004320   Oke O A (Biological Sciences Faculty of Science Dep, Cross River Univ Technology, Calabar Nigeria) : Determination of the survival rate of Neochetina eichhorniae warner (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) on aquatic and terrestrial plants in south-western Nigeria. Adv Pl Sci 2007, 20(1), 119-20.

Twenty adults of Neochetina eichhorniae, an exotic phytophagous weevils, were released for thirty days on each of five aquatic and five terrestrial plants. The aquatic plants were Eichhomia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphea lotus, Ceratopteris and Azolla species. The terrestrial plants included Colocasia esculentus, Vigna sinensis, Talium trangulare, Capsicum annum and Lycopersicoum esculentus. The insects were monitored every five days to ascertain the number of surviving ones and hence determine the survival rate of N. eichhoniae on the different plants. At the end of the 30 days, 85% N. eichhorniae survived on E. crassipes, 35% N. eichhorniae survived on P. stratiotes and no N. eichhorniae survived on the other plants.

9 ref

004319   Odemis B;Sangun M K;Buyuktas D (Chem Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Mustafa Kemal Univ, 31024 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey, Email: ksangun@gmail.com) : Temporal variations in water quantity and quality of Orontes river, Turkey. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 711-23.

The aim of this study was to determine variations in physical and chemical water quality parameters of the Turkish part of Orontes River, whose basin is shared by Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, between 1984 and 2002. Due to very low amount of surface water in the region, groundwater is densely used for irrigation. In this case, it causes an increase in the salinity in some regions of Amik Plain, Hatay, Turkey. As a result of extensive usage of the river for irrigation in the region, the flow rate has decreased significantly. The most important impairment in flow rate occurred in 2000. The value of EC and pH were found to be relatively low in the year of 1984 and then found to increase in 2002. OM level showed a decreasing trend between the years of 1984 and 1992. The total boron content showed yearly periodic cycles and generally had a decreasing trend. The river has a notably fluctuating flow rate and the amount of water varies seasonally. According to the long-term data, the flow rate was falling to an average value of 3.66 m³ s^-1 in August. Organic pollutant parameters (TDS, BOD and COD) fluctuated at rainy, transitional and dry seasons. Between 1999 and 2001, TDS and COD values showed an increasing trend, while BOD levels showed a decreasing trend.

5 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

004318   Nwangwa E K;Igweh J C;Uzuegbu U E;Adegor E C (Physiology Dep, College of Health, Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka (Nigeria)) : Effects of quinine therapy on the seminal fluid analysis and histology of testes of male rats. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 111-16.

Effects of intra muscular (IM) administration of quinine (Qu) on the seminal fluid analysis and testicular histology was studied. Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (6 rats per group). Group 1 (control) were given clean drinking water and rat chow, group 2 were given intra-muscular (IM) quinine injection 10mg/kg body weight + water + rat chow. Group 3 and 4 were given, IM quinine 10mg/kg body weight + water + rat chow and graded proportions of extract of Telfairia occidentalis of 4.5g, and 6.0g, respectively. While Group 5 were given rat chow + water + 6.0g of Telfairia occidentalis. The results show a destruction in the testicular histology, decreased sperm count, activity and morphology of Group 2 administered with quinine only, which was statistically significant (P<60>0.05), and there was also a dose-dependent improvement in the parameters studied in the Group (3 and 4) given extract of Telfairia occidentalis. Group 5 did not show any Testicular destruction but showed an increase in sperm count, morphology and activity but was not statistically significant (P<62>0.05). This shows that Qu therapy has a destructive effect on the histology of testes and decreased the sperm count, activity and morphology but these effects could be reversed by the administration of extract of Telfairia occidentalis.

5 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

004317   Naik A A;Wanganeo A;Khan S;Farheen M;Sheikh I A (Limnology Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal-462 026) : In vitro tissue culture study (Somatic embryogenesis) on Bacopa monniera (a medicinal herb). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 307-11.

Somatic embryogenesis of Bacopa monniera (a small creeping herb) Family Scrophulariaceae was achieved by culturing excised apical and axillary buds on MS (Murashiage and Skoog) basal media supplemented with various combinations of growth hormones Viz. Cytokinin and Auxin, the Cytokinin that is BAP (6-Benzyl amino purine) and Kinitin along with the combination of Auxin. Culture was incubated under white florescent light (2000-3000 lux) intensity for 16 hours photoperiod & 8 hours dark at temperature of 25 ± 3°^-C & relative humidity of 50 to 60%. The pH of the medium was adjusted between 5.5-5.8 by using 0.1 N NaOH prior to the experiment. The in vitro developed plantlets were subjected to a hardening schedule. The developing plantlets were transferred to soil. The plantlets were gradually exposed to the natural environment and irrigated regularly with sterile distilled water.

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004316   Mohanty S K;Gupta P K;Verma R S (Biomedical Applications Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452 013, Email: rsverma@cat.ernet.in) : Self-rotation of an assembly of two or more cylindrical objects in optical tweezers: a simple approach for realization of optically driven micromotors. Curr Sci 2007, 93(5), 695-8.

Author show that an assembly of two or more cylindrical objects rotates by itself when trapped in conventional optical tweezers. The rotational speed and direction of rotation were observed to depend on the asymmetry of the structure, and for a given structure the speed was found to increase linearly with increase in the trapping beam power. A ray optic model was also developed for the assembly of rods. Its predictions on the direction of rotation and the optical torque on the assembly were in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. Such an assembly of rods may provide a convenient and dynamically reconfigurable approach for optically driven micromotors.

6 illus, 11 ref

004315   Khade R G;Vaidya V K;Jain D B (Microbiology Dep, Institute of Science, Mumbai-400 032) : Effectiveness of commonly used fluoride and herbal based toothpastes against oral microflora. Bioinfolet 2007, 4(2), 130-4.

The incidence of dental problems amongst the children is increasing due to wrong food habits and lack of hygiene. Attempts to prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases involve removal and conrol of plaques by regular brushing of teeth with antimicrobial toothpastes. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effectiveness of fluoride and herbal based toothpastes against oral microflora by agar cup diffusion method. Bacillus sp. Staphylococcus sp. Dorynebacterium sp. Lactobacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp. were isolated from the teeth surfaces of 25 children of age group betwen 5-15 years. Fluoride based toothpaste was found to be the most effective toothpaste and the herbal based was found to be the least effective toothpaste against all the isolates tested. Entirely herbal dentifrice was found to be superior and compared favorably with the fluoride based toothpastes. The data on the antimicrobial activity of various herbal components used in toothpastes is lacking. This led to study of antibacterial activity of 25 different herbal components of toothpastes. The results of study revealed that very few components were effective against oral microflora at concentrations prescribed by the manufacturers.

2 tables, 16 ref

004314   Kaaya G P;Saxena R C;Gebre S (Biology Dep, Namibia Univ, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek (Namibia)) : Potential of neem products for control of economically-important African ticks. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 95-104.

Potential of Neem oil, two Neem oil-based liquid formulations and powdered Neem seed mixed with diet ingested by goats were evaluated for their effects on Amblyomma variegatum ticks. The test materials at high concentrations in vitro induced significant mortality of immature stages of A. variegatum and to a lesser degree of adults. Mortality increased with the increasing concentration of the Neem products as well as azadirachtin content. Application of Neem compounds on rabbit skin inhibited attachment of all instars of A. variegatum for 2-4 days. Thereafter, ticks that attached took longer to feed than controls that were fed on peanut oil treated rabbits. This phenomenon gradually disappeared with increasing period post Neem application. Fewer numbers of all instars of A. variegatum were able to attach on rabbits treated with the 3 Neem products. However this inhibitory effect disappeared by day 10 post Neem application. Neem oil significantly reduced hatchability of eggs of R. appendiculatus and B. decoloratus and the effect was observed to be concentration dependent. A. variegatum ticks that were allowed to engorge on goats feeding on a diet containing powdered Neem seed in 3:1 or 2:1 proportions exhibited a significant reduction in their ability to attach and engorge. Feeding, molting and overall development periods were also significantiy prolonged. Mortalities were also higher in all tick instars and fecundity was significantly reduced. All these effects were concentration dependent. Spraying 25% Neem oil on de-ticked Zebu cattle grazing in tick-infested pastures (A. variegatum, R. appendiculatus and B. decoloratus) significantly reduced the number of immature and adult ticks attaching on cattle for a period of 4 to 5 days.

1 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

004313   Hussein F H;Al Taee M M;Alkhateeb A N;Abid F M (Chem Dep, College of Science for Women Univ Babylon, Babylon Governorate, Iraq, Email: abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com) : Essential trace metals concentrations in river waters in Hilla Governorate, central Iraq. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 724-40.

Provides information on essential trace metals concentrations in Shatt Al-Hilla in Babylon governorate, Iraq. Six sampling stations were chosen along Shatt Al-Hilla, which is a branch of * Euphrates river. Water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH and total hardness. The concentrations of the essential trace metals such as chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium and zinc were evaluated. Water samples from six stations were collected during the period between the 1st of November 2001 and 31st of September 2002. The concentrations of the elements, during the study period, were found to be 40 ± 23,46 ± 29, 77 ± 43, 60 ± 33, 36 ± 21, 283±217, 50 ±27, 35 ± 20, 1314 ± 950 and 70 ± 84 μg L^-1 respectively. Comparing these results with those recorded for some other rivers as well as the WHO domestic water guidelines, demonstrated that the concentrations of the elements fall within the high values, indicating that waste materials have been thrown into the river which became polluted. However, concentrations of cobalt, iron and manganese were within the WHO limits.

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

004312   Huq F (School of Biomedical Sciences, Sydney Univ, Faculty of Health Sciences, C42, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia, Email: f.huq@fhs.usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analyses of the relative stability of alkenes, arenes and their epoxides and diols. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 39-48.

Molecular modelling analyses using molecular mechanics, semi-empirical calculations were carried out to investigate the relative stability of alkenes, arenes, their epoxides and diols. The results of calculation show that the formation of epoxides and diols are spontaneous with the Gibb's free energy changes (ΔG) being negative for both. The calculated results also show that the stability of the epoxide formed depends on the position of double bond at which oxygen binds, giving credence to the idea of site-specificity in metabolic activation.

6 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

004311   Huq F (School of Biomedical Sciences, Sydney Univ, Faculty of Health Sciences, C-42, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia, Email: f.huq@fhs.usyd.edu.au) : Molecular modelling analyses of the dimerization of acetic acid in non-polar solvents. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 27-33.

Molecular modelling analyses using molecular mechanics and semi-empirical calculations were carried out to investigate the di-merization of acetic acid in a vacuum and in solution in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride through hydrogen bonding. The dielectric constant of solvent was varied from 1 to 80 to change its nature from non-polar to highly polar. The results of calculation using both molecular mechanics and semi-empirical routines show that as the polarity of the solvent increases, energetically the dimeric form becomes less favourable than the monomeric form so that the equilibrium: monomer ⇔ dimer is shifted to the left. Molecular mechanics calculations based on Amber force field show that the two forms may be equally stable when the dielectric constant of the solvent lies somewhere between 2 and 3.

5 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

004310   Hayvali Z (Chem Dep, Faculty of Science, Ankara Univ, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey, Email: zhayvali@science.ankara.edu.tr) : Synthesis and characterization of new mono-and bis-schiff bases. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 579-88.

New Schiff base derivatives were prepared by the condensation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde with 4-amino-1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazole-3-one (4-amino-phenazone, 4-aminoantipyrine, 4-AAP) (4 and 5). 2,2'-[l,2-Phenylenebis(methyleneoxy)]dibenzaldehyde (3) was prepared by the reaction of l,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene and salicyl-aldehyde. Condensation reactions between the dialdehyde (3) with 4-aminoantipyrine and 2-aminomethylfuran (furfurylamine) yielded the new Schiff base ligands 6 and 7. The structures of these compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and mass spectroscopic data.

3 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

004309   Evecen M;Banu Ozdas O;Bacinoglu S;Birler S; Pabuccuoglu S;Evrim Sahin B;Atalla H (Reproduction Dep, Istanbul Univ, 34320, Avcilar / Istanbul -Turkey, Email: evecen31@yahoo.com) : In vitro fertilization of vitrified mouse oocytes. Indian vet J 2007, 84(2), 156-8.

Cryopreservation of mammalian embryos has become a well-established procedure. However, unfertilized oocytes are only rarely cryopreserved due to their sensitivity to environmental factors. In this study, CB6, F1 mouse oocytes (n=1321 unfertilized) were vitrified after exposure to VS1 medium. After thawing at 37°C for 20 second, oocytes were fertilized in vitro. The proportion of blastocyst rates at 96 n post insemination were untreated (group A), VS1 exposed (group B) and vitrification (group C) groups were ; 77.08%, 62.74% and 31.42% respectively. These results show that mouse oocytes can be frozen successfully in VS1 medium by vitrification technique.

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004308   David O M;Aderibigbe E Y;Ajayi O B (Microbiology Dep, Ado-Ekiti Univ, P.M.B. 5363, (Nigeria)) : Effect of fermentation on the nutritonal potential of oils of melon seeds. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 155-60.

Nutritional potential of oils extracted from different melon seeds and their fermented products-'ogiri' was investigated. Diets composed with the oils were fed to experimental animals (albino rats) for seven weeks, while soybean oils served as control. Nutritional qualities were compared on the basis of the responses of body weight, organ weight, and biochemical parameters of the oils. The rats fed on diets with oil from fermented melon seeds gained more weight (28.30 - 43.24g) than those in the diet groups containing oil from unfermented seeds (27.74-31.98g). However, the differences were not significant at p≤0.5.The relative weights of the hearts of rats fed on unfermented oil diets were higher than the corresponding fermented diet groups. The relative kidney and liver weights of the test diets were higher than the control diet, except diet containing oil from unfermented Citrullus lanatus (UCL). Both acid phosphates (ACP) and alkaline phosphates (ALP) in the test groups were higher than in the control group. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were reduced in the liver of the text groups in the group fed with diet containing oil of unfermented Cucumeropsis manii (UCM). AST increased in the hearts of the text groups except UCM. In summary, oils from fermented melon seeds were nutritionally better than oils from unfermented melon seeds.

6 tables, 17 ref

004307   Das P K;Hari Babu Y (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Veterinary College, Bidar-585 401) : Isolation and serological characterization of protein-a from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. Indian vet J 2007, 84(2), 121-2.

Describes a new and rapid method for isolation of protein-A from cell wall of S. aureus,, isolation of whole organisms, its serological reactions, cultural and biochemical characteristics.

6 ref

004306   Cete S;Ozkan H;Arslan F;Yildirir Y;Yasar A (Chem Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gazi Univ, 06500 Teknikokullar, Besevler/Ankara, Turkey, Email: scete@gazi.edu.tr) : Antimicrobial effect on bacterial and yeast cells of phenylselenocyanates and comparison with some antibiotics. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 550-4.

Antimicrobial effect of p-bromophenylselenocyanate and p-nitrophenylselenocyanate were investigated against three strains of bacteria and one yeast. Antimicrobial effects were examined in 1 mg/mL concentrations of these compounds. Antimicrobial effects of p-bromo-phenylselenocyanate and p-nitrophenylselenocyanate were observed on the bacterial and yeast strain in the studied concentration. When the p-bromophenylselenocyanate and p-nitrophenylselenocyanate are compared with some antibiotics, it is seen that these compounds have the same antimicrobial effect as some other antibiotics.

3 tables, 16 ref

004305   Bose K S C;Agrawal B K;Choudhury A B;Das S (Biochemistry Dep, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bypass Road, Bhanpur, Bhopal-462 010) : Serum antioxidant enzyme levels and lipid peroxidation rate in type-II diabetes. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 221-3.

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated due to hyperglycemia may involve in the development of complications in Diabetes. So the aim of this study is evaluate the levels of serum antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation rate in Type-ll Diabetes. In this study we observed significantly higher lipid peroxidation (p <60>0.001) in comparison to normal control and at the same time significantly lower activity of serum antioxidant enzymes were observed in diabetic group (p<60>0.001) when compared to control group.

1 table, 15 ref

004304   Belouatek A;Kacem B;Beghalia M;Benahmed A A; Addou A;Semmoud A (Laboratoire (STEVA) Faculte des sciences et sciences de I'ingenieur, Universite de Mostaganem, Algerie 27000 (Algeria)) : Effect of medicinal plants on the phosphate crystallization at pH 6.5. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 11-18.

The crystal size development was monitored by polarized microscopy at different time intervals. After crystallization time, the mixture was filtered, the recovered dried precipitates were analysed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction technique and chemical analysis. In the absence of inhibitor, the crystallization of phosphates at pH = 6.5, led to the formation of brushite (DCPD) and amorphous carbonated calcium phosphates (ACCP), after 6 hours. In presence of inhibitor at pH = 6.5, at lower concentrations of sage inhibition was partial. The addition of 1 ml of sage to the mixture decreases the size of crystal, after 4 hours the size of crystals stabilized at 20.67 μm. The complete disappearance of brushite crystals was obtained after addition of 10mL of Sage, only Pentahydrated octocalcic phosphates (POP) and ACCP were formed. In the presence of Camomile, the inhibition of brushite growth and aggregation increased. The addition of up to a volume of 20 mLof Camomile resulted in total inhibition and crystalline transformation of the ACCP into carbapatite (CA). Phosphate compounds encountered in urine can be dangerous and the use of inhibitors to prevent, slow down or reduce crystallization phases might be very helpful. In this investigation, Sage and Camomile proved to be good inhibitors. Their effect increases with solution pH but they are more efficient in less acidic or neutral urine than in alkaline one.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

004303   Aziz N;Roshan Parveen;Shah S W;Nasir R (School of Health Sciences, Sains Malaysia Univ, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, Email: drnasiraziz@kb.usm.my) : Optical microscopic changes in male rat reproductive organs post-treated with carbofuran-II. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 5-9.

Carbofuran (Furadan) is one of the broad-spectrum carbamate pesticide used to control insects in a wide variety of agricultural crops. Describes the effects of carbofuran on the male reproductive organs of the Albino rats. The male adult albino rats (n = 24) were grouped into A (control) B and C (experimental). The experimental animals (group B) were administered with 2 mg/ kg body weight/ day carbofuran in saline for 60 days and then sacrificed. The animals of group C were kept without treatment for 30 days and then sacrificed to see the delayed changes. Epididymedes were fixed and processed to see histological changes. Epithelial degeneration, reduction in spermatozoa in the tubal lumen and increased vascularity were observed in animals treated for 60 days. These structural changes persisted in the organs even after stoppage of carbofuran for 30 days.

9 illus, 13 ref

004302   Awaley M G (Botany Dep, Govt. Institute of Science, Caves Road, Aurangabad-441 004) : Effect of 2,4- D, roundup and butachlor on mitotic cells of Ocimum basilicum L. seedling. Bioinfolet 2007, 4(2), 97-100.

The seed of Ocimum basilicum Linn. were treated with different concentrations of 2,4-D, Roundup and Butachlor. The seeds were allowed to soak for 24 hours under laboratory condition. The seeds soaked in distilled water served as control. The seeds were kept for germination in petridishes lined with double layered moistened filter paper. The root tips were fixed for 24 hours in freshly prepared cornoy's solution. The dividing cells in metaphase and anaphase were scored for different chromosomal aberrations and the mitotic index were calculated. The rate of mitosis decreased with increasing concentration of 2,4-D, Roundup and Butachlor. 2,4-D induced certain abnormalities like binucleate and multinucleate cells, grouping and precocious movement of chromosomes. Roundup induced binucleate and polynucleate cells, while Butachlor, binucleate and precocious movement of chromosome. The three herbicides showed physiological and structural effects, which led to cessation of growth.

1 table, 11 ref

004301   Ashnagar A;Gharib Naseri N;Alboghobesh S (School of Pharmacy, Ahwaz Jundi Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, (Iran)) : Synthesis and study of antibacterial effects of pentanedial (glutaraldehyde). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 66-70.

A novel and simple synthesis of glutaraldehyde was developed and its antimicrobial effects were investigated. Its efficiency was very close to that of commercial ones. The antimicrobial activity of glutaraldehyde was examined in both acidic and alkaline conditions. The results have shown that the 2% alkaline solution of glutaraldehye kills the growth of bacteria (E. coli, S. typhi, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus) less than a minute, kills viruses (Pollio I, II, III and Herpes simplex), fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) in less than 10 minutes, and kills bacteria spores (B. subtilis and B. anthracis) in about 7 hours. It was also found that the antimicrobial activity of glutaraldehye in alkaline solution is more effective than in acidic solution, but the alkaline solution lost its activity after two weeks. We also found that addition of divalent ions such as Mg²⁺ to the solution increased the sporocidal activity of glutaraldehyde and reduced the sporocidal time to 3 hours. However, the addition of phenol and sodium phenoxide to the solution not only increased the sporocidal activity of glutaraldehyde and reduced the sporocidal time to 3 hours, but it increased the stability of glutaraldehyde solution to 30 days as well.

23 ref

004300   Anton Smith A;Parimalakrishnan S;Kannan K; Manavalan R (Pharmacy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar) : Bicalutamide quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to bioequivalence study. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 247-52.

Liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of a new anticancer agent bicalutamide in plasma using fluorescence detection. Chromatography was performed using a reversed phase trimethylsilyl bonded silica column with a mobile phase of water: acetonitrile (30:70) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection of the eluted peaks was observed using excitation and emission wavelengths of 272 and 328 nm, respectively. Chromatographic run time did not exceed 10 minutes with no interference of endogenous material. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.05 to 0.8 ng/μl and inter - and intra - assay imprecision was less than 10%. The lower limit of quantitation was assessed at 0.03 ng/μl.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

004299   Alrokayan S (Biochemistry Dep, College of Science, King Saud Univ, Riyadh, (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)) : Role of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in severe combined immunodeficiency disease: a biochemical and molecular study. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 55-8.

Deficiencies of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). This study examined the activities of ADA and PNP enzymes in 450 school children and 20 suspected SCID patients. The results showed a significant increase in serum ADA of SCID patients as compared to controls whereas the activity of PNP did not differ significantly between the two groups. Single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis did not reveal any molecular defect in ADA and PNP genes of patients' suggesting that the suspected patients were not suffering from immunodeficiency due to ADA or PNP deficiency. Further studies on large number of SCID patients are needed to determine the involvement of allelic variants or novel mutations resulting ADA/PNP deficient immunodeficiency in Saudi population.

1 illus, 27 ref

004298   Ahirwar R;Verma N;Bhadauria R (School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior) : Isolation of Escherichia coli from raw and pasteurized milk sold under market conditions at Gwalior. Adv Pl Sci 2007, 20(1), 257-9.

Two hundred raw milk and 100 pasteurized milk samples were randomly collected from Dairy Cooperative Society raw milk receiving on Dairy Docks, milk-vending shops and milk vendors on cycles, sold under market conditions at Gwalior, for the isolation of Escherichia coli. All the samples were inoculated on different bacteriological media and a number of biochemical tests were performed for the confirmation of the isolates. The results revealed that out of 200 raw milk samples 62% showed growth of E. coli. The highest number of milk samples contaminated with E. coli were recorded in raw milk samples obtained from Dairy Cooperative Society raw milk receiving on Dairy Dock. Among the 100 Pasteurized milk samples 40% showed growth of E. coli, the highest rate of contamination was found in milk vending shop samples.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

004297   Adegor E C;Aloamaka C P;Nwangwa E K;Achuba F I (Physiology Dep, Delta State Univ, Abraka (Nigeria)) : Alcohol-induced histopathology and reproductive hormone imbalance in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2007, 4(1), 173-8.

Aims to study the effects of alcohol on reproductive hormones and gonads in rats. Method: 25% ethanol at a dose of 0.015ml/g body weight was given intraperitoneally for six weeks, at an interval of four days to adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of the treatment period, the treated animals were sacrificed at the end of the treatment, and the testes and ovaries were collected for histopatholigical analysis, as well as haematological and seven analysis. Results: Alcohol caused a significant (p<60>0.05) decrease in the level of male and female reproductive hormones: testosterone, estrogen and progesterone in exposed rats, as compared to the controls as well as the litter size and litter weight. The quality of the semen was adversely affected, so also the quality of the histology of the gonads. Conclusion: Alcohol produced infertility in treated rats by adversely affecting the gonads and reproductive hormones.

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

004296   Abassah Oppong S;Oldham J H;Asiamah I (Biochemistry Dep, Cape Coast Univ, Cape Coast, Ghana, Email: abaopp@yahoo.com) : Microbiology of lactic acid fermentation of eggplant fruits. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 283-7.

The microorganisms responsible for the lactic acid fermentation of eggplant fruits were cultured on the following media: Raka-ray no. 3 agar, orange-serum agar, MRS agar, blood serum agar and sabouraud 2% maltose broth. Pure cultures isolated on the various media were identified using various biochemical tests. The microorganisms which were responsible for the fermentation of the eggplant fruits were Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc. The lactic acid produced, preserved the eggplant fruits for four months when packaged with polyethylene bags.

2 tables, 10 ref

004295   Pandian C;Murugesh N (Pharmacy Dep, School of Engineering & Engineering & Technology, Bharathidasan Univ, Trichy-24,) : Subacute toxicity study of Azadirachta indica in rats. Antiseptic 2006, 103(12), 708-9.

Subacute toxicity study was performed in Albino Rats with ethanolic extract of Azadirachta Indica. Rats were orally administered 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg body of 28 days. None of the ethanolic extract treated rats showed any abnormality. The effect of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta Indica on certain biochemical & haematological parameters were studied after 28 days of exposure. The results suggested that .ethanolic extract of Azadirachta Indica on certain biochemical & haematological parameters were studied after 28 days of exposure. The results suggested that ethanolic extract of Azadirachta Indica did not produce any toxicity at the doses tested.

4 tables, 10 ref

003674   Yeragi S G;Yeragi S S;Srivastava V (NO, KJ Somaiya College of Science, Vidyavihar, Mumbai-400 077) : Ecobiology of polychaetus annelids from the mangrove swamps of Mithbav creek, Mumbai, Maharashtra. J Aquatic Biol 2009, 24(2), 46-9.

The Polychaete annelids comprising one of the most prominent components of marine biosystem of virtually unexploied potential as a source of bioactive sources. Mangrove is the well protective and safe environment for luxurious and healthy growth of Polychaetes annelids. Annelids worms attract many birds. Mangroves mudflat is the treasure house of Polychaetes hence commercially important resource organisms are associated with this ecosystem. They are getting easy and nutritious food items in the mud flat. The polychaetes play an important role in the food chain and web of mangrove ecosystem. Mugil spp abundantly found in this ecosystem throughout the seasons because of the availability of polychaete. The salmonella spp. only infect the grey mullet sometimes heavily. Therapon spp., Platycephalous spp., Scylla serrata, Gerres spp. are feeding on polychaetes, their gut contain also records the presence of polychaetes. Anguilla spp. spo feed voraciously during high tide on mud containing polychaetes. Trygon spp, Sole fish also feed on polychaetes. The toxicity of polychaetes is associated with the bristle like setae or their jaws. They have high rate of tolerance to salinity, temperature and decomposed manure. The growth index, density index were found high in post-monsoon and high reproductive potential in pre-monsoon. Adverse condition is found in monsoon due to the fluctuation of hydro biological parameters. In monsoon due to hypo saline condition and self dilution of body fluid, the worms scattered randomly everywhere. There is no stability for them due to specially water current. The study attempt to give the present status of polychaetes in Mithbav creek. The topological feature of this creek and varieties of shores favoure the density of polychaetes.

1 illus, 2 ref

003673   Uma Mageshwari S;Damerla S P (Food service Management and Dietetics, Avinashilingam Deemed Women Univ, Coimbatore-641 043) : Impact of therapeutic lifestyle changes among call center employees. Res Highlight 2010, 20(4), 216-24.

Work pattern and work environment have influenced the dietary habits and lifestyle pattern of employees increasing their risk for various degenerative diseases. The dietary habits and lifestyle pattern of employees in the BPO sector observed from the study needs definite changes so that lifestyle diseases can be prevented. The IT sector has its impact on the health status of its employees especially on their sleep, activity and strees pattern. If awareness is not made regarding therapeutic lifestyle changes in this sector, there can be a prominent occupational hazard in terms of pre disposing the young generation to a spectrum of lifestyle disorders. Counselling in the workplace on informed food choices, healthy dietary habits, regular physical activity, coping with stress and adjusting to the sleep deprivation are important to create health and wellness for the employees.

13 tables, 3 ref

003672   Sharma M;Laisram N;Singh V P (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Botany Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: vpsingh_biology@rediffmail.com) : Screening of a soil bacterium for biological control of pathogenic fungi. J Pl Dev Sci 2010, 2(1-2), 1-4.

Twenty-two bacterial isolates were obtained by serial-dilution agar plating method and screened for their antagonistic potential against Fusarium udum and Aspergillus flavus by dual-culture assays. Out of these isolates, only one bacterium, strain SI was found to show antifungal activity against the test pathogens. Culture-filtrate paper disc assays also revealed antagonistic potential of the isolated bacterium. The bacterium was found to be non-pathogenic when tested on blood-agar medium. Thus, the isolated bacterium could be effectively implemented for controlling the diseases caused by F. udum and A. flavus, instead of using the hazardous chemicals and pesticides, which pose potential threat to both human and animal health as well as the environment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

003671   Saxena V;Mohan Jaya (Microbiology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Field trial to study the effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas striata as inoculants and insecticide carbofuran on growth parameters of sorghum crop. J Pl Dev Sci 2010, 2(1-2), 69-72.

The field trial with inoculants Azospirillum brasliense and Pseudomonas striata and insecticide carbofuran showed significant increase in grain yield, there was significant decrease in dead heart formation with carbofuran. With application of ammonium sulphate at the rate of 100kg N/ha a yield of 34.75g/ha was obtained and with Azospirillum a yield of 32.0g/ha was obtained. The results clearly indicated that inoculation with A. brasliense could save about 60kgN/ha since a basal dose of 40 kgN/ha as ammonium sulphate was provided.

4 tables, 12 ref

003670   Ray K;Mookherjee S (Molecular ad Human Genetic Div, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), Kolkata-700 032, Email: kunalray@gmail.com) : Molecular complexity of primary open angle glaucoma. J Genet 2009, 88(4), 451-67.

Glaucoma is a group of heterogeneous optic neuropathies with complex genetic basis. Among the three principle subtypes of glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) occurs most frequently. Till date, 25 loci have been found to be linked to POAG. However, only three underlying genes (Myocilin, Optineurin and WDR36) have been identified. In addition, at least 30 other genes have been reported to be associated with POAG. Despite strong genetic influence in POAG pathogenesis, only a small part of the disease can be explained in terms of genetic aberration. Current concepts of glaucoma pathogenesis suggest it to be a neurodegenerative disorder which is triggered by different factors including mechanical stress due to intra-ocular pressure, reduced blood flow to retina, reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and aberrant immune response. Presents a mechanistic overview of potential pathways and crosstalk between them operating in POAG pathogenesis.

1 illus, 2 tables, 232 ref

003669   Pawson C J;Tanner R E S (School of Psychology, East London Univ, London, U.K.) : Congnition and social development: some reflections on factors affecting attitudes to planned progress. J hum Ecol 2008, 24(4), 279-85.

Based on ethological patterning and the length of biological time in which humans have lived under uncertain social and environmental conditions, they are conditioned to short-term cognition. Modern circumstances may have increased these uncertainties and make it even less likely that mankind will forego the present for future ecological benefits and survival.

13 ref

003668   Pavlovic S (NO, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of, Belgrade, Serbia, Email: sonya@sezampro.rs) : TPMT gene polymorphisms: on the doorstep of personalized medicine. Indian J med Res 2009, 129(5), 478-80.

18 ref

003667   Ngongeh L A;Fakae B B (Veterinary Parasitology & Entomology Dep, University of Nigeria, Nsukka) : Effect of polyvinylpolypyrolidone (PVPP) on proanthocyanidins from varied plant sources. Int J Sci Nat 2010, 1(1), 95-6.

In order to determine the quality of condensed tannins in some plant extracts, PVPP was reacted with the various proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins). Condensed tannins whose binding with PVPP is irreversible are desirable as anthelmintic agents because their helminth enzyme inhibitory effect cannot be reversed. The condensed tannins of the plants P. thonningii, Urena lobota, Quebracho, Cassia sieberiana, Psidium guajava, Tea, Tannic acid, Acacia nilotia (pod) were reacted with PVPP. The degree of interaction of the various plants extracts with PVPP varied, least with Quebracho and highest for Cassia.

1 illus, 4 ref

003666   Muzaheed;Doi Y;Adams Haduch J M;Shivannavar C T;Paterson D L;Gaddad S M (Microbiology Dep, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka) : Faecal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with acute gastroenteritis. Indian J med Res 2009, 129(5), 599-602.

Data on extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae especially molecular types of ESBL genes from India are limited. The study was conducted to investigate the carriage and ESBL contents of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae recovered from patients with gastroenteritis in a rural village in southern India. Nine K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from 45 stool samples from patients with gastroenteritisfrom one rural and two urban sites, in southern India were included in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, PCR analysis and sequencing were conducted to characterize the ESBL genes. Clonal relatedness was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). All the isolates were found to be resistant to at least one of the third generation cephalosporins tested. All the study isolates were confirmed to produce ESBLs. PCR and sequencing revealed the responsible gene to be bla_CTX-M-15. bla_TEM and bla_SHV were absent. PFGE indicated that five of seven isolates were absent. PFGE indicated that five of seven isolates from villagers were genetically closely related, and in turn were related to isolates from patients in two urban areas in this region. The findings showed that genetically-related isolates of K. pneumoniae producing CTX-M-15 were present in multiple areas in southern India. Larger studies need to be done in various geographical regions of the country to better define the molecular epidemiology of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and its clinical implications.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

003665   Mir A R;Wanganeo A;Yousuf A R;Wanganeo R (Limnology Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal-462 026) : Phytoplankton studies of Wular lake (Ramsar site), Jammu and Kashmir India. J Aquatic Biol 2009, 24(2), 12-20.

The phytoplankton of Wular lake was sampled from five stations from March 2002 to February 2004. All together 24 water samples were analysed with main emphasis on phytoplankton. A total of 100 species of phytoplankton were enumerated with Bacillariophyceae contributed 42 species, Chlorophyceae 43 species, Cyanophyceae 10 species, Euglenophyceae 3 species while, Dinophyceae and Chrysophyceae contributed 1 species each. The very high Nitrate and Phosphate concentration in the lake is the indication of pollution. Diversity values vary from (-0.66) - ( -0.53) sitel, (-0.59) - (-0.27-site2, (-0.57) - (-0.39) site3, (-0.56) - (-0.46), site4, (-0.45) - (-0.34) site5. Statistically positive correlation was found between phytoplankton counts and dissolved oxygen. While nitrate and phosphate showed the negative correlation (NO_3-N = -0.34) and (PO₄ -P = - 0.49). The shanon's index indicates that the Wular Lake is eutrophic in nature.

9 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

003664   Mandal B;Some S;Banerjee B (Aquaculture Management & Technology Dep, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102) : Comparative studies on primary productivity of sewage fed freshwater fishpond in relation to production efficiency of phytoplankton. Int J Sci Nat 2010, 1(1), 89-94.

The study emphasizes to measure the gross and net primary productivity of productive freshwater fish culture pond and a non- productive one and also studied the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the primary producers of the sewage fed fishpond in relation to the production efficiency of phytoplankton. The fertility of any natural water body depends on the productivity of the green plants within it. Thus, primary productivity is the rate at which sunlight is used by plants to produce carbon containing compounds, typically polysaccharides. This study includes the analysis of physicochemical properties of water quality, GPP, NPP and Community respiration and planktonic analysis of sewage fed freshwater fish pond and a non productive pond. Results of Gross Primary Production (GPP) and Net Primary Production (NPP) in sewage fed fishpond are comparatively higher than the non productive one. Community respiration also indicates the positive correlation among the two ponds. Therefore, phytoplankton abundance in sewage fed fish pond shows considerable diversities and densities as compared to nonproductive one. Statistical analysis of outcome result also revealed the significant correlation at 0.01% and 0.05% level.

2 illus, 7 tables, 25 ref

003663   Lakshmi V;Das N (School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632 014, Email: nilanjana00@lycos.com) : Caffeine degradation by yeasts isolated from caffeine contaminated samples. Int J Sci Nat 2010, 1(1), 47-52.

Five yeast species isolated from caffeine contaminated samples were screened for their capability of caffeine degradation. Based on the degradation efficiency, isolate was selected and identified as Trichosporon asahii which showed 60 % degradation of caffeine in 72 hours when caffeine was utilized as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The influence of various factors such as pH, temperature, shaking speed, inoculum size, carbon source, nitrogen source and initial caffeine concentration on caffeine degradation were studied. The optimum growth conditions for caffeine degradation by T. asahii were found to be pH 6.5, temperature 28 øC, shaking speed 120 rpm, inoculum size 4 % (w/v) with initial caffeine concentration 2 gm/l and 100 % degradation was achieved within 96 hours in the presence of sucrose (5 gm/l). The addition of external nitrogen sources viz. sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate decreased the caffeine degradation to 25 % and 30 % respectively. This is the first report on caffeine degradation using yeast cells.

2 tables, 6 illus, 16 ref

003662   Kulkarni A S;Tendulkar M;Mavalankar S; Guhagarkar A M (Zoology Dep, R.P. College of Arts & Scicene and R. V. Jogalekar College of Commerce, Ratnagiri-415 612) : Select water quality parameters from Peth-Killa region, Ratnagiri, west coast of India, Maharashtra. J Aquatic Biol 2009, 24(2), 82-5.

To study the physico-chemical parameters of sea water of Peth-Killa region, the samples were collected on full moon (FM) and new moon (NM) during the period August 2007 to July 2008. And the physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were recorded. pH was ranged between 7.2 to 8.3, temperature from 26.5° C to 33.5° C, salinity between 17.8 to 37.7%₀ and dissolved oxygen was ranged between 4.5 to 7.5 ml/L. Generally maximum pH values were recorded in summer season and minimum values were recorded in monsoon season. The maximum temperature was observed in May, the minimum salinity was recorded in August while maximum salinity was recorded in May.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

003661   Kelkar G;Subhadra K;Chengappa R K (Food, Nutrition & Dietetics Dep, College of Home Science, Nirmala Niketan, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: gkelkar@rediffmail.com) : Effect of antioxidant supplementation of hematological parameters, oxidative stress and performance of Indian athletes. J hum Ecol 2008, 24(3), 209-13.

Strenuous endurance exercise has a deleterious effect on metabolism. Exercise is known to increase oxidative strees and affect haem status, which in turn affects performance. With the hypothesis that antioxidants can lower oxidative stress, the present study was undertaken to analyze the effect of antioxidant supplementation on a study cohort (8 male runners, age 24 to26y) competing in the Pune International Marathon, 21 Km race in December 2004 Two weeks prior to the race, the subjects were supplemented with Spirulina (4g) and antioxidants drink divided in 2 doses. The total antioxidant composition of the supplement was B Carotene 7600mcg, Vitamin A 4001U, Vitamin E 80 IU, Vitamin C- 320mg, Zinc-2.7mg and Selenium- 40mcg. Body composition (fat, lean, water) of the subjects was analysed using BIA, hematological parameters- Hemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood cells (RBC), were evaluated before supplementation, one day prior to the race and the day after the race. Marker for oxidative stress serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed before supplementation and day after the race. One week prior to the race the runners were given a modified carbohydrate loading dietary regimen Training was tapered as per the needs of competition Data analyzed using paired t test, Pearson's correlation analysis. After 2 weeks of antioxidant supplementation a significant (p=0.000) improvement in Hb, PCV and RBC was seen prior to the race and the levels were marginally reduced after the race. The serum MDA level was remarkably reduced (p =0.003) after supplementation. The average time taken to complete the race was 1:06:31. The study concluded that antioxidant supplementation combats oxidative stress; improves hematological status and performance in runners.

5 tables, 34 ref

003660   Jindal R;Thakur R (Aquatic Biology Lab., Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014) : Biodiversity and trophic status in relation to hydrobiological factors of Rewalsar wetland (District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh) India. J Aquatic Biol 2009, 24(2), 50-6.

Studies on the biodiversity of Rewalsar wetland (Himachal Pradesh) were made for a period of one year. In this, species composition and population dynamics of phytoplankton, zooplankton, nekton and productivity have been correlated with seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of the water. Among phytoplankton, members of Chlorophyceae formed the dominant component, whereas Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were subdominant, and Euglenophyceae constituted a minor component. Among zooplankton, rotifers formed the dominant component and arthropods as subdominant component, whereas protozoans were rare in occurrence. The plankton showed abundance during summer and post-monsoon and were found in minimum number during winter. Relatively higher values of temperature, conductivity, penetration of light, alkalinity, hardness and nutrients were the factors responsible for the plankton abundance in summer, whereas high turbidity, cloudy weather and dilution in the concentration of some salts during monsoon were associated with their minimum number during monsoon. The plankton of common occurrence were: Navicula cryptocephala, Nitzschia acicularis, Cymbella sp., Closterium acerosum, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Oscillatoria spp., Cylotella sp., Pediastrum duplex., Spirogyra sp., Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Staurastrum sp. and Microcystis aeruginosa among phytoplankton; and Brachionus calyciflorus, Keratella tropica, Cylops sp. and Daphnia pulex among zooplankton. The monthly average of Simpson (1949) biodiversity index was 0.021 and Shannon Wiener (1949) biodiversity index (H) was 3.8 bits Ind^-1. Maximum species richness was observed in summer and minimum in winter. Further, Chlorophyceae among phytoplankton, and Rotifera and Arthropoda among zooplankton showed maximum species diversity.

1 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

003659   Jaya N;Latasanadevi R (Human Development Dep, Avinashilingam Deemed Women Univ, Coimbatore-641 043) : Personal values of adolescents in relation to selected variables. Res Highlight 2010, 20(4), 195-202.

The goals and value of adolescents are ever changing making corresponding shifts. The development of autonomy in emotions, behavior and values is a basic developmental challenge of the adolescent years. Under standing the changes adolescents are facing, will assist them to become happy and productive adult. Human life is like a journey on which every step brings a different view. Sense of value enables an individual to make sure it is a flow from minus to plus, from mediocrity to distinction.

4 tables, 6 ref

003658   Jalilzadeh K;Yamakanamardi S M;Altaff K (Fresh Water Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Mysore Univ, Manaagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Email: gkooroshj09@gmail.com) : Physico chemical parameters of three contrasting lakes of Mysore, Karnataka, India. J Aquatic Biol 2009, 24(2), 90-8.

Physico-Chemical parameters of three contrasting (highly, moderately and least polluted) lakes, namely, Hebbal (in Industrial area), Lingambudi (in Domestic/Residential area) and Bannur (in Agriculture area) of Mysore city, Kamataka State, India, are studied for two years from February 2007-January 2009. Seasonal changes in some important Physico-Chemical parameters like- Air Temperature, Water Temperature, Field pH, Laboratory pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, CO₂, , Phosphate, Calcium, TSS, POM, Hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride , Nitrate, Sulphate, TASA and Chlorophyll-a were carried out. The data collected, is discussed in the light of pollution status of these lakes.

4 tables, 16 ref

003657   Gupta D;Goel A;Bhatia A K (Microbiology Dep, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Email: deepti.gpt6@gmail.com) : Studies on antiviral property of Acacia nilotica. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 141-52.

Several medicinal plants used in traditional medicine have attracted many scientists. Among these plants A. nilotica belonging to family fabaceae, have been recommended for treatment of various diseases. Keeping the well documented literature about the potential usefulness against various ailments in mind, this work was undertaken to design a plan of work to evaluate further its antiviral properties. In the present study antiviral activity of the A. nilotica leaves and pods extract (hot aqueous extract) were investigated against two viral isolate BHV-I virus and FMD virus by antiviral screening assay. The extract of A. nilotica leaves and pods exhibited in-vitro antiviral effect. The effect of A. nilotica leaves and pods extract against BHV-I was good and extract was found more effective in leaves. The percent protection was found to be 61.1% and 43.2% in leaves and 22.1% and 14.4% in pods. However no antiviral effect of A. nilotica leaves and pods extract against FMD was observed.

5 illus, 8 tables, 13 ref

003656   Estherlydia D;John S (Home Science Dep, Women's Christian College, Chennai-600 006) : Consumption of soft drinks and risk of osteoporosis among college students. Res Highlight 2010, 20(4), 203-9.

Results of the study showed that the risk of osteoporosis was significantly high among consumers, when compared to non-consumers of soft drinks. Both female and male consumers had a significantly higher risk of osteoporosis compared to their counterparts. A significant association was observed between soft drinks consumption and risk of osteoporosis. There was a significant difference in the mean calcium intake between consumers and non- consumers indicating lesser consumption of calcium rich foods by the consumers. It is evident that soft drink consumption is associated with osteoporosis. Soft drink consumption in adolescents, include the displacement of milk and other more nutritious beverages from the diet. Reduction of milk intake among children is a public health concern because milk is an important source of protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamins B-12 and B-6. Consumption of calcuim rich products with every meal goes a long way towards ensuring that requirements are met for calcium and many other nutrients required for bone health.

4 tables, 6 ref

003655   Deshwal V K;Vig K (Microbiology Dep, Doon (P.G.) Paramedical College, Dehradun-248 001) : Effect of co-inoculation of Pseudomonas-MP3 and Rhizobium-GR23 on plant growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Pl Dev Sci 2010, 2(1-2), 61-2.

In the study, Twenty five Pseudomonas strains were isolate from rhizosphere of maize plant and twenty five Rhizobium strains were isolate from the nodules of Gram plant in 05 different sites at Dehradun (Uttarakhand). Both Pseudomonas and Rhizobium strains were characterised on the basis of Holt, et at., (1994). Plant growth activity of bacteria and interaction studies were done as per Deshwal et al. (2003). Seventeen Pseudomonas strains and fourteen Rhizobium strains produced Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Siderophore, HCTM, phosphatase enzyme of them, only three combinations of Pseudomonas and Rhizobium strains enhance plant growth activity in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as compared to individual strains.

2 tables, 7 ref

003654   Chowdhury A (Home Science Dep, Berhampur Univ, Berhampur-760 007, Email: aparajitabpur@gmail.com) : Cultural construct of troubles with boys in India. J hum Ecol 2008, 24(4), 297-303.

Familism in contrast to individualism is a significant reality for Indian families. Family organisation in India rests on age and sex hierarchy with the boys, men and older people being ascribed a higher status. There are usually clear demarcations of the roles and responsibilities between men and women within families. This is a reality that a child even in 21st century India learns and it is even expressed in various rituals, ceremonies, kin terminology and socialization practices. Hence, with this cultural construct boys develop their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and act accordingly. The amount of restrictions, pressures and regulations are there for girls are enormous, whereas for boys, all freedom, no restrictions and oppositions at all for their behaviour, actions and thoughts in any stages of their lives. Boys are overprotected, over cared and at the same time given total independence in the family. The immediate outcome is visible through boy's immaturity, dependency and learned helplessness owing to varied types of problems for themselves, their families and for the society in general.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

003653   Chaudhary P;Rawat U;Govila R (Microbiology Lab, Botany Dep, I.P. College, Bulandshar-203 001, Email: pritimitrathi@gmail.com) : Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de bary in Indian mustard with fungicides. J Pl Dev Sci 2010, 2(1-2), 45-9.

Among various fungicides used, benomyl and carbendazim proved to be most effective fungicide for seed treatment, spray alone as well as in combination to control sclerotinia- rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea(L.) (zern and Coss). Seed treatment at sowing time with benomyl (0.2 per cent) followed by spraying at first budding or flowering stage with same dose of fungicide provide best clue for recommendation at farmer's field.

4 tables, 21 ref

003652   Bhasin M K;Singh I P;Shil A P;Ratanjit Singh; Bhasin V;Chahal M S (Anthropology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007) : Genetic studies of pangwalas, transhumant and settled gaddis: age changes in biological variables among pangwalas of Pangi tehsil, Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh. J hum Ecol 2008, 24(2), 139-47.

In the present paper 37 biological variables (26 anthropometric; 2 physiological and 8 physical fitness tests) have been reported among Pangwala boys with their age ranging from 8+ to 18+ years. The anthropometric and physiological variables show gradual rise from 8+ to 18+ year generally, where as for physical fitnesss tests, in general a uniform trend of growth is not observed. When compared for anthropometric variables with Transhumant and Settled Gaddis, Pangwalas are showing similar results, in general, whereas for physiological and physical fitness tests variables variation has been observed with Gaduliya Lohars, which may be attributed to their different physical, biological and social environment.

4 tables, 18 ref

003651   Bhasin M K;Shil A P;Sharma M B (Anthropology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007) : Biology of the people of Sikkim: comparative evaluation of growth patterns among different caste and tribal groups of Sikkim. J hum Ecol 2008, 24(4), 231-78.

An attempt has been made to study growth and development among various population groups of Sikkim from 8-19 years. A total of 42 biological variables (34 anthropometric and 8 physiological measurements) have been taken on 2,777 boys. It could be demonstrated that respiratory functions can be predicted best from a combination of body weight, proiective height measurements, breadth, depth and circumference measurements. In body growth and physiological variables the various population groups show almost similar patterns. Whatever differences have been observed may be attributed to the genetic structure of that populaiton group.

3 illus, 14 tables, 79 ref