022650   Wadekar R R;Agrawal S V;Tewari K M;Shinde R D;Mate S;Patil K (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, Pune, Email: raviraj_333@rediffmail.com) : Effect of Baliospermum montanum root extract on phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 111-13.

Studies-the effect of alcohol extract of roots of Baliospermum montanum on neutrophil phagocytic function. Different concentrations (25,50,100 mg/ml) of the extract of Baliospermum montanum roots were subjected to study its effect on different in-vitro models for phagocytosis such as neutrophil locomotion, chemotaxis, immunostimulant activity on killed Candida albicans and qualitative nitroblue tetrazolium test using human neutrophils. This preliminary study revealed that Baliospermum montanum extract stimulated the chemotactic, phagocytic and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils at the different concentrations. From the results obtained it can be observed that the alcohol extract of Baliospermum montanum stimulates cell-mediated immune system by increasing neutrophil function.

3 tables, 9 ref

022649   Vrchotova N;Sera B;Dadakova E (NO, Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology AS CR, Branisovska 31, CZ 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Email: nada@usbe.cas.cz) : Some phenolic compounds in Himalayan knotweed. J Indian Chem Soc 2008, 85(11), 1148-9.

The extracts from leaves, roots and flowers of Himalayan Knotweed (Persicaria polystachya (Meissner) H. Gross) were analysed by HPLC and CE (capillary electrophoresis). Catcchin, quercetin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin), quercetin-3-D-galactoside (hyperoside) were detected.

^ssc1 table, 24 ref

022648   Vidyavathi K;Harendrakumar M L;Lakshmana Kumar Y C (NO, , No. 1193, 1st Cross, 1st Main, P.C. Extension, Kolar, Karnataka, Email: vidyaraj74@rediffmail.com) : Correlation of endoscopic brush cytology with biopsy in diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal neoplasms. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(4), 489-92.

Neoplasms of upper gastrointestinal tract, especially malignancy, are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The advent of endoscopy has greatly facilitated the detection and diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions. Although it has been shown that the combined use of cytology and biopsy renders the highest probability of detecting malignancy, the merit of routine brush cytology has been questioned since it appears to duplicate biopsy. The study is undertaken to correlate the findings of brush cytology with tissue biopsy and the feasibility of the procedure as an adjunct in diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract neoplasms. Seventy-five patients with upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms were subjected to endoscopy in a period of two years. Brushing was done before the biopsy was taken from the suspected lesions and cytological findings were compared with that of biopsy. Of the 75 cases, brush cytology was positive for malignancy in 65 cases (86.66%) and biopsy was positive in 58 cases (77.33%); the sensitivity of the study was 98.03%. Thus, brush cytology is a useful adjunct to biopsy in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract malignancy. With the inclusion of a "suspicious" category in the reporting of the smears, malignancy can be detected early, and if possible, patient management can be altered.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

022647   Venkatesan T;Pooraniu J;Murthy K S;Jalali S K;Ashok Kumar G;Lalitha Y;Rajeshwari R (Project Directorate of Biological Control, , Post Bag No. 2491, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024, Email: chrysopal@yahoo.com) : Occurrence of Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica Henry et al. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), a cryptic song species of Chrysoperla (carnea-group), in India. J biol Control 2008, 22(1), 143-7.

The Chrysoperla species (carnea-group) widely used in India in augmentative biological control programmes was found to be Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica Henry et al. The acoustic profile of the mating song of this species was analyzed and found to match that of C. zastrowi arabica, the song species characterized earlier as 'Cc5 generator'. The correct taxonomic name for this species remains to be determined as it is morphologically identical to C. sillemi (Esben-Petersen), a species already known from India. Molecular characterization of the species was also done and the DNA sequence of the 1TS-2 region was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. DQ 825504, as that of C. sillemi). The implications of this finding are discussed.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

022646   Upadhyay R K;Ahmad S;Jaiswal G;Dwivedi P; Tripathi R (Zoology Dep, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: rkupad@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial effects of Cleome viscosa and Trigonella foenum graecum seed extracts. J Cell Tissue Res 2008, 8(2), 1355-60.

Antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts of Cleome viscosa and Trigonella foenum graecum seeds were evaluated against certain pathogenic strains of bacteria i.e. E. coli, B cereus, L. acidophilus and Pneumococcus. Initially the growth inhibitory activity was examined in agar disc and later on in suspension culture followed by biochemical estimations of DNA, RNA and protein in presence and absence of various seed extracts. The growth inhibition was calculated in form of MBC₅₀ (Median effective concentration) and MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) values in presence of each extract. The acetone, chloroform and diethyl ether extracts of Cleome viscosa have shown pronounced growth inhibition as their MBC₅₀ values have been found between i.e. 1.09-1.51μg/ml, 1.13-5.45μg/ml and 1.26-1.69 μg/ml against all the four bacterial strains while that of water extract have been found 1.66-4.10 μg/ml. In case of Trigonella foenum graecum, acetone and diethyl ether extracts have attributed significant growth inhibitory effects as their MBC₅₀ values obtained were 1.39-2.22 μg/ml, 1.84-2.36 μg/ml while chloroform (3.45-4.62 μg/ml) and water (4.12-5.33 μg/ml) extracts have shown less growth inhibition in comparison to tetracycline (0.53-2.13 μg/ml). These results are also compared with one positive control of standard antimicrobial drug tetracycline a well-known antibiotic at an equivalent concentration. Based on the above findings it can be concluded that used to plant extracts from both the plants are more potent antimicrobial agents and can successfully check the microbial infection caused by these bacterial strains in comparison to standard antimicrobial drugs.

3 tables, 10 ref

022645   Tiwari D K;Behari J;Sen P (NO, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: jbehari2000@yahoo.co.in) : Time and dose-dependent antimicrobial potential of Ag nanoparticles synthesized by top-down approach. Curr Sci 2008, 95(5), 647-55.

Silver nanoparticles are known to be good antibiotic agents. In this study, silver (Ag) nanoparticles (~6 nm) were synthesized using electro-exploding wire (EEW) technique. Antibacterial action of Ag nanoparticles was studied both in liquid and solid phase using colony-forming unit (CFU) detection. Time and dose-dependent study of Ag nanoparticles shows that the effectiveness of particles increases with increasing particle dose and treatment time. This effect was dose-dependent and more pronounced against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy result shows particle binding with bacterial cell membrane. Membrane potential assay and cytoplasm diffusion assay show the effectiveness of Ag nanoparticle used in this study.

18 illus, 33 ref

022644   Suthar S;Thul S;Kukreja A K;Ramawat K G (Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Technology, Botany Dep, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur-313 001, Email: kg_ramawat@yahoo.com) : RAPD markers reveal polymorphism in Commiphora wightii, and endangered medical tree. J Cell Tissue Res 2008, 8(2), 1477-80.

Set of 40 random primers was used to analyze different accessions of Commiphora wightii, an endangered medicinal tree. These accessions were collected from different localities of Rajasthan and Gujarat. A total of 79 reproducible bands were detected as amplified products upon PCR amplification, out of which 66 were polymorphic (83.5 %). Similarity indices ranged from 0.55 to 0.79 among different plants, based on RAPD data. The UPGMA dendrogram showed clustering of different plants into three subgroups based on similarity value. Guggulsterone content varied from 15μg/g to 36μg/g in different samples. Udaipur samples were selected for further work.

2 illus, 18 ref

022643   Sutar N G;Bonde C G;Patil V V;Narkhede S B; Patil A P;Kakade R T (NO, S.N.D. College of Pharmacy, Babhulaon, Tal-Yeola, Dist Nashik-423 401, Email: vikas312@rediffmail.com) : Analgesic activity of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam.. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 108-10.

Moringa oleifera Lam. Seed has been documented to posses antimicrobial and water purifying activities and also used in the treatment of gout, eye infections and in arthritis, The alcoholic extract of Leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. were reported to have analgesic activity but seed still not reported. The effect of alcoholic extract and its various fractions as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, Diethyl ether, n-Butanol were tested for qualitative analysis which contain glycosides, Flavonoids, tannins, amino acids (alpha-4rhamnoloxy benzyl isothiocynate). The extracts were also tested for their Analgesic activity was carried out by using Hotplate and Tail immersion method. Aspirin (25 mg/kg) was used as a standard.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

022642   Suseela Bhai R;Kumar A (NO, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu P.O., Calicut-673 012, Email: suseela@iisr.org) : Effect of rhizobacteria on Phytophthora meadii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae and Colletotrichum vanillae infecting vanilla. J biol Control 2008, 22(1), 33-41.

Rhizobacterial isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens (5 isolates), Enterobacter agglomerans (one isolate) and Bacillus spp. (14 isolates), were screened for growth promotion and against rot pathogens of vanilla such as Phytophthora meadii McRae, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae and Colletotrichum vanillae Massae. All the rhizobacterial isolates tested except Bacillus polymixa (isolate IISR909) and one Bacillus sp. (isolate IISR915 ) were inhibitory to P. meadii to an extent of 74 percent, while F. oxysporum was highly inhibited (91.0%) by Bacillus polymixa (isolate IISR909) in vitro. Bacillus sp. (IISR153) was highly inhibitory to C. vanillae with an inhibition of 77.8%. The maximum growth promotion in terms of shoot length (27cm) in vanilla was observed in plants treated with P. fluorescens (isolate IISR13). Different combination of isolates found promising as growth promoting such as P. fluorescens isolates (IISR6, IISR853) B. lentus (IISR906) B. polymixa (IISR909) E. agglomerans (IISR912), Bacillus spp. (isolates IISR910, IISR913, IISR914, IISR915 and IISR149 ) as well as suppressing the rot pathogens, viz., P. fluorescens (isolates IISR6, IISR51, IISR853), Bacillus spp. (isolates 1ISR147, IISR148 and IISR152), were tested against root rot of vanilla caused by F. oxysporum f. 3sp. vanillae. The consortia of rhizobacterial isolates, v/z.,1)- P. fluorescens isolates (IISR13, IISR51), Bacillus sp. (IISR152) and B. polymixa (IISR909); 2)- P. fluorescens isolates HSR13, IISR51), Bacillus sp isolates ( IISR148, IISR149, IISR152, HSR 907), B. polymixa (IISR909) and B. lentus (IISR 906 ); 3) P. fluorescens isolates (IISR6, IISR13, IISR51), Bacillus sp. isolates (11SR147, IISR151, IISR152, IISR153) and B. polymixa (IISR909); and 4) P. fluorescens isolates (IISR6, IISR51, IISR147, IISR148, IISR149 and IISR907) and B. lentus (1ISR906), gave significant disease reduction (88.22- 92.85%) when compared to control. However, among the four rhizobacterial consortia, 3 showed the maximum disease reduction of 92.9%.

1 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

022641   Suruse P B;Bodele S B;Duragkar N J;Kale M K (NO, Kamla Nehru College of Pharmacy, Borkhedi Gate, Butibori, Nagpur-441 108, Email: pravinsuruse@gmail.com) : Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of isolated compounds from Canarium strictum gum resin. J Cell Tissue Res 2008, 8(2), 1481-4.

Isolated compounds (compound A and B) from Canarium strictum Rox. (a member of Family Burseraceae) were investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities at a doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, body weight. The experimental procedures used were carrageenan induced pedal edema for anti-inflammatory activity and hot plate method for analgesic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition of 68% and 64% were noticed at the doses of 300 mg/kg after 3 h of treatment of compound A and compound B respectively. The compounds also exhibit significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity in hot plate reaction time in mice. The study exhibits that the compounds isolated from Canarium strictum gum resin possess both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.

3 tables, 14 ref

022640   Sufang S;Lingyun D (Chemistry and Environmental Science College, Hebei Univ, Baoding 071002, China, Email: sunsufang@hbu.edu.cn) : Novel method to prepare polyGMA and its application to immobilization of β-galactosidase. E J Chem 2009, 6(4), 1071-6.

The reactive, macroporous and massive epoxy group containing polyGMA was synthesized simultaneously with methanol aqueous solution and nano-calcium carbonate as porogen by bulk copolymerization. After the polymer was smashed, particles with diameters in the range of 0.30 to 0.45 mm were taken as the carrier and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were done to characterize its surface structure. Under the optimum conditions, J3-galactosidase was immobilized on the supporter obtained above and the enzyme activity bound per gram drier carrier could attained up to 77.33%, which was much higher than that bound on the carrier prepared by only using methanol aqueous solution as porogen. The conclusion obtained indicated that the ployGMA prepared concurrently with liquid and solid porogen was more suitable to immobilize enzyme because of the much more porous surface structure obtained.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

022639   Srikrishna L P;Vagdevi H M;Basavaraja B M; Vaidya V P (PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry Dep, Kuvempur Univ, Shankaraghatta-577 451, Email: vagdevihm@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antimicrobial and analgesic activities of Aporosa lindleyana (Euphorbiaceae) bark extract. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(3), 159-61.

The study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial and analgesic activities of pet ether, chloroform, methanol and water extracts of the bark ofAporosa lindleyana plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family. Antibacterial activity has been carried out using cup-plate method and reported in millimeters. All the extracts showed moderate to very good activity against bacteria Bacillus subtilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiellapneumonia, and compared with the standard drug Tetracycline. Antifungal activity has been studied on the organisms such as Pencilleum chrysozenous, Candida albicans, Aspergilus niger and Trichoderma vridar and compared with the standard drug Fluconazole. Analgesic activity has been carried out on Swiss albino male mice by abdominal constriction method. All the extracts showed moderate analgesic activity.

2 tables, 24 ref

022638   Sridhar Rao P N;Basavarajappa K G;Leela Krishna G (Microbiology Dep, JJM Medical College, Davangere-577 004, Email: mail@microrao.com) : Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase from clinical isolates in Davangere. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(4), 497-9.

Extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs) are enzymes that have the ability to hydrolyze oxyiminocephalosporins and infections by isolates producing them are often difficult to treat. A study to detect the presence of these enzymes in isolates was conducted by the hospital. A total of 207 non repetitive isolates were screened for resistance to any of five screening agents. Those with suspicious profiles were checked for ESBL production by double-disk approximation or a synergy test. The isolates were also subjected to a phenotypic confirmation test as recommended by CLSI (formerly NCCLS). Various cephalosporins-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations were also tested. Of the 204 (98.5%) screen-positive isolates, only 126 (61.7%) were identified as ESBL producers. Of these, 26.1% of the isolates were positive by using the double-disk synergy test (DDST) method alone, 13.4% were positive using the method recommended by CLSI, and 60.3% of the isolates were positive by both the DDST and CLSI methods. Also reports a high percentage of resistance to cefoxitin (96.8%) indicating changes in porins.

1 table, 19 ref

022637   Sivanesan D;Veera Thamarai Selvi A V; Bhakyaraj R;Arunachalam T (Biochemistry Dep, J.J. College Arts and Science, Pudukkottai-622 404, Email: snesan397@gmail.com) : Protective effect of Dodonaea viscosa (L) against lead acetate induced altered glycoprotein profiles i rats. E J Chem 2009, 6(3), 725-8.

The study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory effect of crude leaves of Dodonaea viscosa (L) on lead acetate induced synthesis of glycoproteins and sialic acid in liver and plasma. Enhanced synthesis of glycoproteins (protein - bound hexose and protein - bound hexosamine) and sialic acid levels were found in liver and plasma of the lead acetate poisoned rats. Administration of crude leaves of D.viscosa (100 mg/100 g body weight P.O.) effectively suppressed the synthesis of glycoproteins and sialic acid in liver and thereby controlling the concentration in plasma. The results suggest that D.viscosa may exert its membrane protection effect by inhibiting the synthesis of glycoproteins and sialic acid induced by lead acetate.

1 table, 27 ref

022636   Singh V;Jain V K;Rakesh Kumar;Sridhar (NO, , V and PO Mithathal, Bhiwami, Haryana) : In vitro effects of phosphorus deficiency and oxidative stress on buffalo erythrocytes. Indian J Anim Sci 2008, 78(8), 808-10.

In vitro effect of hypophosphataemia and/or oxidative stress on buffalo erythrocytes was studied by making the buffalo plasma deficient in inorganic phosphorus. Buffalo erythrocytes were resuspended in this inorganic phosphorus deficient plasma alone and also with oxidizing agent acetylphenylhydrazine (APH). There was many fold increase in erythrocytic oxidative stress as revealed by erythrocytic Heinz bodies (HZB), malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmotic fragility (OF) estimations.

3 tables, 21 ref

022635   Sharma A;Sarabjeet Kaur (Pigment Cell Biology Unit, School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior-444 001, Email: Shanuanupama@gmail.com) : Preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant potential of Clerodendrum phlomidis, a dose dependant study. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(2), 93-6.

The investigation evaluated the antioxidant potential of the extract of Clerodendrum phlomodis. It is a dose dependant studies. The biochemical parameters were estimated by using the standardized protocol for MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH. And whole blood plasma protein was estimated for calculating the specific activity of enzymes. The animals' white albino rats were kept under stress in restrainer for 1 hrs.30 mins. Then were exposed and parameters were applied for anti-oxidant potential. Where single dose administration showed significant increment in plasma MDA, SOD, CAT and GSH level. And 5 dose administrations showed fewer rises in MDA level then that in single dose. This showed that anti-oxidant activity is more evident by multiple dose administration.

1 table, 15 ref

022634   Sharangouda;Patil S B (Zoology Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: saraswatibp@yahoomail.com) : Estrogenic activity of petroleum ether extract of seeds of Citrus medica on immature albino rats. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 91-4.

Estrogenic/anti-oestrogenic activities of petroleum ether extract of Citrus medico, seeds was studied in albino rats. The extract at the dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was administered for seven days to immature ovariectomised rats, along with or without 1 μg ethinyl estradiol. Suitable controls were maintained. The extract-treated rats exhibited estrogenic effects, which include increase in uterine weight and vaginal epithelial cell cornification. The micrometric measurements of the uterus and its components were increased and glands showed high secretory activity. When the above extract was tested in 30-day-old immature rats, they exhibited opening of vagina on the fifth day and cornification of vaginal epithelial cells, which is about 10 days earlier compared to controls, further supporting the estrogenic activity of the extract. Hence, these results strongly indicate the potent estrogenic nature of petroleum ether extract of Citrus medica seeds, which may be used as an antifertility agent. Phytochemical studies of the petroleum ether extract of Citrus medica seeds were also carried out to find the chemical nature of the extract.

3 tables, 34 ref

022633   Sengottuvelu S;Srinivasan D;Duraisami R; Nandhakumar J;Vasudevan M;Sivakumar T (Pharmacology Dep, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Koorapalayam Pirivu, Perundurai Main Road, Erode-638 001, Email: sengt@rediffmail.com) : Hepatoprotective activity of Trianthema decandra on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 122-5.

The study appraised the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Trianthema decandra roots against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. Liver damage was induced by intraperitoneal administration of an equal mixture of carbon tetrachloride and olive oil (50% v/v, 0.5 ml/kg) in male Wistar rats (150-220 g) once daily for 7 days and the extent of damage was studied by assessing the biochemical parameters such as alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and albumin in serum. The aqueous extract of Trianthema decandra roots (50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg/kg) were orally administered to the animals with hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride and its effects on biochemical parameters were compared with Silymarin (25 mg/kg) treated animals. Trianthema decandra, (100 and 200 mg/kg) results in a significant reduction in serum hepatic enzymes when compared to rats treated with carbon tetrachloride alone. There was a significant increase in the serum total protein and albumin when compared to rats treated with carbon tetrachloride alone. The results concludes that the aqueous extract of Trianthema decandra roots (100 and 200 mg/kg) has protected the liver from carbon tetrachloride-induced damage.

2 illus, 15 ref

022632   Sasmal D;Bandyopadhyay A;Ghosh M K (NO, National Research Centre on Yak (ICAR), Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh-790 101) : Antibiotic susceptibiliyt of bacterial flora of yaks (Poephagus grunniens). Indian J Anim Sci 2008, 78(8), 830-1.

Study was conducted to qualitatively identify the bacterial flora of 20 diseased and 5 dead yaks of varying age groups (1 month to 4 years) from Nyukmadung area, Arunachal Pradesh. Out of 308 isolates, 11 different species and 2 unidentified groups of bacterial flora were identified. The isolates reflected a marked resistance to nalidixic acid (37.56%), ampicilin (34.39%), co-trimoxazole (33.94), furazolidone (33.03%), colistin (32.58%) and oxytetracycline (31.22%). In contrast, the most of the isolates were less resistant to norfloxacin (5.43%), cefotaxime (13.57%), gentamicin (13.57%, chloramphenicol (14.03%) and ciprofloxacin (14.03%). Emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of bacteria during the study is alarming and strongly suggests the judicious use of antibiotics in clinical applications.

1 table, 4 ref

022631   Sanap G S;Dama G Y;Hande A S;Karpe S P; Nalawade S V;Kakade R S;Jadhav U Y (NO, Sharadchandra Pawar College of Pharmacy, Otur, Junnar, Pune-412 409, Email: fourth29@rediffmail.com) : Preparation of transdermal monolithic systems of indapamide by solvent casting method and the use of vegetable oils as permeation enhancer. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 129-33.

Transdermal drug delivery systems of indapamide have been formulated by using solvent casting method. Monolithic systems were prepared by using hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) polymers by incorporating glycerine and dibutyl phthalate as plasticizers, respectively. All the patches were uniform with respect to physicochemical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation. The in vitro drug release studies indicated that HPMC containing films have shown better release than that of EC containing films without any permeation enhancer. A total of eight monolithic systems were prepared by using a drug polymer ratio of 1:4 and incorporated different vegetable oils as permeation enhancers in different concentrations. The prepared systems released the drug in the following order: F3 > F4 > F7 > F5 > F8 > F6 > F1 > F2. The various permeation parameters such as flux, permeability coefficient, enhancement ratio and diffusion rate constants were determined for all the formulations. The maximum flux of 9.08 x 10² mg/ cm² h was observed with HPMC monolithic system containing 30% w/w olive oil. A significant improvement of flux was observed in the following order: olive oil > linseed oil > sunflower oil > cottonseed oil > coconut oil > castor oil. Further improvement of flux was observed, when 30% w/w olive oil was applied directly onto the skin prior to the studies. The in vitro release studies revealed that the release was sustained up to 24 h and it follows zero-order kinetics. All the films were found to be stable at 37°C and 45°C with respect to their physical parameters and drug content.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

022630   Rohit Devlal;Sharma N (Center for Ecological Studies, Appropriate Technology India, Ukimath, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand, Email: rohitdevlal@gmail.com) : Population size, dominance and diversity of tree species along an altitudinal gradient of Akashkamini valley. Envir Ecol 2008, 26(4A), 1853-7.

The present investigation was carried out for population size, dominance and the diversity of tree species of Akashkamini valley. Four forest stands within an altitudinal range of (1,500-1,800 m) were selected for the study. The study reveals that Quercus leucotricophora were the most dominant species of stand I, 1,500 m and stand IV, 1,800 m with maximum IVI values of 137.94 and 57.88, respectively. Maximum population size (863 trees/ha) was recorded in stand I, 1,500 m for the tree species Quercus leucotricophora. The total basal area varied between 16.15-41.51 m² / ha. Shannon wiener diversity index ranged between (1.35-1.98). Concentration of dominance showed inverse trend to diversity index. D-D curves showed log normal distribution irrespective of sites and growth forms.

5 tables, 28 ref

022629   Rezvani S;Rezai M A;Mahmoodi N (Young Researchers Club Rasht Branch, Biology Islamic Azad Univ Rasht Branch Dep, Rasht, Guilan, Iran, Email: sahar_rezvani2056@yahoo.com) : Analysis and antimicrobial activity of the plant Juniperus communis. Rasayan J Chem 2009, 2(2), 257-60.

Today a medicinal natural product to profit for treatment of numerousness illnesses. Juniperus communis is pharmaceutical plant from erea in Golestan province in Iran. From point of view ecophysiology organs, this species grows on dry, cold-tolerant, variety of soil types including,acidic and calcareous sands, pH of 4.5, which Is rated as strongly acid, genuse plant and withdrawal May month, morning time have more effect of chemical materials and antibacterial. That inguiry had tried different organs J. communis point of essensial oil female cone and leaf. I had stady instance some of the bacteria E.coli, Staphylococcus, Sodomunas. That used with equisetum, taraxacum and urtlca dioica against UTIs, infection, cancer, and various urinary tracts kidney disorders. In this study ethanolic extracts of fleshy feale cones of plants that collected in May 2005 from natural habitat in Charbagh village (1950 m) from Golestan. Juniperus communis is one most important conifers in Iran and since are most tolerance trees against the cold and drought stesses and have noticeable important in mountainous areas In Iran. Oil from representative samples of population as well as from individual samples was studied. The oils consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Analysis of essentials oil, dried fruits was detected after dlsltillatlon by GC-MS.The results indicated that effeciacious materials of this plant were different, significantly. In J. communis 27 essential oils were detected that its highest values were α-pinene and α-cedrol, DETA.3-carene, α-terplnolen, and terpineol-4. In this study.

2 tables, 21 ref

022628   Ray P;Sushilkumar;Pandey A K (NO, National Research Centre for Weed Science, Maharajpur, Adhartal, Jabalpur-482 004, Email: puja.ray@gmail.com) : Efficacy of pathogens of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) singly and in combination for its biological control. J biol Control 2008, 22(1), 173-7.

An experiment was conducted to determine the impact of different virulent endemic pathogens of water hyacinth, namely, Alternaria alternata, Alternaria eichhorniae, Fusarium pallidoroseum, and Curvularia lunata, in various combinations. The pathogens were isolated from diseased plant parts of water hyacinth collected during periodical surveys, in the water bodies of Jabalpur. All pathogens were compatible with each other in terms of growth, sporulation and damage potential, except A. eichhorniae whose growth appeared inhibited in the presence of the other test pathogens. The combined effect of various pathogens was better than any of the pathogens tested alone. Combination of A. alternata + C. lunata + F. pallidoroseum resulted in maximum disease development, followed by A. alternata + C. lunata. A, alternata + F. pallidoroseum and C. lunata + F. pallidoroseum combinations were also effective.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

022627   Ravi Kumar A;Subbu Rathinam K M (Pharmacognosy Bapatla Dep, College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Toxic effects of Bauhinia purpurea on haematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(2), 51-5.

The toxic effects of a species of Fabaceae (Bauhiniapurpurea), which are commonly found in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, were evaluated in albino rats using ethanolic extract for 90 days. Changes in haematological as well as biochemical parameters were used as indices of toxicosis. Clinical signs were also observed and recorded. Administration of the plant extract of B.purpurea did not produce any apparent signs of toxicity or mortality. However, it caused marginal reduction in haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytes counts (TEC), significant (P<0.05) elevation in plasma cholesterol level and relative weights of liver and spleen at higher dose. B.purpurea did not cause any appreciable changes in total leucocytes count (TLC) and absolute lymphocytes count (ALC), blood glucose, Cholesterol, Serum glutamate pyruvate (SGPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase, total protein and creatinine concentrations.

3 tables, 26 ref

022626   Rangeshwaran N;Raj J;Sreerama Kumar P (Project Directora of Biological Control, , Post Bag No. 2491. H.A. Farm Post Bellary Road, Bangalore-560 024) : Identification of endophytic bacteria in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and their effect on plant growth. J biol Control 2008, 22(1), 13-23.

1 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

022625   Rana I S;Sandhu S S (Fungal Biotechnology and Invertebrate Pathology Laboratory, Biological, Rani Durgawati Univ, Jabalpur-482 001, Email: ranaindersingh@yahoo.com) : Larvicidal potential of fungi isolated from larval mosquito habitats against Aedes aegypti. J biol Control 2008, 22(1), 179-83.

Forty-six water and soil samples were collected from various larval mosquito habitats of four districts of Madhya Pradesh for isolation of fungal pathogens against Aedes aegypti. Five fungal isolates, namely, Beauveria bassiana, B. nivea, Myrothecium roridum, Aspergillus flavus and Trichoderma harzianum, were found to have potential against the third instar larvae. Larvae of A. aegypti were found to be more susceptible to B. nivea (LD₅₀ value of 1.2x10⁵ conidia ml^-1). M. roridum yielded lowest LC₅₀ value (67.61μl ml^-1) of extracellular metabolite, which was followed by A. flavus (107.15μl ml^-1). Highest LC₅₀ value (631.0μl ml^-1) was obtained for T. harzianum. In case of M. roridum, larval mortality occurred due to toxic metabolites present in the sporodochia.

2 tables, 14 ref

022624   Purushotham Rao K;Chowdhary K P R;Pratima S; Gupta S;Ingin R J;Patil A G (NO, HKEs College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga) : Design of gelatin based meloxicam subdermal implants for post operative surgical care. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(2), 75-81.

In the work, it was planned to prepare subdermal implants for the treatment post operative surgical care. Meloxicam the anti-inflammatory agent was chosen as a model drug due to its wide spectrum of activity, low toxicity and high efficiency against inflammation. Implants were comprising plasticizer, glycerine and polymer Gelatin was formulated. The formulated implants were evaluated for drug content uniformity, thickness, weight variation. IR. microbial degradation studies. Invitro release of implants was studied in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and stability studies was done at ambient temperatures for 3 months. In-vivo studies in animals were carriedout for polymer-tissue compatibility at subdermal region. The prepared Meloxicam subdermal implants were found to contain uniform drug content, weight, thickness and invitro release of Meloxicam subdermal implants which are treated with formaldehyde for 12 hours was found to be sustaining release of drug for a period of 6 days. In-vivo studies in rabbits for polymer tissue compatibility, in animals showed encouraging results depicting no changes in tissue configuration histopathologically and compatible with the surrounding tissue of subdermal region.

5 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

022623   Poojari M;Padyana S;Raghavendra Rao B (Biotechnology Dep, Alva's College, Moodbidri-574 227, Email: raghu_rao39@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Ixora brachiata Roxb.. E J Chem 2009, 6(3), 625-8.

Study was conducted on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Ixora brachiata Roxb. The methanol extract showed very high concentration of phenolics (615 mg/100 g). The extract showed reducing property. The Ixora brachiata Roxb. bark powder found to contain 71.15 mg/100 g of protein. The water extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

022622   Patra A K;Sen S;Das T (Zoology Dep, Ananda Chandra College, Jalpaiguri-735 101) : Bacterial contamination in artifical infant milk in some district of West Bengal. Envir Ecol 2008, 26(4A), 1901-4.

Fifty samples of formulated baby milk were collected from three districts (Kolkata, South 24 Parganas and Jalpaiguri) of West Bengal. Thirty seven samples were found to be contaminated by bacterial flora. The contaminants belonged to Enterobacteriaceae group and were identified to be Escherichia coli. Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. Of them Escherichia coli stowed maximum population (52%) and Salmonella sp. showed the least (5%).

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

022621   Pasupathi P;Bakthavathsalam G;Saravanan G; Chinnaswamy P;Devaraj A (NO, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, K.G. Hospital and Post Graduate Medi, Coimatore-641 018, Email: drppasupathi@gmail.com) : Oxidative stress, CD<. J Cell Tissue Res 2008, 8(2), 1437-42.

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes persistent chronic inflammation. Severe oxidative stress has been reported in HIV/AIDS patients because of malnutrition and poor immunity, the hallmark of HIV infection is cellular CD4+ immunodeficiency. The aim of the study was to investigate the lipid peroxidation products and CD4+ cell count, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant status in HIV infected patients and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The study population consisted of 150 subjects divided into three-groups [HIV positive patients 50 cases (HIV n=50), AIDS patients 50 cases (AIDS n=50) and an equal number of age- and sex-matched control subjects (C n=50). The level of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was markedly more in the AIDS patients when compared to HIV positive patients and control groups. The low CD4+ cell counts in AIDS patients (< 150/mm³) when compare to the HIV positive patients (< 375 /mm³) and control subjects (> 750/mm³) was statistically significant. Further the CD4 count decreased due to progression of the disease. Significantly low levels of plasma vitamin A (β-carotene), vitamin C, and α-tocopherol were observed in AIDS patients when compared with HIV positive patients and control subjects. The activities of superoxidedismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-treansferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly low in AIDS patients when compared with HIV positive patients and normal subjects. The study showed that in AIDS patient's free radical activity is quite very high and antioxidant levels are low. The study highlights the occurrence of lipid peroxidation and possible breakdown of antioxidant status in HIV/AIDS patients, which may subsequently increase the possibility of poor immunity. The antioxidant status was progressively depleted in HIV infected persons as the disease progressed from a symptomatic state to AIDS.

4 illus, 45 ref

022620   Parani K;Saha B K (Research and Development, Multiplex Biotech Pvt Ltd, Peenya 1st Stage, Bangalore-560 058, Email: bksaha2@rediffmail.com) : Optimization of prodigiosin production from a strain of Serratia marcesecens SR₁ and screening for antifungal activity. J biol Control 2008, 22(1), 73-9.

Prodigiosin produced by Serratia marcescens strain (SR₁) is a promising drug owing to its reported characteristics of having antifungal, immunosuppressive and antiproliferative activity. From a commercial point of view, there is a necessity to select a suitable medium for the enhancement of cell growth as well as pigment production simultaneously, from Serratia marcescens (SR₁) was the aim of the work. Compared to the nutrient broth and glycerol-yeast extract media, the casein-enriched medium supplemented with 4% vegetative oil mixture (sunflower, coconut and olive oil) showed a higher yield of prodigiosin (765.Img P^-1) with a cell weight (2.1g P^-1 dry wt), was observed after the incubation period of 84h at 30 ± 2°C with pH7.0. The antifungal activity of the crude prodigiosin, separated through solvent extraction process and purified by TLC was tested against fungal pathogens following the well-diffusion method, which showed the maximum inhibitory zone against Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium oxysporium and Rhlzoctania solani in decreasing order.

1 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

022619   Nikam P S;Hasan M;Kapadnis K H;Pawar T B (P.G. Dep of Physical Chemistry, M.S.G. College, Malegaon Camp-423 105, Email: mihasan@rediffmail.com) : Density and viscosity studies of glucose solutions in water and in aqueous NaCl, NaBr, KCl and KBr solutions at 298.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K. J Indian Chem Soc 2008, 85(11), 1089-92.

The densities and viscosities of glucose solutions in water and in 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.00 M NaCl, NaBr, KCl and KBr have been measured at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. From densities (ρ), the limiting partial molar volumes (φ⁰_v) have been evaluated. The viscosity data have been analyzed with the help of the modified Jones-Dole equation and the corresponding viscosity B-coefficients have been calculated.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

022618   Nerkar A G;Ghone S A;Thaker A K (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Dep, School of Pharmacy and Te, SVKM's NMIMS Univ, Mumbai-400 056, Email: agn971981@yahoo.co.in) : In silico screening of the library of pyrimidine derivatives as thymidylate synthase inhibitors for anticancer activity. E J Chem 2009, 6(3), 665-72.

Reports the virtual screening of several series of pyrimidine derivatives for in silica Thymidylate Synthase (TS) inhibition to arrive at possible potential inhibitors of TS with acceptable pharmacokinetic or ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) properties. Library of the molecules was constructed based upon structural modifications of pyrimidines nucleus. Structural modifications in descending order were performed for the series of pyrimidines, viz from pyrimidines with five membered heteroeyclic ring to pyrimidines with four membered heteroeyclic ring to simple pyrimindine carboxylates in an order to arrive at pyrimidines with better inhibition scores (G-Scores) as compared with Raltitrexed (RTX) and active metabolite of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FUMP). The molecules with better G-Scores were subjected to predict pharmacokinetic or ADME properties. The molecules with acceptable ADME properties and better G-Scores were prioritized for synthesis and anticancer evaluation. Three molecules from pyrimidine carboxylate series PIC _1-31 were found acceptable with G-Scores and pharmacokinetic properties. Thus a library of pyrimidine derivatives was constructed based upon the feasibility of synthesis and in silico screened to prioritize the molecules and to obtain potential lead molecules as TS inhibitors.

5 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

022617   Nayak A K;Nayak G;Sisodia S S;Singhai A K (NO, Lakshmi Narain College of Pharmacy, Raisen Road, Bhopal-462 021, Email: nayak.govind@rediffmail.com) : Antihyperlipidemic activity of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. in rats. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(2), 33-9.

Pterocarpus marsupium is used by traditional medicine practitioner of India for its hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action. The alcoholic extract of plant was used for assessing its activity. The extract exhibited dose-dependent activity in albino rats when compared to standard drugs. The activity was assessed by studying the lipicl profile in serum of the control and drug-treated animals. The results lend support to the traditional use of Pterocarpus marsupium in the treatment of hypcrlipidernia.

4 tables, 17 ref

022616   Nath D;Gogoi M;Zaman E (Geography Dep, Gargaon College, Simaluguri, Sivasagar, Assam) : Ethno-botanical study on family planning and birth control in Sivasagar district Assam. Int J Pl Sci 2008, 3(2), 366-8.

Ethno-botanical investigation of Sivasagar district was conducted in the period of 2004-2006, 23 species of medicinal plants were recorded from 73 sample villages of three sub- divisions viz. Nazira Charaideo and Sivasagar. Among the recorded species near about 50% are wild and indigenous. 2 species are endangered, 5 species are vulnerable, 3 species are threatened. Out of the total reported species, 5 species are most effective and 6 species are practiced traditionally against anti-cancer therapeutic drugs other than family planning and birth control.

1 table, 8 ref

022615   Nagaraja Perumal G;Karpaka Valli V; Allimalarkodi C;Britoraj S;Idachristy V (Pharmacology Dep, Karpagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore-641 032) : Anti bacterial studies of the fractions obtained from the chloroform extract of Albizia chinensis bark. Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(2), 87-91.

Study was undertaken to investigate the effects of different fractions of chloroform extract of Albizia chinensis bark against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. coagulans, B. magatrium, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Shigella and S. typhi. The preliminary phytochemical screening of chloroform extract of Albizia chinensis bark of fractions showed presence of saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids. The Two Fold Serial Dilution Method was showed that Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value 250 μg/ml of chloroform: petroleum ether (Ratio 1:1) fractions I and II (A₃and A₄) having more Antibacterial activity when compared to other fractions (MIC- 500 μg/ml) and crude extract (A₆) (MIC range 500-1000 μg/ml) but streptomycin (A₄) serve as a positive control (MIC- 250 μg/ml). The Cup Plate Method has expressed that Zone of Inhibition of chloroform: petroleum ether fractions (Ratio 1:1)1 and II(A₃and A₄) were significant activity against Gram Positive Bacteria and B. magatrium (Gram Negative Bacteria) when compared to other fractions and crude extract.

3 tables, 6 ref

022614   Muralikrishna K S;Latha K P;Shreedhara C S; Vaidya V P;Krupanidhi A M (NO, Bapuji Pharmacy College, Shamanur Road, Davangere-577 004, Email: ksai_muralikrishna@rediffmail.com ) : Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats and isolated frog's heart. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 83-6.

In the study, the ethanolic extract and a purified fraction-lof stem of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. (BP) were investigated for anti-diabetic activity and adrenergic property. The anti-diabetic activity of the extract and fraction-1 was compared with standard insulin and adrenergic property was compared with sympathetic agonists and its blocker. The results demonstrated that the percentage of changes of FBS at the dose of 100 mg/kg. (i.p.) of ethanolic extract of BP and fraction-1 were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The same fraction exhibited excellent adrenergic activity (10 mg/ml). This was further confirmed as its action was blocked by an adrenergic β₂-blocker (propranolol).

2 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

022613   Mukhopadhyay S;Ghosh S;Dutta S;Mitra P K (NO, , BB 41/8, Salt Lake, Kolkata, Email: subhamukhopadhyay@yahoo.com) : Clinicopathological study of malignant melanoma with special reference to atypical presentation. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(4), 485-8.

Malignant melanoma is a tumor of melanocytic origin. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastases are common in this condition. Retrospective analysis was performed in 16 consecutive cases diagnosed histopathologically as malignant melanoma at the pathology department of a medial college in eastern India. 75% of the patients were male; majority of them was in their sixth decade. All (100%) the lesions were pigmented. The primary site was known in all cases, except two (12.5%). Out of the 14 cases with known primary site 11 (78.57%) were cutaneous melanomas, including one arising in labia minora, two (14.29%) were ocular and one (7.14%) was vaginal in origin. Among cutaneous melanomas, superficial spreading type was the commonest variety and mixed population of epithelioid and spindle cell was the commonest histopathological pattern. The commonest grade of invasion was grade III (Clark's). The clinical presentation of the case of vaginal melanoma and the two cases of secondary melanomas, including the one with obscure primary tumor were bewildering.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

022612   Mohamed Farook N A;Rajesh S;Jamuna M (P.G. Dep of Chemistry, Biochemistry Dep, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam-614 701) : Inhibition of mineralization of urinary stone forming minerals by medicinal plants. E J Chem 2009, 6(3), 938-42.

The inhibition of mineralization of urinary stone forming minerals by medicinal plants i.e. Achyranthes aspera Linn, Passiflora leschenaultii DC, Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi, Scoparia dulcis Linn and Aen'a lanata (Linn.) been investigated. The inhibition efficiency was studied. Increased intake of fruits juice and seed extract of our plants would be helpful in urinary stone prophylaxis.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

022611   Mohale D S;Dewani A P;Saoji A N;Khadse C D (91, Vaishali Nagar, Behind Nandurkar College, Yavatmal-445 001, , Email: deepak.mohale@rediffmail.com) : Antihyperlipidemic activity of isolated constituents from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria in albino rats. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 104-7.

In the study fruit juice was obtained by crushing the fresh fruits of L. siceraria in the juicer and was subsequently dried in the oven at 40°-50°C. The parent dried juice extract was then fractionated by using the solvents according to polarity in ascending order i.e. by using chloroform: acetic acid, methanol, pyridine, and water. Each fraction was dried in oven at 40°-50°C. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) used active fraction obtained by column chromatography for further isolation. The solvent system developed on trial and error basis was n-butanol: methaol: water (6:2:2). Four spots were obtained and were named as LSN-I, LSN-II, LSN-III and LSN-TV. Isolated spots were collected by using preparative TLC the isolated compounds were tested for Antihyperlipidemic activity and compounds LSN-I, LSN-II, LSN-III has shown significant results. The study exhibited that elevated levels of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, were significantly reduced and decreased HDL was significantly increased by the administration of fractions of L. siceraria fruit juice.

5 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

022610   Miniyar P B;Chitre T S;Deuskar H J;Karv S S; Jain K S (NO, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe Road, Narhe, Pune-411 041, Email: pankajmpharm@yahoo.co.in) : Antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Aquilaria agallocha on nitrite-induced methaemoglobin formation. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 116-17.

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb, family, Thymelaeaceae, is an evergreen plant of India, China and Tibet, commonly described as aloe wood or agarwood. Traditionally, the bark, root and heartwood are used for their medicinal properties as a folk medicine to treat inflammation, arthritis, vomiting, cardiac disorders, cough, asthma, leprosy, anorexia, headache and gout. The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Aquilaria agallocha (E AA). EAA was tested in vitro at different concentrations for inhibitory effect on nitrite-induced oxidation of haemoglobin in human blood haemolysate. Results indicate a strong antioxidant effect of EAA in a concentration range of 500-3500 μg/ml. However pro-oxidant activity was observed at higher concentrations of these compounds.

1 illus, 11 ref

022609   Michael R C;Michael J S;Ashbee R H;Mathews M S (Microbiology Dep, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore-632 004, Email: joymichael@cmcvellore.ac.in) : Mycological profile of fungal sinusitis: an audit of specimens over a 7-year period in a tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Path Microbiol 2008, 51(4), 493-6.

Fungi are being increasingly implicated in the etiopathology of rhinosinusitis. Fungal sinusitis is frequently seen in diabetic or immunocompromised patients, although it has also been reported in immunocompetent individuals. Invasive fungal sinusitis, unless diagnosed early and treated aggressively, has a high mortality rate. The aim of the study was to look at the mycological and clinical aspects of fungal sinusitis in a tertiary referral center in Tamil Nadu. This is a retrospective audit conducted on fungal culture positive sinus samples submitted to the Microbiology department from January 2000 to August 2007. Relevant clinical and histopathological details were analysed. A total of 211 culture-positive fungal sinusitis samples were analysed. Of these, 63% had allergic fungal sinusitis and 34% had invasive fungal sinusitis. Aspergillus flavus was the most common causative agent of allergic fungal sinusitis and Rhizopus arrhizus was the most common causative agent of acute invasive sinusitis. A significant proportion of these patients did not have any known predisposing factors. In the study, the etiology of fungal sinusitis was different than that of western countries. Allergic fungal sinusitis was the most common type of fungal sinusitis in our community. Aspergillus sp was the most common causative agent in both allergic and chronic invasive forms of the disease.

2 tables, 14 ref

022608   Mashele S;Khaimah R (NO, RAK Medical and Health Sciences Univ, Biochemistry Dep, UAE, Email: samson@rakmhsu.ae ) : Applications of laser ablation magnetic sector ICP-MS to the determination of possible variations in the composition of the African elephant's ivory (Loxodonta afrocana). Int J Pharmac biol Sci 2009, 3(2), 1-9.

Study was aimed at using LA-ICP-MS to establish a database on the inorganic Composition of ivory(dentine) obtained from different sanctuaries in South Africa and Namibia and to develop a discriminant function based on the available data with the view to using the function for identifying the provenance of new samples. Ivory samples from South African and Namibian sources were analysed for elemental presence using UV laser magnetic sector ICP-MS. A total of forty five elements were detected. The analysis of variance was carried out over 13 regions. Perusal ofs the P-values indicate that the probability that the elements are the same over all the regions is exceedingly small (p < 0.0001). The discriminant analysis was employed to determine whether the existing data can be correctly classified into their region of origin. The data suggest that various elements from distinct ecological regions can present in different concentrations. The association or relationship of these elements may lead to the establishment of characteristic elemental patterns, unique for each ivory source.

2 tables, 5 ref

022607   Manjula J;Paul K;Subba Rao P V (NO, Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation, P O Box 406, K.R. Road, Bangalore-560 004, Email: manjula751@rediffmail.com) : Fractionation and detoxification of Naja naja venom, preparation of anti toxoid - IGY antibodies and in vitro neutralization studies. J Cell Tissue Res 2008, 8(2), 1463-70.

In order to separate lethal toxins from less toxic or non-toxic proteins, Naja naja venom was fractionated into low molecular weight and high molecular weight fractions by centrifugal concentration using 100kDa Centricon. The LD50 studies in mice revealed LMW venom fraction to be lethal than HMW fraction. Further the lethality of the crude whole venom as well as LMW venom fraction was abolished by detoxification using formalin treatment. Anti-toxoid antibodies were produced in chickens by immunizing chickens with increased concentrations of whole or LMW toxoids. ELISA and immunoblots showed the specific binding of anti-toxoid antibodies to the crude venom proteins. Finally, ELISA inhibition and in vitro neutralization studies in murine model proved venom neutralization efficiency of anti-toxoid antibodies.

6 illus, 41 ref

022606   Mallikharjuna P B;Seetharam Y N (Laboratory of Biosystematics and Medicinal Plants, PG Studies & Research in Botany Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: mallik1044@rediffmail.com) : In vitro antimicrobial screening of alkaloid fractions from Strychnos potatorum. E J Chem 2009, 6(4), 1200-4.

Alkaloid fractions isolated from Strychnos potatorum L.f. (Loganiaceae) seed were tested for their antimicrobial properties against some pathogenic gram positive, gram negative and acid-fast bacteria and fungi. These fractions have shown considerable antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi at the tested concentrations (100 & 200 μg/mL). Further, the growth of Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were significantly inhibited. These findings have confirmed the use of this plant in treating of several microbial infections both in traditional and folk medicine in India.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

022605   Malik R K;Leela Wati;Chayanika Putatunda (Microbiology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: putatunda7@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of adding poultry waste to cattle dung on biogas production in Hisar, Haryana. Envir Ecol 2008, 26(4A), 1728-31.

Biogas production is generally carried out using cattle dung, but there is a need to look for alternative substrates also. So, experiments were carried out to assess the effect of addition of poultry waste to cattle dung on biogas. production. Batch digestion of cattle dung (CD) and poultry waste (PW) was carried out in ratios CD only, 90% CD + 10% PW, 80% CD + 20% PW and 70% CD + 30% PW for a period of eight weeks. The volumetric biogas production was maximum 0.247 liter/liter per day in digester-4 (70% CD + 30% PW) as compared to 0.181 liter/iiter per day in digester-3(80% CD + 20% PW), 0.118 liter/liter per day in digester-2 (90% CD + 10% PW) and 0.065 liter/liter per day in control digester-1.

2 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref

022604   Malik J K;Manvi F V;Alagawadi K R;Noolvi M (NO, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Raisen Road, Bhopal, Email: jitender_Malik@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract in rats. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(2), 114.

The aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves was investigated for evaluation of anti-infl ammatory activity in rats at a dose 200,300 and 500 mg/kg in carrageenin-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet method. Results of in vivo activity led to the conclusion that the aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre showed predominantly significant activity, which is comparable to the standard drug Phenybutazone.

1 table, 7 ref

022603   Madan J;Sharma A K;Inamdar N;Rao H S;Ramnik Singh (Pharmacy Dep, Allana College of Pharmacy, Pune) : Immunomodulatory properties of Aloe vera gel in mice. Int J Green Pharm 2008, 2(3), 156-8.

Administration of Aloe vera extract to swiss albino mice (300 mg/kg i.p.) daily for five days, significantly (P < 0.01) increases the total white blood cells count. Further, it increases humoral immune response, as demonstrated from the increase in plaque-forming cells in the spleen and circulating antibody titre.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

022602   Kumar V (Materia Medica Dep, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Block-G E, Sector-III Saltlake, Kolkata-700 106) : Vitalism. Bull Natn Inst Homoeopathy 2008, 11(2), 72-7.

Vital is that which sleeps in the mineral, dreams in the plant, awakens in the animal and fully conscious in Man." [Anon]. The concept of the vital force that is unique to homoeopathy is the theoretical explanation of bioscience applied in the field of medicine through ages. As Sir Issac Newton will always remain immortal for his invention of the universal Law of Gravitation so as the medical world will always be indebted to Sir Hahnemann for forecasting the concept of Vital Force (or Principle). An insight of the concept of Vitalism will help us to inbuilt the school of thoughts of our Master Hahnemann.

10 ref

022601   Kumar O;Singh Y;Kothari V;Vijayaraghavan R (Pharmacology and Toxicology Div, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior-474 002, Email: omkumar63@rediffmail.com) : Purification and biochemical characterization of curcin toxin from Jatropha curcas seeds. J Cell Tissue Res 2008, 8(2), 1425-30.

Main objective of the study was to find out the percentage of curcin present in the Jatropha seeds and to determine its toxicity. The Jatropha plant, a member of family Euphorbiaceae, has excessively been exploited for its oil, used as bio-diesel all over the world. However, it contains a good concentration of toxin curcin. In the study toxin curcin, which is the major toxic principle present in the seeds, has been isolated and purified. The curcin was extracted from fat free cake and crude curcin was purified by gel filtration chromatography. The purity of curcin was checked by SDS-PAGE. The purity of curcin was further confirmed by western blotting. The molecular weight was determined and found to be approximately 28 kDa. Antibody against purified curcin was raised. The Antibody titer was 1: 100,000 by Dot ELISA and 1: 16 by Agarose gel immunodiffusion. The LD50 of purified curcin was found to be 1.77 mg/ kg body weight. The percent yield of curcin toxin was approximately 1.4 to 2.0 percent of whole Jatropha seeds.

5 illus, 17 ref