022326   Srirangaraj S;Venkatesha D (Microbiology Dep, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry-607 402, Email: rangaraj1980@indiatimes.com) : Circulating phage type of Vibro cholerae in Mysore. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 166-75.

1 table, 6 ref

022325   Srinivasa H;Baijayanti M;Raksha Y (Microbiology Dep, St. John's Mecical College, Bangalore-560 034, Email: bajjayantimishra@gmila.com) : Magnitude of drug resistant shigellosis: a report from Bangalore. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(4), 358-60.

Shigella is an important cause of acute invasive diarrhea in children and others. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal/dysenteric patients in Bangalore was studied in our hospital from January 2002 to December 2007. One hundred and thirty-four isolates were identified as Shigella species. S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii and S. dysenteriae were accounted respectively for 64.9%, 21.6%, 8.2% and 3.7% of the total number of Shigella isolated. Of these 56 (41.8%) were from children (0 to 14 years) and 78 (58.2%) were from adults and elderly patients. Over 70% of Shigella isolates were resistant to two or more drugs including Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole. During 2002 to 2007, resistance to Ampicillin had increased from 46.7% to 68%. For Co-trimoxazole, though the resistance had gradually decreased from 100% to 72%, but still the resistance is high. Chloramphenicol resistance showed sudden decline from 73.3% to 25% from 2002 to 2003, but gradually has reached 48%. Nalidixic acid resistance was more than 70%. All isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin during the period 2002 to 2004, but over the years the resistance pattern gradually increased up to 48%. Ceftriaxone had shown no resistance. The results of the study revealed the endemicity of Shigellosis with S. flexneri as the predominant serogroup. Children were at a higher risk of severe shigellosis. The results also suggest that Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin should not be used empirically as the first line drugs in the treatment of Shigellosis. Periodic analysis and reporting of antibiotic susceptibility is an important measure to guide antibiotic treatment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

022324   Srila Gopal;et al. (Community Health Dep, Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore) : Water supply & sanitation practices in India using geographic information systems: some design & other considerations in a village setting. Indian J med Res 2009, 129(3), 233-41.

Availability of clean water and adequate sanitation facilities are of prime importance for limiting diarrhoeal diseases. We examined the water and sanitation facilities of a village in southern India using geographic information system (GIS) tools. Places of residence, water storage and distribution, sewage and places where people in the village defaecated were mapped and drinking water sources were tested for microbial contamination in Nelvoy village, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Water in the village was found to be microbiologically unfit for consumption. Analysis using direct observations supplemented by GIS maps revealed poor planning, poor engineering design and lack of policing of the water distribution system causing possible contamination of drinking water from sewage at multiple sites. Interpretation & conclusions: Until appropriate engineering designs for water supply and sewage disposal to suit individual village needs are made available, point-of-use water disinfection methods could serve as an interim solution.

4 illus, 30 ref

022323   Smith C P (NO, , P.O. Box 28, Pakhara (NEPAL), Email: colin-butterfly@yahoo.com) : Misunderstandings concerning Darwinism - a rejoinder. Bionotes 2010, 12(3), 90,92.

^ssc

022322   Sivadas S;Ingole B;Nanajkar M (Biological Oceanography Div, National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industri, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, Email: baban@ino.org]) : Benthic polychaetes as good indicators of anthropogenic impact. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(2), 201-11.

Seven stations were sampled within the Mormugao harbour area for benthos and environmental variables from September 2003 to July 2004. A total of 71 polychaete taxa were identified from the area. Polychaete abundance, biomass and species number was highest during post monsoon, mainly due to new recruitment. Pre monsoon is the most stable period for community development when, the fauna was dominated by opportunistic deposit feeding polychaete species. Average abundance ranged from 652-4096 ind m^{-2 reported at channel and harbour station respectively. Harbour station was dominated by P. pinnata, Magelona sp., Tharyx sp. and Cossura sp. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed clear demarcation of outer harbour, inner harbour and channel stations. Correlation of physico-chemical and biotic parameters did not show a significant correlation. Dominance of opportunistic deposit feeding species and low polychaete diversity in the inner harbour indicate negative impact of harbour activities on the species composition.}

5 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

022321   Singh T S;Sugiyama H;Umehara A;Hiese S;Khalo K (Microbiology (TSS) Dep, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, 5th Mile, Tadong-737 102, Email: shantikumar_singh@rediffmail.com) : Paragonimus heterotremus infection in Nagaland: a new focus of paragonimiasis in India. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 123-7.

To determine the prevalence of paragonimiasis among the patients who were attending the tuberculosis (TB) clinics at the Community Health Centre, Pfutsero, Phek District, Nagaland. To determine the species of Paragonimus that cause infection in humans and the crustacean host that acts as the infectious source for humans. Sputum specimens were examined microscopically for Paragonimus eggs and acid fast bacilli. Blood samples were tested by microenzyme-linked immunosorbant assay for Paragonimus-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Crab extracts prepared by digestion with artificial gastric juice were examined for Paragonimus metacercariae under a stereoscopic microscope. The species identification of the parasite was based on morphological and molecular characterizations of eggs and metacercariae employing polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing.Seven out of the 14 patients tested seropositive for paragonimiasis and Paragonimus eggs were detected in sputum of two out of the seven seropositive patients, indicating a prevalence of 50% and an egg detection rate of 14%, respectively. The prevalence was highest in the 10-30 year age group. More males got the infection than females, the ratio being 5:2. P. heterotremus was identified as the causative agent of human paragonimiasis and Potamiscus manipurensis as the crab host. The study revealed that paragonimiasis has been endemic in Pfutsero, Nagaland, and half of the patients attending the TB clinic were actually suffering from pulmonary paragonimiasis. This is the first confirmed report of an endemic focus of paragonimasis and description of P. heterotremus as the causative agent in Nagaland, India.

2 illus, 13 ref

022320   Singh I;Mishra A;Kushwaha R K S (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Dep, Dr. H.S. Gour Univ, Sagar-470 003) : Dermatophytes, related keratinophilic and opportunistic fungi in indoor dust of houses and hospitals. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(3), 242-6.

Dermatophytes, related keratinophilic and opportunistic fungi were isolated from indoor dust samples of 46 hospitals and 47 houses in Kanpur. A total of 19 fungi represented by 11 genera were isolated by the hair-baiting technique from 230 and 235 samples from hospitals and houses respectively. The isolated fungi are Acremonium implicatum (Indian Type Culture Collection) ITCC 5266, A. strictum (Germplasm Centre for Keratinophilic Fungi) GPCK 1137, Aphanoascus fulvescens GPCK 1081, Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275, Chrysosporium queenslandicum ITCC 5270, C. indicum ITCC 5269, C. pannicola GPCK 1022, C. tropicum GPCK 1269, Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267, Gymnoascus reessii ITCC 5265, Malbranchea fulva GPCK 1075, Malbranchea pulchella ITCC 5268, Micosporum gypseum GPCK 1038, Microsporum cookei GPCK 2001, M. fulvum GPCK 2002, Paecilomyces lilacinum GPCK 1080, Penicillium expansum GPCK 1082, Trichophyton mentagrophytes GPCK 2003 and T. terrestre GPCK 2004. In hospitals, the minimum frequency was of Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267 while the maximum frequency was of Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275. In houses, Chrysosporium queenslandicum ITCC 5270 and C. tropicum GPCK 1269 were with minimum and maximum frequencies respectively. This makes the first report of these fungi with keratinolytic ability in the indoor dust of hospitals and houses.

2 tables, 16 ref

022319   Simon John S (NO, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 11 Mansingh Road, New Delhi-110 001) : Traditional knowledge of folk craft in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2010, 9(3), 443-7.

Folk craft is one of the significant areas in the study of material culture. It is social rather than individual. The traditional craftsmen serve the purpose of fulfilling some of the socio-cultural needs of the society and they are generally identified by their traditional occupation. The paper gives attention on three traditional folk crafts, i.e. earthenware by Kullalar, grass mat weaving by muslim Labbai and basketry by Malai Kuravar community. It documents the traditional techniques of crafting and analyses the role of crafts and craftsmen in socio-cultural context and the changing scenario of folk craft in contemporary context.

4 illus, 7 ref

022318   Sharma P (Zoology, D.N. College, C.C.S. University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Changes in body weight and blood parameters in albino rat, Rattus norvegicus, toxicated with malathion. Bionotes 2010, 12(3), 93-4.

^ssc2 tables, 5 ref

022317   Sarkar P D;Arora R K;Potey G G;Khan M N (Biochemistry Dep, N.S.C.B. Medical College, Jabalpur) : Level of trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in children suffering from protein energy malnutrition in Indore district. Indian J Nutr Diet 2009, 46(10), 426-30.

Protein energy malnutrition represents one of the commonest nutritional deficiencies in developing countries. The current study was done to asses the level of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase.superoxide dismutase) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium) in PEM children. This study was carried out in hundred children suffering from PEM (age 1-3 years) and compared with hundred apparently healthy children who served as control. All the experiment and control children were subjected to estimation of serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium and also estimation of enzymatic activity of the RBC superoxide dismutase and whole blood glutathione peroxidase with the help of spectrophotometer. There was a significant decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes and trace elements in PEM children as compared with the normal subjects. Hypoprotenemia and anaemia in malnourished children were also associated with significant decline in both zinc and copper levels. Serum trace element deficiency leading to depleted antioxidant protection may be a contributing factor to the pathophysiology of protein malnutrition and will also predisposes the malnourished children to the possible risk of ROS. Once PEM is diagnosed proper treatment should be initiated. This may involve intravenous fluid to treat dehydration and blood transfusion to treat anaemia. The most important aspect is nutritional support, which may require initial parentral nutrition slowly advancing to oral feedings. Therefore reduce the risk of possible ROS.

1 table, 19 ref

022316   Samaddar N;Paul A;Dutta D;Gachhui R (Life Science & Biotechnology Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: ratangachhui@gmill.com) : Screening isolation of endophytic acetic acid bacteria from tropical fruits and flowers. Green Technol 2009, 8(Aug), 41-5.

During the course of screening for endophytic acetic acid bacteria from flowers, some bacterial strains were isolated from golden rod (Solidago virgaurea) of the family Compositae (daisy) that grows in media designed for Acetobacter sp. but is unique in the family Acetobacteraceae in the property of utilizing the carbon source dulcitol and by growth on 0.35% acetic acid containing media. The isolates constituted a taxon separate from Acetobacter and had morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics similar to those of the type strains genus Asaia.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

022315   Saha S K;Adhikari S K (West Bengal Medical Service & Guide to PHD Thesis, Netaji Subhas Open Univ, Kolkata) : Virtuous vegetations. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2008, 31(1), 237-9.

Concerns a study on the problem of virtuous vegetation in Indian context. The major aspects on the importance of vegetations for the man and his day to day life on the earth as well as their role for the advancement of civilization etc. are discussed in some details. Mentions have also been made on the recent trend like Ethno-medicine - Ayurveda - which forms a part of botanical economics in the background of food chain, the dependence on fresh vegetations for a nutritive value, the social custom and echo-conservation etc. in this paper. In fine, the authors opine : Trees are Divine - Trees are virtuous. Existence of Man and Plants is dependent on one another.

022314   Rani H;Gupta V;Gulati N;Chander J (Microbiology Dep, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh-160 030, Email: varshagupta_99@yahoo.com) : Cryptosporidial oocysts in gastric aspirate of an infant. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 172-4.

1 illus, 3 ref

022313   Prabha S;Verghese S (Microbiology Dep, International Centre for Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Dr. K, R-30-C, Ambattur Industrial, Estate Road, Chennai-600 101, Email: suji_prabha@sify.com) : Detection of porcine rotavirus from tissue and faecal specimens. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 149-52.

Porcine small intestinal sub-mucosa is a cell-free collagen matrix that has demonstrated its ability as a scaffold material. Transplantation poses special hazards because grafted tissues and organs transmit pathogens efficiently, especially viruses. Rotavirus is thought to be confined to the intestine, causing acute diarrhoea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the porcine intestinal tissue scaffold for Rotavirus and to study the incidence of this virus among pig herds. Only one isolate was successfully adapted to grow in cell line MA 104 from faecal samples. This isolate was further confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis.

1 illus, 10 ref

022312   Pappa Ammal R;Suganthi B;Pushpa P (Biochemistry Dep, Avinashilingam Univ for Women, Coimbatore-641 043) : Influence of parthenium compost, composted coirpith and chemical fertilisers on the antioxidant levels of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek (green gram). Indian J Nutr Diet 2009, 46(10), 400-4.

Parthenium compost alone and in dua and tripartite association recorded maximum levels of enzymic antioxidants such a: peroxidase.polyphenol oxidase and catalase. Dual combination of organic manures enhanced the activity of catecho oxidase and laccase in both fresh and dry seeds. Individual application of Parthenium Compost showed better SOD activity than the rest of the treatments. The findings revealed that enzymic antioxidants in greengram are influenced by individual and intergrated approach of organic manure and chemical fertilizers and suggest that soil amendment with parthenium compost a found to boost up the enzymic antioxidant.

3 tables, 8 ref

022311   Narang R;Narang P;Mendiratta D K (Microbiology Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram-442 102, Email: rahuldevnarang@gmail.com) : Isolation and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria from water and soil in central India. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(3), 247-50.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), important organisms in the Genus Mycobacterium and commonly present in the environment, are known to cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients. In this study, NTM were isolated from environment (soil and water) of the AIDS patients with disseminated NTM disease to know the prevalence of environmental NTM species and their correlation with clinical isolates from patients of the same area. Paraffin baiting technique was used to isolate NTM from environmental samples. Once isolated, subcultures were made on Lowenstein Jensen and Middlebrook 7H10 media and the species were identified using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. A total of 26 NTM isolates belonging to seven different species could be identified. Mycobacterium avium was the only species isolated from both clinical and environmental samples of the same patient; but the isolates did not match using PCR for IS 1311 and IS 1245 spacer sequences.

2 tables, 17 ref

022310   Nagle V L;Mhalsekar N M;Jagtap T G (Biological Oceanography Div, National Institute of Oceanography, CSIR, Dona-Paula Goa-403 004, Email: tanaji@nio.org]) : Isolation, optimization and characterization of selected cyanophycean members. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(2), 212-8.

Ten spp. of Cyanobacteria (non-heterocytous) were isolated from various marine habitats. Three bioactive potential forms, were observed for their optimization of growth, subjecting them to various concentrations of NaCl, pH, light and nutrients. Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates were also evaluated from some of the forms. Exponential growth rates of (0.062 and 0.01 g day^{-1) were exihibited by Phormidium tenue and S. cedrorum, respectively, in the first two weeks. Wide range (0-100%) of salinity tolerance was noticed in Phormidium tenue, S. cedrorum and S. pevalekii. Optimum growth and maximum biomass were obtained in media with NaCl concentrations of 5-25%. All three species exhibited maximum growth in media with pH 7.5, and responded well with increasing concentrations of NO₃-N. The quantum of nitrate required for maximum growth varied with species. Synechococcus cedrorum produced higher biomass in the artificial light, compared to the same in direct sunlight, and diffused light. Spirulina major showed maximum (66.72%) proteins, while Oscillatoria sp. was rich (28.82%) in carbohydrate contents. Phormidium showed relatively higher (11.3%) lipid contents.}

6 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

022309   Mohankumar A;Ranjitha P (Research Microbiology Dep, Chikkanna Govt. Arts College, Tirupur-641 602, Email: moniver@satyam.net.in) : Purification and characterization of esterase from marine Vibrio fischeri isolated from liquid. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(2), 262-9.

Bioluminescence bacterium Vibrio fischeri was produces esterase enzyme when the medium contained specific substrate. Esterase was purified from the culture supernatant. Most active fractions were obtained using the technique of precipitation with 1N HC1. Precipitated fraction was purified by ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Cellulose) and gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G200). Enzyme purity was determined by RP-HPLC. Purified active fraction exhibiting final specific activity of 300U/mg and characterized; the optimum pH was 7.5, the optimum temperature was 30°C. Enzyme was very stable at the temperature 30°C and at wide range of pH. Enzyme was monomeric protein having molecular mass of 37 kDa estimated by native PAGE assay.

6 illus, 23 ref

022308   Michael R C;Michael J S;Mathews M S;Rupa V (ENT (RCM, VR), and Microbiology (JSM, MSM) Dep, Christian Medical College, Vellore-632 004, Email: rajmike@hotmail.co.uk) : Unusual presentation of entomophthoromycosis. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 156-65.

Rhinoentomophthoromycosis caused by Conidiobolus sp commonly presents as a chronic granulomatous lesion that affects the rhinofacial subcutaneous tissue. Present an 18-year-old girl who presented with progressive bilateral proptosis and loss of vision since 2 weeks. Biopsy and fungal cultures confirmed diagnosis of Conidiobolus sp infection of the paranasal sinuses bilaterally with orbital extension and blindness. The clinical picture was complicated by the presence of sputum-positive cavitatory pulmonary tuberculosis, which was diagnosed at the same time. To our knowledge, this is the first such case to be reported from India. We also discuss the management of entomophthoromycosis. Despite many reports of success, there remains no consensus on the treatment of Conidiobolus infections of the nose and the paranasal sinuses with antifungal agents.

^ccr4 illus, 9 ref

022307   Mathur M;De A;Turbadkar D (Microbiology Dep, LTM Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, Email: drmmathur@hotmail.com) : Leptospirosis outbreak in 2005: L.T.M.G. Hospital Experience. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 153-5.

Nine hundred and forty two serum samples from clinically suspected cases of leptospirosis admitted in Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai during July-September 2005 were tested by LeptoTek Dri-dot/Leptocheck. One hundred and sixty five positive sera by these tests were sent to I.R.R., Mumbai, for detection of leptospira IgM antibodies by ELISA (PanBio). Eighty seven positive sera were also sent to B.J. Medical College, Pune, for microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for serovar identification. Seropositivity with LeptoTek Dri-dot/Leptocheck was 34.3%. Adults and males predominated. All patients were febrile. The commonest presentation in adults was jaundice (81.4%), followed by oliguria (37.6%). In children, myalgia was commonest (75.6%), followed by conjunctival suffusion (54.7%). IgM ELISA positivity was 69.1% and MAT positivity was 29.9%. Commonest serovar detected in this geographical area was Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (42.9%), followed by L. bataviae, L. tarassovi, and L. pomona. Considering at least two of the above three serological tests positive, 127 cases could be diagnosed and only 89.8% of them could be diagnosed by ELISA and rapid test. Therefore, along with rapid serological tests, IgM ELISA should be routinely done for laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

022306   Koduru B;Tejaswini;Thakur A;Kamath S U;Shenoy K R;Kamath U;Reshma K (Biochemistry Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Univ, Manipal-576 104, Email: bhargavkoduru@gmail.com) : Indicators of oxidative stress in thyroid cancer. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(2), 121-3.

Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the levels of protein thiols and carbonyls were estimated in the blood samples of thyroid cancer patients (n = 20) before and after thyroidectomy, as well as in healthy controls (n = 10) to study the extent of damage caused by tumor tissue proliferation-induced oxidative stress and to ascertain that oxidative stress levels drop, when there was no proliferation. A significant decrease (p<0.001) in the levels of serum protein thiols and FRAP as well as a significant increase (p<0.001) in the levels of protein carbonyls and MPO activity in the blood of thyroid cancer patients before surgery was observed as compared to healthy controls. All the parameters studied also showed a significant difference (p<0.01) in their respective levels in thyroid cancer patients, pre-and post-thyroidectomy. These findings present the role of oxidative stress as a pathological implication of thyroid cancer.

^ssc1 table, 27 ref

022305   Joshi H (UGC Research Awardee, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur) : Measuring human development index at block level. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2008, 31(1), 75-80.

Thrusts on measuring human development index at block level in Rajasthan for the census year 2001 which is the first work of its kind in India, The methodology is mainly based on United Nations Development Program - Human Development Report framework. However, it has been modified wherever necessary, depending on the availability of data at block level. Human Development Index is a measure of how far a block has traveled from a minimum level of achievement and how far it has still to go. The paper presents models and methodology to measure Composite Index of Human Development and Health Status Index, Education Index and Income Index measuring its three key indicators viz. longevity, education and standard of living respectively.

4 tables, 3 ref

022304   Hosamani R;Muralidhara (Biochemistry and Nutrition Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020, Email: mural16@yahoo.com) : Prophylactic treatment with Bacopa monnieri leaf powder mitigates paraquat-induced oxidative perturbations and lethality in Drosophila melanogaster. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(2), 75-82.

Environmental exposure to the oxidant-producing herbicide, paraquat (PQ) (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4' -bipyridinium dichloride) has long been implicated as a risk factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). PQ-induced oxidative stress has been exploited as a model to screen putative neuroprotective compounds employing Drosophila. In the present study, we investigated the prophylactic efficacy of Bacopa monnieri (BM) against PQ-induccd oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and lethality. Exposure of adult male flies (Oregon K) to PQ alone (40 mM in 5% sucrose) resulted in 50% mortality at 48 h. Prophylaxis (7 days) with BM extract (0.1%) offered significant protection (40%) against PQ-induced mortality. Further, oxidative impairments and mitochondrial dysfunctions were monitored among Drosophila exposed to PQ (20, 40 mM) for 24 h. Significant induction of oxidative stress was observed in terms of enhanced malondialdehyde and hydroperoxide levels, and elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and SOD). Mitochondrial dysfunctions included of significant reduction in the activities of succinatc dehydrogenase (23%), complex I-1II (26%), and complex II-III (30%) enzymes. Interestingly, prophylaxis with BM extract prevented the oxidative stress induction by PQ and restored the activity of ETC complexes, suggesting clearly its specific effect on the mitochondria. While the precise mechanism of action of BM needs further investigations, it may be related to its ability to enhance antioxidant defences and thus mitigate PQ-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila.

4 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

022303   Heng S K;Heng C K;Puthucheary S D (Medical Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Malaya Univ, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: puthucheary@gmail.com) : Stacking gels: a method for maximising output for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 142-5.

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the gold standard of molecular typing methods, has a major disadvantage of an unusually long electrophoretic time. From the original protocol of 6 days, it was modified to 3 days and subsequently to a single day. We describe the procedure of stacking five to six gels one on top of another in order to increase and maximize the output in a shorter time without compromising the resolution and reproducibility. All the variables that affect pulsed field gels during electrophoresis were taken into consideration. We firstly optimized the parameters to be used and secondly determined whether stacking of five to six gels had any effect on the molecular separation during electrophoresis in comparison with a single gel run. DTSA preparation, restriction, electrophoresis, staining and gel documentation was carried out based on previously published methods. Gels were analysed using BioNumerics and dice coefficient and unweighted pair group methods were used to generate dendrograms based on 1.5% tolerance values. Identical band profiles and band resolution-separation were seen in the PFGE patterns with single gel and multiple stacking gels. Cluster analysis further strengthened the fact that results from stacking gels were reproducible and comparable with a single gel run. This method of stacking gels saves time and maximizes the output at the same time. The run time for a single gel was about 28 hours, but with six stacked gels the run time was 54 hours compared with 28 x 6 = 168 hours if they were run separately as single gels thus saving time of 67.86%. Beside the big factor of saving time, stacking gels save resources (electricity, reagents, water, chemicals and working time) by increasing the sample throughput in a shorter time without compromising on quality of data. But optimization of working parameters is vital depending on the PFGE system used.

2 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

022302   Gupta E;Bhalla P;Khurana N;Singh T (Microbiology Dep, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi-110 002, Email: ektagaurisha@gmail.com) : Histopathology for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 100-6.

Histopathological examination of tissue biopsies for the identification of infectious organisms is a very important diagnostic tool. Conventional culture confirmation of tissue biopsies often fail to identify any pathogen as, first of all, invariably most of the tissue samples that are collected and sent for culture isolation are inappropriately collected in formalin, which prevents pathogen growth in culture media. Inadequate processing like grinding, etc. further hinders isolation. Presence of inhibitors like dead tissue debris, fibers, etc. also delays isolation. Microbiologists often lack expertise in identifying infectious pathogens directly from tissue biopsies by microscopic visualization. This review therefore acquaints microbiologists with the various methods available for detecting infectious agents by using histological stains. On histopathological examination of the tissue biopsy once, it is determined that a disease is likely to be due to an infection and has characterized the inflammatory response and hence associated microorganisms should be thoroughly looked for. Although some microorganisms or their cytopathic effects may be clearly visible on routine haematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, additional histochemical stains are often needed for their complete characterization. Highly specific molecular techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and nucleic acid amplification, may be needed in certain instances to establish the diagnosis of infection. Through appropriate morphologic diagnoses and interlaboratory communication and collaboration, direct microscopic visualization of tissue samples can thus be very helpful in reaching a correct and rapid diagnosis.

^iia6 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

022301   Gunasekaran L;Ambalkar S;Samarji R A; Qamruddin A (Microbiology Dep, Manchester Royal Infimary, Oxford Road, Manchester, Post Code: M13 9WL, UK, Email: lakshmipriya6@hotmail.com ) : Post-traumatic osteomyelitis due to aeromonas species. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 163-5.

7 ref

022300   Guleria S;Tiku A K;Rana S (Biochemistry and Plant Physiology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha-180 009, Email: guleria71@rediffmail.com) : Antioxidant activity of acetone extract/fractions of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. fruit. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(2), 110-6.

Terminalia bellerica Roxb. (Family: Combretaceae) has been valued in Indian system of medicine for treatment of wide range of diseases and reported to have antioxidant properties. In the present study, the free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant potential of acetone extract/fractions of its fruit was investigated using in vitro assays, including scavenging ability against 2,2'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching inhibition, reducing power and chelating ability on Fe^{2+ ions. The fruit powder was extracted at room temperature with different solvents in the order of increasing and decreasing polarity to obtain crude acetone extract which was further partitioned with ethyl acetate and water (1:1). It was found that ethyl acetate fraction was more effective than crude acetone extract in all antioxidant assays, except chelating power which was highest in water fraction. Maximum anlioxidant activities (expressed as EC_-50 values) observed were 14.56 μ.g/ml, 27.81 μg/ml and 67.8 μ,g/ml in DPPH, β-carotene bleaching and reducing power assays, respectively. The antioxidant potential was compared with known antioxidant (butylated hydroxyl toluene) and correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid content in crude extract and fractions. Fractions rich in polyphenolic content were more effective than the crude extract.}

3 illus, 37 ref

022299   Gautam V;Ray P;Vandamme P;Chatterjee S S;Das A;Sharma K;Rana S;Garg R K;Madhup S M;Mahajan M;Sharma M (Medical Microbiology Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh-160 012, Email: r_vg@yahoo.co.uk) : Identification of lysine positive non-ferminting gram negative bacilli (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia complex). Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 128-33.

Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are closely related groups of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNBs) having a similar spectrum of infections ranging from superficial to deep-seated and disseminated infections. Identification of these lysine decarboxylase-positive NFGNBs lags behind in most Indian laboratories. A simplified identification scheme was devised for these two pathogens that allowed us to isolate them with an increasing frequency at our tertiary care institute. A simple five-tube conventional biochemical identification of these bacteria has been standardized. In the beginning, some of the isolates were confirmed from the International B. cepacia Working group, Belgium. Molecular identification and typing using recA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was also standardized for BCC. For short-term preservation of BCC, an innovative method of preserving the bacteria in Robertson's cooked medium tubes kept in a domestic refrigerator was developed. Thirty-nine isolates "of BCC isolates were obtained from various specimens (30 from blood cultures) and 22 S. maltophilia (13 blood cultures and 9 respiratory isolates) were isolated during the year 2007 alone.BCC and S. maltophilia can be identified with relative ease using a small battery of biochemical reactions. Use of simplified methods will allow greater recognition of their pathogenic potential and correct antimicrobials should be advised in other clinical laboratories and hospitals.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

022298   Ganapaty S;Chandrashekhar V M;Lakshmi Narsu M (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Div, College of Pharmaceutical Scienc, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: ganapatyseru@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of anti-allergic activity of gossypin and suramin in mast cell-mediated allergy model. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010, 47(2), 90-5.

The mast cell-mediated allergic reactions are involved in many allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. Stimulation of mast cells initiates the process of degranulation, resulting in the release of mediators such as histamine and an array of inflammatory cytokines. In this report, we investigated the effect of gossypin (a biflavonoid) and suramin (a synthetic polysulphonated naphtylurea) on the mast cell-mediated allergy model, and studied the possible mechanism of their action. Both gossypin and suramin inhibited (P<0.001) compound 48/80-induccd systemic anaphylaxis reactions, antiprurities (P<0.001) and reduced the histamine release in rats. Further, both showed significant (P<0.001) protection against rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. Thus, our findings provide evidence that gossypin and suramin inhibit mast cell-derived allergic reactions.

5 tables, 29 ref

022297   Elayaraja S;Murugesan P;Vijayalakshmi S; Balasubramanian T (Centere o Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai-608 502, Email: murugesaan74@rediffmail.com ) : Antibacterial and antifungal activitie of polychaete Perinereis cultrifera. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(2), 257-61.

Water, methanol and acetone extracts of polychaete Perinereis cultrifera were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Extracts were obtained from the whole body tissue of the animals and tested against 10 different pathogenic bacteria and 4 pathogenic fungi. Fractionated extracts of acetone (A), methanol (M) and acetone with methanol prepared in different concentrations such as 1, 5, 25, 50,100, 200, mg/1 were also tested against bacterial pathogens. Among the extracts, methanol showed maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (8.0 mm) and minimum against Klebsiella oxytoca (1.0 mm) both in methanol and acetone extracts. As regards antifungal pathogens, methanol extract showed maximum activity against Rhizopus sp. (12.0mm) and minimum against Aspergillus niger (2.0mm) in the water extract. Trace activity was noticed against Mucor spp. and A. niger in water and acetone extracts respectively.

2 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

022296   Ekadashi R;Langer S (NO, Delhi Heart and Lung Institute (RE SL), 3 mm II Panchkuian Road, New Delhi-110 055, Email: ravajni@yahoo.co.in) : Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis in blood donors of Delhi. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 167-8.

6 ref

022295   Desikan P (Microbiilogy Dep, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Raisen Bypass Road, Karond, Bhopal-462 038, Email: prabhadesikan@yahoo.com) : Microbes, the moon and H1N1. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(3), 182-4.

6 ref

022294   Chayani N;Tiwari S;Sarangi G;Mallick B; Mohapatra A;Paty B P;Das P (Microbiology Dep, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack-753 007, Email: nirupama.chayani@gmail.com) : Role of azithromycin against clinical isolates of family enterobacteriaceae: a comparison of its minimum inhibitory concentration by three different methods. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 107-20.

To determine the effect of azithromycin, a new azalide antibiotic, on clinical isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to determine and compare its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by disk diffusion, agar dilution and E-test methods. One hundred fifty-nine bacterial strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from different clinical samples, were tested for their susceptibility to azithromycin by disk diffusion, agar dilution and E-test methods. The MIC values were analysed and the percentages of agreement between the different methods were mentioned. Of the 159 isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae, 60.37% were E. coli followed by Klebsiella species 28.3%, Salmonella and Shigella species 3.77% and Enterobacter and Citrobacter species 1.88% each. Maximum isolates were obtained from urine 117/159 (73.58%). Azithromycin was found to be more active against Salmonella and Shigella species, showing 100% sensitivity the by E-test and 83.33% by the disk diffusion methods. In the agar dilution method, 83.33% of Salmonella and 66.66% of Shigella species were sensitive to azithromycin. The overall agreement between disk diffusion and agar dilution method was 96.8%, between agar dilution and E-test was 88% and between disk diffusion and E-test was 91.2%. Azithromycin may become an important addition to our antimicrobial strategies, especially for the treatment of bacterial diarrhoea and infections caused by Salmonella typhi.

3 tables, 15 ref

022293   Chacko J;Kuruvila M;Bhat G K (Skin and VD (MK) and Microbiology (GKB) Dep, Kasturba Medical College (JC), Mangalore-575 001, Email: gkbhat61@yahoo.co.in) : Factors affecting the nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 146-8.

Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients attending skin outpatient department were studied for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and associated factors affecting nasal colonization. Nasal swabs were used for isolation of S. aureus. MRSA were detected by agar screen and agar dilution methods. Careful examination for dermatoses was carried out. Forty-six of the 60 (76.67%) outpatients with HIV infection were colonized with S. aureus in the anterior nares. Significant number of S. aureus carriers were in the 31-40 year age group. Methicillin resistance was found in eight (17.39%) isolates. Of the 46 S. aureus strains, 29 (63%) were resistant to erythromycin, 69.5% to co-trimoxazole and 41.3% to ciprofloxacin. Co-trimoxazole use was found to be a risk factor for S. aureus carriage (P = 0.0214) but not for methicillin resistance. Hospital stay for more than 10 days was a risk factor for methicillin resistance whereas stay for more than 25 days was found to be a highly significant risk factor. Dermatophytosis and herpes simplex virus infection were other risk factors for nasal carriage of S. aureus.

^ssc3 tables, 12 ref

022292   Biswas S;Mukharjee J;Ray B C (Chemistry of Dep, Jadapur Univ, Kolkata, Email: bcrayjuchem@yahoo.co.in) : Genetically modified food scientific advances vs ethical dilemma. Green Technol 2009, 8(Aug), 102-3.

022291   Bhattacharya S (HPA West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Birmingham, Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom, Email: drsanjay1970@hotmail.com) : Laboratory microbiology to clinical microbiology: are we ready for a transition?. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 97-9.

14 ref

022290   Basu S (Geography Dep, Lady Brabourne College, Govt. of West Bengal, West Bengal) : Assessment of maternal and child health the most crucial social issue with respect to the state of West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2008, 31(1), 207-19.

An attempt to analyse the pattern of maternal mortality rate and Infant Mortality Rate in west Bengal under the prevalent socio-economic condition. The National Population Policy 2000, which has been considered in this study has reflected a new sense of urgency and seriousness to reduce maternal and Infant Mortality Rate still we are far away from our target which is to reduce MMR to less than 100 per 100,000 live births by the year 2012. Mention must be made of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in the year 2005 with special emphasis on rural population throughout the country. The health and nutrition status of children has been an area of major concern for policymaker, health administrators, non governmental organizations (NCOS), child development specialists and the public at large. The main objective of this paper to assess to what extent the benefits of recent advances in medical science and technology and the expansion of health services have reached different segments of society which will be ultimately reflected in the decreasing rate of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).

4 map, 4 table, 8 ref

022289   Bashir K;Hussain N;Hasnain S;Elahi S (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (KB, NH; SH) Dep, Punjab Univ, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54 590, Email: kanwalbhatti_30@yahoo.com) : Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin G and M antibodies in adults: a hospital-based study. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 139-41.

Sporadic cases of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occur throughout the year in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HEV immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies in 93 hepatitis B and C-negative patients as such patients are not routinely tested further despite having signs and symptoms of hepatitis. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique. Among them five patients (5.4%) were positive for HEV IgG and IgM, with an average age of 30.95 ±15.35 years. Hepatitis E infection was independent of the sex. Liver function tests of hepatitis E-positive IgG and IgM patients showed increased values of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin that indicate damaged hapatocytes and malfunctioning of the liver.

^ssc2 illus, 13 ref

022288   Arora U;Jagdev M;Jindal N (Microbiology Dep, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab-143 001, Email: usha_arora@yahoo.co.in) : Immunosuppression level in HIV-positive patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 174-5.

1 table, 5 ref

022287   Antony B;Dias M;Shetty A K;Rekha B (Microbiology Dep, Fr. Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore-575 002) : Food poisoning due to Salmonella enterica serotype weltevreden in Mangalore. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(3), 257-8.

An outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden (S.weltevreden) involving 34 students has been reported from a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore. The symptoms developed 8-10 hours, after consuming a non- vegetarian dish, probably fish, from an outside caterer. The identity of the organism was confirmed at Central Research Institute, Kasauli. This report emphasizes the geographical distribution of this organism in the Coastal Karnataka region. S.Weltevreden may be overlooked due to the biochemical similarity to S. Paratyphi B & S. Typhimurium.

13 ref

022286   Anand S;Purushothaman C S;Pal A K;Rajendran K V (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Education Univ, Road Seven Bungalows, Versova, Mumbai-400 061) : Toxicological studies on the effect of copper, lead and zinc on selected enzymes in thd adductor muscle and intestinal diverticula of the green mussel Perna viridis. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(2), 299-302.

The effect of heavy metals, copper, zinc and lead, on the enzyme activity of the green mussel Perna viridis was experimentally evaluated. A significant reduction in the activities of GOT, GPT and LDH in the adductor muscle of zinc-treated animals could be observed. Activity of ALP was found to increase when compared to that in the control animals after seven days of treatment. Copper and lead were found to increase the activity of GOT, GPT and LDH in the adductor muscle compared to the control animals. LDH activity was found to be enhanced by copper treatment, while lead treatment inhibited the LDH activity after an initial rise on the fourth day. All the enzymes showed high activity in the intestinal diverticula.

4 illus, 25 ref

022285   Al Rabee F A;Hayajneh W A;Shorman M;Al Hubail R (Surgery Dep, King Fahad Specialist Hospital - Dammam, PO Box 15215, Dammam, Saudi Arabia-314 44, Email: fuadrabee@hotmail.com) : Pulmonary botryomycosis in a patient with down syndrome. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(2), 161-3.

Pulmonary botryomycosis is a rare chronic, pyogranulomatous infection affecting the lung parenchyma. We describe here the clinical and histopathological findings of pulmonary botryomycosis reported for the first time in a Down syndrome female who required prolonged intensive care. This case has other different unique aspects. It is the first case to present with empyema, the second case involving the right lower lobe and the first case managed by decortication.

^ccr2 illus, 10 ref

019027   Zhou Z;Wu S;Li X;Xue Z;Tong J (Toxicology Dep, School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Soochow University, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China, Email: zacharyzhou@sohu.com) : Rapamycin induces autophagy and exacerbates metabolism associated complications in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Indian J expl Biol 2010, 48(1), 31-8.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by lack of insulin production as a consequence of massive beta cells destruction. The contributions of autophagy to loss of beta cell mass were not clearly elucidated. Rapamycin is a specific and potent inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and is used as the central immunosuppressant in T1DM patients especially for those who received islet transplantation. Effects of rapamycin on autophagy of T1DM were investigated in a mouse model treated with multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Rapamycin treatment led to hyperglycemia, weight loss, increased intake of food and drinking water, and islet inflammation in T1DM mice. Pathological changes including autophagy and apoptosis in pancreas, kidney, spleen and thymus, accompanied with an accumulation of LC3-II, Beclin1 and Caspase-3 protein were observed. The results indicate that rapamycin may exacerbate metabolism associated complications by activating autophagy and apoptosis in T1DM.

4 illus, 29 ref

019026   Vishwakarma S L;Sonawane Rakesh D;Rajani M; Goyal R K (Pharmacology Dep, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009) : Evaluation of effect of aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale Blume in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Indian J expl Biol 2010, 48(1), 26-30.

Investigation was undertaken to standardize and study the dose-dependent effect of three weeks treatment with hot and cold aqueous extract of E. littorale (0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg, po) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced type I diabetic (confirmed by histopathology) rats (45 mg/kg, iv single dose). Treatment of rats with STZ produced cardinal signs of diabetes-mellitus like a significant loss of body weight, polyuria and polydipsia. There was also a significant increase in fasting blood glucose levels and AUC_glucose associated with decrease in insulin levels and AUC_insulin in STZ-diabetic rats. Treatment with E. littorale hot extract (1 and 2 g/kg) significantly reduced the elevated food intake and water intake, glucose and AUC_glucoselevels of diabetic rats. There was also a significant increase in serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride in the STZ diabetic rats. Treatment with E. littorale hot extract (1 and 2 g/kg) significantly decreased all these elevated levels in diabetic rats. Hot aqueous extract of E. littorale at 0.5 g/kg produced a significant decrease in serum glucose and triglycerides. At this doses serum cholesterol and AUC_glucose were not found to be altered significantly.TLC finger-print profiles were established for the aqueous extract using HPTLC. Swertiamarin, which was used as a chemical marker, was found to be one of the major components in the hot extract while it was absent in cold extract. The results suggest that E. littorale possesses potential antidiabetic activity and improves lipid profile at a small dose of 0.5 g/kg.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

019025   Tailor R;Sharma S K;Tailor R (Statistics DES & DP Dep, NCERT, New Delhi, Email: sandeep.state@gmail.com) : Primary education of scheduled tribes children in India-a statistical note. Tribal Hlth Bull 2007, 12(1-2), 54-60.

Education is an instrument to uplift the socio-economic status of an individual and the society. For a long period a part of society, scheduled tribes and scheduled castes, has been lagging behind the others socially, economically as well as educationally. This paper presents the status of participation of scheduled tribes children at primary stage of school education in India. It also analyses the availability of educational facilities in habitations and villages predominantly inhabited by scheduled tribes. It provides the base for the assessment of the development of educational status of scheduled tribes children at primary stage after commencement of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).

1 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

019024   Srivastava R C (NO, Botanical Survey of India, Itanagar-791 111, Email: rcs_bsi@yahoo.co.in) : Traditional knowledge of Nyishi (Daffla) tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2010, 9(1), 26-37.

Arunachal Pradesh, falling under Eastern Himalayan region, which is one of the global mega-diversity centre, is a botanical paradise with ca 4,485 species of angiosperms; 44 taxa of gymnosperms; ca 350 species of bryophytes; over 550 species pteridophytes; over 300 species of algae (only 52 species published so far) and over 5,350 species of fungi (including ca 350 species of lichens) and is the home of 110 ethnic communities (tribes) most of which are still forest dwellers and so diverse that they can not understand each others language. Hindi is gradually becoming popular among the persons, who are near townships. Throws light on the plants used by Nyishi (Daffla) including Hill Miri tribes in their day to day life.

9 illus, 3 ref

019023   Sohal J S;Singh S V;Singh A V;Singh P K (Microbiology Lab, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO- Farah, Mathura-281 122) : Strain diversity within Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Indian J expl Biol 2010, 48(1), 7-16.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is the etiological agent of Johne's disease (or paratuberculosis) in animals and has also been linked with Crohn's disease of human beings. Extreme fastidious nature of the organism (MAP) has hampered studies on diversity within the organism. Studies based on phenotypic properties like growth rate, pigmentation, lipid profile etc., are unable to provide complete information on diversity of MAP organism in nature. However, with the advent of molecular assays (IS900 RFLP, PFGE, IS1311 PCR-REA, SSR typing, VNTR typing etc.) in last 2 decades, progress has been made to differentiate MAP strains. MAP isolates have been classified into various types and subtypes using these molecular tools. Optimization of these typing assays has led to generation of new information about MAP strains, subtypes, their comparative genomics, relative evolution, comparative virulence etc. Knowledge of strain diversity is important for better understanding of molecular and sero-epidemiology, infection and patho-biology, vaccine development and planning control strategies. Provides available information on MAP strains, host adaptations, their virulence, comparative genomics, relative genetic evolution and differentiation.

^iia67 ref

019022   Singh K;Mishra S N (Biosciences Dep, Maharashi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124 001, Email: shyamnmishra@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial potency of stem extract of Capparis aphyla. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 141-4.

Capparis aphyla widely growing in xerophytic condition was subjected to evaluation of antibiological properties of stem extract. The stem powder extracted conventionally (CE) and in methanol (ME) was examined for antibiological property against bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, fungal species like Candida albican, Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavis, A. niger and Penicillium sp. and transmission of few plant viruses keeping in view of their economic importance. The CE (450 μg/ml) displayed remarkable antimicrobial activities, in terms of inhibiting colony growth by 2.5 fold in S. aureus, 2.3 fold in P. aeruginosa over control. There was complete inhibition of growth of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and Penicillium sp. and 2.3 fold reduction in colony of Candida albican except Cladosporium sp, exhibited no response. However, methanol extract (450 μg/ml) was ineffective against all those pathogens. The conventional and methanolic extract increased concentration (1400 μg/ml) in medium inhibited the microbial growth completely. The transmission blocking of plant viruses like Potato virus Y and Cucumber mosaic virus by methanolic extract (900 μg/ml) was observed. The antifungal property of stem extract prompted to examine the antidandruff (Microsporium audoini) potency, which appeared to be considerable. The results suggest that the Capparis aphyla stem has wide anti-infective agents potential need to be exploited specifically. The work in this laboratory on antidiabetic and related pathogens response is in progress.

3 tables, 23 ref

019021   Sharma S;Agarwal S (Pest and Parasite Research Lab, P.G. Zoology Dep, Bareilly College, Bareilly-243 005) : Host risk factors in diabetes and hypertension in male subjects of Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2009, 17(2), 182-5.

Diabetes and hypertension are becoming an important vital public health problem worlwide. These are non-communicable diseases. Various factors like increasing expectancy of life, improvement in the availability and accessibility of health services are increasing in India. A total number of 2588 male subjects aged between 15-54 years of Bareilly district (U.P.) were included in the study. Maximum 850 male subject (32.8%) were found in 35-44 year of age group while 219 males (8.4%) were found to be minimum in number of 15-24 years of age group. Highest number of 278 diabetic (10.7%) and 238 hypertensive (9.2%) were found in 45-54 of age group while least number of diabetics (16=0.6%) and hypertensive (23=0.9%) were found in 15-24 years of age group. There were 442 diabetics (72.4%) and 354 hypertensive (54.7%) which were reported as obese and 133 (22.1%) and 442 (68.2%) of them had family history for obesity and hypertension respectively. A number of 344 diabetics (56.4%) and 262 hypertensive males (40.4%) were reported as smokers while 282 diabetics (46.2%) and 366 hypertensive (56.5%) were found in stress. Thus the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and their host risk factors were found to be high among male subjects in the population studies at Bareilly (U.P.).

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

019020   Sharma M;Jangir O P;Jhajharia S;Sumer Singh; Vijay Singh;Nagpal A (Developmental Biology Lab, Zoology Dep, Dungar College, Bikaner-334 401, Email: op_jangir2003@yahoo.com) : Trans-differentiation of iris pigmented epithelial cells of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis tadpoles into lens in vitro. Indian J expl Biol 2010, 48(1), 17-25.

Meshed pigmented iris epithelium along with neural retina of tadpoles of the frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis were found to undergo dedifferentiation and subsequently transdifferentiate into lens in culture medium. During lag period, depigmentation (dedifferentiation) occurred in many cells. When culture became confluent 3-4 weeks after seeding tiny lens like structures differentiated from foci of cultured pigmented iris epithelium cells. The percentage of lens formation was higher in vitamin A treated cases. The culture system appears to be a suitable for investigating the changes occurred during trans-differentiation of pigmented epithelial cells into lens.

14 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref