021568   Pant S;Malik T;Bimal Deep;Chauhan N;Lohani H (Microbiology Dep, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Bio-medical and Natural Sciences, Dehra Dun) : Antimicrobial effects of essential oil on isolates responsible for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). J med aromatic Pl Sci 2008, 30(3), 310-13.

In vitro isolation of upper respiratory tract pathogens and their susceptibility was studied against three essential oils namely Basil oil, citronella oil and Japanese mint oil extracted from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum, Cymbopogon winterianus, Mentha arvensis respectively through Clevenger apparatus and analysed by GC/MS. The isolates recovered from the clinical specimens were Staphylococcus species (28%), Streptococcus species (19%), Klebsiella species (22%), Pseudomonas species (14%), Proteus species (6%) and Bacillus species (11%). GC/ MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of basil oil (refractive index (ri)1.5065) were p-allylanisole (70.04%) and linalyl-acetate (22.53 %) while citronella oil (ri 1.4697) and Japanese mint oil (ri 1.4632) constituents were citronellal (31.84%), citronellyl acetate (17.24%), and menthol (65.23%), p-menthene-3-one (6.88 %), p-menthone (5.87%), respectively. The antimicrobial studies showed that the essential oils were effective against the isolates of URTI and their therapeutic use has a great potential.

4 tables, 10 ref

021567   Panneer D;Mukhopadhyay H K;Antony P X;Pillai R M (Microbiology Dep, Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Puducherry-605 008) : Comparison of diagnostic tests and antigenic typing of Canine parvovirus. Indian J Virol 2008, 19(2), 150-4.

Study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the efficacy of the diagnostic tests such as haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition tests, and dot-ELISA for Canine parvovirus (CPV). Ninety four faecal samples were collected from CPV suspected dogs in and around Puducherry. A total of 27 samples (28.7%) samples were found to be positive by haemagglutination test and subsequently confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition test. Totally 47 samples (50%) were detected positive by dot-ELISA. The occurrence of CPV infection in Puducherry was highest during the period from June to August and dogs below one year of age were predominantly affected. Antigenic characterization of 27 faecal samples using a panel of four monoclonal antibodies revealed 22 samples as CPV-2a and the remaining five as CPV-2b. Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic tests revealed higher sensitivity and lesser time requirement for dot-ELISA and hence can be used in the field for rapid diagnosis of CPV infection.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

021566   Navneet Kumar;Berry V (E.N.T. Dep, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab) : Allergic fungal sinusitis. JK Sci 2008, 10(1), 5-8.

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021565   Nande P;Vali S A (Post Graduate Teaching Department of Home Science, , Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University) : Anthropometric indices, body composition and aerobic work capacity of female players. Indian J Nutr Diet 2008, 45(7), 276-89.

12 table, 24 ref

021564   Murugan P;Pari L;Appa Rao C (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Email: paribalaji@gmail.com) : Effect of tetrahydrocurcumin on insulin receptor status in type 2 diabetic rats: studies on insulin binding to erythrocytes. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(1), 63-72.

Curcumin is the most active component of turmeric. It is believed that curcumin is a potent antioxidant and anti-infl ammatory agent. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is one of the major metabolites of curcumin, and exhibits many of the same physiological and pharmacological activities as curcumin and, in some systems, may exert greater antioxidant activity than curcumin. Using circulating erythrocytes as the cellular mode, the insulin-binding effect of THC and curcumin was investigated. Streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced male Wistar rats were used as the experimental models. THC (80 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally for 45 days. The effect of THC on blood glucose, plasma insulin and insulin binding to its receptor on the cell membrane of erythrocytes were studied. Mean specific binding of insulin was significantly lowered in diabetic rats with a decrease in plasma insulin. This was due to a significant decrease in mean insulin receptors. Erythrocytes from diabetic rats showed a decreased ability for insulin-receptor binding when compared with THC-treated diabetic rats. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the decrease in insulin binding was accounted for by a decrease in insulin receptor sites per cell, with erythrocytes of diabetic rats having less insulin receptor sites per cell than THC-treated rats. High affinity (K_d1), low affinity (K_d2) and kinetic analyses revealed an increase in the average receptor affinity of erythrocytes from THC-treated rats compared with those of diabetic rats. These results suggest that acute alteration of the insulin receptor on the membranes of erythrocytes occurred in diabetic rats. Treatment with THC significantly improved specific insulin binding to the receptors, with receptor numbers and affinity binding reaching near-normal levels. The study suggests the mechanism by which THC increases the number of total cellular insulin binding sites resulting in a significant increase in plasma insulin. The effect of THC is more prominent than that of curcumin.

6 illus, 51 ref

021563   Munshi S U;Hoque M M;Mondol M E A;Jalaluddin M;Tabassum S;Islam M N (Virology Dep, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka Cantonement, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: saifmunshi@yahoo.com) : HBV, HCV and syphilis co-infections in Human immunodeficiency virus positive Bangladeshi patients: observation at two reference laboratories. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(3), 282-3.

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021562   Martino A (Unit of Cellular Immunology "Fabrizio Poccia", National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS-Rome, Italy, Email: martino@inmi.it) : Mycobacteria and innate cells: critical encounter for immunogenicity. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(1), 137-44.

Protective immunity against mycobacterial infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by interactions between specific T cells and activated macrophages. Many aspects of mycobacterial immunity have shown that innate cells are the key elements that substantially influence the subsequent adaptive host response. During the early phases of infection, phagocytic cells and innate lymphocyte subsets play a pivotal role. Summarizes the findings of recent investigations on macrophages, dendritic cells and γδ T lymphocytes in the response to mycobacteria.

^iia1 illus, 53 ref

021561   Malik T;Singh P;Pant S;Neerja Kumar;Chauhan N (Microbiology Dep, Kanya Gurukul Mahaviyalaya, Jwalapur, Hardwar, Uttarakhand) : Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on pathogens associated with food borne infections. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2008, 30(3), 314-19.

Essential oils are the fragrant oils that are present in many plants. Hundreds of plants yield essential oils that are used as perfumes, food flavorings, medicines and as fragrant and antiseptic additives in many common products. In the present study the antimicrobial activity of five essential oils namely, basil, citronella, geranium, Japanese mint and lemongrass were determined on a number of bacterial (Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium) and fungal (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) pathogens associated with food borne infections. Analysis of oils by GC/MS showed that basil oil contained p-allylanisole and linalyl acetate as the principal components. The main components of citronella oil were citronellol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate and trans-gerenial. Geranium oil was dominated by β-citronellol, citronellyl formate, L-linalool and trans-geraniol. Japanese mint oil chiefly consisted of menthol and p-menthan-3-one While Trans-citral and β- citral were the main components of lemongrass oil. The antimicrobial activity of each of this oil was determined for different dilutions of oils: Neat, 1:2 and 1:4 by disc diffusion method and was measured as diameter of zone of inhibition. For determination of minimum inhibitory concentration, serial two fold dilutions of each essential oil were made, in broth, having 20% DMSO and Tween-20. All the essential oils significantly inhibited both bacterial and fungal pathogens. The lowest value of MIC were observed for basil and lemongrass oil for Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enteritidis respectively. Hence, these findings present a preliminary justification for use of these essential oils as alternatives to chemical preservatives and antibiotics so as to control the microbial contamination of food items.

2 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

021560   Luqman S;Ritesh Kumar;Srivastava S;Darokar M P;Lal R K;Bahl J R;Khanuja S P S (NO, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226 015, Email: s.luqman@cimap.res.in) : Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of aromatic grass khus (Vetiveria zizanioides). J med aromatic Pl Sci 2008, 30(3), 320-4.

Vetiveria zizanioides L (Nash. Family: Poaceae), a miracle grass widely cultivated in the tropical regions of the world, is the major source of vetiver oil, used in medicine, cosmetics, perfumery, making agarbattis, soaps, soft drinks, pan masala etc. Besides industrial applications, vetiver oil has beauty benefits and therapeutically, relaxes nervous system, relieving tension and stress. In this study, we investigated hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of vetiver root extracts of two genotypes namely KS 1 and Gulabi using deoxyribose degradation assay. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at different concentrations of extract (10 μg/mL to 250 μg/mL) both in presence and absence of ascorbic acid and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid was determined. It was observed that higher concentration of extract diminishes scavenging activity and promotes oxidant activity. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity among vetiver genotypes.

4 illus, 40 ref

021559   Lokeswari N;Jaya Raju K;Rao M N;Ayyanna C (Center for Biotechnology, Dep of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-53000, Email: lokeswarin@hotmail.com) : Production of gallic acid by submerged fermentation using free and immobilized Trichoderma viride cells. Int J chem Sci 2007, 5(2), 881-91.

Study on the production of gallic acid from tannin rich substrate that is Terminalia Chebula from Trichoderma viridi MTCC167 by submerged fermentation using free and immobilized cells has been carried out in the present work. The demand for gallic acid grew because of its wide spread use in tannery, photography, food and pharmaceutical industries. Aspergillus species are reported to be prolific producers of tannase, which constitutes a major source of enzymes used in tannery. The present, in industry is towards the use of enzymatic components effective at lower reacting levels. The use of gallic acid is expected to increase since its use is compensative for too effective synthesis of trimethoprim, propyl gallate pyrogallol etc. A few reports are available in the literature on the production of gallic acid through biotechnological routes. Because of the industrial and therapeutic importance of gallic acid, an isolate, with tannin hydrolysing capacity was selected for detailed studies and its activity was compared with Trichoderma viridi by submerged fermentation and immobilization methods. Examineú the efficiency of an enzyme tannase, produced by Trichoderma viride. This hydrolyses tannins to gallic acid and glucose. The amount of gallic acid produced is measured spectrophotometric ally and the immobilization of gallic acid by entrapment method are carried out. The highest yield of gallic acid and enzyme activity could be obtained from myrobalan by immobilization; the enzyme activity is increased, when compared to submerged fermentation. Hence, this immobilization by alginate method produces more yield of myrobalan tannins and at the same time, it is free from Pollution.

3 illus, 5 table, 9 ref

021558   Limaye A M;Asangani I;Kalyani T;Kondaiah P (Molecular Reproduction Dep, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560 012, , Email: paturu@mrdg.iisc.ernet.in) : Changes in gene expression following androgen receptor blockade is not equivalent to androgen ablation by castration in the rat ventral prostate. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(2), 209-20.

Involution of the rat ventral prostate and concomitant modulation of gene expression post-castration is a well documented phenomenon. While the rat castration model has been extensively used to study androgen regulation of gene expression in the ventral prostate, it is not clear whether all the gene expression changes post-castration are due to androgen depletion alone. To obtain insights into this, authors performed differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DD-RT-PCR) which resulted in the identification of castration and/or flutamide-regulated genes in the rat ventral prostate. These include clusterin, methionine adenosyl transferase IIα, and prostate-specific transcripts such as PBPC1BS, S100RVP and A7. While clusterin, PBPC1BS and methionine adenosyl transferase IIα are regulated by both castration and flutamide, S100 RVP and A7 are regulated by castration alone. Interestingly, authors show that flutamide, unlike castration, does not induce apoptosis in the rat ventral prostate epithelium, which could be an underlying cause for the differential effects of castration and flutamide treatment. Proposes that castration leads to enrichment and depletion of stromal and epithelial cell types, respectively, resulting in erroneous conclusions on some of the cell type-specific transcripts as being androgen regulated.

6 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

021557   Kavitha P G;Thomas G (Plant Molecular Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 014, Email: gtpulikunnel@yahoo.com) : Defence transcriptome profiling of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith by mRNA differential display. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(1), 81-90.

Soft rot is a serious disease in ginger (Zingiber offi cinale Roscoe), imposing a considerable economic loss annuallycin all ginger-producing countries. In the study, mRNA differential display was employed to identify genes whose expression was altered in a soft rot-resistant accession of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, a wild relative of ginger, in response to Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp., which is the principal causative agent of soft-rot disease in ginger. Analysis using 68 primer combinations identified 70 differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs), of which 34 TDFs were selected for further analysis following reverse northern screening. Cloning and sequence characterization of the 34 TDFs yielded a total of 54 distinct clones. Functional categorization of these clones revealed seven categories, of which the defence/stress/signalling group was the largest, with clones homologous to genes known to be actively involved in various pathogenesis-related functions in other plant species. The significance of these genes in relation to the resistance response in Z. zerumbet is discussed. The study has provided a pool of candidate genes for detailed molecular dissection of the defence mechanisms in Z. zerumbet and for accessing wild genetic resources for the transgenic improvement of ginger.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

021556   Katke M;Balikai R A (NO, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005) : Comparative biology of grape mealy bug, Maconfllicoccus hirsutus (Green) on sprouted potato during winter and summer. Indian J Ent 2008, 70(4), 395-7.

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021555   Katara G;Hemvani N;Shitnis S;Shitnis V; Chitnis D S (Microbiology and Immunology Dep, , Choithram Hospital and Research Centre, Manik Bagh Road, Indore-452 014, Email: ds_hitnis@rediffmail.com) : Surface disinfection by exposure to germicidal UV light. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(3), 241-2.

Study was aimed to design a simple model to check efficacy of germicidal UV tube, to standardise the position, distance and time for UV light and also to find out its efficacy against medically important bacteria, the bacterial spores and fungi. The microbial cultures tested included gram positive and gram negative bacteria, bacterial spores and fungal spores. The microbes streaked on solid media were exposed to UV light. The inactivation of the order of four logs was observed for bacteria. UV light can have efficient inactivation of bacteria up to a distance of eight feet on either side and exposure time of 30 minutes is adequate.

5 ref

021554   Kannangai R;Kandathil A J;Ebenezer D L; Nithyanandam G;Samuel P;Abraham O C;Sudarsanam T D;Pulimood S A; Sridharan G (Clinical Virology Dep, Chiristian Medical College, Vellore-632 004, Email: rajeshkannangai@hotmail.com) : Evidence for lower CD4<. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(3), 217-21.

South Indian population had lower CD4 counts. The aim of this study was to investigate a previous suggestion on a new CD4⁺ T cell cut off and association with HIV-1 RNA levels for decision on anti retroviral therapy in India (south). Evaluated a new methodology i.e., artus real-time PCR and CD4⁺ T cell count by Guava EasyCD4^(tm) system. From 146 HIV infected individuals seen at a tertiary care centre, blood was collected for CD4⁺ T cell and HIV-1 RNA estimation. The receiver operating characteristic curve cut off value for the CD4 counts to distinguish between CDC clinical categories A and B was 243 cells/μL, and to distinguish B and C was 153 cells/μL. The RNA level that differentiated CDC A and B was 327473 RNA copies/mL, while for CDC B and C was 688543 copies/mL. There was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.55, P < 0.01) between the RNA estimated and CD4⁺ T cell counts in HIV infected individuals. A majority with CD4 counts of 201-350 cells/μL in our population had higher viral load than the treatment threshold suggested by the International AIDS society and the above two methodologies are useful in monitoring HIV infections.

4 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

021553   Kai S;Vanathi M;Vengayil S;Panda A (Dr. R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sicences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029, Email: sanju322@yahoo.com) : Viscoexpression of large free floating cysticercus cyst from the anterior chamber of the eye by double incision technique. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(3), 277-9.

Describe a case of 16-year-old girl who reported with diminution of vision in left eye for past seven months with appearance of white reflex. Slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed the presence of a live grayish white cyst in the anterior chamber. The ultrabiomicroscopic evaluation revealed a large live Cysticercus cellulosae cyst in anterior chamber. The CT-scan of the brain revealed multiple non-contrast enhanced lesions with calcification in brain parenchyma. The patient was started on oral prednisolone and oral albendazole. The cyst was removed in toto from the eye by double incision technique. The patient achieved visual acuity of 6/12 post-operatively.

^ccr3 illus, 7 ref

021552   Joy J;Nair C K K (NO, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar PO, Thrissur-680 555) : Radiation protection by Holarrhena antidysenterica wall: protection of DNA in vitro and in vivo against radiation. Amala Res Bull 2008, 28 Dec, 33-9.

Ionizing radiation induces deleterious effects to living organisms. DNA is main target for radiation inactivation in the biological system. Gamma radiation induces strand breaks in plasmid pBR322. Holarrhena antidysenterica extract protected plasmid DNA from radiation-induced strand breaks, as the disappearance of super coiled (ccc) form was prevented by the presence of extract. Studies of comet assay on human peripheral blood leukocytes exposed to gamma radiation in the presence and absence of extract ex vivo revealed that this extract protected the cellular DNA from radiation induced strand breaks. The administration of the extract also protected the whole body irradiated mice (4 Gy) from radiation induced damages as can be evidenced from the comet parameters such as % DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment and olive tail moment of murine tissues such as blood, bone marrow and spleen.

6 illus, 12 ref

021551   Joseph I;Paul Raj R;Bhatnagar D (NO, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North P.O., Cochin-682 018, Email: imeldajoseph@rediffmail.com) : Effect of solid state fermentation on nutrient composition of selected feed ingredients. Indian J Fish 2008, 55(4), 327-32.

Solid-state cultivation of the fungus Aspergillus niger and the bacterium Bacillus coagulans was earned out to enrich the nutritional value of plant ingredients like soybean meal, mixed ingredients and wheat bran to use as aquafeed ingredients. Fermentation of soybean meal (FSBM) using B. coagulans for 48 h resulted in significant (p<0.05) increase in the crude protein content (@ 3 to 7%) with concurrent decrease in nitrogen free extract (NFE) (11 to 16 %). Among the essential amino acids, valine (7%), isoleucine (2%), leucine (2%), lysine (93%) and tryptophan (42%) showed substantial increases in FSBM after 48 h. Solid state fermentation (SSF) of ingredient mix using A. niger NCIM 616 resulted in initial reduction of crude protein content during the first 48 h followed by significant (p<0.05) increase of 4 to 14% during the course of fermentation. The crude fat content showed a 35% increase in 96 h. Nitrogen free extract though increased marginally (4%) at 48 h showed significant reduction (17%) at 96 h. A marginal increase in arginine, valine and methionine levels were also observed in the fermented ingredient mix (FIM). Solid state fermentation of wheat bran using A. niger S₁4 (a mangrove isolate) had resulted in substantial increase in crude protein level (57 to 66%) as compared to that of raw wheat bran. The carbohydrate content in wheat bran showed substantial reduction (75 to 39%) during the course of fermentation. Essential amino acids like, histidine, threonine, valine, isoleucine and lysine showed increase during SSF. The results of the present study show that B. coagulans and the selected strains of A. niger can be used for nutritional enrichment of plant ingredients for further use in aquafeed formulations.

7 tables, 28 ref

021550   Jini J;Sony P W;Sudheesh N P (Microbiology Dep, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar PO, Thrissur-680 555) : Radioprotective effect of cultured mycelia of oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju. Amala Res Bull 2008, 28 Dec, 69-73.

Ionizing radiation causes several deleterious structural changes in essential macromolecules. Radiation induced free radical impair antioxidant defense mechanism, leading to increased membrane lipid peroxidation,which results in damage of membrane bound enzyme. Deals with radioprotective effect of cultured mycelium of I'kiimtus sajor-caju.Seventy percent ethanolic extract of P.sajor-caju culture mycelium was used for the study.Mushroom extract was evaluated for their in vitro lipid peroxidation and various in vivo antioxidant parameters such as GSH, GPx and SOD on lst, 5th and 9th day after radiation exposure. The extract showed significant in vitro lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity. In addition activity of GSH and other antioxidant enzymes such as GPx and SOD was returned to normal level on 9th day after treatment. This reveals significant protective effect of this mushroom extract against a ray induced radiation damage.

5 illus, 19 ref

021549   Jawahar Abraham T;Shanmugam S A;Dhevendaran K;Palaniappan R (Aquatic Biology and Fisheries Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram-695 007, Email: abrahamtj@vsnl.net) : Luminous bacterial flora of penaeid shrimps and their environs in semi-intensive culture systems. Indian J Fish 2008, 55(4), 311-16.

The association and species composition of luminous bacteria in semi-intensive grown penaeid shrimp of both seawater and 'brackishwater fed shrimp culture systems were studied. Luminous bacterial counts of pond water, pond sediment and shrimp increased with days of culture in both systems. Although the proportion of luminous bacteria in the total viable population increased in all the samples, the quantum and rate of increase were comparatively low in brackishwater shrimp pond samples A salinity dependant distribution of luminous bacteria was observed in brackishwater ponds. Quantitatively, five species of luminous bacteria, viz., Photobacterium leiognathi. Vibrio fischeri, V. harveyi, V. orientalis, and V. splendidiis biotype 1 were encountered in seawater fed ponds. Vibrio harveyi was the dominant species, comprising about 80.00-92.30% of the total luminous population. Photobacterium leiognathi and V. fischeri were absent in sediment samples. In brackishwater ponds, P. leiognathi, V. harveyi and V. splendidus biotype 1 were isolated, only in water samples, with the dominance of V. harveyi. Sediment samples had V. harveyi alone; while in shrimp, P. leiognathi was absent. The results in general revealed that the luminous bacteria are part of the autochthonous flora of the eutrophic shrimp farm environment as in marine environment, which increased with period of culture.

5 tables, 21 ref

021548   Jagadish B H;Saxena M K (Animal Biotechnology Centre, Veternary Biochemistry Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant Univ of Agricultu, Pantnagar-263 145) : Solmonella typhimurium invasion induces apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblast. Curr Sci 2008, 95(4), 512-14.

Salmonella Typhimurium induces apoptosis in macro-jphages and intestinal epithelial cells. In the study reports at it induces apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF), by a scatter experiment using flow cytometry. Finding makes CEF the best model for molecular analysis of apoptosis induced by Salmonella, since culture and handling of CEF is more convenient than any other specialized cells.

1 illus, 15 ref

021547   Ishwarpreet Kaur;Kaul Madhu (Dep of Microbiology, Govt Home Science college, Sector-10, Chandigarh) : Microbiological study on the mung and chana sprouts grown in the laboratory and sprouts retailed in shops of Chandigarh. Indian J Nutr Diet 2008, 45(7), 290-7.

5 table, 12 ref

021546   Gupta V;Khadgawat R;Saraswathy K N;Sachdeva M P (Biochemical and Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Anthropology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: udaiig@gmail.com) : Submicroscopic structural variations: a de novo tool for molecular anthropogenetics. Curr Sci 2008, 95(4), 465-8.

In the quest for better genomic coverage and the need for a complete spectrum of genetic variability of complex human phenotypes, the role of larger variations, i.e. copy number variations (CNVs) excites medical geneticists and molecular anthropologists. CNVs are the technological 'missing link' filling the gap between the limits of sequence variation detection and traditional cytogenetic variation analysis. These variations are generally termed as structural variations, which includes microscopic or submicroscopic segments of DNA larger than 1 kb in size. Molecular anthropoge-neticists must utilize this new tool for studying population structure defined in terms of genome diversity and hence must contribute with their efforts in the exploitation of genetic architecture of complex disorders.

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021545   Gopakumar G;Viji M O;Nair C K K (Radiation Biology Dep, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555) : Radiosensitization of murine tumor (Dalton's lymphoma ascites) cells with iron oxide-sanazole (Fe₃O₄-AK-2123) nanoparticle complex. Amala Res Bull 2008, 28 Dec, 105-10.

The hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, AK-2123), [(/V-2'-methoxy ethyl)-2-(3"-nitro-l"-triazolyl)acetamide], was complexed with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, its cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing property in Dalton's Lymphoma Asdics cells were checked. The Fe₃O₄-AK 2123 nanoparticle complex synergistically enhanced the radiosensitivity of the tumor cells and there was enhancement in radiation-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity.

7 illus, 25 ref

021544   Geethanjali K K;Subhadra M;Rana K C (Food Dep, Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Home Science, Nirmala Niketan, 49. New Marine Lines, Mumbai-20) : Body composition, haematological status and aerobic capacity of competitive Indian sportsmen. Indian J Nutr Diet 2008, 45(9), 379-87.

The study indicates that the stature and body weight of the sportsmen was in the acceptable range suitable to the sport. Sportsmen depicted a remarkably higher per cent body fat in comparison to the desirable range and values observed in world-class athletes. Marginal difference in body composition among sportsmen from diverse sports was observed. Higher per cent body fat and poor lean mass appears to be a peculiar characteristic of Indian population. A similar trend observed even among exercising athletes is a cause for concern. VO₂ max of sportsmen showed a sports specific variation. Comparison with international athletes indicated poor aerobic capacity in Indian athletes. This could be ascribed to the poor lean body mass and training status. Thus, it may be concluded that Indian sportsmen need to improve their body composition and aerobic capacity to compete with international athletes. This can be attained by increased participation in physical activity, methodical exercise training and nutrition intervention right from young age.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

021543   Eleni S;Dimitrios K;Vaya P;Areti M;Norma V; Magdalini G (Pediatrics Dep, Aristotle Univ of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece, Email: elenisekerli@yahoo.gr) : Angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene and I/D polymorphism distribution in the greek population and a comparison with other European populations. J Genet 2008, 87(1), 91-3.

^ssc1 table, 20 ref

021542   Choudhary N;Kapoor H C;Lodha M L (Genetics Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: mll_bio@yahoo.co.in) : Cloning and expression of antiviral ribosome-inactivating protein from Bougainvillea xbuttiana. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(1), 91-101.

Full-length cDNA encoding ribosome-inactivating/antiviral protein (RIP/AVP) from the leaves of Bougainvillea xbuttiana was isolated. The cDNA consisted of 1364 nucleotides with an open reading frame (ORF) of 960 nucleotides encoding a 35.49 kDa protein of 319 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence has a putative active domain conserved in RIPs/AVPs and shows a varying phylogenetic relationship to the RIPs from other plant species. The deduced protein has been designated BBAP1 (Bougainvillea xbuttiana antiviral protein1). The ORF was cloned into an expression vector and expressed in E. coli as a fusion protein of ~78 kDa. The cleaved and purified recombinant BBAP1 exhibited ribosome-inhibiting rRNA N-glycosidase activity, and imparted a high level of resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

7 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

021541   Calisto V;Aparecida Fuzinatto V;Message H J; Mendes-Bonato A B;Boldrini K R;Pagliarini M S;Valle C B D (Cell Biology and Genetics Dep, State Univ of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil) : Desynapsis and precocious cytokinesis in Brachiaria humidicola (Poaceae) compromise meiotic division. J Genet 2008, 87(1), 27-31.

The forage grass species Brachiaria humidicola is native to African savannas. Owing to its good adaptation to poorly drained and infertile acid soils, it has achieved wide utilization for pastures in Brazilian farms. Among the 55 accessions of B. humidicola analysed from the Embrapa Beef Cattle collection, one (H022), presented desynapsis and an abnormal pattern of cytokinesis in the first meiotic division. Among 28 inflorescences analysed in this accession, 12 were affected by the anomaly. In affected meiocytes, the first cytokinesis occurred in metaphase I and was generally perpendicular to a wide-metaphase plate, dividing the genome into two parts with an equal or unequal number of chromosomes. The normal cytokinesis after telophase I did not occur, and the meiocytes entered metaphase II, progressing to the end of meiosis with the occurrence of the second cytokinesis. As the first cytokinesis occurred precociously, whereas the second was normal, tetrads were formed but with unbalanced chromosome numbers in microspores. Abnormal cytokinesis occurred only in those meiocytes that underwent desynapsis after diakinesis. The implications of this abnormality in the Brachiaria breeding programme are discussed.

1 illus, 33 ref

021540   Behera B;Mathur P;Das A;Kapil A;Sharma V (Jai Prakash Narain Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029, Email: purvamathur@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of four different phenotypic techniques for detection of metallo-β-Lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(3), 233-7.

Study was undertaken to detect metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) in nosocomial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by four different phenotypic methods. Ninety-one consecutive P. aeruginosa isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing by disc-diffusion assay and Vitek 2. Imipenem resistance was determined by three different methods (disc-diffusion, Vitek 2 and E test). Screening for MBL production was done by imipenem-EDTA combined disc test, imipenem-EDTA double-disc synergy test, imipenem-EDTA MBL E test and EDTA disc potentiation using four cephalosporins. Of 63 imipenem resistant isolates, MBL screening could be done in 56 isolates, of which 48 were MBL positive by combined disc test and 36 by the double disc synergy test. For confirmation of MBL production, MBL E test was done in 30 isolates. All the 30 isolates were confirmed to be MBL positive by the MBL E test method. EDTA disc potentiation using four cephalosporins was not very useful for MBL detection. Imipenem-EDTA combined disc test and imipenem-EDTA MBL L test are equally effective for MBL, detection, but given the cost-constraints, combined disc test can be used as a convenient screening method in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

4 illus, 21 ref

021539   Behbahani A Behzad;et al. (School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, Shiraz Univ of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Email: behbahani_2000@yahoo.com) : Incidence of human herpes virus-6 and human cytomegalovirus infections in donated bone marrow and umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. Indian J med Microbiol 2008, 26(3), 252-5.

Study examined the incidence of human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections that are potentially transmitted to haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) transplant recipients via bone marrow (BM) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Bone marrow progenitor cells were collected from 30 allogenic BM donors. UCB HSC were collected from 34 subjects. The extracted DNA was then processed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) technique. HCMV and HHV-6 serological status were determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nested PCR identified HCMV in 22 (73%) of 30 samples of BM progenitor cells but in only eight (23.5%) of 34 samples of UBC HSC (P = 0.001). HHV-6 DNA was detected in 11 (36.6%) of 30 BM progenitor cells and in only one (2.9%) of 34 UBC cells (P = 0.002). Both HHV-6 and HCMV infections were determined in nine (26.5%) of 34 bone marrow samples. The results indicate that, the risk of HCMV and HHV-6 via BM progenitor cells is higher than transmission by UCB cells (P = 0.04).

^ssc1 table, 13 ref

021538   Baysal E;et al (Otolaryngology Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi Univ, TR-06510 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey, Email: bayazity@yahoo.com) : GJB2 and mitochondrial A1555G gene mutations in nonsyndromic profound hearing loss and carrier frequencies in healthy individuals. J Genet 2008, 87(1), 53-7.

This study aimed to assess mutations in GJB2 gene (connexin 26), as well as A1555G mitochondrial mutation in both the patients with profound genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss and healthy controls. Ninety-five patients with profound hearing loss (>90dB) and 67 healthy controls were included. All patients had genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss. Molecular analyses were performed for connexin 26 (35delG, M34T, L90P, R184P, delE120, 167delT, 235delC and IVS1+1 A → G) mutations, and for mitochondrial A1555G mutation. Twenty-two connexin 26 mutations were found in 14.7% of the patients, which were 35delG, R184P, dell 20E and IVS1 + 1 A → G. Mitochondrial A1555G mutation was not encountered. The most common GJB2 gene mutation was 35delG, which was followed by dell 20E, IVS1 + 1 A → G and R184P, and 14.3% of the patients segregated with DFNB1. In consanguineous marriages, the most common mutation was 35delG. The carrier frequency for 35delG mutation was 1.4% in the controls. 35delG and dell20E populations, seems the most common connexin 26 mutations that cause genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss in this country. Nonsyndromic hearing loss mostly shows DFNB1 form of segregation.

3 tables, 30 ref

021537   Aynalem S;Bekele A;Getahun A (Biology Dep, Addis Ababa Univ, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Email: afeworkbekele@hotmail.com) : Species diversity, distribution, relative abundance and habitat association of the avian fauna of modified habitat of Bahir Dar island and Debre Mariasm island, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(3), 259-67.

The study was carried out along the southern shore of Bahir Dar gulf (Lake Tana) and Debre Mariam Island from August 2006 to March 2007, covering both wet and dry seasons. Sampling sites were stratified based on the vegetation type and area cover. Point count technique was employed. A total of 154 bird species consisting of three endemic, two globally threatened, and 33 Palaearctic migrants were identified. The species diversity index and evenness of habitats during the entire season of the study periods revealed that Debre Mariam Island had the highest species diversity and evenness, 0.94 and 0.88, respectively. The relative abundance score of each species was variable. The number of species recorded in the modified habitat of Bahir Dar during the wet and dry seasons was 74 and 107; and in Debre Mariam Island 28 and 33, respectively. The mean number of species in the wetland vegetation stratum was (7.50), followed by papyrus bed (5.67), garden (5.57), trees and woodlands (5.00), and fruit trees (4.00). Chi-square test for the wet season showed that the association of birds with the vegetation stratum was not statistically significant (P>0.05, chi-square =5.846, df =8, n= 26). But, during the dry season, it was significant (p< 0.01, chi-square =33, df =11, n= 51). Deforestation, cultivation and pollution were the main threats for the survival of bird fauna in the area.

2 illus, 4 tables, 44 ref

021536   Annie-Jeyachristy S;Arumugam G;Rajagopal S (Biochemistry Dep, Bharathi Women's College, Chennai-600 108, Email: geethav21@yahoo.co.in) : Changes in the level of cytosolic calcium, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase activity during platelet aggregation: an in vitro study in platelets from normal subjects and those with cirrhosis. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(1), 45-33.

Variceal bleeding due to abnormal platelet function is a well-known complication of cirrhosis. Nitric oxide-related stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. In the investigation, evaluated the level of platelet aggregation and concomitant changes in the level of platelet cytosolic calcium (Ca²⁺), nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) activity in liver cirrhosis. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the production of NO by NOS and level of cytosolic Ca²⁺ influence the aggregation of platelets in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Agonist-induced aggregation and the simultaneous changes in the level of cytosolic Ca²⁺, NO and NOS were monitored in platelets of patients with cirrhosis. Platelet aggregation was also measured in the presence of the eNOS inhibitor, diphenylene iodinium chloride (DIC). The level of agonist-induced platelet aggregation was significantly low in the platelets of patients with cirrhosis compared with that in platelets from normal subjects. During the course of platelet aggregation, concomitant elevation in the level of cytosolic Ca²⁺ was observed in normal samples, whereas the elevation was not significant in platelets of patients with cirrhosis. A parallel increase was observed in the levels of NO and NOS activity. In the presence of the eNOS inhibitor, platelet aggregation was enhanced and accompanied by an elevated calcium level. The inhibition of platelet aggregation in liver cirrhosis might be partly due to greater NO formation by eNOS. Defective Ca²⁺ release from the internal stores to the cytosol may account for inhibition of aggregation of platelets in cirrhosis. The NO-related defective aggregation of platelets in patients with cirrhosis found in the study is of clinical importance, and the underlying mechanism of such changes suggests a possible therapeutic strategy with cell-specific NO blockers.

5 illus, 3 tables, 45 ref

021535   Adamowski E D V;Pagliarini M S;Valle C B D (Cell Biology and Genetics Dep, State Univ of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringa PR, Brazil, Email: mspagliarini@uem.br) : Meiotic behaviour in three interspecific three-way hybrids between Brachiaria ruziziensis and B. brizantha (Poaceae: paniceae). J Genet 2008, 87(1), 33-8.

The meiotic behaviour of three three-way interspecific promising hybrids (H17, H27, and H34) was evaluated. These hybrids resulted from the crosses between B. ruziziensis x B. brizantha and crossed to another B. brizantha. Two half-sib hybrids (H27 and H34) presented an aneuploid chromosome number (2n = 4x = 33), whereas hybrid H17 was a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36), as expected. Chromosome paired predominantly as multivalents suggesting that genetic recombination and introgression of specific target genes from B. brizantha into B. ruziziensis can be expected. Arrangement of parental genomes in distinct metaphase plates was observed in H27 and H34, which have different male genitors. Hybrids H17 and H34 have the same male genitor, but did not display this abnormality. In H17, abnormalities were more frequent from anaphase II, when many laggard chromosomes appeared, suggesting that each genome presented a different genetic control for meiotic phase timing. Despite the phylogenetic proximity among these two species, these three hybrids presented a high frequency of meiotic abnormalities, mainly those related to irregular chromosome segregation typical of polyploids, H34, 69.1%; H27, 56.1% and H17, 44.9%. From the accumulated results obtained through cytological studies in Brachiaria hybrids, it is evident that cytogenetical analysis is of prime importance in determining which genotypes can continue in the process of cultivar development and which can be successfully used in the breeding. Hybrids with high frequency of meiotic abnormalities can seriously compromise seed production, a key trait in assuring adoption of a new apomictic cultivar of Brachiaria for pasture formation.

1 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

020683   Yulia E;Shipton W A;Coventry R J (Faculty of Science, Mission College, PO Box 4, Muak Lek, Saraburi 18180, Thailand, Email: wshipton@missioncollege.edu) : Antifungal activity of selected aromatic and volatile oils and plant extracts on putative plant pathogens. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2008, 30(4), 389-98.

A range of aromatic and volatile plant oils (0.1 - 3% concentration) were shown to inhibit spore germination of putative pathogens isolated from black pepper, cinnamon and turmeric. Cinnamon and clove bark and leaf oils were more efficient inhibitors than the synthetic fungicide Amistar TM used at recommended field concentrations. Cinnamon oils were usually completely inhibitory of spore germination at low concentrations. Garlic oil completely inhibited Phoma, but was less effective on all other fungal species. Oils of lemon grass leaf, lesser galangal rhizome, cardamom seed, and lemon myrtle leaf restricted spore germination at relatively high concentrations (0.5-1%). Lemongrass leaf oil completely inhibited spore germination of Pestalotiopsis cf. versicolor isolated from cinnamon leaves at all concentrations tested. Extracts from galangal rhizomes and cardamom leaves inhibited spore germination. Ethanol extracts had a greater ability to inhibit spore germination than corresponding water extracts. Ethanol extracts from galangal stem and cinnamon bark were particularly inhibitory. Meanwhile, cinnamon bark extract tended to inhibit both putative pathogens and saprophytic fungi but it was less efficient on Pestalotiopsis sp. isolated from cinnamon leaves.

3 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

020682   Yashowardhana;Bansal G;Sharma L;Sharma S;Khan S (Chemistry Dep, D.N. (P.G.) College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Diazinon induced hepatotoxic anomalies in albino rats (Rattus norvigicus). Acta Cienc Indica-Chem 2008, 34(1), 49-52.

Diazinon is a most commonly used house hold pesticide in form of spray to kill cockroaches, mosquitos and housefly etc. The symptoms associated with Diazinon Poisoning in human include weakness, headache, bluring of vision and tightness in the chest salivation, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrohea, abdominal cramps and slurred speech. Rats when exposed to 5 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/days dose of Diazinon for a short period showed marked changes in the Biochemical parameters like Bilirubin, GOT, GPT, LDH increased significantly while Protein Sugar Acid Phosphatase and Alkaline Phosphatase significantly inherited. The aforesaid observation indicates that the pesticide causes considerable damage to liver and kidneys even if its intake is very low in quantity.

16 ref

020681   Verma N;Ashwani Kumar;Saggoo M I S;Gurpreet Kaur;Maninder Singh;Vipin Kumar;Uttam Kumar (Biotechnology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002) : Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of crude extract of tribulus terrestris fruits; a known medicinal weed. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(1), 155-8.

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and since the beginning of the man. Thus India has a great wealth of traditional knowledge and wealth for Ayurveda. Keep in view study was performed on Tribulus terrestris, which has various traditional medicinal applications. Phytochemical analysis of Tribulus terrestris gave positive results for carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids. The crude methanol extracts showed growth inhibitory effects on antimicrobial activity against Salmonella and E. coli and no microbial activity was observed for Bacillus badius, Lacto bacillus Plantarum and Lactococcus lactus. The zone of inhibition of these 6 extracts for Salmonella is 0.7-1.0 and 1.0-1.9 for E.coli.

3 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

020680   Veenus Singh;Garima Singh;Singh R P;Singh D V (Botany Dep, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi-221 002) : Occurrence of cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) on alkaline/saline 'Usar' soil of Varanasi. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(1), 27-30.

The vast areas of 'usar' Lands occurring in Uttar Pradesh are found with varying degrees of salinity and alkalinity. Salinity is responsible for major crop losses every year. It is very well known that the 'Usar' development takes place in the soil with the gradual sodiomization and on further degradation attacks the exchange complex of the soil. Such soil are characterized by extreme hardness and presence of undesirable salts (Nad) on the surface, affect adversely the plant growth. In recent years, cyanobacteria have been studied to understand their level of halotolerence and physiological response to salinity. Salinity is known to affect photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. In respect to their role in the reclamation of 'Usar' Lands, the salinity inhabiting cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) are of the special academic and applied interest. Keeping above views in mind we surveyed and studied different wastelands ('Usar' Lands) of Varanasi district, namely villages-Amra, Ahirana and Tarna for studying the cyanobacterial biodiversity. These 'Usar' Lands mainly comprises filamentous, heterocystous and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria such as - Calothrix marchica, C.davatoid, C. castelli and C.elekinii, Anabaena sp and Microcoleus sp. A few nonheterocystous and filamentous Blue-green algal like Lyngbya sp has been isolated and identified. After the first few shower of the rainy season in the last week of June or beginning of the July the first algae appear is Microcoleus sps in patches on 'Usar' Land.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

020679   Surya Kirani K R L (Microbiology Dep, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada-533 001) : In-vitro antibacterial activity of Stevia rebaudiana. Antiseptic 2009, 106(1), 43-4.

The study is undertaken to assess the in-vitroantibacterial property of the liquid extract of Stevia rebaudiana. The colony forming ability of various standard strains and clinical isolates of common pathogenic bacteria causing wound infections were tested on pour plates of Nutrient agar containing 5%, 10% and 20% v/v of hot water extract of Stevia. All the organisms tested have grown in presence of 5% Stevia extract. There is total inhibition of growth of ATCC Staphylococcus aureus. CNS, Group A and B Streptococci, ATCC Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Cilrobacter in both 10% and 20% concentrations, where as there is only reduction in the number of colonies of Pseudomonas in 10% and more so in 20% concentrations.

1 table, 5 ref

020678   Singh S K;Pandey V D (Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery (CEMS), Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: vdpandey2@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of Hyoscyamus niger L. extracts for antibacterial activity. Pl Archs 2009, 9(1), 97-100.

Methanolic extracts of stem, leaves and seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. were evaluated for antibacterial activity employing Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. Methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds of the plant exhibited varying level of antibacterial activity, with MICs of300-950 ng/mL, against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The methanolic extract of seeds was found to be more active than that of leaves against all the test bacteria. The observed nature of antibacterial activity of extracts was bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the source of the extract, dose of the extract and test bacteria. S. aureus was found to be most sensitive and Ps. aeruginosa most resistant among test bacteria.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

020677   Shivalingaiah;Panduranga Murthy G;Chidananda Murthy G;Hosmani S P (P.G. Dep of Bio-Technology, J.S.S. College, Mysore-570 025) : Ecological study of temple tanks in Melukote, Karnataka, India. Adv Pl Sci 2009, 22(1), 185-90.

Ecology of two temple tanks i.e., Akkana Kola, (Tank-1, T-1) and Thangi Kola (Tank-2, T-2) of Melukote - A great historical religious hillock have been analysed at monthly intervals of one year with an aim to determine the physico-chemical and biological parameters respectively. The study reveals that, the pH and carbon dioxide vary inversely and a direct relation between calcium and carbon dioxide was noticed. As temperature increases the oxygen content was decreased and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are directly related. The raise in chloride content indicates that the water has become polluted. The BOD of both temple tanks (Tank 1 and Tank 2) is not too high and the oxygen content is also normal suggesting that, both are not generally polluted. The biological parameters like, Chlorococcales, Desmids, Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were poorly represented in the tanks (T₁ and T₂) except rainy season. But, Euglenaceae were represented as a mixed bloom and was not significantly represented. Microcystis aeruginosa formed a continuous bloom that occurred in abundance. In conclusion, the electrolytic composition of T₁ is low but it supports 95% of planktonic population while, that of T₂ is high but it supports 2% planktonic population. This shows T₁ is not protected and regulates the growth of algae. But T₂, is not disturbed and the electrolytic composition increases may be due to evaporation. Hence, T₁ is highly polluted or eutrophic while, T₂ is not very much polluted and is oligotrophic but, the electrolytic composition suggests that, the oligotrophic nature is tending to become eutrophic. Hence, it is suggested that devotees must be advised to use the water safely in all the seasons and both tanks must be guarded and protected to maintain clean environment.

5 tables, 18 ref

020676   Sharma R;Parashar N (NO, , 327/Sector9, Avas Vikas Colony, Sikandra-Bodla Road, Agra-282 007) : Biochemical changes due to salt stress. II. effect of NaCl on α-amylase enzyme activity, total and reducing sugar contents in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive wheat varienties at the early seedling stage. Pl Archs 2009, 9(1), 19-25.

The two wheat (Triticum aestivum L) varieties HD - 2160 and IWP -72 were subjected to salt stress under varying electrical conductivity levels (4, 8, 12 and 16 dsm^-1) created by sodium chloride application. Variety HD - 2160 tolerated the salt stress to a maximum and showed a good stand even at higher EC of 16 dsm. On the other hand, variety IWP - 72 showed higher sensitivity to salt stress and was observed to have a poor growth at this level. With this variation in salt tolerance the characteristic differences in the carbohydrate levels were also observed in the two varieties. Though, both the tolerant and sensitive varieties showed a decreasing activity of alpha-amylase, total and reducing sugar contents, increasing salinity levels brought about a higher inhibition in the sensitive variety. It was further observed that the tolerant variety showed more pronounced effect only after 12 EC whereas the sensitive variety showed more deleterious effect right from the beginning.

52 ref

020675   Senthil Amudhan M;Hazeena Begum V (Siddha Medicine Dep, Faculty of Science, Tamil Univ, Vakaiyur, Thanjavur-613 005) : Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and hypoglycemic activities of Areca catechu extract.. Pharmacog Mag 2008, 4(15), 223-7.

The purpose of study is to know that arecanut extract alpha-glycosidase inhibition could reduce intestinal absorption of monosaccharides by inhibiting disaccharide hydrolysis. The post prandial elevation in blood glucose level at 30 and 60 min after administration of maltose with ethanol arecanut extracts (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses) showed significant suppression compared to control group rats. These results suggest that the arecanut extract has potent a-glucosidase inhibitors and would be effective in suppression of elevation in blood glucose after oral administration of maltose to rats.

2 illus, 27 ref

020674   Satyavani S;Satyaprasad K (Botany Dep, College of Science Univ, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007) : In vitro solubilization of rock phosphate by Trichoderma spp.. Bioinfolet 2009, 6(2), 175-7.

Two species of Trichoderma viz., T. harzianum and T. aureoviride isolated from rhizosphere of pigeon pea promoted plant growth. To understand the role of Trichoderma in growth promotion, the ability of Trichoderma spp in solubilizing rock phosphate was tested in vitro. Culture filtrates of both species solubilized rock phosphate. T. harzianum was more effective than T. aureoviride in solubilizing phosphates and producing fungal biomass.

5 table, 7 ref

020673   Sannadurgappa D;Dharwadkar S N;Ravindranath N H (Centr for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, K.L.E.Society's S. Nijalingappa Collebge Rajajinagar, Bangalore) : Metabolism, uptake and elimination under the infulence of phenol toxicity in freshwater fish Lepidocephalichthys guntea. Bull envir Sci 2006, 24(2), 215-24.

Static renewal bioassay tests were conducted to determine the lethal toxicity of phenol found to be 25.0 mg/l in Lepidocephalichthys guntea. Fish were exposed to two sub lethal concentrations of phenol (2.5 and 5.0 mg/1) for 30 days. The effects of exposure have been studied on bioaccumulation and elimination of phenol from the kidney and biochemical parameters of liver gill and muscle at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 days. Statistically significant increase in phenol concentration was noted in all treated fish groups. Bioaccumulation and biochemical changes were dose and duration dependant. Recovery in fish after post exposure was observed after transferring these fish to normal tap water for 30 days. Elimination of phenol was noted though the concentration of phenol remained significantly higher than the control after 30 days of experiment. Longer the exposure time greater was the percentage reduction of organic matter of the fish exposed to sub lethal concentration of phenol. The total protein, total carbohydrate and total lipids in the tissues of liver, gill and muscle offish decreased greatly.

7 tables, 47 ref

020672   Rowshanul Habib M;Mohaimenul Islam M;Rezaul Karim M (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi-6205, Email: rezaplazad@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial activity of Amoora rohituk Roxb. stem. Pl Archs 2009, 9(1), 239-41.

The work was designed to study the antimicrobial property of Amoora rohituka stem bark against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The coarse powder material of Amoora rohituka stem bark was extracted successively with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane. Ethyl acetate extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli whereas dichloromethane extract have activity against Shigella sonnei, Shigella shiga and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both extracts showed moderate activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration assay by serial dilution method. Ethyl acetate (LC₅₀ 26.59 μg/ml) and dichloromethane (LC₅₀ 26.59 μg/ml) extract showed moderate cytotoxic activity against i Anemiasalina (brine shrimp nauplii).

3 tables, 21 ref

020671   Rodrigues F F G;Cabral B D S;Douglas H; Coutinho M;Cardoso A L H;Campos A R;Costa J G M D (Laboratorio de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, de Quimica Biologica De, Regional do Universidade, Cariri, Rua Cel. Antonio Luiz, 1161, CEP 63105-000. Crato - Ceara, Brazil, Email: galberto@urca.br) : Antiulcer and antimicrobial activities of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart.. Pharmacog Mag 2008, 4(15), 194-7.

The ethanolic extract of Stryphnodendron rotundifotium stem bark (EESR) was investigated for therapeutic properties using ethanol-induced ulceration in mice. Antimicrobial and preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract was also investigated. The extract (200-400 mg/kg p.o.) dose dependently reduced ethanol (0.2 mL/animal p.o.) - induced ulceration in mice. EESR showed antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species (Escherichia co//, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shisella flexineri, Staphylococcus epidermidis) but not against the fungi Aspergillus niger. The above results show that Stryphnodendron rotundifolium bark probably contains some active ingredients that could be developed for health problems as have been claimed by traditional popular use.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

020670   Razdan R;Imranulla;Amar Dev M J (Pharmacology Dep, Al Ameen College of Pharmacy, Lalbagh Road, Bangalore-560 027, Email: rrazdan2002@yahoo.com) : Preventive and curative effects of vedic guard against antitubercular dugs induced hepatic damage in rats. Pharmacog Mag 2008, 4(15), 182-8.

Vedic Guard, a polyherbal formulation in Ayurveda lias been investigated for its possible or claimed hepatoprotective potential. Anti-tuberculosis drugs caused an increase in the activity of serum diagnostic markers ASAT, ALAT, ALP and total bilirubin, and a decrease in total plasma protein. Hepatic liver peroxidation was enhanced and free radical scavenging enzyme levels of superoxide dismuase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were reduced. Administration of Vedic Guard simultaneously with anti-TB drugs for 45 days prevented the alterations induced by the anti-TB drugs in the markers of liver function test and markers of oxidative stress. Treatment with Vedic Guard for 20 days post 45 days administration of anti TB drugs reversed the damage caused by the toxicant. Improvement in the histoarchitecture of liver also supported the biochemical studies. In conclusion, Vedic Guard exhibited preventive and curative effects on the hepatotoxicity induced by anti-TB drugs in rats.

4 illus, 8 tables, 25 ref

020669   Parida M M (Virology Dep, Defence R & D Establishment, Gwalior-474 002, Email: paridamm@rediffmail.com) : Rapid and real-time detection technologies for emerging viruses of biomedical importance. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(4), 617-28.

The development of technologies with rapid and sensitive detection capabilities and increased throughput have become crucial for responding to greater number threats posed by emerging and re-emerging viruses in the recent past. The conventional identification methods require time-consuming culturing, and/or detection of antibodies, which are not very sensitive and specific. The recent advances in molecular biology techniques in the field of genomics and proteomics greatly facilitate the rapid identification with more accuracy. We have developed two real-time assays i.e., SYBR green 1 based real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection as well as typing of some of the emerging viruses of biomedical importance viz. dengue, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, west Nile, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS) etc. Both these techniques are capable of detection and differentiation as well as quantifying viral load with higher sensitivity, rapidity, specificity. One of the most important advantages of LAMP is its field applicability, without requirement of any sophisticated equipments. Both these assays have been extensively evaluated and validated with clinical samples of recent epidemics from different parts of India. The establishment of these real time molecular assays will certainly facilitate the rapid detection of viruses with high degree of precision and accuracy in future.

7 illus, 43 ref

020668   Pandey V D;Singh S K (Botany Dep, Government Post-Graduate College, Rishikesh-249 201, Email: vdpandey2@yahoo.co.in) : Antibacterial activity of freshwater cyanobacteria. Pl Archs 2009, 9(1), 477-80.

Screening of culture filtrates and solvent extracts of 13 species of laboratory-cultured freshwater cyanobacteria for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria led to the identification of three active species- Phormidium foveolarum, Oscillatoria formosa and Anabaena flos-aquae. The petroleum ether extract of P.foveolarum, the methanolic extract of O.formosa, and both culture filtrate and methanolic extract of A. flos-aquae exhibited varying degree of antibacterial activity in bacteriostatic manner. In general, Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria.

2 tables, 20 ref