000288   Yashoda K P;Jagannatha Rao R;Narasimha Rao D; Mahendrakar N S (NO, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Chemical and microbiological changes in silkworm pupae during fermentation with molasses and curd as lactic culture. Bull Indian Acad Seric 2008, 12(1), 58-66.

Fermentation ensiling of Improved Cross Breed (PM x NB₄D₂) variety of silkworm pupae (SWP) with 10% (w/w) molasses, 0.5% (v/w) propionic acid and different levels (0, 2.5 or 5.0% w/w) of curd as lactic culture at ambient temperature (26 ± 2°C) under microaerophilic conditions for 6 days was investigated in order to preserve the nutrients in SWP and to prepare a silage product for use in animal feeds. The fall in pH (from 5.5 to 4.2) during fermentation was associated with a decrease in reducing sugar (3,02 to 0.55 %) and increase in lactic acid (0.09 to 2.17%) contents in fermentation mixture. The proximate composition of fermentation mixture was unaltered during fermentation. There was a reduction in standard plate counts (approx. 1 log cfu / g) and an increase in yeasts and moulds (3 log cfu /g) and lactic acid bacteria (6 log cfu / g) numbers during fermentation. Coliforms, E.coli and entrococci were absent after 1 day and staphylococci and spores were absent after 2 days of fermentation. The lactic fermentation was heterogenous comprising mainly pediococci (48.3%), lactobacilli (30%), streptococci (15%) and leuconostoc (6.7%) as lactic acid producing microorganisms. Inclusion of curd as lactic culture did not influence the chemical as well as microbiological changes during fermentation. Microbiologically safe silage can be prepared by fermenting SWP with 10% (w/w) molasses and 0.5% (v/w) propionic acid under microaerophilic condition at ambient temperature (26±2°C).

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

000287   Vishalakshi N;Amena S;Prabhakar M;Dayanand A; Lingappa K (Microbiology Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: lingappak@micro@rediffmail.com) : Production of alkaline protease under solid state fermentation by Streptomyces gulbargensis sp. NOV, using wheat bran. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 105-9.

The purpose of study was to determine the effect of some cultural conditions on the alkaline protease production by Streptomyces gulbargensis, novel organism and to investigate its potential to produce alkaline protease utilizing wheat bran as a substrate. Maximum activity of enzyme (162 IU/mL) was obtained at moisture content 65%, pH 9.0, temperature 45°C, inoculum size 1x 10⁸ spores mL^-1, particle size 2mm and bed depth 3 cm.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

000286   Venkata Reddy M;Radhakrishnaiah K (Zoology Dep, S.K.Univ, Anatapur-515 003, Email: kamathamrk@yahoo.com) : Gender dependent effect of adrenalectomy on the protein metabolism and histology of the reproductive tissues in albino rats, Rattus norvegicus tissues in albino rats, Rattus norvegicus albinus (Berkenhout). Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 9-13.

A significant decrease in the levels of total proteins along with an increase in the levels of free amino acid (FAA) and ammonia and activities of protease, alanine aminotransferase (AIAT), aspartate amino transferase (AAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were observed in the epididymis of male and uterus of female rats on adrenalectomy (ADX) at day 15 and day 30 compared with sham operated (SO) rats. These results indicated significant proteolysis and active trans- deamination in the reproductive tissues of rats on adrenalectomy. Increase in protease activity and amino acid levels could be due to the turnover of proteins for metabolic reorganization. The magnitude of those changes were significantly more in the uterus of female ADX rats than in the epididymis of males. It revealed more susceptibility of females to adrenalectomy than the males. Longer the duration of adrenalectomy more is the protein breakdown in both the sexes as noticed from day 1 5 to day 30. Corresponding to the changes in protein levels, on day15 the epididymis showed decreased tubular diameter and disruption of epithelial membrane and at day 30 severe damage in epithelial membrane of cauda eididymis with maximum degeneration in principal and columnar cells. A mild atrophy was noticed in the cells of all the layers of uterus at day 15 and at day 30 clear- cut blood clots were seen in the uterine glands of endometrium with the increase in vaculozation. In conclusion the observations, indicated proteolysis and active trans-deamination to favour to gluconeogenesis for energy production in the reproductive tissues of rats on adrenalectomy.

2 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

000285   Taywade S S;Jagdish Prasad (National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR), , Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra-440 010, Email: jagdishprasad57@yahoo.com) : Characterization of sewage-water-irrigated and non-irrigated soils in Nag river ecosystem of Nagpur, Maharashtra. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 2008, 56(3), 247-53.

The sewage-water-irrigated and adjoining non-irrigated soils (three pedons in each group) along Nag river of Nagpur district, Maharashtra were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical (including heavy metals) as well as microbial characteristics. The surface horizons of sewage-water-irrigated soils were darker than non-irrigated ones. The sewage-water-irrigated soils, in general, had higher pH, organic carbon and CaCO₃. Surface horizons of soils (irrigated/non-irrigated) had higher concentrations of DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn and these exhibited a decrease with depth. In general, sewage-water-irrigated soils are associated with relatively higher concentration of DTPA-Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd as compared to the corresponding non-irrigated soils but reverse was the trend observed in case of microbial counts (bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter and fungi barring few exceptions).

4 tables, 20 ref

000284   Sivakumar V;Mohamed Sadiq A (Pharmacy Dep, Sri Lakshmi Narasimha College of Pharmacy, Palluru, Chitoor-517 132, Email: mohamed68@rediffmail.com) : Hypoglycemic activity of Tinospora cordifolia in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 75-8.

Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. Investigate the effect of daily oral administration of Tinospora cordifolia stem (TCS) aqueous extract (500 mg/Kg body weight) for 40 days on blood glucose and hepatic enzymes in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. A significant decrease in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, urea, cholesterol (p<0.05), and increase in protein and glycogen (p<0.01) were observed in diabetic rats on treatment with T/nospora cordifolia stem (TCS) aqueous extract when compared to normal. The activity of the hepatic enzyme hexokinase was significantly increased whereas glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1, 6- btsphosphatase were significantly decreased by the oral administration of TCS aqueous extract in diabetic rats when compared to normal. The extract of this plant was found to be nontoxic and well tolerated on oral administration. It is concluded that T/nospora cordifolia stem possess safe and hypoglycemic activity.

4 tables, 22 ref

000283   Sinha R;D'Souza D (Zoology Dep, Patna Women's College, Patna-800 001, Email: sinha.reshma@rediffmail.com) : Lead chromate induced haematological and biochemical changes in swiss albino mice. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 115-16.

Adult male Swiss albino mice were fed with lead chromate pellets at a concentration of 75 ing/kg bwt. for 15 days as short term and 90 days as long term experiments. After scheduled treatment of mice, a number of haematological and bio-chemical parameters viz., total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb), urea, total protein and albumin were studied. The results indicate decrease in TEC, Hb content and protein level and increase in the urea level. In the present investigation lead chromate toxicity was found to be time dependent.

1 table, 22 ref

000282   Singla M;Jain A;Kaur P;Patnaik V V G;Kaushal S (Anatomy Dep, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana) : Nasal parameters in adult Indian Punjabi male jat Sikhs & Banias. J anat Sci 2008, 16(2), 19-25.

Nasal features are most characteristic of ethnic and racial differences in facial morphorogy. Nose has been described as keystone among the facial features for determining individuality. The present study is conducted on 300 adult male Jat Sikhs and 300 adult male Banias of Punjab of Indian Origin with the aim of establishing basic nasal parameters of these two endogamous grorjs and to find out whether these groups could be differentiated on basis of nasal morphology. To accomplish this purpose, nasal breadth, nasal height, nasal length and nasal depth of both endogamous groups were measured, and nasal index and elevation of nose index was calculated. In Banias, as compared to Jat Sikhs, nasal height and nasal length was less, but nose was broad and nasal depth was more. Jat Sikh male had mesorhinae and chamaerhinae noses in highest frequency in contrast to Banian where transition from leptorhinae to mesorhinae noses is evident. It was seen that statistically 'hightly significant' (p<0.001) difference exist in nasal breadth, nasal height, nasal length, nasal index and elevation of nose index in the two endogamous groups, but the nasal depth was statistically 'very significant' (p<0.01).

6 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

000281   Singh S;Dubey A;Tiwari L;Verma A K (Biochemistry Dep, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant Univ of Agri and Tech. Pantnagar, Distt-U.S.Nagar 263145, Email: akv72@yahoo.com) : Microbial profile of stored jaggery: a traditional Indian sweetener. Sugar Tech 2009, 11(2), 213-26.

Jaggery is a traditional unrefined sugar, prepared by processing of sugar cane juice. Jaggery storage conditions are usually unhygienic and culminate in change of colour, texture, taste, hardness and flavor of jaggery. The bacterial microflora were isolated on plate count agar from four jaggery samples collected at different stages of stored jaggery. Out of nine isolates, five gram negative rods, one gram positive rod, two gram negative cocci and one gram positive cocci were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. On the basis of biochemical and carbohydrate utilization test, these isolates were identified as genera of Alcaligenes, Xanthomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Alteromonas, Micrococcus and Bordetella. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed multiple resistance against ten different antibiotics. These microbes may be harmful to humans health who consume jaggery in their diet.

5 tbles, 8 ref

000280   Singh B;Menezes R G;Bharadwaj D N (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Dep, Rural Medical College, Loni, Rahata, Ahmednagar-413 736, Email: drbsingh2003@yahoo.com) : Toxic nephropathies of anticholinesterase compounds. J Indian Soc Toxicol 2008, 4(1), 31-8.

Nephrotoxicity is not generally recognized as a major clinical feature of anticholinesterase (AntiChE) compound poisoning. While very few case reports and experimental data are available on the topic, clinical reports suggest that the nephrotoxic effects of antiChE agents may be more common than is commonly believed. The effect of antiChE agents on the human kidney has not been carefully or thoroughly evaluated. Limited experimental data indicate that acetylcholine (ACh) which accumulates in the presence of antiChE agents, as well as antiChE agents themselves, can significantly alter renal function. This may result from alterations in neural, humoral, and metabolic activity. Some experimental data also indicate that antiChE agents may have direct nephrotoxic effects on renal tubules. Highlight antiChE agents as potential nephrotoxins. Further work is needed to explore the potential nephrotoxicity of antiChE agents in humans. Patients need to be more closely and carefully evaluated for evidence of nephrotoxic injury.

^iia52 ref

000279   Shah G L;Diwan R;Singh T B;Mayank (NO, , I.M.S., BHU, Varanasi) : Teratogenic effects of insulin on brain of developing rat embryo. J anat Sci 2009, 17(1), 6-10.

Practice of intensive insulin therapy among Type I diabetic pregnant mothers poses a potential risk of life threatening hypoglycaemia, "the syndrome of hypoglycaemia unawareness" due to loss of normal counter regulatory hormonal response to hypoglycaemia (Rosenn et al., 1995). This hypoglycaemia produces severe defects in developing brain. In the present investigation, pregnant rats were injected with 20 I.U. of insulin/rat on day 9 of gestations in treated group and normal saline in control group. On gross examination brain of treated rat fetuses, showed reduced size and weight in comparison to control. On histological examination there was severe destruction of architecture of cerebral cortex alongwith pyknotic degeneration of pyramidal cells.

6 illus, 10 ref

000278   Rodrigues E J;Rataboli P V;Domnic L (Forensic Medicine Dep, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, Email: ejrrod2003@yahoo.co.in) : Death due to butorphanol ingestion. J Indian Soc Toxicol 2008, 4(1), 39-40.

Butorphanol poisoning is not common. A case is presented of ingestion of toxic dose of butorphanol, which proved fatal in a young adult. Although the exact amount ingested could not be ascertained, the circumstances and observations pointed clearly to death due to overdose by butorphanol.

^ccr6 ref

000277   Reddy E P;Munisudhakar G;Reddy P G;Bitla A R; Suchitra M M;Srinivasa Rao P V L N (Biochemistry Dep, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati-517 507, Email: aparnabitla@yahoo.co.in) : Comparison of colorimetric and turbidimetric methods for estimation of urinary proteins. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 195-8.

Qualitative detection of excess proteins in urine is based on the use of dipstick tests eg. Albustix which is more sensitive to albumin than other proteins and is an excellent screening test for glomerular proteinuria. Quantitative assay for total proteins is usually done on timed urine collections and is measured by turbidimetry, colorimetry and various dye-binding methods. BCG method for serum albumin, due to its sensitivity and specificity for albumin was applied to urine samples and its performance was compared with the Sulphosalicylic acid method. Linear regression analysis showed a constant error of 3.712 mg/dL with a systematic error of 1.942 mg/dL and 0.178 mg/dL at the decision levels of 10 mg/dL and 20 mg/dL respectively, with a total error of 9.004 mg/dL at 40 mg/dL which meet the criteria for acceptability of a method. The squared multiple correlation coefficient R² = 0.9662 shows good correlation between the two methods. The BCG method for serum albumin thus can prove to be a cost-effective method for initial screenirm, to assess glomerular damage where albumin forms a major component of urinary total proteins.

4 tables, 20 ref

000276   Ramakrishnan S;Kulandaivelu G (Plant Sciences Dep, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Maduari-625 021, Email: gkplant1@sify.com) : Induction of UV-B resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. ADT 43) through adaptive mutagenesis. II: changes in pigments, photosystem II proteins and DNA damage in UV-B selected and non-selected somaclones. J Pl Biol 2008, 35(1), 65-74.

Increased level of solar UV-B radiation affects the plants by altering their growth, biochemistry and physiology. Our previous study in rice showed that somaclones regenerated through tissue culture by UV-B selective pressure caused changes in pigment composition and damage to the PSII proteins. Chlorophyll (Chi) content was increased to a large extent in UV-B selected plants, especially by low dose of UV-B irradiation (10 min day^-1 for 30 days). However, high dose of UV-B (30 min day~' for 30 days) showed marginal decrease in total chlrophyll content but maintained high Chi a/b ratio. Carotcnoid accumulation decreased by about 50% under both levels of UV-B irradiation. Further photoreactivation (PR) under white light increased the amount of caro-tcnoids more in UV-B treated plants than that of the control. Maximum increase was observed in somaclones selected by 10 min UV-B irradiation. The synthesis level of UV-screcning flavonoids was found to increase in both UV-B treatments even after PR. UV-B treatment inhibited anthocyanin accumulation. PR for 22 days promoted its synthesis but declined thereafter. SDS-PAGE analysis of photosystem II proteins of UV-B selected somaclones revealed the induction of 73 kDa protein upon UV-B selection. Immunoblot of photosystem II proteins of UV-B selected somaclones showed UV-B incurred damage to Dl and OEC 33 proteins. The damage was more in the latter but PR induced the synthesis of this protein. However, 10 min UV-B selection enhanced the D1 content. UV-B selected plants showed lesser damage to DNA and the repair was efficient in 30 min UV-B selected plants.

4 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

000275   Rajesha J;Madhusudhan B (Biochemistry and Food Technology Dep, Nutraceuticals Research Group, P.G. Centre, Kuvempu Univ, Davangere-577 002, Email: basavaraj_madhu@hotmail.com) : Approach to determine the content of SDG in flaxseed Chutney powder by RP-HPLC method. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 89-92.

A slightly modified procedure is described for the removal of possible colorants and other impurities for the determination of SDG (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside), a mammalian lignan precursor present in defatted flaxseed chutney powder (DFCP). The aqueous methanol extract was base hydrolyzed and acidified to pH 3.0. The extract was filtered through CM-cellulose (sodium salt) and nylon acrodisc membrane filters to eliminate the clogging and interfering impurities. The SDC was separated in a linear gradient liquid ehromoatographk system and quantified by UV/ photodiode array detector and found to be 0395 mg per 100g.

1 illus, 14 ref

000274   Rajendra Prsad S;Nagarjuna A;Sreedevi G;Jacob Doss P (Molecular Immunology Group, Oral Biology Dep, State Univ of New York, Buffalo, New York-14214, USA, Email: jacobdos@rediffmail.com) : Alterations of protein associated enzyme systems induced by chlorpyrifos in albino rats. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 97-100.

Exposure to sublethal dose of chlorpyrifos (20 mg kg1) has revealed significant changes in protease, AST, AIT, and GDH in different brain regions of albino rat. The changes are highly significant in multiple dose treated individuals compared to single and double dose chlorpyrifos administered albino rat. In order to understand the protein metabolism, the selected enzymes such as protease, AST, AIT and GDH were estimated. The protease, aspartate arnino transferase (AST), alanine ammo transferase (AIT) activities were increased in the tissues whereas glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was decreased in the tissues of chlorpyrifos treated albino rat. Increased protease activity indicates the breakdown of proteins to cope up the energy demands under toxic stress conditions. The elevated levels of AST and AIT indicate the enhanced transamination of amino acids which may provide keto acids to serve as precursors in the synthesis of essential organic constituents. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was found to be decreased in all the brain regions of chlorpyrifos treated albino rat. The decreased GDH activity level indicates elevated levels of ammonia or lactic acid which causes mitochondrial swelling, resulting in the impairment of catalytic function.

4 tables, 18 ref

000273   Raghavendra Rao B;Radhakrishna D (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065) : Isolation of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from compost and characterization of their plant growth promoting property. Geobios 2008, 35(4), 307-11.

Six representative phosphate solubilizing microbes were isolated from the compost. The fungal isolate PS-I showed maximum solubilization of all insoluble sources of phosphate except iron phosphate. Among the representative isolates, fungal isolate PS-I treatment showed maximum plant height (32.18cm) followed by a bacterial isotate CD (28.33cm ).

1 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

000272   Pramod T;Lingappa K (Post Graduate Studies and Research in Microbiology Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: lingappak11@rediffmail.com) : Temperature optima for the production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger strains in carob pod extract. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 183-6.

The effect of different temperatures on the production of citric acid by A. niger in carob pod extract was studied. The initial sugar concentration of the carob pod extract was 50 g/L. The strain A. niger MTCC 281 used in the present study was procured from IMTECH, Chandigarh and the other A. niger KLP20 was locally isolated. The temperature range in the study was varied from 20°C - 40°C. The, maximum yield of citric acid obtained was 24 g/L and 27 g/L respectively by both the strains at 30°C.

2 illus, 13 ref

000271   Prabhakar M;Lingappa K;Amena S;Vishalakshi N (Microbiology Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: lingappak_micro@rediffmail.com) : Enhanced production of extra-cellular L-glutaminase by Pseudomonas ssp. KLM9 under submerged fermentation. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 21-3.

Extra cellular L-glutaminase production was carried out by Pseudomonas sp. KLM9 strain, employing modified Czapek Dox's broth under submerged fermentation. Highest yield (39.9 IU) of L-gtutaminase was obtained after 48h fermentation at pH 7.5, temperature 35°C and inoculum size 5%. The effect of carbon and amino acid sources an L-glutaminase production was determined. Glucose (2%) and L-glutamine (1%) proved to be the best carbon and amino acid sources respectively. Study indicated scope for the industrial production of extra cellular L-glutaminase.

5 illus, 13 ref

000270   Phaninatha Sarma A;Murthy S D S (Biochemistry Dep, S.V. Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: sdsmurthy@rediffmail.com) : White light mediated protection of electron transfer activities from ultraviolet-B induced damage in the cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis (Nordst.)Gom.. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 139-42.

Exposure of the intact cells of Spirulina to UV-B radiation (2 Wnr2) induced loss of whole chain electron transfer and photosystem II catalyzed electron transfer activities without affecting photosystem I catalyzed electron transfer. The measurement of photosystem II activity at different irradiations indicated light harvesting complex of photosystem It (Phycobilisomes) are targets for UV-B radiation. When the UV-B radiation is applied along with white light the damage caused in the photosystem II photochemistry can be minimized in the intact celts of Spirulina platensis.

7 tables, 26 ref

000269   Nwaogu I C;Ezeibe M C O;Ifeduba O F (Veterinary Anatomy, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria, Email: chimn2004@yahoo.com) : Effect of alcohol consumption on humoral immunity in mice. J appl Anim Res 2008, 34(2), 181-3.

To study the effect of alcohol consumption on spleen and antibody production to Peste des Petit Ruminantes (PPR) vaccine, 28 - 3 week old inbred albino mice were divided into 2 equal groups. The first group was given 10% ethanol (v /v) in water for 1 week, 20% (v /v) for another 2 weeks and 30% for the remaining period of the experiment. The second group served as control. At the 6th week the mice were given 0.1 ml of reconstituted PPR vaccine orally. At d 14 post vaccination, the animals were sacrificed and sera samples collected. The mean body weights, spleen weights, spleen body mass indices and antibody litre of the alcohol exposed mice were (p<0.01) lower than those of the control mice. These results suggest that alcohol consumption adversely affects spleen and reduces the production of antibodies in mice.

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

000268   Nagarjuna A;Doss P J (Toxicology Div, Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: anagarjuna78@rediffmail.com) : Cypermethrin - induced alteration in protein metabolic profiles in liver tissue of albino rats. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 25-9.

Cypermethrin is the most widely used Type II pyrethroid pesticide because of its high effectiveness against target species and its low mammalian toxicity reported so far. It is a fast-acting neurotoxin and is known to cause free radical-mediated tissue damage. An attempt at estimating its toxicity in rat liver at molecular level. Following exposure to oral, sublefhal doses (41 mg/kg bw) of cypermethrin as single dose, double dose and multiple dose with 48 h interval the various profiles of protein metabolism, were studied in different groups of rat livers. Total proteins showed decrement, whereas free amino acids and the activity of protease, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase as well as ammonia and urea significantly increased in cypermethrin-exposed rats. These effects on the protein metabolism of rats exposed to cypermethrin, which cause impairment of protein synthetic machinery, indicate its toxic effects on cellular functioning.

1 table, 26 ref

000267   Musa H H;Bao W B;Wang K H;Chen G H;Zhu G Q (College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou Univ, Yangzhou, 225009, China, Email: hassan_hm30@yahoo.com) : Genetic diversity, genetic distance and phylogeny of functional ApoVLDL-II and lipoprotein lipase genes. J appl Anim Res 2008, 34(2), 143-7.

Five chicken populations including Anka, Rugao, Wenchang, Silkies and Red jungle fowl were used to study the genetic diversity of functional apo VLDL-II and lipoprotein lipase genes. Mutation was detected by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP, thereafter, SNP was screened by direct gene sequence. The genetic diversity and distance were analyzed by POPGENE and the phylogeny tree was constructed by PHYLIP. Anka showed the highest genetic diversity, effective number of allele and Shannon's information index among populations studied. Anka and Silkies observed the highest genetic distance. In addition, Red jungle fowl was more closely and genetically related to Wenchang than other populations, followed by Silkies, Rugao and Anka. From this study we concluded that the phylogenic tree developed from the molecular marker provided enough information to predict the likely originator and the genetic distances existing among the five chicken populations.

1 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

000266   Milintawisamai N;Niamsanit S;Ngasan C; Pliansinchai U;Weerathaworn P (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand, Email: nipmil@kku.ac.th) : Dextran producing microorganisms from Mitr phuveing sugar factory, Thailand. Sugar Tech 2009, 11(2), 196-9.

Dextran is a polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers linked mainly by α(1-6) bonds, produced by numerous microorganisms. It is well known that dextran in cane detrimentally affects processing in the sugar industry. Many microorganisms have been isolated from sugarcanejuice during the milling process at Mitr Phuveing Sugar Factory. These organisms were screened for their dextran producing property by selecting mucoid colonies on plate count agar (PCA), MRS agar and malt extract (ME) agar medium containing 10% sucrose. The secondary and tertiary screening was accomplished by growing them in sugarcane juice and complete liquid medium (CM) adding 10% sucrose, aerobically at the appropriate temperature for each isolate. The rapidly growing strains were selected. The bacterial strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Lactobacillus fermentum. Among these K. pneumoniae P 100 produced the maximum concentration of dextran (6,800 ppm) at stationary phase within 12 h of incubation in CM. Biocide, Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (DBAC) (2 ppm) commonly used to inhibit some microorganisms in the modern cane milling process at Mitr Phuveing Sugar Factory, could not inhibit K. pneumoniae P100 within 30 minutes. From these experiments, the factory has changed the sanitization during the milling process, which has saved on biocide costs.

3 illus, 11 ref

000265   Kulkarni N S;Sadar P S;Pachori R R (Post Graduate Dep of Microbiology, R.A. College, Washim-444 505) : Impact of panchagavya on rhizomicroflora and enzyme activities in vertisol. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 111-13.

Pachagavya is the blend of natural products obtained from cow. It has been popularised as significant plant growth stimulator and used for improvement of agroproductivity spectaly by the Indian farmers. The major contributions of soil microbial population in plant growth promotion have been well recognised, even though no report on the effect of panchagavya on soil microbial population could be traced. Hence, studies on the effect of graded levels of panchagavya on soil microbial population have been carried out. Results revealed that soil microbial flora had significantly increased in 4% panchagavya treated plots over control. Similarly the agroimportant flora viz free living diazotrops, ammonifires and phosphate solubilizers were found to increase soil enzyme activities viz Amylase and Celluiase were observed to increase by 2% and 4% in panchagavya treated plots respectively. The maximum Dextranase activity was recorded at 2% level of panchagavya treatment over untreated control. The study enlightens the effect of 4% panchagavya amendment in increasing soil microbial population and secretion of extracelluar enzymes in soil.

3 tables, 11 ref

000264   Jadhav Ramesh R;Shinde Sangita A (Microbiology Dep, Y.C. College of Science, Karad-415 124) : Nutritional impact on extracellular amylase activity of fungi on some medicinal plant parts under storage. Geobios 2008, 35(4), 315-17.

Six highly pathogenic fungi (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora sp. & Rhizoctonia solani) isolated from different medicinal plant parts under storage, were studied for their ability to produce amylase under the influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources. Galactose and manose proved poor sources of carbon, while sucrose stimulatory for amylase production. Ammonium forms were inhibitory, while organic forms accelerated amylase production.

2 tables, 8 ref

000263   Ghai R;Jethani S L;Rohatgi R K;Kukreti R; Gupta V;Khare S (Anatomy Dep, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Cephalic index of foetuses of Garhwali population and their correlation to gestational age in Garhwali population. J anat Sci 2008, 16(2), 38-47.

Accurate knowledge of gestational age is an essential prerequisite in an obstetrician's ability to successfully manage the antepartum care of a patient and planning of appropriate therapy or intervention. For the estimation of gestational age, Biparietal diameter and fronto-occipital diameter which are measured by ultrasonogram are less reliable parameters,as craniofacial diamensions varies in different ethnic groups.So for the accurate estimation of gestational age, cephalic index is a reliable parameter. A study was conducted on 25 pregnant women of Garhwal and estimation of fronto-occipital diameter (FOD) and Biparietal diameter(BPD) & cephalic index of fetuses,ranging from 12 to 40 weeks was done by ultrasonogram during various periods of pregnancy in the Himalayan Iristitude of Medical Sciences, Jolly Grant, Dehradun. The values were statistically analysed after deriving at relevant indices. The regression equation calculated will provide the gestational age of pregnant women by means of ultrasonic measurement of various diameters of foetuses of pregnant women. The study observed a mean cephalic index with a positive correlation coefficient value (r )=0.99 (P<0.05) The study reveals that the foetal skull of the Garhwali population is dolichocranial type in the early weeks (12-16 weeks) changes to mesocranial type between 16-40weeks. The study also shows that the gestational age calculated from the regression equation for the parameters of fronto-occipital diameter (FOD), Biparietal diameter (BPD) & cephalic index correlates well with the actual gestational age.

4 tables, 7 ref

000262   Deshmukh P B;Choudhari C (Zoology & Chemistry Dep, Science College, Nanded-431 605, Email: chhayachoudhari@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of Semecarpus anacardium pericarp oil extract on cholesterol level in albino rat. Geobios 2008, 35(4), 289-91.

Albino rats were orally administered with cumulative three sub lethal doses (0.5, 1.0 & 1.5 ml/day) of the oil of Semecarpus anacardium for 1, 4 & 7 days. Cholesterol level of serum and liver as compared with control group, showed significant increase, indicating hypercholesterolaemia in albino rats.

2 illus, 16 ref

000261   Deokant;Raipat B S;Sinha M P (Biotechnology Dep, St. Xavier's College, Ranchi-834 001, Email: deokant_davv@rediffmail.com) : Serum protein profiles as biomarker of cancer. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 157-60.

Serum being a good source of variety of proteins secreted by different cells has been taken for protein profile demonstration from different cancer patients and examined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The band patterns of serum samples, after comparison with that of normal healthy people as control, revealed that serum sample from cancer patients have extra protein bands which were absent in control. Molecular weight of extra protein bands in test serum sample has been calculated with the help of protein molecular weight markers and discussed.

4 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

000260   Bahaoddini A;Mohabatkar H;Nikfarjam A; Keshtgar S (Biology Dep, College of Sciences, Shiraz Univ, Iran, Email: baha@susc.ir) : Effect of exposure to low frequency electromagnetic field on the plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol of male rats. J appl Anim Res 2008, 34(2), 179-80.

Forty five adult male rats (220-250g) were divided into 3 equal groups. Rats of group 1 were exposed to 50Hz, 500uT in solenoid 10 hi day for 2 mo, group 2 were kept in condition similar to the group 1 except in off solenoid and group 3 were kept in normal condition of animal room. Serum glucose of the EMF exposed group was significantly higher and their weight gain, serum insulin and cholesterol were less than those of other groups. These findings demonstrated the potential role of EMF for clinical use.

1 table, 4 ref

000259   Azeemul Hasan M;Phaninatha Sarma A;Murthy S D S (Biochemistry Dep, S.V. Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: sdsmurthy@rediffmail.com) : Cadmium stress induced alterations in the photosystem II photochemistry of wheat primary leaves. Bioscan 2009, 4(1), 171-3.

Exposure of wheat plants to cadmium chloride (0.1- 0.4 mM) caused inhibition in whole chain electron transferas well as PS II catalyzed electron transfer. The chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in the presence and absence of DCMU indicated that cadmium is affecting the photosynthetic electron transfer of PSK at the reducing side of PSII, Thus cadmium is not only affecting the oxidizing side but also it exerts inhibitory effects on the reducing side of PSII.

3 tables, 19 ref

023751   Zwaan B J;Zijlstra W G;Keller M;Pijpe J; Brakefield P M (Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden Univ, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Email: b.j.zwaan@biology.leidenuniv.nl) : Potential constraints on evolution: sexual dimorphism and the problem of protandry in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. J Genet 2008, 87(4), 395-405.

Earlier mean adult emergence between males and females, protandry, has been well studied mathematically and in comparative studies. However, quantitative and evolutionary genetic research on protandry is scarce. The butterfly, Bicyclus anynana exhibits protandry and here ate- selected for each of the different combinations of male and female development time in this species, thus including direct selection on protandry (i.e., FAST, fast males and fast females; SLOW, slow males and slow females; FMSF, fast males and slow females; and SMFF, slow males and fast females). After eight generations of selection there was no significant response for increased or decreased protandry, whereas selection for increased or decreased development time in both sexes (FAST or SLOW) was successful. Continued selection (> 30 generations) for decreased or increased protandry showed a significant difference between the FMSFc and SMFF_c lines (subscript c for continued selection), which was of the same magnitude as the nonsignificant difference observed between the FMSF and SMFF lines at generation eight. This indicated that the initial selection was successful, but that the difference between the lines did not increase with continued selection. Our results also indicate that the genetic covariance across sexes for development time is near unity. Interestingly, lines selected for decreased protandry (SMFF) had lower egg-to-adult survival, and broods from these lines had lower rates of egg hatching. This suggests that interactions with fertility might constrain certain directions of change in patterns of protandry. Moreover, selection yielded a change in the ratio of male to female development time for slow lines, suggesting that some amount of sex-specific genetic variance for development time is still present in this population. The FMSFc line showed the largest effect of selection on protandry, mainly through an effect on female developmental time. Lastly, our results show that temperature has an effect on the amount of protandry in the selected lines. These results are discussed in relation to the ecology of this species and the evolution of protandry.

7 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

023750   Zhang C L;Chen H;Wang Y H;Lan X Y;Lei C Z; Fang X T (College of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal Univ, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P R China, Email: chenhong1212@263.net) : Polymorphisms of bovine cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcripts and their associations with cattle (Bos taurus) growth traits. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(3), 365-70.

Investigates the polymorphisms of bovine cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcripts (CART) The coding and regulating regions of CART were screened in 7 cattle breeds by the single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. The four loci (C1, C2, C3 and C4) studied were all polymorphic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products representing different SSCP variants were sequenced and a total of 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found. The associations between polymorphic loci and the growth traits of Nanyang cattle were analysed. The results indicated that genotype A₁ A₁ of the Cl locus was associated with a higher body weight (P < 0.05) than heterozygous A₁B₁ Genotype A₂A₂ of the C2 locus was associated with lower body weight and average daily weight gain (P ≤ 0.001) than heterozygous A₂B₂. C3 and C4 loci had no significant effect on Nanyang cattle growth traits (P>0.05).

3 tables, 17 ref

023749   Wankar A K;Shirbhate R N;Bahiram K B;Dhenge S A (Physiology Dep, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder supplementation on haemato-biochemical parameters in broilers. Indian J Field Vet 2009, 4(4), 43-5.

Experiment was conducted for 6 weeks on 120 day old broiler chicks, divided into four groups T0, T1, T2 and T3, which were supplemented with neem leaf powder @ 0gm, 1 gm, 2gm and 3gm/kg of broiler ration, respectively. The haemato-biochemical studies were conducted from 3^3r to 6^th weeks of the experimental period. The study revealed significant increase in Hb, TEC, TLC, lymphocyte count, total protein, serum albumin and non-significant increase in the serum globulin values, while SGOT and SGPT levels decreased significantly in the treatment groups as compared to that of control group.

2 tables, 8 ref

023748   Wadekar S B;Dange K G;Tamboli R R (Dairy Science Dep, Maharashtra Udaygiri College, Udgir) : Detection and bioassay of cefotaxime in breast milk of lactating mother. Bionano Front 2009, 2(2), 46-7.

Six milk samples from mother taking cefotaxime were taken for detection of; antibacterial activity against cefotaxtime sensitive strain of Staphylococcus sureus at interval of 02,04, and 06 Hours after the injection of cefotaxime. Antibacterial activity was seen in all samples at all time intervals. In three samples maximum activity was seen at an interval of 04 hour however in remaining three samples maximum activity was seen after 02 hours, Bioassay of cefotaxime was carried out in two samples (one from first three and one from remaining three samples.

2 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

023747   Vikrama Chakravarthi P;Gopakumar N;Nair A M C;Joy A D (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, Email: ngk38@yahoo.com) : Assessment of analgesic activity of red and white lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera) in albino rats. J nat Remedies 2009, 9(2), 224-7.

Lotus (Nelumbo ncifera) is one of the plants that have been use for its medicinal propel1ies since ancient times. Almost all parts of the plants are used for the treatment of conditions associated with health abnormalities. In order to prove the analgesic effect of lotus seeds scientifically, a study was conducted in albino rats using the chronic pain model (experimental neuropathy). In this experiment, forty eight adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used. All the rats were subjected to surgery under anasthesia as per the standard neuropathy model protocols. After the surgery the rats were divided into six groups of eight each and group I was taken as control, group II was treated with the standard drug diclofenac potassium @ 3 mg/kg on the last day of experiment. The methanolic extract of lotus seeds of red and white varieties @ 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg were fed to group III, IV, V and VI respectively, for 7 days. After the dosage periods, the number of foot withdrawal reflex of each group was calculated using acetone induced cold stimulus and the responses analyzed statistically to findout the analgesic activity. It was revealed that the white lotus seed higher dose group (600 mg/kg.b.wt) exhibited significant analgesic activity than other lotus seed treated groups.

1 table, 11 nref

023746   Vedpathak D V;Chincholkar S B (Microbiology Dep, School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425 001) : Biofertilizer and biocontrol potential of a siderophoregenic Bacillus subtilis. J microbial Wld 2008, 10(2), 123-30.

A gram positive, rod shaped spore forming, bacterial isolate from a alkaline soil of sugarcane (Sachharum officinarum) rhizosphere was identified as Bacillus subtilis by using biochemical characterization and standard universal eubacterial 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The siderophore produced by the strain under iron limiting condition in a broth medium showed a strong CAS reactivity. The negative Csaky test and positive Arnow's test confirmed the production of Catecholate type of siderophore. A strong phosphate solubilization activity in Pikovskaya's medium was observed and IAA production was also evident. It also exhibited the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum falcatum Went, the causative agent of red rot in sugarcane.

3 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

023745   Tunali Akbay T;Emiroglu A;Gul N;Eren N;Yarat A (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University Guzelbahce, Buyukciftlik sok. No. 6, 34365 Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: ttunali@marmara.edu.tr) : Effects of sodium bicarbonate induced blood pH change on oxidant status and thromboplastic activity of the kidney and lung. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 3182-8.

In the study, effects of sodium bicarbonate induced blood pH change on oxidant status and thromboplastic activity of lung and kidney tissues were investigated. The results revealed that sodium bicarbonate administration significantly increased blood pH and bicarbonate level, decreased chloride level and pO₂ (partial oxygen pressure) and did not significantly change sodium, potassium concentration and pCO₂ (partial carbon dioxide pressure). Kidney thromboplastic activity significantly decreased following sodium bicarbonate administration, which shows the impaired hemostatic balance in the kidney tissue. Lung thromboªplastic activity did not significantly changed. Sodium bicarbonate administration also did not cause any oxidative damage both on kidney and lung. It seems likely that eight weeks oral sodium bicarbonate administration caused mild alkalosis and did not change oxidative status both on kidney and lung tissues but it impaired the hemostatic balance at kidney which can cause uncontrolled bleeding after any kidney damage.

3 tables, 36 ref

023744   Trivedi M P;Nupur (Botany Dep, Patna Science College, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005) : Problems of ecobiodiversity with special reference to Bihar. Mendel int J 2008, 25(1-4), 35-6.

Natural habitats are under tremendous pressure due to high population densities, urbanization and industrialization. The survival of many species is threatened. There is an urgency of sustainable development for conserving biodiversity.

^iia6 ref

023743   Tripathi N K;Santhal R K (Zoology Dep, University of Jammu, Kammu & Kashmir) : Meiotic behaviour and C-banding of chromosomes of Acrida exaltata (Acrididae : orthoptera) from Jammu region. Natn J Life Sci 2008, 5(2), 241-4.

Meiotic chromosomes of Acrida exaltata were analyzed using conventional as well as C-banding techniques. Male specimens of Acrida exaltata, having 2n=23 and showed XO-type of sex mechanism. All elements exhibited C-bands in the centromeric region. The most frequent location of C-heterochromatin occurs in centromeric and telomeric regions where as interstitial C-bands are very rare. The chromosomes number was futher confirmed from various meiotic stages. All the populations showed variation with regard to chiasma frequencies. Considering these variation, meiotic mechanisms and chiasma frequencies of Acrida species of grasshoppers from Jammu region were investigated.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

023742   Tripathi K;Parnaik V K (NO, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: veenap@ccmb.res.in) : Differential dynamics of splicing factor SC35 during the cell cycle. J Biosci, Bangalore 2008, 33(3), 345-54.

Pre-mRNA splicing factors are enriched in nuclear domains termed interchromatin granule clusters or nuclear speckles. During mitosis, nuclear speckles are disassembled by metaphase and reassembled in telophase in structures termed mitotic interchromatin granules (MIGs). Analysed the dynamics of the splicing factor SC35 in interphase and mitotic cells. In HeLa cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-SC35, this was localized in speckles during interphase and dispersed in metaphase. In telophase, GFP-SC35 was highly enriched within telophase nuclei and also detected in MIGs. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments revealed that the mobility of GFP-SC35 was distinct in different mitotic compartments. Interestingly, the mobility of GFP-SC35 was 3-fold higher in the cytoplasm of metaphase cells compared with interphase speckles, the nucleoplasm or MIGs. Treatment of cells with inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) caused changes in the organization of nuclear compartments such as nuclear speckles and nucleoli, with corresponding changes in the mobility of GFP-SC35 and GFP-fibrillarin. Our results suggest that the dynamics of SC35 are significantly influenced by the organization of the compartment in which it is localized during the cell cycle.

5 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

023741   Tamboli R R;Awasthi R S (Microbiology Dep, M.U. Mahavidyalaya, Udgir-413 517) : Screening of diazotrophic endophytes from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) against soil borne fungal pathogens. J microbial Wld 2008, 10(2), 167-71.

Ten isolates of diazotrophic endophyte from sugarcane (DEFS) were screened for their biocontrol ability against Cephalosporium sacchari, Fusarium moniliforme and Colletotrichum falcatum. The isolates DEFS-I, DEFS -III, DEFS -IV, DEFS -V and DEFS-VII were very effective in inhibiting the invitro growth of Cephalosporium sacchari and Fusarium moniliforme . The most effective isolate was DEFS -VII as it gave maximwn inhibition of mycelial growth of Cephalosporium sacchari (77.63%), Fusarium moniliforme (69.44%), and Colletotrichum falcatum (60.50%), while the isolate DEFS -IX showed maximwn inhibition of Colletotrichum falcatum (66.14%).

1 table, 16 ref

023740   Swaroop S;Srivastava P;Masih A P (Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Div, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) : Increased in vivo activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 in diabetic humans. Natn J Life Sci 2008, 5(1), 23-7.

Cytochrome P4502El (CYP2El) activates number of pro toxins and has been implicated in the development of liver disease. The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of chlorzoxazone (500 mg) used as an index of hepatic CYP2El activity was determined in healthy subjects (n=10), volunteers with Type I (n=13) and Type II (n=8) diabetes mellitus. Chlorzoxazone and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone in serum and urine were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression of CYP2El mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant two fold increase in oral clearance of chlorzoxazone in obese Type II diabetics compared with healthy volunteers and Type I diabetics. The Type I diabetics and healthy volunteers demonstrated no difference in the oral clearance of chlorzoxazone. The urinary recovery of 6-hydroxy chlorzoxazone as a percentage of administered dose was not different between healthy Type I and obese Type II diabetics. The elimination half-life of chlorzoxazone did not differ between the three groups. CYP2El mRNA significantly elevated in Type I and obese Type II diabetics compared with healthy volunteers. The oral clearance of chlorzoxazone, elimination half-life, T_max and C_max were not signit1cantly influenced by weight, body mass index and serum glucose or serum cholesterol. Thus it can be concluded that there was a marked increase in hepatic CYP2El activity in obese Type II diabetics as assessed by chlorzoxazone disposition. Increased expression of CYP2El mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was found in both types of diabetes mellitus. Adverse hepatic events associated with Type II diabetes may be in part a result of enhanced CYP2El expression and activity.

14 ref

023739   Swaroop S;Srivastava P;Brijendra Singh;Parvez Masih A (Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Div, C.D.R.I., Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) : Histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and muscles of malnourished diabetic rats exposed to pesticides. J Envir Biosci 2008, 22(1), 53-6.

Histopathological changes were observed in liver kidney and muscles of normal, protein-malnourished diabetic as well as both protein malnourished and diabetic albino rats when exposed to a mixture of pesticides like monocrotophos, hexachlorocyclohexane and endosulphan at varying intervals. The examination revealed hepatotoxic, nephrotic and muscular necrotic effects in rats exposed to pesticides. Toxicity was increased in protein malnourished and diabetic rats and still more, the rats were both diabetic and protein malnourished.

1 table, 18 ref

023738   Suzek H (Biochemistry Dep, Health High School, Mugla University, Mugla-48000, Turkey, Email: hsnsuzek@yahoo.com) : Effects of subchronic treatment of parathion on immune potential marker enzymes of rats. Asian J Chem 2008, 20(4), 3063-8.

The effects of methyl parathion in sublethal concentration on immune potential enzymes [adenosine deaminase and myeloperoxidase] of rats was investigated under laboratory conditions. Methyl parathion (5 and 10 ppm) was administered orally to 6 female rats ad libitum during the tests for 4 weeks consecutively. Various tissues adenosine deaminase and myelo-peroxidase activities of rat were determined after treatment. The results showed that methyl parathion resulted different effects on the enzymes activities compared with control rats. Methyl parathion treatments increased significantly adenosine deaminase and myeloperoxidase activity except for liver myeloperoxidase activity with both two dosages treatment. The observations concludes hat methyl parathion produced substantial systemic organ toxicity in rats during the period of a 28 d subchronic exposure.

2 tables, 18 ref

023737   Susheela T;Padma Balaravi;Jane Theophilus; Narender Reddy T;Reddy P U M (Genetics Dep, College of Science Univ, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: padmabalaravi@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effect of Melia dubia CAV fruits in mice. Curr Sci 2008, 94(9), 1191-5.

Extracts of total fruits of Melia dubia in water, ether, alcohol and chloroform were tested on mice to evaluate its efficacy as a hypoglycaemic agent. The extract in alcohol was found to be most effective as a hypoglycaemic agent. Varying doses of ethanol extract of total fruits injected intraperitoneally into mice reduced blood glucose level, but maximum reduction of 52.14% was observed at a dose of 300 mg/kg body wt by the sixth hour. After establishing the hypoglycaemic activity of the fruit in normal mice, the antidiabetic activity of the fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was studied. There was a gradual decrease in blood sugar level from the second hour onwards in the induced diabetic mice and the low sugar level was maintained up to 8 h. The glucose level started increasing gradually by the 12th hour; the blood sugar level was normal and a significant increase was observed at the end of 24 h. In mice that were administered fruit extract, gradual reduction of glucose level was seen by the second to the eighth hour and it was maintained up to 24 h. The untreated diabetic mice had increased glucose level by the end of the second hour and there was a continued increase up to 48 h. Glucose tolerance test studies indicate reduction of blood glucose level to 35%, in mice that were administered total fruit extract and this reduced level was maintained up to 3 h, with a maximum effect seen at the second hour. LD₅₀ studies with varying doses indicate that 50% mortality was induced at dose of 500 mg/kg body wt and sublethal doses varying from 50 to 300 mg/kg wt. The therapeutic index value of 2.5 of the total fruit extract suggests that the extract is not only safe but an effective, natural and novel hypoglycaemic agent, as indicated from the evaluation on mice.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

023736   Solanki S;Paliwal A (NO, , 8/166, Jeoni Mandi, Agra-282 004) : Bio diversity of fish fauna from river kali at district Etah (U.P.). Mendel int J 2008, 25(1-4), 45-6.

River Kali is one of the most important aquatic river at district Etah (U.P.) River Kali provides a gainful employment to many fisherman families. In the present investigation observation was carried out from river Kali during the period for one year (Dec. 2006 Nov. 2007). The result show that the fishes belonging to 05 order, 08 families and represented total 12 species. Besides identification the economic importance of all the collected fishes species in also discussed.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

023735   Singh R B;Singh Y P;Goyal M M (Zoology Dep, School of Life Sci, Sr B. R. Ambedkar University, Khandari campus, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Polysaccharides from Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. seeds by isolation, purification and preliminary analysis. Natn J Life Sci 2008, 5(2), 235-40.

Polysaccharides isolated from Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. (Loganiaceae) seeds, yielded a water soluble sugars extract as D-galactose and D-mannos in 1:4 molar ratio, as determined by alkaline hypoiodite method. It consumed 1.38 moles of iodine by iodometrically. The obtained monosachharides were characterized by paper chromatography and identified by column chromatography using cellulose column. The linkages are of (1→4)-β-type in D-galactopyranose and D-mannopyranose units at main polymer chain while (1→6)-α-type linkages both in D-galactopyranose and D-mannopyranose at two non-reducing ends which were confirmed by infrared spectrophotometer (KBr). Sugars were identified by their melting points, sulphated ash, optical rotations and preparation of their suitable crystalline derivatives

2 tables, 25 ref

023734   Singh K P;Singh R;Sinha D K;Chauhan R S (Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Haematobiochemical changes and enteric pathology of spontaneous canine parvovirus infection. Indian J Anim Sci 2008, 78(11), 1257-8.

Outbreaks of canine parvovirus infection were recorded in 2 organized kennels of paramilitary forces in April 2005: 5 out of 41 (12%) and 3 out of 9 (33%) pups of 3-5 months age were died in 2 separate disease outbreaks with haemorrhagic enteritis. Microscopic examination revealed stunted villi and hypertrophic disorganized lining epithelial cells with presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in crypts.

2 illus, 12 ref

023733   Siddiqui S A;Sabnis S (Microbiology Dep, The Institute of Science, Mumbai) : In vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Bionano Front 2009, 2(2), 24-6.

The objective of the study was to investigate the in vitro adherence capacity of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Adherence assays were conducted on dental surfaces and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Extracted human teeth were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans or Candida albicans and with both species simultaneously, and incubated at 36 ± 1 °C for 21 days. SEM analyses showed that the biofilm that covered the entire analyzed dental surface was more homogeneous when inoculated with the two microorganisms simultaneously than with each organism separately.

5 illus, 7 ref

023732   Shreedhara C S;Aswatha Ram H N;Sachin B Zanwar;Gajera P Falguni (Pharmacognosy Dep, Manjpal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal-576 104, Email: cssncp@rediffmail.com) : Free radical scavenging activity of aqueous root extract of Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Boj. (Convolvulaceae). J nat Remedies 2009, 9(2), 216-23.

Aqueous extract of Argyreia nervosa, which is widely used in the indigenous system of medicine, was studied for its in vitro scavenging activity by different methods viz. DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, iron chelating activity, superoxide scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, Nitric oxide scavenging and Non-enzymatic Glycosylation of Haemoglobin assay. The results were analyzed statistically by regression method. Its antioxidant activity was estimated by IC₅₀ value and the values are 88.86 μg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging, 66.64 μg/ml for ABTS radical scavenging, 31.57 μg/ml for lipid peroxidation, 8.0 μg/ml for iron chelating activity, 113.20 μg/ml for Nitric oxide scavenging and 7.51 μg/ml for superoxide scavenging. Total antioxidant capacity was found to be 22.0 μg/ml. In Haemoglobin glycosylation the % scavenging was found to be 43.77% and 64.42% for concentration 0.5 mg/ml and 1.0 mg/ml respectively. In all the methods, the extract showed its ability to scavenge free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. The results indicate that Argyreia nervosa has significant antioxidant activity.

6 illus, 1 table, 31 ref