025355   SAYYEDROSTAMI T, POURNAGHI P, VOSTA-KALAEE S E, ZANGENEH M M (Clinical Sciences Dep, Razi Univ, Iran, Email: m.mahdizangeneh@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Chenopodium botrys leaves essential oil in rats. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2018, 21(1), 164-74.

Chenopodium botrys (CB) is a native plant in Iran which has been used as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral agent in traditional medicine of Iran. In this study, the authors describe the effects of essential oil of CB on cutaneous wound healing markers in Sprague-Dawley male rats. The results of GC-MS indicated that the most frequently found chemical constituents in CB essential oil were α-Eudesmol, Epi-α-muurolol, and Cubenol. Full-thickness excisional wounds (2×2 cm) were induced on the back of 24 rats. In this study, rats were randomly divided into four main groups (n=6), including untreated (control), treated with 1 ml basal cream (Placebo), treated with 1 ml tetracycline (3 %), and treated with 1 ml CB essential oil (6 %) for 10 days. The animals of each group were euthanized at 10 days post injury (DPI), and wounds were evaluated by gross, histometrical and histomorphological analyses. In gross study, the animals treated with CB demonstrated a considerable decrease in the wound area during the experiment, compared to control, basal cream, and tetracycline groups (p<0.01). Parameters such as alignment of the healing tissue, re-epithelialization, and epithelial formation in CB treated group showed a significant increase, compared to other groups. In addition, treatment with CB decreased the wound surface area and the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils and increased the number of blood vessels, ratio of collagen to total and ratio of collagen to cell, in comparison with control and basal cream groups (p<0.01). Thus, the present research indicates the cutaneous wound healing activity of CB, suggesting it to be used as a therapeutic supplement.

3 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref.

025354   KANNABIRAN C, MARIAPPAN I (L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad- 500 034, Email: chitra@lvpei.org) : Therapeutic avenues for hereditary forms of retinal blindness. J Genet 2018, 97(1), 341-52.

Hereditary retinal diseases, known as retinal degenerations or dystrophies, are a large group of inherited eye disorders resulting in irreversible visual loss and blindness. They develop due to mutations in one or more genes that lead to the death of the retinal photoreceptor cells. Till date, mutations in over 200 genes are known to be associated with all different forms of retinal disorders. The enormous genetic heterogeneity of this group of diseases has posed many challenges in understanding the mechanisms of disease and in developing suitable therapies. Therapeutic avenues that are being investigated for these disorders include gene therapy to replace the defective gene, treatment with neurotrophic factors to stimulate the growth of photoreceptors, cell replacement therapy, and prosthetic devices that can capture light and transmit electrical signals through retinal neurons to the brain. Several of these are in process of human trials in patients, and have shown safety and efficacy of the treatment. A combination of approaches that involve both gene replacement and cell replacement may be required for optimum benefit.

1 illus, 1 table, 59 ref

025353   KUMARI P, ALI A, SINGH S K, CHAURASIA A, RAMAN R (Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: rajiva.raman@gmail.com) : Genetic heterogeneity in Van der Woude syndrome: Identification of NOL₄ and IRF6 haplotype from the noncoding region as candidates in two families. J Genet 2018, 97(1), 275-85.

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) shows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with two known candidate genes, IRF6 and GRHL3. In this study, by employing genome-wide linkage analyses on two VWS affected families, we report the cosegregation of an intronic rare variant in NOL₄ in one family, and a haplotype consisting of three variants in the noncoding region of IRF6 (introns 1, 8 and 3 UTR) in the other family. Using mouse, as well as human embryos as a model, we demonstrate the expression of NOL₄ in the lip and palate primordia during their development. Luciferase, as well as miRNA-transfection assays show decline in the expression of mutant NOL₄ construct due to the creation of a binding site for hsa-miR-4796-5p. In family 2, the noncoding region IRF6 haplotype turns out to be the candidate possibly by diminishing its IRF6 expression to half of its normal activity. Thus, here we report a new candidate gene (NOL₄) and a haplotype of IRF6 for VWS, and highlight the genetic heterogeneity of this disorder in the Indian population.

6 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

025352   TAHERIPOURFARD Z S, IZADI-DARBANDI A, GHAZVINI H, EBRAHIMI M, MORTAZAVIAN S M M (Agronomy and Plant Breeding Sciences Dep, Tehran Univ, Tehran 3391653755, Iran, Email: aizady@ut.ac.ir.) : Characterization of specific DNA markers at VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 loci for growth habit of barley genotypes. J Genet 2018, 97(1), 87-95.

Requirement of vernalization is an important factor which plays a crucial role in cereals to transit from vegetative to reproductive phase. There are three types of growth habit in barley: winter, spring and facultative types; in which spring type does not require vernalization but winter and facultative genotypes require full and partial vernalization, respectively. Combination of two loci, Vrn-h1 and Vrn-h2, regulates vernalization in barley genotypes. Specific DNA markers have been identified for growth habit regulator genes in barley. In this study, we examined 24 barley genotypes using specific primers for detecting Vrn-h1 and Vrn-h2 loci. Results showed that among all differently suggested primer combinations, a few markers were precisely correlated with seasonal growth habit in barley. The specific markers of 600, 600 and 200 bps were verified for ZCCT-Ha, ZCCT-Hb and ZCCT-Hc loci, respectively. Our field growth habit test showed that cultivar Bahman as a winter growth habit, where all the others genotypes exhibited spring growth habit. By using specific primers for Vrn-h1, only Bahman cultivar produced 616 bp and 830 bp fragments and spring genotypes showed 574 bp or 616 bp alleles without any amplification for 830 bp fragments. Therefore, presence of 616 bp and 830 bp alleles together in each genotype can be considered as an informative marker for winter growth habit in barley. These informative markers can be used easily in barley breeding programmes for detection of growth habit types in the seedling stage.

5 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

025351   ASOLKAR T, RAMESH R (ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa- 403 402, Email: rameshicar@yahoo.co.in) : Identification of virulence factors and type III effectors of phylotype I, Indian Ralstonia solanacearum strains Rs-09-161 and Rs-10-244. J Genet 2018, 97(1), 55-66.

Ralstonia solanacearum is a well-known phytopathogen causing bacterial wilt in a large number of agriculturally important crops. The pathogenicity of R. solanacearum is expressed due to the presence of various virulence factors and effector proteins. In this study, various virulence factors and type III effector proteins of R. solanacearum that are present in the strains Rs-09- 161 and Rs-10-244 were identified through bioinformatics approach and compared with other reference strains. R. solanacearum strains, Rs-09-161 and Rs-10-244 belong to the phylotype I, biovar3, and are the only sequenced strains from India infecting solanaceous vegetables. Similarity matrix obtained by comparing the sequences of virulence genes of Rs-09-161 and Rs-10-244 with other reference strains indicated that Rs-09-161 and Rs-10-244 share more than 99 % similarity between them and are closely related to GMI1000. The virulence factors in R. solanacearum appear to be highly conserved in the R. solanacearum species complex. Rs-09-161 has 72 type III effectors whereas Rs-10-244 has 77. Comparison of the complete genes of type III effectors of Rs-09-161, Rs-10-244 and GMI1000 revealed the presence of 60 common effectors within them. Further, Rs-09-161 has two unique effectors and Rs-10-244 has four unique effectors. Phylogenetic trees of RipA, RipG, RipH and RipS effector sequences resulted in the grouping of the isolates based on their phylotypes. Group 1 consists of strains that belong to phylotype I including Rs-09-161 and Rs-10-244. Phylotype III strain CMR15 forms a group closely associated with phylotype I. The strains belonging to phylotypes II and IV have separated to form two different groups.

5 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

025350   SUTHAR P C, PURKAIT P, UTTARAVALLI K, SARKAR B N, AMETA R, SIKDAR M (Western Regional Centre, Udaipur - 313 001, Email: msikdar@hotmail.com.) : Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotype frequency distribution among four tribal populations of western India. J Genet 2018, 97(1), 11-24.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) family is a key contributor in the detoxification mechanism of our body. Deletion of the genes within this family has been reported in the failure of detoxification system, to some extent leading to various types of cancers and other life threatening diseases. The existing data and reports on the association of null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes for various diseases are inconsistent. But knowledge of the polymorphic distributions of genotypes in different populations is important for investigating the risk factors in different epidemiological studies. The present study thus aims to determine the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype frequency among four tribal groups, i.e. Mina, Garasia, Damor and Saharia of western India. A comparative analysis with different tribal as well as world population has also been undertaken to have a view of its worldwide frequency distribution. Our results reveal a frequency distribution varying from 22.6 % to 66.9 % with respect to GSTM1 gene polymorphism and from 19.1 % to 33.0 % with respect to GSTT1 gene in the studied populations. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the GSTM1 and GSTT1 frequency distribution among the tribal population of western India and our study shows that the Mina tribal population has the highest frequency of GSTM1.

1 illus, 6 tables, 154 ref

025349   CHEN H, REN Z, ZHAO J, ZHANG C, YANG X (Northwest A&F Univ, Shaanxi- 712 100, People’s Republic of China, Email: renzhanjun@nwsuaf.edu.cn.) : Y-chromosome polymorphisms of the domestic Bactrian camel in China. J Genet 2018, 97(1), 3-10.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), microsatellites and copy number variation (CNV) were studied on the Y chromosome to understand the paternal origin and phylogenetic relationships for resource protection, rational development and utilization of the domestic Bactrian camel in China. Our sample set consisted of 94 Chinese domestic Bactrian camels from four regions (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang), we screened 29 Y-chromosome-specific loci for SNPs, analysed 40 bovine-derived microsatellite loci and measured CNVs of HSFY and SRY through Sanger sequencing, automated fluorescence-based microsatellite analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. A multicopy gene, SRY, was first found, and sequence variation was only detected in SRY in a screen of 29 loci in 13 DNA pools of individual camels. In addition, a TG repeat in the USP9Y gene was identified as the first polymorphic microsatellite in the camel Y chromosome, whereas microsatellite based on bovine sequences were not detected. The frequency of each allele varied among different populations. For the Nanjiang, Hexi and Alashan populations, a 243-bp allele was found. For the Sunite population, 241-bp, 243-bp and 247-bp alleles were detected, and the frequencies of these alleles were 22.2 %, 44.5 % and 33.3 %, respectively; 241-bp and 243-bp alleles were found in other populations. Finally, CNVs in two Y-chromosomal genes were detected; CNV for HSFY and SRY ranged from 1 to 3 and from 1 to 9, respectively.

6 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

025348   AL-JOBORY M B, AL-THWAINI A N, NAJEEB L M (Microbiology Dep, Anbar Univ, Iraq) : Using sesame oil to treat the infection of hemorrhagic E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria isolation in Baghdad : Molecular and histological study. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 627-37.

A total of 200 stool samples bloody diarrhea and150 urine samples were collected from children of both sexes, with age between 3 to10 years. Aims of study including Isolation E coli O157:H7  from bloody  diarrhea and  urine, Detection  of virulence gene hly A,  flic H7 and rfbO157 by  (PCR), Study the pathogenicity of the isolated of E coli O157:H7 in mice model, Study overlap effect of sesame oil and silver nanoparticles with antibiotic on pathogenicity E coli O157:H7. All isolates were identified by culture using selective media, VITEK 2 and they were confirmed by latex agglutination test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect some virulence gene as hly A - flicH7 and rfbO157 in stool and urine isolates. The result revealed 11 isolates, 8 (4 %) obtained from patients with bloody diarrhea and 3(2 %) from patients with UTI. PCR amplification result revealed presence of hlyA, flicH7 and rfbO157 genes in all isolates. The pathogenicity of E coli O157:H7 were study to recognize the alterations in some organs of mice after experimentally infected with this pathogen. The histopathological examination of intestine for infected mice after 24-48 hours of infection showed infilteration of inflammatory cells, focal lining epithelial stratification, then distention of villi appeared . The liver showed accumulation of lymphocyte, hemorrhage in central vein with sinuses expansion with increase nuclear size. Trimethoprim, sesame oil, silver nanoparticles were used as treatment for infected mice. Sesame oil gave excellent result as treatment  in comparison with antibiotic and silver nanoparticles, the result showed intestine degeneration with infiltration of inflammatory cells, at 2^nd day post treatment. At 4^th days post treatment the intestine showed slight inflammatory cells infiltration . when liver showed irregular chromatin distribution with bizarre looking some nuclei at 2^nd day post treatment. Complete intestine and liver recovery and appeared as normal organs after 7 days post treatment.

28 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

025347   AL-HUCHAIMI S H K, JASSIM A, AL-HADAD M T S, AL-AMMAR M H (Biology Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq, Email: mahdialhdad@yahoo.com) : Detection of pathogenicity markers produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing skin infection. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 621-6.

This study aimed to determine the P. aeruginosa that causes skin infection by detecting of pathogenisity markers. Bacterial isolated and identificated phenotypically and genotypically, as well as detects the pathogenicity markers encoding genes producing from P. aeruginosa by using PCR techniques. One hundred twenty clinical specimens were collected from patients suffering from different clinical infections during the period from September 2014 to January 2015 in AL-Sadder Medical city. The identification of the P.aeruginosa isolates depended on colonial morphology, microscopic examination and biochemical tests. P.aeruginosa had the ability to produce capsule, biofilm, adhesion, protease, bacteriocin, haemolysin, ß-lactamase and gelatinase. Regard to molecular study the outcome showed that 24 (100 %) of P. aeruginosa isolates carrying lasB gene, 24 (100 %) carrying aprA, 23 (95 %) carrying plcH while 13 (54 %) carrying algD. To conclusion that P. aeruginosa able to produce sever pathogenicity markers which responsible for pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa infections.

4 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

025346   AI-TAEE M J M, AI-ETHAWI A M T, AL-GAFARI R N J (Anbar Univ, Iraq, Email: mohammed2011biology@gmail.com) : The effect of gold nanoparticles in growth and biofilm formation of methecillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA isolated from various clinical cases. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 601-8.

A total number of 15 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA were collected from wounds, burns, boils and urinary tract infections at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital. Twelve antibiotics were used to establish resistance patterns of these isolates. Results showed that these isolates were sensitive to amikacin, while they were resistant to augmentin, rifampicin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, erythromycin, methecillin, cefoxitin, oxacillin. These isolates showed different resistant percentage to other antibiotics like vancomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole. Mice injected with concentrations (75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200) µg/ml that showed there is no toxic effect of Au-NPs, and no change in the weights, behavior or death. Gold nanoparticles showed an inhibitory effect against all isolates at concentrations of 74.87, 56.15, 37.43, and 18.71 µg/ml with inhibition zones of (38, 26.7, 18.4, and 9.2) mm, respectively. Results showed that gold nanoparticles reduced the ability of MRSA to produce the biofilm by using sub – MIC of 72.2–95 %.

7 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

025344   KHADAIRI M M, HUSSEIN A O, AI-AMARI M J (Biology Dep, Babylon Univ, Iraq, Email: mahir.aljuboori@gmail.com) : Study of protective effect of vitamin c in reduction toxicity of malathion in white albino mice. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 469-75.

Of the present study aime to study malathion effects in some biochemical and molecular marker of mice and protective activity of vitamin C in reduction toxicity, white albino mice administrated malathion and vitamin C+ malathion with dose (50- 40) mg/kg b. wt. /day some biochemical markers used in present study. the result shown the biochemical markers Urea and Creatinine concentration in blood with treated malathion were significantly increased with elevated the dose of malathion as compared with control group and vitamin C+ malathion while the total protein concentration in blood was significantly decreased in malathion treatment as compared with control and vitamin C+ malathion. Activities of alanine transferase ALT, aspartate transferase AST, Alkaline phosphatase ALT in liver were significantly increased in malathion treatment While these enzyme activities in vitamin C + malathion treatment were found to be close to level of control, and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase LDH was significantly decreased in malathion and vitamin C+ malathion treatments, when compared with control.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

025343   NAAMA J H, KALEL N, FETAL A H (Biology Dep, Mustansiriyah Univ, Iraq, Email: jasim.almusawi@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq) : Biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons by soil microorganism. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 457-65.

Hydrocarbons degrading micro organism was isolated from soil and Identified as Pseudomonas spices. This isolate was inoculated into enrichment medium containing phenantherene, or naphtha or fuel oil. The behavior of cell growth progressed with time for the five samples of cultures of different initial substrate (phenentherene) concentration. Ideal biomass behavior all with the same time interval of 48 hr. This behavior confirms that the growth is compatible with Monod’s equation. When taking a sufficient amount of phenantherene as an initial concentration of (10 mg/ml) and monitoring under longer period the growth undergoes the complete cycle of its own. The decrease in naphtha specific gravity as a result of the bacterial action. Another product is selected to be more complex like fuel oil, the results showed a gentle decline in the specific gravity of the product. First order curve fitting was determined that the statistical software Statistica was used for estimating Monod’skinetics constants.

20 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

025342   MOLKARA T, FOROUZANFAR F, HAMEDI S, AGHAEE A, GOLDOOZIAN R, RAKHSHANDEH H (Persian and Complementary Medicine Dep, Mashhad Univ of Medical Sciences, Iran, Email: Rakhshandehh@mums.ac.ir) : Hypnotic effect of Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum nigrum on pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 449-56.

Solanumly lycopersicum and Solanum nigrum have been recommended for its sedative property. However, no pharmacological studies have yet evaluated the effect of these plants on sleep. Given the side effects of sedative drugs, this study aimed to investigate the effects of these herbs on mice.

9 illus, 35 ref

025341   KHOSROYAR S, ARASTEHNODEH A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Iran, Email: Susankhosroyar@iauq.ac.ir) : Comparison of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of alcholic extraction of Fraxinus excelsior and Melilotus officinalis plant. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 443-8.

Antioxidants are protecting the body against oxidative stress ca used by free radicals. Long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs causes adverse effects such as stomach ulcers, intestinal ulcers and anemia in finally. Plants are a valuable compound that can be used in the treatment of many diseases. The global purpose of this is investigating the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of Melilotus officinalis and Fraxinuse × celsior which are commonly used in traditional medicine. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity investigated through inhibition bovine albumin protein denaturation and the antioxidant activity was investigated by applying cupric ion reducing assay (cuprac assay). The results showed both plants have the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The highest amount of phenolic compound per gram of dry extract of Fraxinusexcelsior was 0.04 mg and also this plant has the highest antioxidant effect (0.714± 0.045). The highest amount of flavonoid compounds in Melilotus officinalis was 9.23 mg and this plant has the highest anti- inflammatory effect (0.21 ± 0.033). There was directly relation between the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and phenolic and flavonoid content of plant extracts.

4 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

025339   AL-GNAMI S A L, AL-MAYALI H K A (Al-Qadisiyah Univ, Iraq) : Ameliorating effect of allicin on reproductive functions in cyclophosphamide treated male rats. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 415-24.

Allicin, which is one of the main biologically active compounds derived from garlic, has been shown to exert various pharmacological activities is considered to has therapeutic potential effect for many pathologic conditions, and provides broad antioxidant activity to reduce free radical damage. The aim of the present study is to investigate the positive role of allicin in reducing the side effects induced by Cyclophosphamide drug in reproductive system of male rats. In this experiment, fifty adult male Wister rats were used, about four month old, with average weight about (162.5±13gm) were divided randomly into five equal groups (10 animals for each group) and treated for 60 consecutive days as following : The first group (C) was given 1 ml distilled water orally as a control group. The second group (T1) was given allicin orally in a dose of 50 mg\kg B .W. The third group (T2) was given cyclophosphamide orally in a dose of 10 mg /kg /B .W .The fourth group(T3) was given allicin orally (50mg/kg/B. W) for 30 days then given cyclophosphamide orally (10 mg /kg B. W/ day ) for 30days. The fifth group (T4) was given cyclophosphamide orally (10 mg/kg B.W/day) for 30 days then given allicin orally (50mg/kg B.W/day for 30 day.At the end of the experiment all animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from the heart and serum samples were isolated for assessment of MDA and CAT. Testis from all animals were removed for estimation of Testis weight and semen parameters.The results of this study were revealed a significant differences (P < 0.05) represented by the increase in sperms concentration, percentage of sperms motility, percentage of sperms viability weight of testis and CAT concentration in T1 group ascompared with other groups also, increased in T3 and T4 groups as compared with T2 group, while decreased in T2 group.The percentage of abnormal sperm and concentration of MDA decreased significantly in T1 group as compared with other group, and decreased in T3 and T4 group compared with T2 group, while increased in T2 group. We could be concluded that allicin in dose of 50 mg/kg/B.W has both preventive and therapeutic role in ameliorating cyclophosphamide toxicity in adultWister male rats.

2 tables, 69 ref

025338   HUSSEIN H J, AL-KHAFAJI N M S, AL-MAMOORI A H, AL-MARZOQI A H (Biology Dep, Babylon Univ, Iraq, Email: huss2010feb@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial properties of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid extracts of Cassia senna L. against human gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 354-6.

To uncover the impact of the crude extracts to the phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds of Cassia senna L. against some Human gram-negative Pathogenic Bacteria. Antibacterial properties of the crude Phenolic, Alkaloid and Terpenoid of Cassia senna L. was determined in vitro using agar well diffusion methods against some human gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Obtained results showed that active compounds of Cassia senna L. possess wide ranges of antibacterial properties against gram-negative bacteria. This investigation exhibits that we can presume that the impact of active compounds in Cassia senna L. has a distinctive impact on various pathogenic life forms in various concentrations. Alkaloid compounds extracted from Cassia senna L. leaves had shown effective antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria except Shegilla it was more resistant.

1 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

025337   LUAIBI N M (Biology Dep, AL-Mustansyriah Univ, Iraq, Email: noori.alsudani63@gmail.com) : Physiological, hormonal and histological effects of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare) in thyroid and testes of male rats. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 341-53.

In various parts of the world Fennel seeds Foeniculum vulgare has been used in a herbal medicine. The present study aims to shed light on fennel’s side effects in male rats in the weights , hormonal, histological changes and some of the physiological parameters of thyroid and testes. About 60 Spargue-Dawley albino adult male rats were daily fed with fennel pellet in three different doses (50, 100, 200) gm/kg bw for three different periods of time (10, 20, 30) days. After end of each experiment animals were weighed then it scarified for blood and tissue collection , blood collected by heart puncture then it centrifuged for serum separation and kept at -80 ^oC to hormonal, biochemical analysis and some histological standards , then thyroid and testes were excised and fixed in neutral buffered 10 % formalin for histological preparation. The results showed that increased doses of fennel consumption and treatment duration statistically caused Highly significant increase (p<0.01) in thyroid weights in experimental treated groups (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) while group (5 and 6) showed significant increase (p<0.05) compared to the control group. No changes illustrated in values of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in all periods of time and in all concentrations of fennel in comparison with the control group. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in Triiodothyronine (T3) andThyroxin(T4) hormone serum levels in treated groups (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) compared to the control group. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in both left and right testes weights of fennel treated group (12) in comparison with the control group. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in Testosterone serum levels of fennel treated groups (8, 9, 10, 11, 12) compared to the control groups with the increase of fennel doses and treatment duration. Histological study of the organs demonstrated histological changes after an exposure to fennel for short and long periods of time and in all concentrations. Thyroid gland sections showed certain follicles empty from colloid, degenerated follicles and necrosis. Testes sections showed seminiferous tubules with certain degeneration and necrosis of spermatogonia cells besides necrotic debris inside the lumen, no sperms appear inside the lumen.

21 illus, 63 ref

025333   SHYAM R, SINGH R P (Biochemistry Dep, N.D. Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad- 224 229) : Evaluation of nutritional value and anti nutritional factors of Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum l.). germplasm grown in eastern (U.P.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 247-50.

The persent study was conducted to evalutate ten advanced germplasm of Kodo millet for nutritional and anti nutritional factors during kharif season 2014-15 at the students Student’s Instructional Farm of Narendra Deva University Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Faizabad (U.P.) India. A significant variation was detected for all traits suggested that there was considerable variability among germplasm. The protein content was recorded in the range of 8.56 to 9.44 per cent Maximum protein content was recorded in the germplasm K-6 (9.44 %) followed by K-10 (8.90 %) The total free Amino Acid content was recorded in the range of 62.01 to 72.62 mg/100g. Maximum total free amino acid content was recorded in the germplasm K-6 (72.62 mg/100g) and total mineral was recorded in germplasm K-10 (3.31 %). Curde fiber content was recorded in germplasm K-8(8.73 %) and total carbohydrate content was found between ranged 63.25 to 65.28 % and maximum carbohydrate found in germplasm K-5 (65.28 %). Total sugar content was found in the range of 2.41 to 3.92 %. Maximum total sugar was found in the germplasm K-4 (3.92 %). The anti nutritional content such as tannin was found in the range of 106.38 to 124.75 (mg/100g). Phytic acid 126.38 to 136.58 (mg/100g) and total phenol 18.83 to 21.83 (mg/100g). On the basis of overall germplasm were found superior K-4, K-5, K-6, K-8, K-9 and K-10 and utilized in further research work.

3 tables, 13 ref

025332   MAHMOOD S, KUMAR M, BANERJEE N, SARIN N B (Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi) : Evaluation of antifungal activity of a novel chitinase protein from Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 235-41.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici and Alternaria alternata, have been most common and destructive fungus of the tomato plants, they cause Fusarium wilt and Early blight disease in tomato respectively, which is the most economically important vegetable crop and used worldwide. Since, the chitin is the major component of the fungal cell wall and it is hydrolyzed by chitinases that results into inhibition of the fungal growth. A novel ~76 kDa protein from Xenorhabdus nematophilus, was expressed in E.coli and purified. The recombinant purified protein shows both exo and endochitinase activity and strongly inhibit the hyphal growth of fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici and Alternaria alternata in in-vitro. We have reported first time that a novel chitinase protein from Xenorhabdus nematophilus shows antifungal activity.

6 illus, 23 ref

025331   PANDEY A K, LAL E P (Biological Sciences Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad- 211 007, Email: 93akpandey@gmail.com) : Effect of salicyclic acid on morphological, biochemical and antioxidant parameters of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under salt stress. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 109-116.

The pot experiment was conducted at Field Experimentation Center, Department of Biological sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Uttar Pradesh during summer season 2016-2017 with Mungbean varieties (NM-98, NM-54). Effect of Salicylic acid under Salt stress condition on Mungbean with five treatment and three replications were laid out in complete randomized Design. This research is based on the Salt stress negatively effect photosynthesis by causing excess accumulation of leaf Na⁺ and Cl^- stomatal closure and oxidative stress resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exogenously application of Salicylic acid to minimize the Na⁺, Cl^- and ROS contents in Salt stress. Different Concentration of salicylic acid (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mM) shows different result on Plant growth, Biochemical and Antioxidant under salt stress (75 NaCl mM). Salicylic acid concentration (0.5 mM) show best result in all the growth and yield parameter.

5 tables, 15 ref

025330   HAMAD M O (Ecology Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq, Email: mohammeda.alkhafaji@uokufa.edu.iq.com) : Clinical study of Burkholderia cepacia isolated from body infections. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 65-72.

A total of four hundred and forty seven clinical samples were collected from patients of both genders and different ages, who were suffering from burns, wounds, otitis media, urine from patients complaining from urinary tract infections (UTI), sputum from patients with respiratory tract infections. Nineteen isolates of B. cepacea (4.3 %) were isolated and identified according to routine diagnostic tests which its cultural and microscopically characteristics and biochemical tests, these isolates were 7, 5, 1, 4 and 2 from 93 burns, 77 wounds, 48 otitis, 175 UTI and 31sputum samples, respectively. The antibiotics susceptibility test of these isolates were detected by disk diffusion method towards 20 antibiotics were checked, most of these isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) with high degree of resistance percentage for most antibiotics. The antibiotics were more impact including impinem, meropenem, sifitrixone, azthromycin and cefixime. The isolates had higher minimum inhibitory concentrations. All of these isolates contained capsule that plays an important role in resistance to phagocytosis Production of gelatinase, protease, β-lactamase, bacteriocin, haemolysin from all isolates, (73.7 %) and (84.2 %) of the isolates produced urease and lipase, respectively.

6 tables, 26 ref

025293   WOZNIAK G, MALLOUPPAS K (Cyprus Univ, Cyprus, Email: wozniak.greta@ucy.ac.cy) : New approach of dementia management in early stage: New perspectives of reelin evidence. Curr Neurobiol 2018, 9(1), 8-15.

Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that regulates neuronal migration and cell-cell interactions in early neurodevelopment. Recent studies at different levels of the protein’s life cycle – genetics, the protein itself and its pathway – show promising results regarding the future use of Reelin in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and dementia. Genetic analysis of different Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) close to the promoter region of RELN gene, show associations with AD prevalence. Reelin, when added in AD mice delay cognitive impairment and Aβ fibrils formation, yet Αβ can trap and thus hinder reelin’s biological activity. Microscopically, when examining and comparing neuronal tissue of mice with either active or inactive reelin pathway, researchers observed that dendritic spines are the structures affected. Reelin can alter their volume and shape but not their number nor their synaptic contacts. Lastly, NMDA receptor anchoring and stability on the postsynaptic membrane can be stronger in the presence of reelin. Even though the first data seems promising, still a lot more research is required on this field. The main question we are interested in answering is whether or not this protein has the potential to be used in future, as a therapeutic or an early diagnostic marker for AD and demented patients. We are interested in further investigating the levels of reelin in both AD and control healthy individuals, and in combination with electrophysiological studies, identify pattern that could help us recognize possible associations for its use in the future.

3 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

025292   MARCELLINO B K, EKASUMARA N, MOBBS C V (Neuroscience Dep, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York- 10029, Email: charles.mobbs@mssm.edu) : Dietary restriction and glycolytic inhibition reduce proteotoxicity and extend lifespan via NHR-49. Curr Neurobiol 2018, 9(1), 1-7.

Mechanisms mediating protective effects of dietary restriction during aging are of great interest since activating such mechanisms protect against a wide range of age-related diseases. In mammals key metabolic responses to nutritional deprivation are mediated by the transcription factor PPAR-alpha, which is activated by free fatty acids and promotes lipid metabolism while inhibiting glucose metabolism. The C. elegans gene nhr-49 appears to function similarly in C. elegans. Here we report that protective effects of dietary restriction and inhibition of glucose metabolism to increase lifespan wild-type C. elegans and reduce toxicity in a polyQ model of Huntington’s disease in C. elegans are dependent on NHR-49 and its co-activator CREB-Binding Protein (CBP). We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of cbp blocks protective effects of dietary restriction and blocks the molecular switch from glucose metabolism to alternative substrates. Conversely, increased glucose concentration and inhibition of cbp reduce lifespan and increase proteotoxicity. Lactate and inhibition of ETC complex II mimicked toxic effects of glucose on proteotoxicity whereas pyruvate and inhibition of ETC complex I protected against glucose-enhanced proteotoxicity. These results support that PPAR-alpha-like activity mediates protective effects of dietary restriction by reducing glucose metabolism via reducing production of NADH, and corroborate and extend recent studies demonstrating that PPPAR-alpha agonists increase lifespan in C. elegans dependent on NHR-49.

4 illus, 41 ref

025291   GAUTAM A, TABASSUM R, KATYAL A (Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, Delhi, Email: anju_katyal@yahoo.com) : Hypericum perforatum (ethanolic extract) ameliorates simulated hypobaric hypoxia induced oxidative stress and neuronal damage in brains of Balb/c mice. Asian J Med Sci 2018, 9(2), 1-8.

Hypobaric hypoxia refers to lower oxygen availability at high altitudes and is the cause of high altitude illness. Drugs such as acetazolamide and dexamethasone provide symptomatic relief and are associated with undesired side effects. Plant extracts such as Hypericum perforatum, which are documented to have neuromodulatory role can be more beneficial in ameliorating high altitude illness.Progressive cognitive decline is the hallmark characteristic of hypobaric hypoxia induced neuropathology attributed to ensuing oxidative stress and subsequent hippocampal damage. We have explored the efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Hypericum perforatum in amelioration of hypobaric hypoxia induced oxidative stress and associated behavioral deficits in mice. Male Balb/c mice were exposed to simulated altitude of 25,000 ft. for 7 days (6 hr. per day) in a specially designed chamber. Ethanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum (HPE) (25 mg/kg of body weight) was given orally prior to Hypobaric exposure and effects were compared to Hypobaric and control groups.Animals exposed to hypobaric hypoxia showed sign of cognitive deterioration at day 3 and day 7 in the Elevated Plus Maze and Passive Avoidance Step through behavioral paradigms as compare to normoxic animals. Administration of HPE was able to alleviate the amnesic effect in treatment group, indicated by reduction in transfer latencies at day 3(IR-3 = -0.66 ± 0.07) and day 7 IR-7 = -0.81 ± 0.06) in elevated plus maze task and increased passive avoidance step through latency at day 3, (IR-3 = 3.23 ± 0.67),as compared to hypoxic mice. Hypoxia group of animals suffered significant oxidative stress compared to normoxic mice as indicated by up-regulated malondialdehyde and total nitrite levels in hippocampal homogenates. The plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity was also increased following hypoxia indicating tissue damage. Co-treatment with HPE in simulated hypobaric hypoxia insult for seven days resulted in significant reduction in malondialdehyde, total nitrites and plasma LDH levels in animals.Hypericum perforatum extract improves cognitive performance in hypobaric hypoxia exposed mice with a concomitant reduction in oxidative stress burden suggesting its plausible use for preventing high altitude illness.

5 illus, 34 ref

025364   SUNITHA K, RANI CH N (Pharmacy Dep, Satavahana Univ, Karimnagar-505 001, Telangana) : Screening of anti obesity activity of Actnidia deleciosa fruits. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2018, 8(2), 245-50.

The present work was aimed at the evaluation of antiobesity activity of fresh fruits of Actnidia deleciosa. The fresh fruits were fed to the experimental animals using appropriate animal models viz., acute models of food intake and chronic models of food intake and body weight for evaluating the anti-obesity activity.1 The tests have shown to be exhibit significant anti-obesity activity.

3 tables, 20 ref

025290   REYES M M D L, OYONG G G, JR V D E, SHEN C-C, RAGASA C Y (Biology Dep, De La Salle Univ Manila - Laguna Campus, Laguna 4024, Philippines, Email: mariquit.delosreyes@dlsu.edu.ph) : Cytotoxic prenylflavanones from philippine stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi friese) nests. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 613-9.

The dichloromethane crude extract and compounds, glyasperin A (1), propolin E (2) and propolin A (3), obtained from Philippine stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi Friese) nests, were evaluated for their cytotoxic potentials. The anti-proliferative activities of crude extract and compounds 1-3 against human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast neonatal (HDFn), were evaluated using the PrestoBlue^® cell viability assay. The crude extract was most anti-proliferative against HCT-116 cells (IC₅₀ = 1.410 μg/mL). Glyasperin A (1) exhibited the strongest effect on MCF-7 cells (2.378 μg/mL). Propolin E (2) was most cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells (2.279 μg/mL), while propolin A (3) was most inhibitory against MCF-7 cells (2.815 μg/mL). Comparing the colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT-116 was generally more susceptible under crude extract, 2, and 3 (IC₅₀ = 1.410, 2.279, 3.013 μg/mL, respectively) than HT-29 (5.620, 5.320, 5.359). Comparing the activities of propolin E and propolin A against HCT-116 cells, 2 (IC₅₀ = 2.279 μg/mL) was more cytotoxic than 3 (3.013). The crude extract was more cytotoxic than Zeocin against HCT-116 cells. To our best of knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-proliferative properties of crude extract and compounds from T. biroi.

3 illus, 1 table, 57 ref

025289   YUAN Y-Y, SUN J, ZHOU Y-B, WANG J, DENG J, YE R-R, PENG M, LU X-F (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, P.R. China, Email: LXF@nwipb.cas.cn) : Chemical composition of three Nitraria species fruits. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 529-32.

In this study, the chemical compositions of fruits Nitraria roborowskii Kom., Nitraria sibirica Pall., Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. were investigated. The highest total flavonoids content were observed in Nitraria sibirica, which had the highest crude protein content (6.60 %), followed by Nitraria tangutorum (3.07%) and Nitraria roborowskii (2.65 %). The total sugar content of Nitraria species varied between 4.66 % and 5.31 %, total fat between 0.143 and 0.537 %, pH 3.81 and 4.29, respectively. Mineral compositions of the Nitraria species were 4530.2 mg/g Na, 3778.9 mg/g K, 681.0 mg/g Ca, 349.0 mg/g Mg, 301.8 mg/g P, 25.2 mg/g Fe, 4.3 mg/g B, 2.6 mg/g Sr, 1.1 mg/g Co and 0.6 mg/g Cr.

3 tables, 38 ref

025287   GUPTA H, SINGH D, VANAGE G, JOSHI D S, THAKUR M (Genetics Dep, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Maharashtra, Email: mansibiotech79@gmail.com) : Evaluation of histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the testicular cells of Wistar rats post chronic exposure to gold nanoparticles. Indian J Biotechnol 2018, 17, 9 TO 15.

Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have numerous therapeutic potentials due to their ability to cross blood barriers. However, limited data is available showing GNPs crossing the blood testicular barrier. Here we report results of chronic exposure (90 days) to GNPs ranging in size 5 to 20 nm in male Wistar rats. Histopathological and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis show GNPs distributed and accumulated in majority of the testicular tissues. This shows the ability of GNPs of specific sizes to cross the blood testicular barrier effectively, indicating possible insignificant toxicity to spermatogenesis process due to chronic exposure. Thus, GNPs of smaller size can possibly be used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

5 illus, 33 ref

025286   YILDIRIM N, KOSE S, YILDIRIM A G S, SAHIN C, YIGITTURK G, YAVASOGLU A, ERBAS O (Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, Ege Univ, Izmir, Turkey, Email: nuri-yildirim@hotmail.com) : Silymarin ameliorates uterine and ovarian damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(2), 137-42.

Diabetes is a systemic disease that affects microvasculature in almost all organs. Uterus and the ovaries may also be a target for diabetes. We investigated effects of diabetes on the uterus and the ovaries and the role of silymarin treatment on the effects of diabetes on uterine and ovarian microenvironment in a diabetic rat model. Seven non-diabetic (control) and fourteen diabetic female mature Sprague-Dawley albino rats were used. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin and 100 mg/kg oral silymarin and was administered for four weeks to 7 of diabetic rats. After the treatment, blood samples were collected; hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy was performed for histopathological examination. Stromal degeneration, follicular degeneration, stromal fibrosis scores of the ovary and gland degeneration and stromal fibrosis scores of endometrium were significantly decreased after silymarin treatment. Silymarin treatment significantly decreased plasma TGF-β levels and increased plasma AMH (Anti-Müllerian hormone) levels with respect to saline-treated group. This study suggests that silymarin ameliorates the uterine and ovarian damage in a diabetic rat model.

1 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

025285   SINGH D D, CHAUHAN R S (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145, Email: drdd2005@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the in vitro immunotoxic effect of bromadiolone rodenticide in poultry. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(2), 132-6.

In the present study, rodenticide bromadiolone was evaluated for in vitro immunotoxicity in poultry. The lymphocytes were separated from spleen and treated with NOEL/10², NOEL/10³, NOEL/10⁴, NOEL/10⁵, NOEL/10⁶ and NOEL/10⁷ (No observable effect level) dose of rodenticide for 30, 60 and 90 min and a group of cells were kept untreated (control). The cells were collected for detection of T and B- lymphocyte proliferation. Concanvalin-A (Con-A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated blastogenesis of T and B-lymphocytes was assessed by MTT dye method. The proliferation of both lymphocytes was markedly reduced in treated group in comparison to control indicating the down-regulation of not only the number of the variable lymphocytes but also their blastogenic activity required to mount an immune response in birds. It can be concluded from the present study that the bromadiolone rodenticide, even in very low doses can reduce proliferation of poultry lymphocytes leading to a state of immunosuppression.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

025284   KAUR G, ASTHIR B, BAINS N S (Biochemistry Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana- 141 004, Email: basthir@gmail.com) : Modulation of proline metabolism under drought and salt stress conditions in wheat seedlings. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(2), 114-24.

Drought and salinity are the major environmental constraints that limit plant growth and productivity. In the present investigation, shoots of seven day old plantlets of nineteen wheat genotypes (PBW621, PBW660, PBW175, HD3086, WH1105, HD2967, C306, C273, C518, C591, Type 11, Excalibar, Gladius, Drysdale, Babax, Krichauff, Kharchia, Krl 1-4 and Krl 19) were evaluated for proline metabolism and its cross-talk with various biochemical parameters under water deficit, water withholding and salinity stress conditions. Principle component analysis categorized the genotypes into four groups: i.e. drought tolerant (Excalibar, Krichauff, Babax, Drysdale, Gladius and C306), salt tolerant (Kharchia, Type11, Krl1-4 and Krl19), low stress tolerant (C273, C518 and C591) and susceptible (HD2967, PBW621, WH1105, HD3086, PBW660 and PBW175). Tolerant genotypes possessed increased proline content and 1,1 diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity along with the reduced magnitude of thiobarbituric acid reactive species in parallel with decreased H₂O₂ content. Proline accumulation in shoots of tolerant genotypes under stress conditions may be an adaptative strategy, as it supplies energy for growth and lowers the generation of free radicals and reduces the lipid peroxidation linked membrane damage resulting in their stabilization. Glutamate dehydrogenase might have played a dominant role in ammonium assimilation and glutamate biosynthesis, leading to an increased glutamate pool, which via pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase activity led to enhanced proline accumulation in tolerant genotypes under stress conditions. Water withholding condition induced the stimulation of proline synthesis via increased glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) activities with inhibition of oxidation via reduced proline dehydrogenase activity to a large extent as compared to water deficit and salt stress conditions. Our results highlight that in certain genotypes, GDH under water deficit, P5CS and PDH under salt stress and P5CR under water withholding stress condition were responsible for stress tolerance and could be used as a selectable marker.

4 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

025321   MOLLEMAN F (Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 016, Email: freerkmolleman@hotmail.com) : Moving beyond phenology: New directions in the study of temporal dynamics of tropical insect communities. Curr Sci 2018, 114(5), 982-6.

Understanding of temporal dynamics of tropical insect communities is hampered by the difficulty of disentangling population dynamics, timed phenology, migration and seasonal activity. Furthermore, there is a dearth of data on potential drivers of temporal dynamics, and on its consequences for ecosystem functioning. This article argues for collection of complementary data, and makes methodological recommendations.

2 illus, 41 ref

025311   AL-MRAMMADHI M M, AL-HASNAWI M R (Biology Dep, Al-Qadisiyah Univ, Diwaniyah, Iraq, Email: mohammed-alhasnawi@qu.edu.iq) : Comparison of efficiency of alkaloids and terpenoid extracts of some plants in the accumulated mortalities of the immature stages of Musca domestica L. (Diptera : Muscidae). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1113-21.

The effect of crude extracts of the secondary compounds (alkaloids and terpenoids) of Citrullus colocynthis, Rubus sanctus Shreb and Lycium barbarum were tested on some biological aspects of the house fly Musca domestica. The mortality rate of the immature stages for all secondary compounds was 100 % with a concentration of 20 mg/ml compared with the control that was 18-12 %. Growth period was 16 and 15.67 days for alkaloids extract of R. sanctus, L. barbarum and C. colocynthis respectively at 10 mg/ml compared with the control with 10 days. As for the tumeric extract, growth period was 15.33, 16.67 and 19.33 days for R.sanctus Shreb, C. colocynthis L. and L. barbarum plants respectively and for the same concentration. The weight of the pupae decreased from 0.20g in the control treatment to 0.12, 0.11 and 0.10 g for the alkaline extract of C. colocynthis R. sanctus and L. barbarum respectively in the concentration of 10 mg/ml while it was 0.15, 0.14 and 0.11g for C. colocynthis, R. sanctus and L barbarum plants respectively and in the extract. The rate of productivity in alkaloids extract was 52.33, 50.24, 0.0 eggs/female for L.barbarum, C. colocynthis and R. sanctus respectively at 10 mg/ml compared with the control which was limited between 224-223 eggs/female while the productivity was 48.33,41.67, 11.67 eggs/female for the terpenoids extract of the plants L. barbarum, R.sanctus and C. colocynthis, respectively. 

3 tables, 10 ref

025310   BAJI S H, SHAKIR H M (Biology Dep, AL-Qadisiya Univ, Iraq) : Chemical study of some Ficus and Morus species growing in Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1039-47.

The current research was conducted the chemical study of both genus Ficus L. and Morus L. in Iraq, which included three species of the first genus F. carica L., F. elastica Roxb. and F. religiosa L. and two species of second genus M. alba L. and M. nigra L. The chemical compound was studied specifically the Phenolic compounds, it was extraction and detection of the active compounds in the leaves of species under study using the reagents preliminary (Sedimentological) and it was isolation and diagnoses the active compound existing by using the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and this considered new way in Iraq and for the two genus mention considered the first chemical study in Iraq also reveal of the important the Phenolic active compound in the leaf of species under study based on the types compounds and discussing the relationship between them as well as other anatomical characteristics that we reached through research. For example, species F. carica contained compound 3-Furanmethanol which gave it the importance of taxonomic isolated from the rest of the species.

5 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

025309   AL-MOUSAWI A H, AL KAABI S J (Biology Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq) : Effect of Ziziphus spina Christy on biofilm formation of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1033-8.

This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of hot an aqueous extract of leaves Ziziphus spina Christy (Sidr), against biofilm formation of clinical isolates Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Ten isolates were obtained from the laboratory of microbiology in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Education for Women, the isolates were diagnosed initially as Staphylococci and then selected four isolates depending on virulence and resistance to different types of antibiotics. After that VITEK-2 compact system (ID and AST) was used to confirm the species of Staphylococci. The results showed that three isolates reverting to Staphylococcus aureus and one to Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Investigation of S. aureus and S. haemolyticus isolates ability to forming biofilm by using of Microtiter plate (96 well) methods. The results indicated that all of the isolates were able to produce the biofilm. The effect of Moxifloxacin and Penicillin G with (MIC), (Sub-MIC) and (Sub-Sub-MIC) were detected for preventing of S. aureus and S. haemolyticus biofilm production, as well as hot an aqueous extract of leaves Ziziphus spina Christy (Sidr) with 50 mg/ml tested against the biofilm formation, the results showed ability of tow antibiotics and plant extract to prevent biofilm formation. The synergism effect of penicillin G, Moxifloxacin with (MIC), (Sub-MIC) and (Sub-Sub-MIC) and hot an aqueous extract of leaves Ziziphus spina christy (Sidr) with 50 mg/ml investigated, the results revealed that high synergism effect between two antibiotics and plant extract.

4 tables, 14 ref

025308   HARJAN A, AL-KHAFAJI A L A N (Kufa Univ, Iraq) : Study the effect of some plant extracts efficiency to reduce the pathogenesis Candida albicans isolates from different body areas in the patients with Diabetes II. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 973-8.

This study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory role of alcoholic extract of Salvadora persica and aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia, Thymus vulgaris and Cinnamon extracts, Nigeria sativa oil on the inhibition of Candida albicans. The results revealed that the inhibitory effect of alcoholic extract was more effect (52 mm) in concentration 10 %, on C. albicans, while, N. sativa oils in (46 mm) in some concentration 10 %, on the other hand the aqueous extraction include Thymus vulgaris, Cinnamon, Mentha longifolia have less inhibitory effect (38, 31, 23) in respectly. whereas all plant extract and Nigeria Sativa oils were inhibition 100 mm in concentration 100 %. Also susceptibility test of these yeast for use some antibiotics include fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, nystatin was more effective against clinical isolates of C. albicans while Amphotreicin B with less effect on these yeast.

2 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

025307   ABOOD F M, HINDI N K K, KADHUM S A (Microbiology Dep, Babylon Univ, Babylon Province, Iraq, Email: afnanhaider549@yahoo.com) : Bacterial and molecular characterization of bacteria associated with infected root canals. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 969-72.

The infections of root canal are assorted and specific infections with a popular of anaerobic bacteria. The study was examine the presence of P. intermedia in 1^st and 2^nd endodontic visits by traditional culture and (PCR) method. A total of 48 patients aged 33 to 56 years old were convoluted in this work. About 26 and 22 of them were in 1^st and 2^nd visit of endodontic treatment respectively. Then detection of P. intermedia in infected root canals of both groups were studied using selective media and methods of polymerase chain reaction. The forty eight patients existing infected root canal were included in this study. The result were shown about 5 of 26 (19.2) and 3 of 22 (13.6) were isolated by culture in 1^st first and 2^nd visit of endodontic treatment respectively, while the detection by PCR showed about 11 of 26 (42.3) and 7 of 22 (31.9) were detected in 1^st first and 2^nd visit of endodontic treatment respectively. On the other hand, the methods of PCR and growth detected this species, where P. intermedia was only 8/ 48 (4.2 %) positive culture from total infected root canals. While PCR method were identified the target species in 16/48 (33.4 %). The results confirm that PCR method is very sensitive, specific and time consume technique for detecting P. intermedia DNA in infected root canals than culture method.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

025306   IDAN G R (Biology Dep, Diyala Univ, Iraq, Email: ghassang543@gmail.com) : Comparative taxonomical study of three different wild species from the family Brassicaceae in Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 947-52.

This research paper deals with studying the morphological characters and the pollen grains of the three different wild species, Diplotoxis erucoides L, Rapistrum rugosum L and Sinapis arvensis L, which belong to three different genera from the family Brassicaceae. Comparative study for the plant parts of the studied three species was performed, starting from the root, stem, leaf, and flower including calyx, petal, the female reproductive system (Pistil). The male reproductive system (Stamen) and the fruit regarding their shape, arrangement, dimensions, color and number. The study showed the taxonomical importance of the pollen grains, their shapes, dimensions and the nature of their surfaces were different. All species were isopolear and they have simple apertures which are in the form of coplate or porate all of which are tricolpate or tricolporate, pollen grains, however were zonocolpate, whose their colpate do not extend from pole to the second pole, the ends of the coplate never join each other in both species D. erucoides and S. arvensis, whilst in R. rugosum, the colpate of the pollen grain extend from one pole to the second pole and their ends joined together, the size of the pollen grain differs within certain range from small grain to gigantic one. The obtained data were important from plant classification point of view to separate the three species.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

025305   HOMADY M H, KADHIM H A, AL-KELABY K K A, AZIZ D Z, KADHIM N J (Biology Dep, Kufa Univ, Kufa, Iraq, Email: dhifafz.darwish@uokufa.edu.iq) : Cytotoxic activity of compounded anthracycline against rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 941-6.

High selectivity of cytotoxic activity of Compounded Anthracycline against Rhabdomyosarcoma Cancer Cell Line that effect of DMT between cancer cell and normal cell line increase the prospects that this compound could serve as leads for novel anticancer drugs and hence may be potential candidates for use in human cancer therapy, however, further investigations will be required in this regard to validate this hypothesis.

5 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

025304   ABBAS R N, GHALOUB A N, ALI A K, MUTR A J, KHYOUN S K, HAMEED Y A, MOSA N J (Biology Dep, Al-Mustansiriya Univ, Iraq, Email: rafal.numaan@yahoo.com) : Cytogenetic and hematological study for some Iraqi women suffer from abortion. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 901-7.

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay is one of the most widely used methods to determine DNA damage caused by exposure to mutagenic, carcinogenic and environmental agents that affect women infertility. This study was aimed to assess possible genomic instability in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Fifty blood samples were collected from women complaining with RSA and 25 normal fertile females, who had at least one or more child. Cytogenetic study shows micronuclei frequency of peripheral blood lymphocytes is significantly decreased in comparison with that of normal pregnant women, while the nuclear division index shows no significant signs in all blood samples of aborted women.

2 illus 2 tables, 42 ref

025303   OBAID F N, JAFFAT H S (Biology Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq) : Physiological and histological study of the effect of finasteride drug (prostacare - 5 mg) on the fertility of albino male rats. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 863-6.

Their study was led to explore the impact of finasteride (Prostacare) on testicular capacity in Rattus norvegicus. Forty five matured male rats with body weight of (200-300 g) and (8) to (10) weeks of age were divided into (3) groups (15 rats/group). The first group was given orally with distilled water as a control and the others (second and third) were given orally with two concentrations of finasteride (5 mg/kg.b.w and 10 mg/kg.b.w) daily for a period of (eight weeks). After the finish of the experiment ,rats was scarified for the purpose of histological study and measurement of organ weights in the laboratory. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the body, testis, epididymis and prostate gland weights in compared with the control. Also the results of histological examination of testis and epididymis showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduce in the seminiferous tubules diameters and reduction in number of the leydig’s cells, while there was a significant (p < 0.05) rise in the interstitial space between tubules compared to the control group. The results was showed necrosis in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

025302   TAIMOOZ S H (AL-Qadisiya Univ, Iraq, Email: sulaffungi1977@gmail.com) : Behavior of some nanomaterials in improving the growth of onion plant, Allium cepa and its effect on Pythium aphanidermatum. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 857-62.

An experiment was conducted during the 2017/2016 agricultural seasons at the college of Agriculture, University of ALQadisiya under the conditions of the plastic house. The design of the complete random strata was used in three replicates for each concentration of nanomaterials concentrations (Zn, Cu, Fe). It showed the test results and a high Contrastive ability between the concentrations of nanomaterials and pathogenic fungus Pythium aphanidermatum as concentrations of nanomaterials dampened the growth of pathogenic fungus and the decline continue to grow to the end of dishes, with the highest rate of inhibition of 0.5 and 0.2 cm when using the copper element nanotube concentration of 1.5 and 3, followed by iron and Then zinc. Among the trends that have been used in the control of plant diseases and increase the growth of the use of molecular nanoparticles micro-standards in small, as there is a close relationship between nutrition mineral elements and resistance to the plant for the causes of pathological and that the plant’s resistance to cause patients can be adversely affected positively or negatively by factors surrounding environment. The use of concentrations of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 % (Zn, Cu, Fe) resulted in increased plant height, number of leaves and number of heads compared to control coefficients.

5 tables, 30 ref

025301   SAGAR A, RANA J, PRAKASH V (Biosciences Dep, Himachal Pradesh Univ, Shimla - 171 005, Email: vedp685@gmail.com) : Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of two medicinal plants : Erigeron alpinus L. and Gentianella moorcroftiana wall. Ex g. Don. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 817-24.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the two medicinal plants namely Erigeron alpinus L. and Gentianella moorcroftiana Wall. ex G. Don were evaluated by using agar-well diffusion method and antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activity of acetone and methanol plant extracts was tested against four pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) using different concentrations i.e. 25, 50, 75 and 100 %. Antioxidant activity was also examined for both types of plant extracts at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/mL concentrations. Results showed that both the plants exhibited significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Methanol leaf-flower mixture extract of G. moorcroftiana showed maximum zone of inhibition and again methanol extracts of both the plants exhibited higher antioxidant capacity with lesser IC₅₀ values than acetone extracts except in case of stem extracts of G. moorcroftiana where results for antioxidant activity were opposite. Medicinal value of the selected plants was proved by the present study thus plant extracts can be used for further investigation for gaining their proper therapeutic knowledge.

7 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

025300   HADI R F, TAIMOOZ S H (Biological Science Dep, Al-Qadisiyah Univ, Iraq, Email: rooa.hadi@qu.edu.iq) : Effect of aquatic extract of chili pepper and honey extracts on fungus isolated from Musca domestica and some patients. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 775-80.

This experiment was conducted to separately study the effect of the aquatic extract of honey and chili pepper, as well as their effect when combined on fungus. Three concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 20) µl of the aquatic extract of chili pepper and honey extracts were prepared on the growth of five types of pathological skin fungus isolated from domestic flies Musca domesticat and from infected people, including Penicillium parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolanifer, A. flavus and Microsporium cains. The results showed that the aquatic extract of chili pepper contains many medicinal compounds: Glycosids, Tannins, Flavones, Resins, Saponins, Capsaicin Alkaloids, and Phenols. Also, the results of the present study showed that the aquatic extracts have a different effect depending on the concentration and type of fungus. The concentration of honey extract did not affect the growth of all fungal species, and the optimal inhibitory concentration of fungi growth was 20 µl. All chili pepper extract concentrations showed significant different effects on the inhibition of the fungal species. Also, concentrations of honey and chili pepper extract showed significant effects when combined compared with when they were used separately.

6 tables, 30 ref

025299   ATIA A N, AL-BAHADYLI L J M (Biology Dep, Al-Mustansiriyah Univ, Iraq, Email: afrahafrah9292@gmail.com) : Biological effect of crude hot aqueous extract of Cordia myxa L. leaves on some stages of Musca domestica (diptera : muscidae). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 753-9.

We found from present study effect of hot aqueous extract of Cordia myxa on some stages of Musca domestica (third instar larvae and pupa with 24h and 72h) the results showed that leaves significantly affected performance in some stages of Musca domestica have increased distortions numbers for treatments (third instar larvae and pupa with 24h and 72h) compared to control treatment. Also results showed death of all naturally emergence insects for all treatment compared to control treatment. The hot aqueous extract tested against larvae and pupae of Musca domestica the efficacy test was achieved at different concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/ml) Results showed significant differences in treatments of third instar larvae and pupa with two ages 24h and 72h. Also showed results increased numbers of distortions for larvae and pupa compared to control treatment. The results described in this study hot aqueous extract showed distortions and significant differences in treatments (direct spray for larvae, spray pupa with two ages 24h and 72h. The best concentration in hot aqueous extract was 10 mg/ml. The best treatments in hot aqueous extract were the treatment of pupa with age 24h, in concentration 10 mg/ml,Varied mortality rates of larvae and pupa to all treatment and to all concentrations.

4 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

025298   AJMI R N, ATI I M, NABEEL H, ABBAS M A, SHERIF H A, ABDULHAMEED O (Biology Science Dep, Mustansiriyah Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: reyam80a@yahoo.com) : Preparation of direct activated carbon from Typha domingensis in Al-Dalmage marsh. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 745-8.

Analysing quality of surface water in marshlands is very important due to considered especially of tourism resources and protectorates. The current study used of a live and non-live powder from Typha domingensis plant to remove or reduce Pb concentration from soil and water in eight main stations from Al-Dalmage marshes between Qadisiyah and Wasit Iraqi Governorate. The experiments were carried out lead concentration before and after the natural treatment incineration and the conversion of the plant to the coal powder to study and determine the ability to remove this element with different sizes of plant powder (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000) micrometres. The results showed that the optimum size of papyrus powder was 1000 ìm. At different rates (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) ml / min, the optimum flow rate was 1 mL/min. The results showed that the concentration of 100 ppm is the ideal concentration of the adsorption process. The lead removal percentages were (94.08, 95.57 %) soil, water, respectively. the plant dried and carbonized at 4000C the corresponding was 63.6 % optimum conditions for the activated carbon production was evaluated based on the determination of various adsorption parameters of methylene blue as the adsorbent with maximum wavelength about (660nm) and temperature for activating PH 7.9 and KOH were 5000C and 3500C and time 1 minute and 10 minutes, respectively. The last step was to re-examine the adsorption treatment models. The absence of the lead element was completely observed from soil, water samples.

4 tables, 16 ref

025294   HUSEIN B, YOUSIF D Y M (Biology Dep, Mustansiriyah Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: dr.dinayousif33@gmail.com) : Effect of salicylic acid solution on fungus Rhizoctonia solani and seed germination. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 727-33.

The main aim of this search is to determine the effect of salicylic acid solution at different concentration against pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, which caused wilt disease and seed decay. The result showed a significant positive relation between concentrations of salicylic acid and the mean percentage inhibition of fungus R. solani in Petri dish and presoak of cucumber seed for period within 24 hours promoted increased germination by high percentage emergence. While, presoak of cucumber seed for period more than 24 hours have negative double effect by inhibition pathogen growth and cause seed dormancy.

5 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

025297   AL-TAEE I A A (Biology Dep, Al Muthanna Univ, Samawa, Iraq) : Salinity effect chlorophyll significantly. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 723-6.

A study was conducted to investigate the impact of salinity on the chlorophyll-a- concentration from winter 2016 to autumn 2017. The maximum salinity during summer and have positive correlation with chloride, calcium and magnesium which effect significantly on it (P_t-test < 0.001, = 0.010 and = 0.008 respectively). Seasonal variation in chl-a- was highest during winter and lowest during autumn. On the other hand the variance in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations was highest in autumn and summer respectively. Correlation coefficient showed that chl-a-, TN and TP have positive correlation with salinity. (P_t-test = 0.002, < 0,001 and < 0.001 respectively).

5 illus, 30 ref

025296   ABDULBARY M (Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plant Dep, Kufa Univ, Republic of Iraq) : Study of turmeric plant (Curcuma longa l.) rhizomes and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha L.) gums methanolic extracts effect on Candida albicans isolated from mouth. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 665-8.

This study was conducted to turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.) rhizomes and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha L.) gums extracts, which were extracted by maceration for 24 hours in methanol using magnetic stirrer. The plants extracts tested to determine the presence of active secondary metabolites and showed presence of saponins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids , as well as the characterization of these compounds with revelation of effective groups by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and (UV – spectrum). The plants extracts have been studied by knowing the antifungal activity against Candida albicans, results showed the effectiveness of turmeric, myrrh against the microorganism and this may be occurred because of secondary metabolites activity as phenolic compounds presence in studied plants.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

025295   HABH A M M, IDAN R M, KHUDHAIER S R, BENAYED S H, KHALIL M A M (Biology Dep, Al-Mustansiryah Univ, Iraq) : Taraxacum officinale contamination of heavy metals (iron, copper). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 652-4.

Given the importance Taraxacum officinale medically, its roots as a drug used in the treatment of the liver, and the leaves are used in diuresis and it is considered an antibiotic and anti-rheumatic. Safety must have this grass identification through the plant content of heavy elements of its high toxicity measure and its impact on the dangerous plant and thus accumulate in human organs and the occurrence of metabolic disorders, kidney and cancerous tumors. This research study aims to measure the plant Taraxacum officinale content of iron and copper in different regions. Where the plant collection of contaminated and non-contaminated areas (2 km away from the contaminated area of industrial waste) in Baghdad, Diyala was estimated elemental iron and copper in the roots, leaves and flowers of the plant by Flame atomic absorption.The results showed that the concentration of iron in plant contaminated areas(Baghdad) was in flower 73.1 mg / kg, leaves 30.9 mg / kg and roots 19.0 mg / kg ,while the iron concentration in the plant uncontaminated areas in the flowers of 25.8 mg / kg, floral 21.9 mg / kg, and roots 10.0 mg / kg. As for copper, although it an important enzyme for normal growth of the plant component, but it is toxic by increasing the concentration of 20 mg / kg. Where record copper concentration in the flowers that were collected from areas contaminated by 2.4 mg / kg, the leaves 1.6 mg / kg and roots of 1.4 mg / kg, while in non-contaminated areas was copper concentration in the flower 1.3 mg / kg, and in the, leaves 1.0 mg / kg and roots of 0.7 mg / kg and despite high copper concentration in contaminated areas for uncontaminated, but it was less than the critical limit of toxicity. Compared with copper content of the plant cultivated in areas contaminated Diyala, where the rate was the lowest rate

2 tables, 13 ref