001390   Pal R;Ahmed T;Kumar V;Suke S G;Ray A;Banerjee B D (Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Lab, Biochemistry Dep, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University, Dilshad Garden, Delhi-110 095) : Protective effects of different antioxidants against endosulfan-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in albino rats. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 723-9.

Endosulfan exposure (8 and 16mg/kg) to rats significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, level of reduced glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation. The primary and secondary antiSRBC antibody titers, plaque forming cells counts and delayed hypersensivity reaction, and the TH1 or TH2 cytokines levels were significantly suppressed in a dose dependent manner. L-ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol produced a synergistic reversal of oxidative stress parameters following endosulfan exposure. N-acetylcysteine produced significant reversal of altered oxidative stress parameters and immune response after endosulfan exposure. A significant attenuation of the oxidative stress markers and immunotoxicity with a combined therapy of L-ascorbic acid plus α-tocopherol and with N-acetylcysteine was clearly demonstrated by the present results.

001389   Pal D;Sannigrahi S;Mazumder U K (Natural Products Research Lab, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia, Mayurbhanj-757 086) : Analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of saponin isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 743-7.

Saponin (SN1) isolated from C. infortunatum leaves in doses of 30, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg, ip provided 36.28, 60.47, 90.71, 100% protection respectively from writhing induced by 1.2% v/v acetic acid. In hot plate method, SN1 not only produced analgesia in mice but also potentiated the analgesic action of pentazocine and aspirin. The anticonvulsant activity was tested by leptazol-induced seizures. SN1 decreased the duration of seizures and gave protection in a dose dependent manner against leptazol-induced convulsions. The results suggest that saponin has significant analgesic and anticonvulsant effects.

001388   Mulla W A;Salunkhe V R;Bhise S B (NO, Government College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Karad-415 124) : Hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Alocasia indica (Linn.). Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(10), 816-21.

Oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of A. indica (250 and 500 mg/kg) effectively inhibited CCl₄ and paracetamol induced changes in the serum marker enzymes, cholesterol, serum protein and albumin in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the normal and the standard drug silymarin-treated groups. Hepatic steatosis, fatty infiltration, hydropic degeneration and necrosis observed in CCl₄ and paracetamol-treated groups were completely absent in histology of the liver sections of the animals treated with the extracts. The results suggests that the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of A. indica possess significant potential as hepatoprotective agent.

001387   Mukhopadhyay R;Bishayi B (Immunology Lab, Physiology Dep, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700 009) : Particulate antigen induced immune activation influences steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organs with parallel increase in circulating IL-6. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 699-705.

The effect of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), live Escherichia coli cells administration and interleukin-6 (IL-6) treatment on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organs with concomitant changes in serum IL-6 levels were studied in the male Swiss albino mice. From the lymphoid tissue homogenate, the activities of 3βHSD, 17áHSD, corticosterone, testosterone and IL-6 levels of serum were estimated. The 3βHSD activity in murine lymphoid organs, as well as the IL-6 levels in serum increased after administration of SRBC and live E. coli cells, as compared to control. Whereas the 17βHSD activity was decreased in the murine lymphoid organs with a concomitant reduced serum testosterone level was found after particulate antigen administration or IL-6 treatment. The serum corticosterone and serum IL-6 level were also elevated.

001386   Morange M (Centre Cavailles and IHPST, Ecole normale superieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75230, Paris Cedex 05, France, Email: morange@biologie.ens.fr) : Central dogma of molecular biology. Resonance 2009, 14(3), 236-47.

The Central Dogma of molecular biology was enunciated more than 50 years ago by Francis Crick to define the relations between the main informational macromolecules: DNA, RNA and proteins. Since that time, many disciplines have mimicked biology, and introduced their own 'Central Dogma'. An attempt to review the status of the Central Dogma in the context of the new discoveries that were made during the past fifty years.

8 ref

001385   Mookherjee H N;Bhadra R;Manna S (Sociology & Political Science Dep, Tennessee Technological Univ, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA) : Perceived achievement limitations and self-reported deviant behavior among the graduate students in the universities of West Bengal. J Indian Anthrop Soc 2008, 43(2), 149-64.

Following Robert Merton' theory of anomie (1938), it is proposed that awareness of limited opportunity and ability will unfavorably affect the deviant behavior of the graduate students at the selected universities in West Bengal, India. Using a purposive/judgmental sampling procedure a sample of 820 graduate students enrolled in the participating three universities was drawn for this study. Data were collected in a structured questionnaire from the graduate students available in the campus during the days of data collection. Eighty-nine percent (89%) of the respondents were Hindus, and most of them (94%) were from urban areas, with an average age of 22.20 years. The socio-demographic variables, respondent's sex, religious affiliation, father's education, and father's occupation were considered as antecedent background variables. It is argued that perception of opportunity limitations and perception of ability limitations are of central importance in explaining the graduate students' feeling of powerlessness, and anomia, and together they exert profound effects on deviance. Discussion of the results of regression analyses centered the standardized partial regression coefficients. The results show that respondent's sex, friends' influence on education/occupation, peer-group ties, perception of ability limitations, and feeling of powerlessness are found to be the important predictors of self-reported deviant behavior of the graduate students of the selected universities in West Bengal, India. Further explanations and interpretation have been extended in support of the empirical findings.

4 tables, 39 ref

001384   Mittar A;Singh P (Microbiology Dep, Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya (Gurukul Kangri University), Jwalapur, Haridwar 249 407) : Isolation of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from soils contaminated with crude oil spills. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 760-5.

A feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the capability of bacterial strains to degrade crude oil under in vitro conditions. Pseudomonas strain PS-I could degrade alkanes (70.69%) and aromatics (45.37%). Alkanes and aromatic fractions separated by column chromatography were analyzed by gas chromatography. In case of Pseudomonas strain PS-I, nC₁₇/Pr, nC₁₈/Ph ratios decreased from 2.5100 to 0.1232 and from 7.2886 to 0.3853, respectively. It was concluded that out of the isolated strains, Pseudomonas strain PS-I, PS-II and PS-III were comparatively better and potent hydrocarbon degraders. Pseudomonas strain PS-I was almost comparable with standard strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in crude oil biodegradation potency.

001383   Mishra R K;Singh S K (Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005) : Antispermatogenic and antifertility effects of fruits of Piper nigrum L. in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 706-14.

Effect of oral administration (25 and 100 mg/kg body wt/day, for 20 and 90 days) of fruit powder of Piper nigrum L. on the male reproductive organs of mice, Parkes strain, was investigated. Various reproductive end points such as organs weight, histopathology, sperm parameters, sialic acid and fructose contents, and fertility indices were assessed. Histologically, testes in treated mice, except in those treated with 100 mg of dose for 90 days, showed non-uniform degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules, as both affected and normal tubules were observed in the same section. In mice treated with 100 mg dose for 90 days, degenerative changes were observed in all the tubules. Affected seminiferous tubules showed intraepithelial vacuolation, loosening of germinal epithelium, occurrence of giant cells, and mixing of spermatids of different stages of spermatogenesis; in severe cases, the tubules were lined by mainly a layer of Sertoli cells. Percentage of affected tubules in testes of Piper-treated mice was dose-and duration-related. Further, Piper nigrum treatment for 20 days did not cause appreciable alterations in histological appearance of the epididymis, while the treatment for 90 days caused detectable alterations in the duct. The treatment also had adverse effects on sperm parameters, levels of sialic acid and fructose, and on litter size. Fifty six days after cessation of treatment, the alterations induced in the reproductive organs recovered to control levels, though the litter size in females impregnated by Piper-treated males remained significantly decreased compared to controls.

001382   Mehta P;Singh K B (Endocrinology Lab, Animal Science Dep, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly-243 006) : Ascorbate defense system and response of steroid producing glands under reserpine treatment in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 770-2.

Reserpine functions as an anti-stress agent providing relaxation to animals under stressful conditions. An attempt was made to find out functions of reserpine in unstressed albino rats and its role in steroidogenesis. The effects of the drug (25 and 35μg, im daily for 3-5 days) were observed by recording the changes in body weights, concentration of ascorbate (liver and adrenals) and cholesterol (liver, adrenal and testes) of the animals. A dose of 25 μg reserpine 3-5 days was ineffective as there were no significant changes after the treatment. On the other hand 35 μg reserpine was found to be effective because there was significant increase in body weights, levels of ascorbate and cholesterol in respective tissues after 3-5 days administration. Therefore it is clear that in unstressed animals reserpine is stimulatory for liver but inhibitory for adrenal and testes under high doses.

001381   Mastan S K;Eswar Kumar K (NO, , ) : Relative potency of protease in hibitors on glucose-insulin homeostasis, hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin in normal rats. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 108-16.

The study has been carried out to investigate the relative potency of protease inhibitors (indinavir, ritonavir and atazanavir) on glucose-insulin homeostasis. hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin in normal rats following oral administration for a period of 30 days. The effects of protease inhibitors were compared with normal control rats. Blood samples were collected from retro orbital puncture and the parameters observed are blood glucose, insulin, total hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin and body weight. The insulin resistance index and percent beta cell function were determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-1 and HOMA-2) models. Percent insulin sensitivity was determined by HOMA-2 model. Indinavir and ritonavir were significantly (p<0.05) elevated the blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and glycosylated hemoglobin values and decreased the total hemoglobin, beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and body weights when compared to control rats. The alterations associated with indinavir are more compared to ritonavir treated rats. Atazanavir has not shown any significant effect on any parameter when compared to control rats, except increase in body weight. From this study we conclude that glucose-insulin homeostasis disorders associated with protease inhibitors are not a class specific, but are drug specific. Thus, it can be concluded that atazanavir is having safe profile compared to indinavir and ritonavir with respect to glucose-insulin homeostasis. Indinavir and ritonavir are having potent tendency to alter the glucose homeostasis and insulin profile to produce the events related to type 2 diabetes. So care should be taken when the indinavir and ritonavir are prescribed for their clinical benefit in diabetic patients.

001380   Mastan S K;Chaitanya G;Bhavya Latha T; Srikantha A;Sumalatha G;Eswar Kumar K (NO, , ) : Cardioprotective effect of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini seeds on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 143-9.

The study was designed to scientifically evaluate the cardioprotective potential of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini (Family: Myrtaceae) seeds, a medicinal herb, on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (Ml) in rats. Five groups of albino rats, each comprising six animals, were selected for this study. Group I served as a control, Group II rats were given isoproterenol (20 mg/100 g, subcutaneously), and Group III rats were given methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini seeds (SME) of 500 mg/kg. Groups IV and V rats were given SME (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively) and isoproterenol (20 mg/100 g subcutaneously) prior to Ml induction. The transaminases (Aspartate Transaminase and Alanine Transaminase), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), were estimated in both the serum and heart tissues, and the serum uric acid level was also estimated. Isoproterenol significantly increased the activities of CPK, LDH and the transaminases in serum with a concomitant decrease in these enzymes in tissue. Pretreatment with SMEat a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for 30 days had a more significant effect on the activities of marker enzymes compared to 500 mg/kg treated group. Serum uric acid level, which increased on isoproterenol administration, registered near normal values on treatment with SME under study. The study confirms the cardioprotective potential of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini seedsagainst isoproterenol-induced biochemical alterations in rats.

001379   Maheshwari R S;Bafna A;Shukla J;Ved R K (Biochemistry Dep, Holkar Science College, Indore) : Status of lipid profile in obese subjects. Ind Res Commun 2009, 3(1), 16-19.

Obesity is a health problem prevalent worldwide and it causes a large number of health problems both independently and in association with other diseases. Various lipid abnormalities have been observed in obese individuals. The present study was designed to study the status of lipid profile in 30 obese subjects having BMI >24 Kg/m² without any complications and in similar number of non obese (control) subjects having BMI ranging from 18 to 24 Kg/m², in both sex. Analysis was done in the male and female obese and non obese subjects of age group 25 - 45 years. Changes in serum levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Very low density cholesterol (VLDL-C) and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were estimated. An increase in the TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and a decrease in the HDL-C level was observed in the obese as compared to non obese control group. Male subjects showed significant changes in the lipid profile.

3 illus, 14 ref

001378   Mahalle P R;Deshmukh S P (P.G. Dep of Chemistry, Shri Shivaji College, Akola-444 001, Email: prmahalle@rediffmail.com) : Antimicrobial activities of some N-Galactosylated thiocarbamides. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 2045-51.

Several 1- tetra - O - acetyl -β - D - galactosyl - 3 - aryl/H thiocarbamides (III) have been prepared by the interaction of tetra - O - acetyl - β - D - galactosyl isothiocyanate (I) and aryl amines/ammonia (II). All the products formed were well characterized by the spectral analysis and usual chemical transformations. These compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities against various pathogenic bacteria like E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgar is and P. aregenosa and fungi like A. niger and C. alblcans. These compounds exhibit interesting activity as compared with standard drug at the same concentration.

2 tables, 13 ref

001377   Llango K;Chitra V (NO, , ) : Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Lmonia acidissima Linn. in alloxan induced rats. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 117-25.

Carries out to study the effect of Limonia acidissima.Linn (Rutaceae) on biood glucose levels and antioxidant enzymes levels in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p) induced diabetic rats were treated with Limonia acidissima methanolic extract at a dose levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 21 days. Glucose level was measured in blood serum and antioxidant enzymes levels viz Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Lipid Per oxidation (LPO) were measured in pancreatic homogenate, methanolic extract of fruit pulp ofLimonia ac/d/ssmia.Linn significantly (P<0.01) lowered the Alloxan induced hyperglycemia. It also produced a significant (P<0.01) decrease in peroxidation products viz. MDA in blood serum. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT was found to be higher in the blood serum of diabetic animals treated with the Limonia acidissima extract. This confirms the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities of Limonia acidissima in Alloxan induced diabetic rats.

001376   Kurde S;Shinde M (Zoology Dep, Holkar Science College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh) : Effect of herbal preparation on diabetic albino rats. Ind Res Commun 2008, 2(1), 75-8.

Information available in ayurvedic literature regarding the antidiabetic properties of various herbs. Present work deals with the study of effect of herbal extract on, serum glucose, creatinine, cholesterol and total proteins. Alloxan induced diabetic albino rats were kept on herbal drug for 2 to 28 days. Blood glucose, creatinine and cholesterol levels were found to be decreased in diabetic animals as compared to control group. Significant fall in the levels of total proteins was also noticed in alloxanized diabetic rats which was slightly restored after were the treatment of herbal drug. While levels of glucose, creatinine & cholesterol were bought to normal by treatment with herbal drug.

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001375   Kirana H;Agrawal S S;Srinivasan B P (NO, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi-110 017) : Aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa Linn. reduces oxidative stress in experimentally induced type 2 diabetic rats. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(10), 822-6.

One of the major etiologies in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes especially complications is oxidative stress. Aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg orally decreased the fasting blood glucose in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. The drug had enzyme induction effect with respect to catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, however decreased the exaggerated activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in type 2 diabetic rats. F. religiosa modulated the enzymes of antioxidant defence system to combat oxidative stress. As a result, glutathione (GSH-reduced form) was restored and inhibited the formation of malondialdehyde. Drug at higher dose (200 mg/kg) had more pronounced effect. F. religiosa, a rasayana group of plant drug having anti-diabetic activity along with antioxidant potential was beneficial in treatment of type 2 diabetes.

001374   Kaushik D;Saneja A;Kaushik P;Lal S;Yadav V (NO, , ) : Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Mitragyna parvifolia leaves extract. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 75-82.

Ethanolic leaves extract of Mitragyna parvifolia was screened for anti-inflammatory activity using Carrageenan-induced paw edema at various doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) and the results were compared with standard drug Diclofenac sodium (4 mg/kg). It showed significant activity at 250 and 500 mg/kg (p < 0.01). The extract was also screened for antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects at various concentrations (100, 300 and 500 <g/ml) by reducing power assay, superoxide radical and DPPH free radical scavenging method. All these antioxidant activities were concentration dependent which were compared with standard antioxidants such as BHA and ascorbic acid. The highest antioxidant activity of M. parvifolia leaves extract was observed at a concentration of 500μg/ml.

001373   Karanth J;Jeevaratnam K (Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore-570 011) : Effect of dietary lipid, carnitine and exercise on lipid profile in rat blood, liver and muscle. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 748-53.

Aim of this study was to investigate the influence of physical exercise on effects of the daily intake of vegetarian diet of either vegetable hydrogenated fat (HF) or peanut oil (PO) with or without carnitine on the lipid profile. Eight groups of male Wistar rats were fed HF-diet (4 groups) or PO-diet (4 groups), with or without carnitine for 24 weeks. One group for each diet acted as sedentary control while the other groups were allowed swimming for 1 hr a day, 6 days/week, for 24 weeks. Plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA), liver and thigh muscle glycogen, total fat (TF), TG, TC and FFA were analyzed. HF-fed rats showed significantly increased plasma TC, VLDL+LDL-cholesterol and TG compared to PO-fed rats, wherein a lowered plasma TC, TG levels in all the groups with significantly increased liver cholesterol and decreased muscle cholesterol was observed. Physical exercise of moderate intensity reduced plasma TC and TG accompanied by significantly reduced tissue TG and cholesterol while FFA and glycogen increased in all the groups. The influence of exercise was less pronounced in carnitine supplemented rats since carnitine could significantly reduce TG in plasma and tissues of sedentary rats. Results from the present study showed that the intake of HF diet significantly increased the plasma and tissue lipid profile and MUFA-rich diet or carnitine supplementation and/or exercise may ameliorate the deleterious effects of HF.

001372   Jimo L (Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi) : Marriage prestations and Ame bridewealth in the Sumi Naga society. Indian Anthrop 2008, 38(2), 43-60.

Different societies have varied ideas on the marriage prestations. This study tries to understand the complex institution of marriage and marriage prestations i.e. Ame among the Sumi Naga of Nagaland. The term Ame (bridewealth) refers to all the gifts and payments of goods and services which are required by the custom in the process of establishing a valid and complete marriage. The paper thus attempts to understand and highlight the issues related to the practice of Ame and its relevance for social structure by exploring the changing Sumi marriage system, changing practice of Ame (Bridewealth,) its impact and possible continuation among the Sumi society.

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001371   Jha S;Kharya M D;Singh P P;Jain P K (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: pushpendra_utd@rediffmail.com) : In vitro antilithiatic studies on Dolichos biflorus Linn. (seeds) and Parmelia perlata ACH. (Thallus). Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1324-32.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antilithiatic activity of Soxhlet extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds and cold extract of Parmelia perlata thalus. The in vitro activity was determined by inhibition of calcium (titrimetric analysis) and Phosphate (colorimetric analysis) precipitation. Cystone (a marketed product) was used as reference drug for comparison. Extracts of Dolichos bifloms showed activity almost equivalent to cystone but extracts of Parmelia perlata were not as active as cystone. The combined effect was not as active as individual extracts.

4 illus, 8 tables, 8 ref

001370   James R;Sampath K;Nagarajan R;Vellaisamy P; Manikandan M M (P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin-628 008) : Effect of dietary Spirulina on reduction of copper toxicity and improvement of growth, blood parameters and phosphatases activities in carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822). Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(9), 754-9.

The effect of Spirulina supplementation on reduction of copper toxicity based on food utilization, phosphatases activities and selected haematological parameters was studied in a freshwater cultivable fish C. mrigala. Metal concentration in medium, body tissues and fecal matter was also analysed. Sublethal exposure of C. mrigala fed Spirulina - free diet significantly reduced the consumption and growth rates, phosphatases activities and haematological parameters. However, the above parameters enhanced in the copper exposed fish fed with Spirulina supplemented diets. A significant positive correlation was obtained for the relationship between supplementation of dietary Spirulina and copper defecation through feces. Among the doses of Spirulina supplementation, 6% addition has been considered optimum for C. mrigala since this dose produces maximum elimination of copper from the body and feces and better improvement on growth, phosphatases activities and haematological parameters.

001369   James O;Nnacheta O P;Ameh O (Biochemistry Dep, Kogi State Univ, P.M.B., 1008, Anyigba, Nigeria) : Polyphenol contents, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of some selected Nigerian vegetable foods. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 1714-25.

The investigation was carried out to evaluate the relative antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and some polyphenol contents in selected Nigerian vegetable foods. The flavouoid contents varied from 1.55± 4.23 to 17.300 ± 0.200% in the extracts. Total phenol contents were between 0.263 ± 0.00 to 1.328 ± 0.3 18% in the plant extracts. 2,2- Diphenyl-1 - picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effects of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically. Rapid radical scavenging screening using thin layer chromatographic plate (TLC) was also performed. The highest radical scavenging effect was observed in C. esculenta leaf extract with IC₅₀ = 180.20 μg/mL. This is comparable to the standards quercetin and ascorbic acid used.

4 tables, 34 ref

001368   James O;Eniola O J;Nnacheta O P (Biochemistry Dep, Kogi State Univ, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Nigeria) : Comparative evaluation of antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity of two Nigerian Ocimum species. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 1742-51.

Study focused on a comparative evaluation of the antioxidant capacities and cytotoxicity of two ocimum species (O. gratissimum and O. basillicum). The methanolic extracts of the two species were investigated for antioxidant properties using standard methods. Ocimum gratissimum possessed the highest antioxidant capacity and highest percentage of polyphenolic contents than O. basillicum. The antioxidant capacities of the two ocimum species are not comparable to the reference standards used. These two ocimum species possessed very low cytotoxicity to brine shrimps and are relatively safe for the purpose utilized.

4 tables, 21 ref

001367   Jain J (Chemistry Dep, L.R.P.G. College, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201 005) : Paradoxial nature of Indian herb: Azadirachta indica. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1571-5.

Investigations have been made on paradoxical nature of A. indica. The toxic effects of plant extract were studied on the life cycle, growth and mortality of beetle, Tribolium confusitm in stored rice grains. The survival rate of beetle is significantly reduced in the grain treated with the extract of leaves of A. indica. On the other hand, trace metals in plants also have medicinal, physiological use and nutritional value. The plant extract was analyzed for certain trace metals viz. copper, zinc, manganese and iron. Concentrations of these metals in plant extract were found to be as zinc (64 μg/g), iron (158), copper (49 μg/g) and manganese (18 μg/g).

2 tables, 21 ref

001366   Harmandeep Kaur;Sharma N;Shrivastava R (Biochemistry Dep, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences &, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: rahulshrivastava_2000@yahoo.com) : Nutritional quality of Trigonella foenum-graceum (Desi) & Trigonella corniculata (Kasuri) methi. Ind Res Commun 2009, 3(1), 20-2.

Trigonella foenum-gmceum & Trigonella Corniculata is cultivated throughout India for culinary and medicinal purposes and also for fodder. The biomass of the desi and kasuri methi was found to be more or less similar on dry weight basis. Study of sugar, starch, protein and phenolics in leaves as well as seeds of Trigonella showed a significant diffence between these two varieties. However higher amounts of protein was found in seeds as well as leaves in desi methi, which indicated that maximum amount of protein, has already been synthesized. Antimicrobial screening of the essential oil of both the verities have not shown any significant results. Although the inhibitory effect to some extent have been observed against E. Coli on the basis of results obtained. In the light of these in vitro results the potential nutritional applications of these compounds are under investigation.

2 tables, 8 ref

001365   Gupta S;Mahmood S;Mahmood A (Biochemistry Dep, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014) : Kinetic characteristics of brush border sucrase activation by Na<. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(10), 811-5.

The kinetics of Na⁺ activation of brush border sucrase (sucrose D-glucosidase E.C. 3.2.1.48) has been studied in mice intestine. At pH 5.0, 50 mM Na⁺ ions stimulated sucrase activity by 84%. At pH 7.2, enzyme stimulation was reduced to 16%, whereas, at pH 8.5, 10-100 mM Na⁺ ions produced 18-45% inhibition of enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed that at pH 5.0, the enzyme activation by Na⁺ ions was V-type, which changed to K-type at pH 7.2, whereas at alkaline pH (8.5), Na⁺ ions inhibited the enzyme activity non-competitively. Using the non-compulsory model of Na⁺ ion stimulation of brush border sucrase [Mahmood & Alvarado, Arch Bioch Biophys, 168 (1975) 585] various kinetic constants involved in activation of sucrase by Na⁺ ions were determined. It is apparent that Na⁺ stimulation of brush border sucrase is pH dependent, which is similar to that described for rat, rabbit and other mammalian species and conform to identical mechanisms, at least with reference to the affinity type effects, as observed in mice intestine.

001364   Gulati G;Baghel S;Sharma S (NO, Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls Post Graduate College, Bhopal) : Comparison of invitro antioxidant activity of amla and guggul. Ind Res Commun 2009, 3(1), 9-10.

Antioxidants reduce the effect of oxidative stress, which causes cell damage and leads to chronic diseases. Medicinal herbs provide the highest concentration and best absorption of antioxidants. The investigation was undertaken to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity of Amla and Guggul. Phenol content and Ascorbate iron (III) phospholipid peroxidation was analysed by spectrophotometer at 532 and 760 nm respectively. The present study showed that guggul showed more inhibition of ascorbate iron (III) phospholipid peroxidation and amla contain higher phenol than guggul.

001363   Girija Sastry V;Sastry A V S;Eswara Kumar K; Satyanarayana S (Univ College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Chemical examination and biological evaluation of some marine coelenterates of the Indian ocean. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1291-8.

In the study, ethyl acetate extracts of the two marine gorgonians Junceella juncea (JjE), Gorgonella uinbraculum (GuE) and a soft coral sarcophyton trocheliophorum (StE) collected from the coasts of Indian Ocean were chemically examined and screened for anti-inflammatory (Evan's blue method), antibacterial (Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus subtilis and Eschereichia coll and Proteus vulgaris) and antifungal (Candida allricans and Aspergillus niger) activity. The structures of the new compounds isolated from the above mentioned extracts were elucidated by utilizing modern spectral and chemical techniques and were found to be spiroketal steroid, umbraculolide E (briarane diterpenoid) from GuE, Juncins I-M (briarane diterpenoid) from JjE, trocheliophorin (a novel sesquiterpenoid) from StE. All the extracts exhibited potent dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity (30 and 100 mg/kg) in the order JjE > StE > GuE when compared with that of the standard (ibuprofen). All the extracts and some available compounds isolated from them showed significant antibacterial (100 μg/mL) activity. JjE and GuE showed potent antibacterial activity against E. coli. GuE also exhibited highly significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

2 tables, 8 ref

001362   Ganga Rao B;Sanjith Nath M;Sampath Kumar G V; Samuel M (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of roots of Atalantia monophylla. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1511-17.

The study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic and chloroform root extracts of Atalantia monophylla (Rutaceae), in carrageenan induced albino wistar rats of either sex (175-225 g). The anti-inflammatory effects of chloroform extract of Atalantia monophylla 200,400 mg/kg p.o were found to be significant in reducing rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan, where as methanolic extract produced significant reduction of paw oedema at 400 mg/kg p.o. Ibuprofen (50 mg/kg) was used as the reference anti-inflammatory agent for comparison. The chloroform extract was highly significant in reducing rat paw oedema. The result of this experimental animal study indicated that the extracts possess anti-inflammatory activity, and thus, lend credence to the suggested use of these plants in the management or control of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions in certain communities of India.

2 tables, 10 ref

001361   Devasahayam M (NO, INSERM U580, Necker Institute, 161, rue de Sevres, Paris 75015, France) : Interaction of tapasin related protein with cell surface MHC class 1heavy chain molecules. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(10), 792-8.

Tapasin related (TR) protein shares similarity (27%) with tapasin and is present in endoplasmic reticulam (ER) and on the cell surface of Hela cells. In the present article, TR protein was found localized in ER, but not in the lysosomes or late endosomes as studied by confocal colocalization. TR protein was associated with cell surface MHC class 1 HLA A2 heavy chain (HC) molecules and might be involved in chaperoning of cell surface HC MHC class 1 molecule. The results indicated that MHC class 1 cell surface molecules involved in antigen presentation of exogenous antigens, interact with cell surface chaperons.

001360   Desai S K;Shahavi V M;Naik A B;Gawali V S (NO, Prin. K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Colaba, Mumbai-400 005, Email: vinayakashahavi@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective activity of Butea monosperma flowers. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 2118-29.

Methanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers (MEBM) was studied for hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The MEBM when evaluated at two dose levels viz, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg was found to significantly reduce the elevated levels of serum lysosomal enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and lipid peroxides in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological studies also support these findings.

10 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

001359   Das Trakroo M;Upadhyay A K;Agrawal R (College of Fisheries, G. B. Pant Univ of Agric. & Tech, Pantnagar, Distt.-U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Limnological studies of fish ponds in the tarai region. Modern J Life Sci 2007, 6-7(1-2), 13-30.

Study was carried out in the ponds used for fish culture, in the tarai region of Uttarakhand. Regular observations were made for physico-chemical and biological parameters for one year. The physico-chemical conditions of the pond fluctuated between optimum ranges: water temperature 14.0°-30.2°C, transparency 16.6- 25.0 cm., TDS 190-280 mgl^-1, pH 7.0-7.8, dissolved oxygen 5.0-7.6 mgl^-1, free CO₂ 0.0-6.0 mgl^-1, and total alkalinity 88-132 mgl^-1. The fish ponds harbour nearly 27 genera and 39 species of phytoplankton and 16 genera and 21 species of zooplankton. Phytoplankton biomass was influenced by the water quality as well as season. The phytoplankton population was dominant during autumn and spring while zooplankton population showed its peak during winter. The macrozoobenthic fauna of the ponds included insects, molluscs and annelids. About 14 invertebrate species could be identified. The observations indicate that the physico-chemical conditions of the water are quite suitable with abundance of natural food for the fishes.

4 tables, 16 ref

001358   Das M (Programme Coordinator, Sarai, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, Email: mitoodas@gmail.com) : Menstruation as pollution: taboos in Simlitola, Assam. Indian Anthrop 2008, 38(2), 29-42.

The existence of menstrual rituals and taboos has been prevalent in many societies for ages. This was documented in ethnographies as an appendage or as a chapter in early social anthropological works. My paper attempts to look into the sociological world of menstruation in the form of taboos in the life of Hindu Assamese women in Simlitola and how it defines the existence of women in it. It explores the strategies women to employ during their menses to maintain their identity as norm following subjects of society and how while doing so create a space for themselves which is distinct from spaces of everyday life.

18 ref

001357   Chowdhury A N;Sarkar P;Das S;Maity T;Biswas M K;Brahma A;Banerjee S (NO, , HA 244, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 097, Email: arabinda.chowdhury@btinternet.com) : Ethnographic study of health system at Maisani island, Sundarban: role of HCPs. J Indian Anthrop Soc 2008, 43(2), 165-77.

The health care system in the entire Sundarban region is very intricate and complex. There are different health care systems, which are operating often in unison sometimes in collision. The government health care system operates through Block Primary Health Centre (BPHC) and Primary Health Centre (PHC) where allopathic treatments from (MBBS) doctors are available. A parallel network of local Health Care Providers (HCPs) also covers the population. Primarily these HCP networks of village practitioners, who have no medical registration or accreditation, are locally known as 'quack doctors'. They practice a variety of treatment methods like allopathic, homeopathy, ayurvedic, kabiraji and herbal. The third group consists of Gunin and Ojha who practice magic, chant and sorcery along with different healing rituals. Each of them acts both as a healer and as a community friend with a discrete catchments area. Many of them enjoy good social reputation and are quite popular in the region. Virtually they are the first line of health care contact in this primary care level and act as a key person for the referral of cases either to BPHC or to specialists in urban centers. Present study attempts to explore the existing health care system at Maisani island of Sundarban region under South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal in the context of HCP network.

5 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

001356   Chitra V;Jaya Shankar Reddy V;Mastan Rao Y; Bhargavi C (NO, , ) : Effect of fluoxetine and escitaloparm on hypoglycemic response of repaglinide. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 150-6.

The aim of the study involves the effect of Fluoxetine and Escitalopram on hypoglycemic reponse of repaglinide.The whole data was obtained from the albino rats which are treated with Repaglinide along with antidepressant drugs like Fluoxetine & Escitalopram to observe their drug interactions in diabetic rats. The individual drugs were tested on healthy &diabetic induced albino rats to conform their effect on hypoglycemic activity. Fluoxetine, Escitalopram had shown no alterations in blood glucose levels when it is administered to healthy rat. Repaglinide had reduced blood glucose levels upto Shours. Effect of treatment of Fluoxetine SEscitalopram on the hypoglycemic activity of Repaglinide in healthy albino rats had shown marked decrease in blood glucose levels. Fluoxetine and Escitalopram on blood glucose levels in diabetic albino rats did not show any alterations. Repaglinide had shown activity on decreasing the blood glucose levels in diabetic albino rats. Fluoxetine and Escitalopram had markedly reduced the hypoglycemic effect of Repaglinide in diabetic rats with out any change in duration of action.The present study indicates that Fluoxetine and Escitalopram have effect on hypoglycemic activity of Repaglinide. Both Fluoxetine &Escitalopram did not show any changes in glucose levels of normal albino rats. But they both increased the reduction of blood glucose levels of Repaglinide by 30 min in healthy rats& diabetic rats.

001355   Chattopadhyay R R;bhattacharyya S K;Medda C; Bag A;Pal N K (Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata-700 108, Email: rabi@isical.ac.in) : Evaluation of growth inhibitory activity of phytoconstituents of black myrobalan (fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz.) against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(3), 1406-44.

Terminalia chebula Retz. has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicines and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. Antibacterial potential of black myrobalan (fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.) against uropathogenic Escherichia coli has already been evaluated and reported by us. In the present study, antibacterial potential of phytoconstituents (total phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids) fractionated from aqueous and ethanol extracts of black myrobalan against uropathogenic Escherichia coli was assessed by in vitro growth inhibitory assay methods. It was observed that ethanol extract of the plant material contained high concentration of phytoconstituents and exhibited more strong antibacterial potential against the test strain, when compared with its aqueous counter parts. MIC values revealed that the test strain was more susceptible towards phenolics than other phytoconstituents (flavonoids and carotenoids) evaluated. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of phenolics fractionated from ethanol extract of black myrobalan against uropathogenic Escherichia coli and reinforce the importance of ethnomedical approach as a potential source of bioactive compounds for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

2 tables, 26 ref

001354   Chakraborty B M;Lee H S;Wolujewicz M;Mallik J;Sun G;Dietrich K N;Bhattacharya A;Deka R;Chakraborty R (Environmental Health Dep, Cincinnati Univ, College of Medicine, 3223, Eden Aevnue, Kettering Laboratory, Room 108, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA, Email: ranajit.chakraborty@uc.edu) : Low dose effect of chronic lead exposure on neuromotor response impairment in children is moderated by genetic polymorphisms. J hum Ecol 2008, 23(3), 183-94.

Previous research on children of the Cincinnati Lead Program Project (CCLP) showed a strong correlation of blood lead level with postural balance impairment. Investigated whether this association is dependent on genetic polymorphisms that are implicated with lead metabolism and/or neuromotor disorders, suggesting the role of gene-environment interaction in neurotoxicity of lead exposure in early life of children. Genotyping was done for 10 polymorphic sites on 83 children from the CLPP cohort, on whom postural balance measurements and average blood lead levels (PbB05) were available. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed to examine genotype-dependency on lead and postural balance. Heterogeneity tests of lead-postural balance regression coefficients were done to examine genotype dependency of lead-balance association. Two loci, Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and Dopamine Receptor D3 (DRD3), showed suggestive evidence of genotype dependency of toxicokinetics of lead. Regression coefficients of PbB05 on postural sway area (S_A) under all test conditions were significantly heterogeneous for at least one or more of these genes. The three-way link between PbB05, postural sway, and genotypes suggested that at least three genes, Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2-A), Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), and N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), may be involved in moderating the detrimental effect of lead exposure on postural balance response. These observations provide preliminary evidence that toxicokentic effect of lead on neuromotor response may be moderated by genotypes at several genes.

3 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

001353   Chakraborty B M (Environmental Health Dep, Cincinnati College of Medicine Univ, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati. Ohio 45267, Email: chakrabm@ucmail.uc.edu) : Role of cultural anthropology in health and diseas risk studies : concept, measurement and use of acculturation. J Indian Anthrop Soc 2008, 43(2), 99-120.

Acculturation is a concept that has its root in cultural anthropology, but it is a process intimately related to health behavior and possibly to health status of minority populations In a multicultural society. This paper provides a brief review on the subject of acculturation as it relates to health and disease risk research, drawing attention to the fact that this concept has a potential to identify risk factors that underlie increased prevalence of many chronic diseases, particularly in immigrant populations. A proper understanding of this subject should be helpful in designing intervention programs to reduce the burden of such diseases and to increase the quality of life in such populations. The core idea of this article is to define the concept of acculturation with a brief outline of its history showing its evolution over time. Criteria for measuring acculturation are described to illustrate the need of accommodating the multidimensional features of acculturation. Drawing examples from health research in US Hispanics, the role of acculturation on health behavior is discussed to document that the discordant findings are at least partially due to the fact that some such studies either used incomplete dimensions of the concept, or did not account for the dynamic aspect of the process of acculturation. Finally, with illustration of an important finding from an earlier study among overweight Mexican American women of South Texas, a model of acculturation study is proposed that may be used in other immigrant populations undergoing the acculturation process.

6 illus, 3 tables, 70 ref

001352   Chakraborthy G S (NO, , ) : Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Tagetes erectus flowers in animal models. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 92-6.

Potential of chloroform extract of Tagetes Erectus (Farnily-Compositae) flowers on antinociceptive, behavioral study and anti-inflammatory effects using various animal models. The dried, powdered flowers of Tagetes Erectus were extracted successively with petroleum ether (60-80° C) and chloroform in soxhlet apparatus. The chloroform extract yield (20.6 % w/w with respect to dry powdered plant material) was selected for all experimental procedure. Two models were employed to investigate the effects on nociception; tail immersion and hot plate method in Swiss albino mice and anti-inflammatory effect were investigated by employing the carrageenan induced paw edema test in adult Wistar albino rats. Behavioral study was investigated by elevated plus maze method in Swiss albino mice. Results were revealed that the TECE was found significant antinociceptive effect (p< 0.001) at dose levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, orally in mice and produced a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect (p<0.001) at the same dose levels used in rats. Behavioral study of the TECE has no significant effect when used orally. Thus from the above findings it can be concluded that, TECE possessed remarkable antinociceptive effect and anti-inflammatory effect but no anxiolytic effect on animal models.

001351   Bidwal A;Meyen C;Vitello L B;Erman J E (NO, Index Medical College, Indore, Email: anibid@yahoo.com) : Probing the active site environment of cytochrome C peroxidase: binding of cyanide. Ind Res Commun 2009, 3(1), 1-5.

This paper incorporates results of a study of the binding of cyanide to two mutants of cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) with altered henie environment. Distal pocket mutants of CcP in which three distal pocket residues, arg-48, trp-51, and his-52, were replaced with nonpolar residues (ala and leu) showed weaker and slower binding of cyanide which can be attributed to the lack of distal histidine as well as the nonpolarity of the distal heme pocket. Comparison of the binding of cyanide between these mutants and the wild type enzyme showed that a polar heme pocket favors cyanide binding. pH dependence of the binding of the ligand showed that ionizable groups in the protein influence the binding.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

001350   Bhattacharya D K (Anthropology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi) : N.K. Bose and Indian archaeology. Indian Anthrop 2008, 38(2), 19-28.

An attempt to highlight the need of bringing anthropology closer to archaeology through an analysis of the works and contribution of N.K. Base to Indian Archaeology. Bose used his formal training as an anthropologist to provide the foundation for his study of temple architectures and other archaeological sites. This paper emphasizes on the need to follow anthropological premises to understand and interpret archaeological discoveries as brought out by Bose.

12 ref

001349   Bhattacharjee N (Sociology Dep, Sri Venkateshwara College, Delhi Univ, Delhi, Email: nabanipad@gmail.com) : Through thick and thin reflections on Nirmal Kumar Bose. Indian Anthrop 2008, 38(2), 1-17.

This essay attempts a descriptive introduction to the life and works of Nirmal Kumar Base, one of India's foremost social thinkers. Drawing largely from secondary sources this essay does not claim to be a complete theoretical-critical attempt, yet, by providing a tour of Bose's life and works it throws up possibilities of discovering of something hitherto unknown and unexplored. In a certain sense, particularly for the uninitiated. The essay is divided into four sections :the first looks at Bose as an anthropologist, the second highlights his reflections on the nature and culture of Indian society, the third outlines Bose as a Gandhian scholar and activist and the fourth puts forth general observations on the legacy of Nirmal Kumar Bose.

35 ref

001348   Barua S (NO, , D 623 Lake Gardens, Kolkata-700 045) : Scope of mt DNA and Y chromosome studies in reconstructing the ethnic history and for visualising the genetic implication of diverse marriage patterns and kinship systems in certain human populations. J Indian Anthrop Soc 2008, 43(2), 179-93.

Mitochondrial DNA are transmitted only through the females and both the males and the females receive their mitochondrial genome from their mothers only and not from their fathers. The maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA are relatively resistant to the gene flow from outside which is more likely to be due to the males from other neighbouring populations. Such an influence of extramarital relations and gene flow will be minimized if we take into consideration the mt DNA polymorphic loci or sequences. Like the mitochondrial DNA, the DNA of the non recombining portion of the Y chromosome is uniparentally transmitted and that the Y-chromosome DNA polymorphic loci are inherited through the male line and none of their daughters receive Y chromosome DNA polymorphic loci from their fathers. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the importance of mt DNA studies for tracing the ethnic history and ethnic affinities of certain human populations. The paper also discusses about the importance of mt DNA polymorphism and Y-chromosome studies in visualising the genetic implication of marriage patterns, types of residence and surnames in certain human populations. Methods to be employed in such studies have been dealt within the paper.

2 tables, 33 ref

001347   Bafna A;Sarkar P D;Maheshwari R S;Sachdev S (Biochemistry Dep, Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore-452 001) : Total antioxidant capacity of nephrotic syndrome subject. Ind Res Commun 2008, 2(1), 82-6.

The prevalence and pattern of renal disease vary widely in different geographical regions of the world. The prevalence of Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is 60 to 100 times greater in the tropical region than in the United States or United Kingdom. This is possibly related to the environmental nephrogenic agent not seen in the temperate climates. The syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day), hypoalbuminaemia and hypercholesterolemia. Nephrotic Syndrome is associated with an increased risk coronary heart disease. Total antioxidant capacity may reduce because of hypoalbuminaemia and hyperlipidaemia. We studied 60 subjects with Nephrotic Syndrome and 50 age and sex matched healthy non proteinuric controls. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAG) was significantly lower in Nephrotic Syndrome subjects as compared with controls. Serum total antioxidant capacity of NS subjects found to be 1.73±0.18 m mol/l and that of control is 2.04±0.2 m mol/l. This study demonstrates that in the NS subjects there is decrease in total antioxidant capacity of serum with hypoalbuminaemia and hyperlipidaemia. It may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease as seen in Nephrotic Syndrome subjects.

2 tables, 12 ref

001346   Amresh Kumar;Pandey S D;Dibya Kumari;Singh K N;Pandit D N (Zoology Dep, V.K.S. Univ, Ara, Bihar) : Anthropometric measurement of blood groups of nin-hindu OBC of Patna. Modern J Life Sci 2007, 6-7(1-2), 95-8.

Blood group is a polymorphic trait, it provides a model by which we can study the segregation of a single pair of autosomal alleles having intermediate inheritance in the human population. The present study reports the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups among the pouplation of non-hindu OBC of Patna. The frequency of blood group 'A' was found to be highest (28.81%) followed by 'O' (27.12%), 'AB' (25.42%) and 'B' (18.65%) in this study. The frequency of Rh (D) positive blood group was highest (71.18%) followed by Rh negative (28.82%).

2 tables, 7 ref

001345   Ahmida M H;Abuzogaya M H (NO, , ) : Effects of oral administration of green tea and ginger extracts on serum and hepatic lipid content in rats fed a hyperlipidemic diet. Der Pharmac Lett 2009, 1(1), 56-64.

Investigates the effect of water extracts of green tea, ginger, or a combination of both on serum and hepatic total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), high density lipoprotem-cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and total phospholipids in mduced-hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats. A group of 30 male albino rats was divided into two groups. The first group was fed a basal diet as a normal control (NC), while the second group was fed a hyperlipidemic diet for five weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. The latter group was then subdivided and administered a hyperlipidemic diet, or a hyperlipidemic diet supplemented with green tea extract, ginger extract, or both. In groups whose diets were supplemented with the extracts, we found that total body weight was reduced as compared to positive control (PC) animals. Likewise, a significant reduction in serum TC, LDL-c, TG, and total phospholipids was observed, accompanied by an increase in HDL-c levels. In the liver, a slight reduction in TC and TG was observed, though total phospholipid levels remained relatively similar. Importantly, we observed no synergism between the two extracts. Together, our data suggest that consumption of green tea or ginger could aid in the treatment of obesity and other diseases related to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

001344   Ahmad S;Sharfuddin C (Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, Botany Dep, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005) : Bacterial diversity in the Saidpur sewage channel [NALA] of Patna. Modern J Life Sci 2007, 6-7(1-2), 117-22.

Sewage samples were collected from the Patna Saidpur Sewage Channel (Nala) in the sterilized plastic containers and brought to the Departmental Laboratory for further investigation. The samples were streaked on Nutrient Agar Medium under UV treated inoculation chamber. The inoculated culture tube and Petri plates were incubated at 34±2°C for 72 hours. The pure culture of bacteria were obtained after sub culturing. A thin film of different type of bacteria were developed on the sterilized slides with the help of sterilized cotton buds and these slides were observed under 100X (Immersion oil) magnification. These isolated and identified bacteria were namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhous, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcm aureus and Bacillus thuringiensis.

9 ref

001343   Agrawal G;Devinder Singh;Goyal V K (Forensic Science Laboratory, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Madhuban Chowk, Rohini, Sector-14, New Delhi-110 085, Email: drvkgoyal2004@yahoo.co.in) : Extent of heterogeneity in the poly-nucleotide stretches of MtDNA hypervariable regions in the Indian population. J Forensic Med Toxicol 2008, 25(2), 1-8.

Mono-nucleotide and di-nucleotide repeats are observed to have high levels of allelic diversity and as such considered as mutational hot-spots. Such repeats are also found in the hyper-variable regions (HVR) of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A poly-cytosine (poly-C) stretch located within the HVR1, HVR2 and HVR3 regions exhibits high degree of polymorphism. Another highly polymorphic stretch of CA-repeat is located in HVR3. Assess the discrimination power of the alleles at these loci and their cumulative capability to provide interpersonal information, and screened 200 Indians that belong to the Indo-European ethnicity. It has been determined the distribution of different length variants in the given population and the frequency of the variant in these individuals and identified 37 mtDNA haplotypes when all the length variants within these four regions were considered. The frequency of length heteroplasmy was very high in HVR2 (55.5%) as compared to HVR1 (7%) and HVR3 (1%). The increased knowledge concerning mtDNA length variations and heteroplasmy is believed to offer an applicable method of determining genetic identity due to increased mtDNA haplotype diversity.

4 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

001342   Aduloju R K;Otubanjo O A;Odeigah P G C (Cell Biology and Genetics Dep, Lagos Univ, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: bankaduloju@yahoo.com) : In vivo assay of the mutagenic potential of praziquantel (PZQ) using sperm head abnormality test. J hum Ecol 2008, 23(1), 59-63.

The mutagenic potential of praziquantel (PZQ) 2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl) - 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11b-hexahydro-4W-pyrazino-(2,1 -a) isoquinolin-4-one, an antihelmintic was evaluated in vivo using sperm head abnormality assay of about 15 weeks-old isogenic mice. For 3, 5, 7 weeks of drug exposure period, three different dose levels 0.02; 0.04; and 0.08 (mg/gbwt) of PZQ (the calculated equivalence of human therapeutic dose-HTD) were intraperitoneally administered. Observations revealed that PZQ had no significant effect on the body weights of the tested animals. Seven types of sperm head morphological abnormalities in varying degrees were observed. Sperm head abnormality was 5.14%, 5.13% and 5.03% in the control mice and 5.62%, 6.56% and 6.72% in the experimental models for the 3, 5 and 7 weeks exposure period respectively. The abnormality was lower in the control as compared to the experimental mice and this represents a difference of 0.48% (3 weeks); 1.43% (5 weeks) and 1.69% (7 weeks). The difference in the abnormal sperm heads between the control and experimental model is statistically insignificant (P < 0.05). The induction was slightly dose-dependent with 0.08 mg which was the highest dose used inducing the highest number of sperm head abnormalities for each exposure period. PZQ is probably not mutagenic because the values of aberrant sperm heads that were present in the lower dose levels are close to those of the control. PZQ, therefore, may be a mutagenically safe drug for mass therapy and the control of schistosomiasis in Africa.

3 tables, 22 ref

001341   Adrieux J;Sheth F (Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital CHRU de Lille, Lille Cedex, France) : Comparative genomic hybridization array study and its utility in detection of constitutional and acquired anomalies. Indian J expl Biol 2009, 47(10), 779-91.

The last decade has witnessed an upsurge in the knowledge of cytogenetic disorders and putting the old technology in a new basket with molecular genetics. As conventional cytogenetic can detect the genetic alteration of 10-15 Mb, many of the micro-deletions and micro-duplications are missed. However, with the advent of technology of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the resolution of genetic aberrations can reach to 3-5 Mb, nonetheless the anomalies smaller than the above, need further precision which has been achieved using comparative genomic hybridization array (CGH-array). Introduction of array-CGH has brought higher sensitivity with automated DNA fragment analyzer and DNA chip for submicroscopic chromosomal anomalies that are missed till date in many of the acquired and constitutional genetic disorders. The resolution of the technology varies from several Kb to 1 Mb depending upon the type of array selected. With the recent improvement in the array-CGH technology, a link between cytogenetic and molecular biology has been established without replacing conventional cytogenetic technique. The wider accessibility of the technology shall certainly provide a clue to the many unidentified/unexplained genetic disorders which shall prove to be a boon to the clinicians.