct excitatory action at level of neuromuscular junction by imidacloprid.

7 tables, 22 ref

007469   Sharma D K;Varshneya C (Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, DGCNCOVAS, CSKHPKVV, Palampur-176 062, Email: dineshcovas79@gmail.com) : Anti-nociceptive activity of methanolic extract of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pulp in male wistar rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 45-7.

In the present study anti-nociceptive activity of methanolic extract of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pulp is evaluated in male wistar rats. Anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated by Hot plate, tail immersion & tail clip tests. Methanolic extract of Seabuckthorn pulp (MESBTP) was administered @ 250mg/kg & 500mg/kg body weight orally in all these tests. MESBTP @ 500mg/kg body weight to all the pain induced models showed significant antinociceptive activity. However, the effect was lower when compared with analgin. The results indicate antinociceptive activity of seabuckthorn pulp and support ethnomedical use of this plant in different painful conditions.

3 tables, 10 ref

007468   Shah P;Singh S P;Anil Kumar (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, CBSH, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: pallavishah06@gmail.com) : Phytoconstituents for In vitro antioxidant activity of Murraya koenigii and Phyllanthus niruri. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 26-8.

The present study was undertaken to quantify phytoconstituents phyllanthin and tannic acid in alcoholic and water extracts of P. niruri and M. koenigii leaves by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to evaluate their antioxidant potential by DPPH radical scavenging assay method. The percent yields of alcoholic and water extract of M. koenigii (AEMK and WEMK) were found to be 7.9 and 9.8 %, respectively, whereas the percent yields of alcoholic and water extract of P.niruri (AEPN and WEPN) were found to be 16.5 and 7%, respectively. The extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical- scavenging assay. The IC₅₀ values obtained for DPPH-scavenging establish that P. niruri extracts possessed higher antioxidant activity in comparison to M. koenigii. Tannic acid (TA), a known antioxidant was quantified using HPLC in M. koenigii extracts with AEMK showing the highest content of TA whereas HPLC quantification of phyllanthin, a lignan known for its hepatoprotective potential was done for all P. niruri extracts with WEPN showing the highest content.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

007467   Sejal M A;Ghumare B C;Dubey S A;Jadhav S N; More P R;More B K (Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal, Maharashtra) : Protective effect of Zingiber officinale extract in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 56-8.

The study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale Rose rhizome on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. A control group (Group I) was compared with rats administered with 40 mg/ kg gentamicin, once daily (Group II) and with rats administered ethanolic extract of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rose at dose level of 200 mg/kg along with 40 mg/kg gentamicin (Group III). The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Serum creatinine and uric acid were significantly increased in rats exposed to gentamicin alone (Group-ll). Moreover, administration of gentamicin resulted in damage of kidney structures. Administration of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rose before gentamicin exposure prevented severe alterations of biochemical parameters and disruptions of kidney structures. In conclusion this study obviously demonstrated that pretreatment with ethanolic extract of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rose significantly attenuated the biochemical alterations induced by gentamicin.

3 tables, 10 ref

007466   Sarvaiya V N;Sadariya K A;Pancha P G;Thaker A M (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Scie, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 001, Email: dr_kasadariya@yahoo.co.in) : Hypouricemic effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa rhizomes in rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 55-8.

The study was planned to evaluate hypouricemic effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa rhizomes following its 28 days repeated oral administration in potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic rats. The study was conducted on forty two (42) male Sprague-Dawely rats divided equally into seven groups. Group I, II and III served as vehicle control group, gout control group and standard treatment control group, respectively. Group IV and V received aqueous extracts of Curcuma longa (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O.) and group VI and VII received alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O.) for 28 days. At the end of study, blood and serum were analyzed for haematological and biochemical parameters, respectively. Hyperuricemic rats treated with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa at dose rate of 200 and 400 mg/kg b wt and allopurinol @ 5 mg/kg b wt showed reduction in platelets count and serum creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and xanthine oxidase enzyme level as compared to rats of gout control group. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa rhizomes showed effectiveness in dose-dependent manner in potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic rats.

2 tables, 15 ref

007465   Samant K;Ahmad A H;Bisht P;Gopal;Nirbhay Kumar (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Colege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A & T., Pantnagar, Email: ahahmad_2000@yahoo.com) : Acute toxicity study of buparvaquone in rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 46-8.

The study was designed to evaluate the acute toxic effects of Theilexr (buparvaquone, 5% w/v injectable solution) in rats. Wistar rats of age 2 to 2.5 months, weighing between 150 to 200 gm, were selected and randomly divided into five groups of 4 rats each. An initial dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. i.p. was used and then it was serially increased to 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg b. wt. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed and blood, liver, kidney and brain samples were collected for the evaluation of hematological, biochemical and antioxidative parameters. Haemotoxic effect of buparvaquone was seen at the dose level of 100-150 mg.kg^{-1 b.w. but there was no hepatotoxic effect at this dose. There was no elevation in the level of oxidative stress in erythrocytes except at dose level of 150 mg.kg-1b.w where a slight elevation in the oxidative stress level was found to occur in liver.}

3 tables, 10 ref

007464   Sadariya K A;Thaker A M;Patel J B;Bhavsar S K (Pharmacology and Toxicoogy Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural, Anand, Gujarat, Email: dr_kasadariya@yahoo.co.in) : Safety assessment following intramuscular administration of moxifloxacin with ketoprofen in sheep. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 87-8.

Moxifloxacin is a novel fourth generation fluoroquinolone with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram negative bacteria. Ketoprofen is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in veterinary medicine. The study was undertaken to determine blood biochemical profile following daily intramuscular administration of moxifloxacin (5 mg/kg) in combination with intramuscular administration of ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) for five days in sheep. Blood samples were collected daily for 5 days before and after the initiation of drugs administration and proceeded for determination of various haematological (Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and DLC) and biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, AKP, LDH, BUN, serum creatinine and total bilirubin). No significant alterations (p <60> 0.05) were found in the mean value of haematological and biochemical parameters during treatment period. Repeated intramuscular administration of moxifloxacin (5 mg/kg) in combination with ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) for 5 days in sheep was found safe. Thus, moxifloxacin may be useful in combination of ketoprofen to treat bacterial diseases accompanied by fever, pain and other inflammatory condition in sheep.

^ssc1 table, 8 ref

007463   Ramesh B K;Narayanaswamy H D;Satyanarayana M L;Rao S (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Veterinary College, Bengaluru-560 024, Email: samuditha2014@gmail.com) : Effect of dietary arginine and vitamin E on humoral and cell mediated immune response in experimental T-2 mycotoxicosis in broiler chicken. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5567-74.

Day old 144 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups. Groups I, II, III and IV received 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1 ppm of dietary T-2 toxin respectively. Arginine (22 g/ kg) and vitamin E (80 mg/kg) were supplemented to Groups V and VI which respectively had 0.0 and 1 ppm of dietary T-2 toxin. The test diets were fed for 0-28 days. On day 28, humoral immunity was measured as an antibody response to El strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), CMI response was assessed by measuring percent CD4^{+ and CD8+ cells in peripheral blood and by measuring delayed foot web reaction (DFWR) to kill S. aureus antigen in sensitised birds at different post challenge intervals. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease both in HI titres to NDV and percent CD4+, CDS+ cells was noticed in Group IV whereas the decrease was seen only for HI titres in Group III. A significantly (P ≤ 0.05) high HI titres and percent CD4+ cells was observed in Group V whereas HI titres, percent CD4+, CD8+ cells were similar to control in Group VI birds. The foot web thickness peaked at 24h post challenge. A reduction in DFWR was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in Group IV but was similar in Group VI when compared to control birds. The study revealed that dietary inclusion of T-2 toxin for 0-28 days was immunotoxic to broiler chickens at levels equal and higher than 0.5 ppm. Dietary ARG and VE supplementation above the recommended NRC levels was found to be immunostimulatory.}

7 illus, 33 ref

007462   Ram M;al et (Div of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: singhvishakha9@gmail.com) : Bilirubin accelerate cutaneous wound healing in excision wound model of rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 41-4.

Bilirubin, a by-product of heme degradation, has an important role in cellular protection and cutaneous wound healing potential in some preliminary studies. Here we hypothesize that bilirubin facilitates wound healing in rats in a time-dependent manner. Full thickness cutaneous wounds were created under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. All the rats were divided into two groups, of which one (control) was treated with ointment base and other with bilirubin ointment (0.3%). Wound closer measurement and tissue collection were done on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 post-wounding. Histopathological changes (cellular migration, fibroblast deposition, epithlialization, blood vessels formation, collagen deposition) were assessed by H&E staining. The percent wound closer was significantly higher on days 7, 11 and 14 in bilirubin-treated rats as compared to control. Bilirubin markedly facilitated cutaneous wound healing in rats by recruitment of inflammatory cells, deposition of fibroblast cells, formation of new blood vessels and epithelialization to the wound site. Therefore, topical application of bilirubin ointment might be of great use in cutaneous wound healing in rats.

2 illus, 13 ref

007461   Preeti;Jain S K;Chandratre G A;Mamta Kumari (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Lal Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, Email: drskjainhau@gmail.com) : Hematological and histopathological changes following subchronic exposure of acetamiprid in mice. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 32-5.

The study was carried out to assess the toxicological effect of acetamiprid, a new insecticide of neonicotinoid group on hematological and histopathological parameters in adult male Swiss albino mice. The experimental animals were divided into three different groups of six animals each. The first group was control group given 3% gum acacia while other two treatment groups were administered acetamiprid 2.3 and 4.6 mg/kg/day i.p. to mice daily for 60 and 90 days. There was significant decrease in Hb value observed in 90 days treated group only. Significant differences were observed in MCV, MCH and MCHC in 90 days treated group and also in MCHC in 60 days treated group. TLC decreased significantly with the increase in treatment level in 60 and 90 days treatment group. Various histopathological lesions were observed in liver, kidney and testis. Central lobular necrosis with congestion of central vein, formation of new bile duct, diffused hemorrhages, infiltration of mononuclear cells around the central vein were observed in the liver. In kidney, tubular necrosis surrounded by infiltration of mononuclear cells, hydropic degeneration and presence of various casts and hemorrhages and atrophy of glomerulus were observed. In testes, there was detachment and degeneration of spermatogonia from seminiferous tubules. Reduced concentration of sperms in seminiferous tubules was also observed.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

007460   Prawez S;Ahanger A A;Singh T U;Mishra S K; Sarkar S N;Rahman S (Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: Shahidprawez@gmail.com) : Combined effect of anaesthetics ketamine and xylazine on mean arterial pressure of doca hypertensive rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 29-31.

Present study was conducted with the aim to see the effect of anaesthetics ketamine and xylazine together after intramuscular administration on mean arterial pressure (MAP) of hypertensive rats. Uni-nephrectomised male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, namely DOCA hypertensive and Sham control groups. Hypertension in male rats was induced after administering deoxycorticosterone acetate salt in soyabean oil @ 25mg/kg b. wt. subcutaneously twice in a week for 4-weeks provided ad lib drinking water containing sodium chloride (1%). In Sham control unilateral nephrectomised rats were treated with vehicle only providing normal tap water for drinking. After completion of four weeks, rats of both the groups were anaesthetized to ketamine and xylazine together to analyse its effect on mean arterial pressure (P<60>0.05). It is concluded from this study that intra-muscular administration of ketamine and xylazine in combination significantly decreased the mean arterial pressure of DOCA hypertensive rats.

2 illus, 11 ref

007459   Patowary P;Roy K;Barua C C;Pathak M P;Haloi P (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Assam, Email: chanacin@gmail.com) : Influence of acetaminophen on serotonergic mediated behaviours in mice. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 49-54.

Male Swiss albino mice were subjected to subacute toxicity study following administration of acetaminophen (ACM) @ 0.1mg/kg and 1mg/kg, s.c.) for 14 days. Chronic tail suspension test (1ST) and combination study with 5-HT agonists and antagonists were performed for the assessment of antidepressant activity of ACM. Cortical and hippocampal 5-HT levels were determined by HPLC. The behavioral data indicated that chronic administration of ACM enhanced the antidepressant effect of paroxetine and imipramine. It was found that both paroxetine and imipramine decreased immobility of mice in the TST and ACM (0.1 mg/kg) enhanced this effect. ACM (0.1mg/kg) in combination of antagonists, failed to counteract the increased duration of immobility caused by 5-HT depletor, p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), and ondansetron, even on the 14th day of the study. Interestingly, pCPA (200mg/kg) reduced antioxidant level and enhanced MDA level in brain whereas ACM neutralized the effect of pCPA.

7 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

007458   Patel J H;Vihol P D;Patel U D;Varia R D; Bhavsar S K;Thaker A M (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultur, Navsari-396 450, Email: drjatinvet@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of ketoprofen co-administration and febrile state on pharmacokinetic of levofloxacin in Goats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 22-5.

The pharmacokinetic of levofloxacin (4 mg/kg) was studied following subcutaneous administration in ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) treated and febrile goats. The concentration of levofloxacin in plasma was detected by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No significant changes were reported in pharmacokinetic parameters following co-administration of levofloxacin and ketoprofen. While under febrile state, significant increase in elimination half life and decrease in volume of distribution and total body clearance were observed. Integrating the pooled pharmacokinetic data generated from the present study, levofloxacin via subcutaneous administration (4 mg/kg) repeated at 12 h interval is sufficient to maintain MIC in plasma above 0.05 μg/mL for most of the gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

007457   Pancha P G;Sadariya K A;Yadav D M;Thaker A M; Ghodasara D J (Pharmacology & Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand-388 001, Email: dr_kasadariya@yahoo.co.in) : Assesing the effect of GIR cow urine distillate on immunity and hemato-biochemical parameters in mice. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 66-70.

study was planned to evaluate immunostimulatory effects and hemato-biochemical alterations following 28 days repeated oral administration of cow urine distillate in normal healthy mice. The study was conducted on twenty four (24) male swiss albino mice dividing them in four groups having six mice in each group. Group I served as normal control group given normal saline orally for 28 days. Group II, III and IV served as treatment group given cow urine distillate @ 2 ml/kg, 4 ml/ kg and 6 ml/kg, body weight orally for 28 days. At the end of experiment, all the mice were subjected to blood collection; blood and serum sample were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters, respectively. Humoral and cell mediated immune response were measured and histopathogical examination of spleen and thymus were carried out. The result obtained clearly indicated that the oral administration of cow urine distillate in normal mice showed immunostimulatory effect by increasing both the antibody titer and cell mediated immune response.

4 illus, 22 ref

007456   Paliwal R;Sahni Y P;Gautam V;Jain S K (NO, NDVSU, Jabalpur) : Evaluation of antistressor activity of panchgavya in rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 89-90.

The antistressor activity of panchgavya was evaluated by anoxia tolerance and swimming induced stress. The results indicated that oral administration of panchgavya @ 50 mg/ kg day for 30 consecutive days caused significant increase in anoxia tolerance time (ATT) and swimming endurance time (SET) suggesting antistressor activity of panchgavya. The anoxia tolerance time was 29.86±0.68 min on day 0 (pre treatment) which increased significantly with panchgavya as 47.71 ±1.05 min on day 15 and 53.35±1.10 min on day 30 (post treatment). The swimming time was 3.74±0.46 min on day 0 (pre treatment) which increased significantly with panchgavya as 10.31±0.93 min on day 15 and 13.13±1.10 min on day 30 (post treatment). It is concluded from this study that oral administration of panchgavya @ 50 mg/ kg day for 30 days produced antistressor activity in rats.

^ssc1 table, 6 ref

007455   Othman O E;Darwish H R;Abou-Eisha A;El-Din A E (Cell Biology Dep, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt, Email: othmanmah@yahoo.com) : Investigation of calpastatin genetic polymorphism in Egyptian sheep and goat breeds. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1879-83.

Calpastatin is an inhibitor for calpain enzyme system and it has an essential role in meat quality and its tenderness. This trait is of great interest for meat industry and consumers. Molecular genetics techniques help in fishing out of molecular markers which affect the economically production traits in farm animals. Genetic polymorphism of CAST gene and its association with meat quality was reported in different farm animals including cattle, goat and sheep. This work aimed to indentify CAST/MspI genetic polymorphism and its SNPs in Egyptian sheep and goat breeds. The results showed the presence of two genotypes in 140 tested animals, GG and AG with the absence of AA genotypes. The frequencies of GG and AG genotypes in sheep were 65.9% and 34.1%, respectively whereas their frequencies in goat were 56.9% and 43.1%, respectively. The total frequencies for GG and AG genotypes an all 140 tested sheep and goat animals were 62.1% and 37.9%, respectively. The nomenclature of these genotypes was done in this study according to the different nucleotides which were identified after sequencing. The sequence analysis of A and G alleles represented a single nucleotide polymorphism (A→G) at position 286 in the amplified fragment. These nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers, KX722533 and KX722534 (Ovis aries, alleles G and A, respectively) and KX722535 and KX722536 (Capra hircus, alleles G and A, respectively). It is concluded that, CAST genetic polymorphisms in Egyptian sheep and goat breeds were similar to those in other sheep populations around the world where the frequencies of alleles and genotypes with G nucleotide is dominant over the others with A nucleotide. Also, ArG polymorphism in exon 1 of CAST gene is considered a potential molecular marker for marker assisted selection concerning growth rate where the genotypes with G nucleotide is associated with the significant high weight gain in different small ruminant breeds.

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

007454   Nwagu E N;Nwagu E K N (Health and Physical Education Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, 41001 Nsuka, Enugu State, Nigeria, Email: evelyn.nwagu@unn.edu.ng) : University students' attitudes to environmental tobacco smoke: opportunities for health education. Pollut Res 2016, 35(1), 15-21.

We studied undergraduate students' attitude to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) in two government owned universities in Enugu State of Nigeria using the descriptive survey research design. A four-point Likerttype questionnaire was used to collect data on students' attitude to ETS. Data were analyzed using mean, t-test and Analysis of Variance. Results showed that the students did not support smoking in public places, they agreed that second hand smoke negatively affects health and they supported prevention of second hand smoke. Non smokers favored smoke free environment more than smokers. Students from the federal university had higher positive mean attitude scores than those from the state university. There were no significant differences at p <.05 in the students' attitude to ETS when classified according to gender. The institutions of higher learning are fertile grounds for preventive health education on the control of not just smoking but also second hand smoke.

1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

007453   Nazem H;Doulabi M A;Kiani M;Fomani R S (Midwifery Trends Forensic, Nursing & Midwifery college, Shahid Beheshti Univ of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran) : Check-out the correlation between structural social determinants of health and quality of life of women have experienced domestic violence in Tehran referred to social emergency in 2015. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2187-93.

The concept of quality of life, personal and social, is a critical concept and can also be happiness and life satisfaction and is related to factors such as age, education, culture, disease, environment, sex, socioeconomic status. These factors have indeed been associated with the occurrence of abuse. This study's aim is to determine the correlation between structural social determinants of health and quality of life of women with experience of domestic violence. This was a cross sectional study. The sample for study comprised 102 eligible women who had experienced domestic violence and had approached a social emergency in Tehran, Iran. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and socioeconomic status, domestic violence questionnaire and Short -Form26 of quality of life of the World Health Organization. Information obtained from the samples was analyzed by SPSS version 22 and descriptive statistics, independent T-test, chi-square were used. Result didn't show a relationship between quality of life and socio-economic class (p=0.410), quality of life and ethnicity (p<62>0.05), but significantly statistical relationship (p<62>0.05) existed between education, income, job and quality of life of women with experience of violence. Domestic violence could happen in all societies and regardless of level of education, socioeconomic status, income, occupation and various ethnic groups which are components of structural social determinants of health, and finally could have negative effects on mental, physical and social health which are dominant components of the quality of life. Some structural social determinants of health like socioeconomic status cannot fade domestic violence or increase the quality of life of women with domestic violence experience.

1 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

007452   Moskvina T V;Zheleznova L V;Ermolenko A V (Bioogical Sciences, Far Eastern Federal Univ School of Natural Sciences, 8 Suhanova Str. Vladivostok, Russia, Email: icing92@gmail.com) : Urban contamination by zoonotic helminthes EGGS in Vladivostok, Russia. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 563-7.

The aim of this study was estimate the contamination of intestinal parasites in dog's faecal samples in urban area over Vladivostok. During 2015 year (from April to December) totally 256 dog's faecal samples were collected and examined for the presents of intestinal parasites. Collected samples were divided into 5 groups according their collection area accordance with 5 districts Sovetskij, Pervomajiskij, Leninskij and Frunzenskij. Samples were examined using standard sedimentation- flotation method. Twenty-five samples (9.7%) being positive for the prevalence of endoparasites. Six different species of endoparasites were detected: 4 helminthes' species: nematodes Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, T. mystax; tapeworms Taenia spp., and 1 protozoan species' Cystoisospora sp. Higher prevalence of endoparasites were found in Frunzenskij district (14 %) and Pervomajskij district (12.5 %). The least prevalence was found in Sovetskij district (7.1%). No correlation between districts and parasite infestation in faecal samples was found (p>0.05). However, the prevalence of endoparasites was low in present survey, nematodes with zoonotic potential include Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis were found. Data obtained in this study is important to control of environment contamination with infective eggs.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

007451   Mohanty I;Parija S C (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: parijasc1963@gmail.com) : Influence of acidosis on histaminergic receptors in superior mesentric artery of goat (Capra hircus). J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 12-4.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of in vitro acidosis (extracellular) on histamine-induced vasocontractile response in goat superior mesenteric artery (GSMA). Histamine-induced concentration related contractile (CRC) response curve elicited at pH₀ 7.4 (E_max 2.18±0.24g, pD25.58±0.20) was attenuated with rightward shift of CRC response curve at acidic pH₀ (6.8, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5). Single dose 10μM Histamine-induced contractile response was also proportionately decreased (1:^{00.67: 0.50: 0.45: 0.19: 0.06) with decrease in pH₀ 7.4'!6.8'!6.0'!5.5'!5.0'!4.5. Endothelium denudation increased the contractile response to Histamine (10μM) by 35% at pH₀ 7.4, by 60% at pH₀ 6.0 and 77% at pH₀ 5.0 as compared to their respective ED+ GSMA rings. Hence, acidosis attenuated the histamine mediated contractile response in GSMA that is primarily due to reduced function of histaminergic receptors and partially due to increased release of endothelium dependent relaxing factors.}

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

007450   Ladha G;Jeevaratnam K (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, R.V.Nagar, Kalapet-605 014, Email: jeevskj@gmail.com) : Molecular characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rumen liquor of goat. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2155-9.

Objective of this study is to isolate and molecular characterise lactic acid bacteria from rumen liquor of goat. A total of 58 isolates, 42 bacilli and 16 cocci on gram staining were obtained. Screening for antimicrobial activity using cell free supernatant resulted in 12 potentisolates, 9 bacilli and 3 cocci exhibiting wide range spectrum of antimicrobial activity against food borne pathogens. The antimicrobial activity was lost on treatment with protease suggesting the isolates bacteriocinogenic in nature. These potent bacteriocinogenic isolates were characterized by physiological and biochemical properties including carbohydrate utilization profile and RAPD profile using M13 and R2 primers to differentiate at strain level. The 16 rRNA gene sequence analysis coupled with multiplex PCR analysis using recA gene amplification ther isolates were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (7), Lactobacillus fermentum (2) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (3). Further work on their probiotic and other beneficial properties may lead to several applications and benefit to animal and humans.

3 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

007449   Kumar A;Jain S K;Gupta G (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, LLR Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Email: drskjainhau@gmail.com) : Determination of MTD and effect of subacute exposure of imidacloprid and its amelioration by resveratrol in male rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 13-7.

Imidacloprid is one of the most important neonicotinoid insecticides known to target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in insects, and potentially in mammals. The aim of present study was to ascertain the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and to investigate the effects of sub-acute toxicity of imidacloprid on body weight gain and relative organ weight and its amelioration by resveratrol in male Wistar rats. The MTD of imidacloprid was determined to be 1850 mg/kg orally in male rats in a pilot dose range finding study. Animals were observed for toxic signs and symptoms after oral administration of imidacloprid in single dose. Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 6 rats /each group). Imidacloprid was administered orally by gavage once daily for 14 days to 6 rats and for 28 days to remaining 12 rats at doses of MTD/10 and MTD/20. Resveratrol co-treatment was also given in imidacloprid administered groups. Body weight of each rat was recorded on day 0 and at an interval of two days till the completion of experiment and changes in weight of various body organs (liver, heart, spleen, kidney and testes) were examined after sacrifice. The sign and symptoms of toxicity were ataxia, rigidity and fasciculation of muscles, protrusion of eye ball and tremors of head. Imidacloprid treatment resulted in decreased body weight gain as compared to the naive. A significant change was also observed in relative organ weight in imidacloprid administered groups as compared to naive which was restored by resveratrol co-treatment. The study revealed a mild to moderate toxic effect of imidacloprid on body weight gain and relative organs weight.

5 tables, 24 ref

007448   Koshkaki R R;Jahromi M K;Koshkaki A R (Health Dep, Jahrom Univ of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran, Email: afifeh61@yahoo.com) : Study of the status of environmental health at the junior high-schools. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2307-11.

One of the most important factors in the education of children is the established physical environment of schools. Proper consideration of the physical, sanitary, and safety issues in educational environments is essential to children's physical and psychological growth and success at learning. The present study is a cross-sectional piece of research conducted on 67 of the junior high-schools of Jahrom, Iran, and addressed the environmental Health of the classes, sanitation, drinking fountains, toilets, light in the classes and restrooms, and buffets. The data collection instrument was the school environmental Health evaluation questionnaire which contains 33 two-choice questions. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 15, descriptive statistics, chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fisher's exact test. 53.7% of the schools were newly-built, 46.3% were old, 82% were public, and 18% were private schools. Based on the results and the statistical indexes, there was a significant difference between the old and newly-built schools in terms of environmental Health: the classes in the new schools were in better conditions (p<60>0.039). Newly-built schools have much more hygienic restrooms: there is a significant relationship between the age of the school building and the sanitary conditions of the restrooms (p<60>0.009). Overall, the results show that the status of environmental Health is better in new schools than in old schools and the latter need to be renovated.

2 tables, 23 ref

007447   Kant V;Dinesh Kumar;Dhirendra Kumar;Prasad R; Gopal A;Tandan S K (Div of Pharmacology & Toxicology, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122, Email: drvinaykant2001@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of substance P on the expression of HIF-1A and SDF-1A, and antioxidant enzymes levels in the wound tissue of diabetic rats. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(2), 62-5.

Impaired vascularization and increased oxidative stress due to persistent inflammation in the diabetic wound delay the healing process. Substance P (SP) increases microvessel density and has potential to cause sharp acute inflammation. So, present study was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous SP on the vasculogenesis in diabetic wound site by assessing the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and stromal cell-derived factors-1 alpha (SDF-1a), and antioxidant enzyme levels were measured for determining the oxidative stress state. The normal saline, pluronic gel and SP (10^{-6M) were topically applied once a day on the wound of diabetic rats of control, gel- and SP-treated groups, respectively, for 19 days. The mRNA expression of HIF-1a was lower and of SDF-1α was higher in SP-treated wounds throughout the experiment in comparison to control. SOD levels were markedly higher in gel- and SP-treated groups on day 7. The levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were higher in SP-treated group from day 7 onwards in comparison to other groups. In conclusion, SP has the potential for vasculogenesis at wound site and cytoprotectant action, which makes it a very good agent for faster wound healing in complicated cases particularly where vasculogenesis is compromised.}

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

007446   Jastaniah S D;Aburas M M A (Bioogy Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: sdjastaniah@kau.edu.sa) : Effects of some heavy metals on growth, protein content and pigment production by Streptomyces coelicolor SM1. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1975-81.

Heavy metals consequently tend to accumulate in nature and in food chains causing many environmental and health problems. Heavy metals biosorption by bacteria grown in polluted environments is proved. In this study, the effects of heavy metals on bacterial growth, dry cell weights, pigment production, nitrogen content and protein synthesis were investigated. Two isolates belong to genus Streptomyces, Streptpmyces coelicolor SM1 and S. anulatus SM21 were grown in presence of different concentration of heavy metals. Streptpmyces coelicolor SM1 was more resistant to Cd^{++, Cr+++, Co++ and Cu++ compared to S. anulatus SM21, thus it was selected for more detail studies. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each element was calculated and lower concentrations of the calculated MIC of the metals which partially limited bacterial growth was used to determine their effect for 7 days on S. colicolor SM1 growth, pigment production, nitrogen and protein contents and % of heavy metal removal which varied according to the nature of the metal used and time. At concentrations below the MIC, Cadmium, Cobalt and Cupper inhibited pigment production by the selected Streptomyces compared to control. Growth, N content and protein generally increased by time up to 7 days while they decreased significantly by the presence of the tested heavy metals. All tested metals decreased protein synthesis. It was found that removal of heavy metal increased by time. After 7 days, Cadmium (38%) and Chromium (39%) were the most adsorbed elements by S. coelicolor SM1 followed by Cobalt (29%) and Copper (25%). In conclusion, Streptpmyces coelicolor SM1 can be used significantly to remove Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt and Copper from heavy metal contaminated areas.}

7 tables, 41 ref

007445   Iyanda A A;Iheakanwa C I;Aina O O O (Chemical Pathology Dep, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola Univ of Techology, Osogbo, Nigeria, Email: lapeiyanda@yahoo.com) : Histopathologic manifestations of wistar rats exposed to virgin engine oil. GERF Bull Biosci 2016, 7(2), 1-5.

Constant contact with used-engine oil has been identified as a cause of many biochemical derailments which eventually results in histopathological changes, yet only slight differences in chemical composition exists between used and virgin engine oil. In parts of Africa, virgin engine oil is widely applied by human subjects for both cosmetics and therapeutically purposes and hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the repeated daily exposure to virgin engine oil and its capability of causing tissue damage. Two groups of albino rats consisting of six rats per group were used for the study. The first group was administered with 1.0 ml/kg body weight of virgin engine oil through the oral route as contaminant of feed while the second group served as the control. The study was for a period of 30 days after which the rats were sacrificed and organs harvested. Sections of investigated tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique was used for histopathological study. Results of the study revealed that exposure to engine oil caused significant histological alterations to cells of liver, kidney, lung and intestine. Results of the study suggest that incessant exposure to virgin engine oil can lead to tissue damage.

2 illus, 16 ref

007444   Hoseini S M;Sohrabi M;Torbati H T (Sport Science Dep, Ferdowsi Univ of Mashhad, Iran, Email: sohrabi@um.ac.ir) : Effect of speed, accuracy and effector on generalizability of motor program. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2089-99.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of speed, accuracy and effector on generality of motor program. Twelve males from Iran's professional futsal league participated in the study. After determining dominance leg of each participant, they were equally divided into two groups of left footedness and right footedness. In order to gather data, markers were placed on the anatomical positions. Then, participants were asked to perform 24 correct instep kicking (in accuracy and speed conditions) on a stationary ball from a marked penalty spot (6 meter) in futsal to target by dominant and non-dominant leg. Kicks were recorded by six high-speed digital cameras and kinematic data were calculated by Simi motion software. MANOVA was used for data analysis. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the right and left footedness individuals and between dominant and non-dominant leg on the relative timing of interlimb and intralimb (p <60> 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the effect of speed and accuracy's strategies on the relative timing of interlimb and intralimb (p <60> 0.05). Overall, the results support the theory of generalized motor program and its prediction based on invariant relative timing and effector independence.

24 ref

007443   Ghavi F;Mosalanejad L;Keshavarz F;Jahromi M G;Abdollahifrd S (Midwifery Dep, College of Nursing, Shiraz Univ of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Email: Mosalanejad@jums.ac.ir) : Comparative study of alexithymia and social anxiety in infertile men and women. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2317-23.

Alexithymia and social anxiety are psychological disorders that can accompany infertility. Alexithymia is the inability to process, analyze, and regulate one's emotion, and social anxiety is the extreme fear of being scorned in social and practical situations.The objective of this study is to compare alexithymia and social anxiety in infertile men and women who visited the Infertility Center of Yazd, Iran. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of 198 infertile couples who visited the Infertility Center of Yazd, Iran. The subjects were chosen on a convenience sampling method basis. The measuring instruments consisted of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), a social anxiety inventory, and a demographics questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. The results show that there is not a significant difference between the means alexithymia scores of the male and female groups. However, the overall level of alexithymia is higher in women than in men (59.50(11.88) versus 59.31(10.84), p=0.90). While men had a higher level of concrete thinking disorders, women had more problems with describing and expressing their emotions. The results also show that there is not a significant difference between the means of the two groups' scores in the subcategories of social anxiety. However, the men's mean score is higher in the subcategory of avoidance (6.87(3.96) vs 6.73(4.14)), and the women have higher scores in the other two subcategories of fear (7.90(4.44) vs 7.15(4.34)) and physiology (5.90(3.88) vs 5.52 (4.38). In view of the various psychological issues that can affect infertile men and women and subsequently lead to physical, emotional, and behavioral disorders, recognizing the problems of infertility can be helpful to health policy makers in developing effective educational programs.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

007442   Geetha D H;Jayashree I;Rajeswari M (PG and Research Dep of Botany, Vellalar College for Women, (Autonomous), Erode-638 012, Email: geethadhandapani2010@gmail.com) : Anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Elaecocarpus serratus L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2016, 8(1), 37-42.

To investigate the anti-diabetic activity of Elaeocarpus serratus fruit in streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats. The dose-dependent effects of 30days oral treatment with ethanol extracts of fruit (200 and 400 mg/kg) of E. serratus on body weight, blood glucose level, total protein, albumin, liver marker enzymes and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes were evaluated in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration ethanolic extract of fruit of E. serratus showed significant restoration of the body weight and decrease in the blood glucose level, liver marker enzymes (ALT, AST ALP) and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes were observed in diabetfc rats. These results suggest that fruit extract of E. serratus has valuable anti-diabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats which, is comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide and hence might be of use in the management of diabetes.

4 tables, 45 ref

007441   Geelani S I R;Singh S P;Batra M;Upadhyay A K; Gupta A K (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Evaluation of heptaoprotective efficacy of Syzygium cumini in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in chiks. J Vet Pharmac Toxic 2015, 14(1), 18-21.

The present study was designed to evaluate the heptaoprotective efficacy of hydroethanolic extract (1:1) of Syzygium cumini leaves (HESC) in carbon tetrachloride (CTC) induced hepatotoxicity in chicks. Thirty male Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicks were equally and randomly divided into five groups. Group I served as healthy control., group II as negative control, group III as positive control, group IV and V were kept as treatment groups. A sample dose as carbon tetrachloride was administered @ 1 ml/kg b. wt., i.p. to groups II, III, IV and V. Group III was administered silymarin @ 100 mg/kg body weight, p.o. once daily and HESC @ 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight p.o. orally daily for 21 days in groups IV and V, respectively. Liver damage was manifested by a significant (P<60>0.05) increase in serum enzyme activities of AST, ALT and ALP in the negative control group II as compared to the healthy control. After CCl₄ administration, AST, ALT and ALP levels were also increased in groups III, IV and V as compared to healthy control but significantly (P<60>0.05) decreased by the administration of the HESC at a dose level of 600 mg/kg body weight compared to group II. ALT and ALP also significantly (P<60>0.05) decreased in HESC treatment groups. Microscopic examination of liver showed degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes in group II confirming liver damage. Group IV showed moderate degeneration while group III and V showed high regeneration of hepatocytes suggesting HESC potential of reversing CCI₄ induced the hepatotoxicity. It is concluded from this study that single i.p. dose of CTC @ 1 ml/kg, i.p produced hepatotoxicity which was ameliorated by HESC given @ 600 mg/kg, for 21 days in chicks.

1 table, 11 ref

007440   Fong J J;Cho H J;Park M S;Lim Y W (School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National Univ, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Email: ywlim@snu.ac.kr) : Evaluating seasonality and pathogenicity of Aeromonas in Korea using environmental DNA. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 605-13.

Fish are sensitive to environmental perturbations, and a common signal of an unbalanced ecosystem is fish disease and death. Recently in Inje County, Korea, finding dead fish has become a common situation. Our goal was to use environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches to look for geographic and seasonal patterns in the presence of Aeromonas in waterways. First, we cultured and identified bacteria from diseased fish and screened for virulence factors. Twelve of the 21 identified bacterial species are known fish pathogens, with Aeromonas veronii and A. hydrophila being most common (37/61 total strains). Focusing on A. veronii and A. hydrophila, we used an eDNA method to screen water samples from the major waterways. We discovered geographic and seasonal patterns Aeromonas detection was highest in Inbuk Stream and lowest during the summer.

3 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

007439   Emran F K (Biology Dep, College of Science/University of Baghdad, Iraq, Email: faizakadhim@scbaghdad.edu.iq) : The application of bioremediation of oil sluge in al-dura refinery in some plant. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(1), 117-23.

Our research was accomplished after fifth months of continuous working from the 10th of February to the 10th of July 16th samples were collected from different places at Al-Dura refinery which included tanks, soils, refinery operation stages, waste accumulation area. The results could be summarized as follows: 50% of the collected samples had solid and semisolid in nature included soil and oily sludge. While the other 50% of the collected samples had a liquid in nature. The pH of the collected samples ranged from 4 to 14. The percentage of heavy metals concentration in the sludge waste samples were zinc 0.0017, ferrous 0.04, magnesium 0.0038, tin 0.0004, chromium 0.0003, cupper 0.0009, nickel 0.0006 and lead 0.0001. While the heavy metals concentration in the sludge tanks were 0.002, 0.042, 0.0064, 0.0002, 0.0016, 0.0007 and 0.0001 respectively. All the collected samples showed heavy growth after culturing on different agar media with pH=7 incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Different microbes were isolated included bacteria (both Gram -ve and +ve), fungi yeast and algae which their isolation percentages were 100%, 20%, 5%, 1% respectively. Depending on the microscopic examination, growth on different agar media and results of the biochemical tests, many isolated species were identified according to Bergey's manual for bacterial isolates. The Gram-ve isolated bacterial species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescence, E. coli, Providencia, Xanthomonas and Proteus while Gram+ve bacterial species were Micrococcus, Methylococcus, Bacillus and Peptococcus. The isolated fungi were Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus. The isolated yeast was Saccharomyces.The isolated alga was Spirogera. Rapid - One system was applied to the bacterial strains selected for bioremediation process.

4 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

007438   Bhowmik S;Kotiyal P B (Forest Soil and Land Reclamation Div, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarkhand) : Bacterial diversity and soil physico chemical properties in tons river basin of Dehradun. e-J appl For Ecol 2016, 4(2), 20-7.

The study was conducted to see the diversity of bacteria along the basin of river Tons, the largest tributary of Yamuna flowing through North Eastern part of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The parameters that have been measured for the study are the change of elevation, the increase of distance from the water in each elevation as well as the physicochemical properties. The sites were selected in the basin of Tons at three different elevations and at each different elevation samples of soil were collected from near the river, 100 m away from river and 200 m. away from river. It was seen that elevation was not a factor for the presence of the following bacteria - Coccus sp., Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. Only proper decrease in the number of soil samples with increase in elevation was seen in case of Diplococcus sp. However, distance from the river has shown impact on the bacterial species. Diplococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. was found only in samples at 100m. and 200m distance from the river, whereas Diplococcus sp. was found in samples from near the river to 100m. distance from river. For Coccus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. distance from water was not an important factor. For the other three types of bacteria the particular range of pH could not be identified since they were present in almost through the whole range of pH estimated from the soil samples of the basin.

007437   Bettencourt Pires M A;Vilemar Magalhaes J; Gupta P D (Surgery and Human Morphology /Anatomy Dep, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal, Email: alexbpir@nms.unl.pt) : Heat waves in non-conventional areas, climate change and disease load. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5704-11.

The life style of human beings is often guided by the local environment. The newly identified energy pollutants exert adverse influences on the health and performances of humans all over the globe. Due to global warming, the thermal effects can cause the death of plants, animals and humans. The authors review the human aspects of thermal stress disorder, such as heatstroke and dehydration, their causes, effects, management and preventive measures.

^iia18 ref

007436   Amin Marashi S M;Yaslianifard S;Erfanmanesh M;Afrogh P;Kalantar E (Microbiology Dep, School of Medicine, Babol Univ of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran, Email: ekalantar@hotmail.com) : Improvement of homologous recombination effieicney in E. coli. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 749-53.

Homologous recombination efficiency is dependent to various parameters like recA gene expression, GC content, arabinose and PCR concentration. Based on this we aimed to evaluate the recA and gam genes expression in homologous recombination efficiency in E. coli. In this study, hybrid constructs were prepared with different GC content, arabinose concentration and PCR product by using Wanner Protocol which was electroporated to standard E. coli. Similarly, to evaluate the expression of recA and gam genes, the pKD46 plasmid was transformed to E. coli. The Real-Time PCR for E. coli was performed twice in triplicate and the mean and standard deviations were calculated. Maximum recombinant colonies obtained by 55% GC content. Similarly, the arabinose concentration of 15 mM showed maximum recombinant colonies. The results also showed that as the amount of PCR product for electroporation increases the recombinant colonies resistant to chloramphenicol increased. The results show significant differences in recA & gam gene expression among the standard host and standard host containing pKD46 vector. Quantitative PCR results show that the recA in vector plasmid pKD46 and gam gene expression increased over a hundred times more than the standard host. Using the optimized factors in homologous recombination obtained in this study, can help the researchers in saving time and the expenses in obtaining the best results in the inactivation of genes. So researchers can plan to delete, add or create a mutation on chromosome genes.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

007435   Alharbi N S (Botany and Microbiology Dep, College of Science, King Saud Univ, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Email: nalharbi1@ksu.edu.sa) : Novel bioactive molecules from marine actinomycetes. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1905-27.

Actinomycetes are virtually unlimited sources of novel compounds with many therapeutic applications and hold a prominent position due to their diversity and proven ability to produce novel bioactive compounds. There are more than 25,000 known microbial secondary metabolites, 75% of which are produced by actinomycetes, 15% from fungi, 7% from Bacillus spp. and 1-2% by other bacteria. Among the actinomycetes, streptomycetes group are considered economically important because out of the approximately more than 10,000 known antibiotics, 50-55% are produced by this genus. The ecological role of actinomycetes in the marine ecosystem is largely neglected and various assumptions meant there was little incentive to isolate marine strains for search and discovery of new drugs. The search for and discovery of rare and new actinomycetes is of significant interest to drug discovery due to a growing need for the development of new and potent therapeutic agents. Modern molecular technologies are adding strength to the target-directed search for detection and isolation of bioactive actinomycetes, and continued development of improved cultivation methods and molecular technologies for accessing the marine environment promises to provide access to this significant new source of chemical diversity with novel/rare actinomycetes including new species of previously reported actinomycetes.

13 illus, 1 table, 139 ref

006460   Yon N D;Olgun U;Akbulut C (Biology Dep, Sakarya Univ Science and Latters Faculty, Sakarya, Turkey, Email: cansua@sakarya.edu.tr) : Ovarian follicle structure of zebrafish (Dania rerio hamilton) after poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) exposure. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(12), 829-34.

Poly(2-oxazoline)s have been widely known for their biomedical applications. They mimic natural systems and are generally used as liposomes, drug and gene delivery modules and also as pseudopeptides. In this study, effects of different doses (10 and 50 mg/L) of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) on ovarian follicle ultrastructure of zebrafish were investigated with light and electron microscopy. After five days of administation, ovary tissues were disected and routine histological processes were done. Severe structural deformation at zona radiata, follicular epithelium and outer granulosa cell structure were observed. Edema at follicular epithelium, zona radiata and vitelline envelope stuructures were detected. Dose dependent increase in the number of immature oocytes were seen. Briefly, it was demonstrated that poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) exposure affected oogenesis and caused apoptosis in zebrafish.

3 illus, 29 ref

006459   Tyagi T K;Hanumantharao G R (Biophysics Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029) : Escape from the monopoly of universal acetyl donor molecule acetyl-CoA: Hunting towards more than its better substitute for transacetylase activity of lipoyl domain (DLDH) in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J scient lett 2016, 1(3 sppl), 177-88.

An emerging thought of post-translational modification (PTM) via way of acetylation especially at Na-lysine has a major impact on the structural stability and functionality including millions of proteins that leads diverse cellular processes. Also, a growing interest paralleled in bacterial protein acetylation and its serious impact on bacterial physiology and genetics disapproved the misperception about its limitations & existence up to eukaryotes only. Further, Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA has a propensity toward depressed pKa value of lysine those get acetylated without acetyl transferases and play a central role in counterbalance of metabolism to rule out the complexities in biological system under the course of evolution. Acetylation is generally considered to be facilitated by the donation of the acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme a (Acetyl-CoA) to the α-amino group of a typical receptive lysine residue with the reverse conversion facilitated by lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases (Sirtuins). In the current report, Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) represents an excellent example of a 'moonlighting' protein by harboring the lipoyl domain in itself through playing a cardinal role as a protein acetyl transferase (TAase) acetyl-CoA independent. The acetylation of rGST catalyzed by Streptococcus pneumoniae DLDH, by 7,8-Diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (DAMC) was further investigated by the application of LC-MS/MS studies. A single lysine residue (Lys-113) was found to be acetylated. The presence of lipoyl domain is a characteristic of E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Certain microrganisms like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma capricolum, Neisseria meningitidis are reported to harbor lipoyl domain in DLDH. Still, not much known about the function of lipoyl domain in DLDH of aforementioned organism. Current report sheds the light on the supremacy of DAMC over acetyl-CoA as an acetyl donor compound after the comparative studies with biochemical and immunological tools.

5 illus, 1 table, 56 ref

006458   Saha B;Subramanian M;Gupta P;Patro B S;Ray J; Bandyopadhyay S K;Chattopadhyay S (NO, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, Email: schatt57@gmail.com) : trans-4,4'-Dihydroxystilbene (DHS) protects PC12 cells from oxidative damage but induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in SHSY - 5Y cell line. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(11), 719-28.

Polyphenols can exert both, antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties, depending on cell types as well as their concentrations. Hence, it was of interest to examine if the naturally occurring resveratrol analog, trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene (DHS) also exert both these activities in a biphasic or cell-specific manner. In this study, we established the cytoprotective action of DHS against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced apoptotic death of the PC12 cells. DHS reduced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and deactivated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated caspase-3 activation in the H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells. However, it induced apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cell line by destabilizing mitochondrial membrane, augmenting ROS and activating caspapse-3. DHS showed better activity than resveratrol in both the chosen models.

7 illus, 44 ref

006457   Ramasarma T (NO, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: ramasarma_1932@rediffmail.com) : Dioxygen reduction, reduced oxygen species, oxygen toxicity and antioxidants - a commentary. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(11), 688-99.

Molecular oxygen, a diradical, needs intervention of redox metal ions or other radicals to receive electrons for its reduction. The oxygen radicals thus produced are responsible for oxygen toxicity and oxidative stress. But, autoxidation, relevant in ischemia-reperfusion injury, is absent in any discussion on oxygen toxicity. Naturally occurring compounds which prevent formation or action of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generally referred as antioxidants. The reduced oxygen species, superoxide, peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, are formed in a variety of systems in the cell and are useful in selective oxidations. Currently, the popular method for assaying ROS with fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein actually measures a hemeprotein-Fe-oxo complex. The Fe-oxyl radicals are the likely oxidants in damaging proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Such major lesions are normally repaired or replaced in the cells. The antioxidants counter the damaging oxidant actions. Among these, occurring in large concentration, are glutathione and ubiquinol, synthesized in the body and ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol, drawn from the food. A large number of plant-derived phenolic compounds, especially the flavonoid variety, are also absorbed, albeit poorly, from the food. At the natural low concentrations, these compounds show wide ranging biological effects. Increased benefit on increasing them in circulating blood needs individual verification. The polyphenolic compounds demonstrated powerful antioxidant effects in laboratory experiments. But the clinical studies did not support the consequent expectations of countering the oxidative stress, the purported crucial factor in pathology in several diseases. Antioxidant action against ROS causing oxygen toxicity needs to be reassessed. This commentary is a reappraisal of formation and reactivity of ROS in different cells, the active cellular oxidant forms, products of oxidant action on proteins, nucleic acids and lipids as marker of oxidant injury, bulk antioxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin, limited absorption occurrence and functions of polyphenolic classes.

1 illus, 77 ref

006456   Pandey S;Shukla A;Pandey S;Pandey A (School of Environmental Biology, A.P.S. Univ, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh) : An overview of resurrecting herb 'Sanjeevani' (Selaginella bryopteris) and its pharmacological and ethnomedicinal uses. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(2), 11-14.

Resurrection plants are nature's wonder with a unique water stress tolerant capacity. In recent years some of these species has drawn attention of scientific community to study their physiological mechanism and genetic makeup during water stress and hydrated conditions with a possibility to utilize them as a viable genetic tool to develop drought tolerance species to combat global climate change. This study is an overview of resurrection plant Selaginella bryopteris, a pteridophyte with lithophyte habitat, its distribution, characteristics, constituents and physiological mechanism during dehydrated and rehydrated conditions. Most of the characters except few find this species close to the mythological 'Sanjeevani booti'. Further, its scope in the field of genetic engineering, pharmacology and medicines are also analysed. More research is required to identify various other similar plant species with a potentiality to prepare drug formulations to fight chronic diseases and to develop engineered plant with drought tolerance capacity.

1 illus, 35 ref

006455   Najar I A;Singh G D;Javed S;Johri R K (Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Div, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu-180 001, Email: ishtiyaq0786@gmail.com) : Effect of some phytoconstituents on Fe<. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(12), 851-5.

Transition metals like iron and copper, present inside the body system play a key role in the production of reactive oxygen radicals. These free radicals, causative agents of lipid peroxidation, not only damage proteins and DNA but also gradually changes the cellular membrane structure and ultimately leads to the loss of function and integrity. Uncontrolled lipid peroxidation results in various age related diseases, malignancy, infective diseases and injuries. Antioxidants and other phytochemical constituents present in the various plants are known to protect cells from such reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damages. Here, we evaluated the effect of certain phytoconstituents present in the well-known medicinal plants on ROS scavenging using rat liver homogenate. The basal lipid peroxidation was found to be 0.1625 ± 0.0095 ngMDA/min/mg protein, which got induced to 0.7938±0.0478 ngMDA/min/mg protein in the presence of Fe^{2+/ascorbate system. In this context, acteoside, berberine, catechin, 3'5-dihydroxyflavone7-o-β-D-galacturonide-4-o-<98 >-D-glucopyranoside (a flavonoid glycoside from cumin), silibin and tetrahydrocurcumin decreased both basal and Fe2+/ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation as determined by thiobarbituric acid reaction. On the other hand, agnuside, andrographolide, picroside-I, negunoside, oleanolic acid, and glycerrihizin, showed enhancement in both basal and induced lipid peroxidation. Phytoconstituents which have decreased both basal and Fe2+/ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation may act as defensive against the deadly effects of ROS, causative agents of lipid peroxidation and other diseases either alone or in combination with diet/nutritional supplements.}

3 illus, 24 ref