042776   PATEL R J, BHASKARAN L ( Microbiology Dep, Shri M. M. Patel Institute of Science and Research, Gandhinagar - 382 023, Gujarat, Email: rajeshri.patel0417@gmail.com) : Orange peel as an inducer for Laccase production in a novel fungal strain Peyronellaea pinodella BL-3/4 and optimization of its cultural parameters by single parameter approach. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(16), 1656–67.

Laccases are one of the ligninolytic enzymes with wide industrial applications hence objective of present study is to optimize laccase production in novel fungal strain Peyronellaea pinodella BL-3/4. Fungal strains capable of oxidizing different lignin model compounds such as guaicol, syringaldazine and 2, 2'-Azino-bis (3ethylbenzthiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) were further tested for the laccase production in liquid media. 18s rRNA gene sequencing was performed to identify isolated novel fungal strain. Extracellular laccase activity from isolated fungal strain was optimized by the conventional `single parameter at a time' approach. Parameters used for this study included inoculum size, temperature, pH, agitation rate, lignocellulosic substrate, carbon source and nitrogen source. Among ten isolated laccase positive fungal strains, BL-3/4, exhibited maximum activity and morphological resemblance to Peyronellaea. 18s rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated fungal strain is a novel one and identified as Peyronellaea pinodella BL-3/4. Optimization by single parameter approach leads to an 18 fold increase in laccase production by Peyronellaea pinodella BL-3/4. During the optimization of agro residues, orange peel acting as a substrate dramatically changed laccase production from 10.4 to 65.1 U/mL.No reports are available on Peyronellaea pinodella laccase activity and optimization of various factors affecting the laccase production. Orange peelings (an agro waste)as a substrate has increased the laccase production by six-fold in P. pinodella, this makes the fungi a better candidate for large scale production of laccase as well as for bioremediation, when compared to all other reported fungi.

36 illus, 12 ref

044768   BEKINBO M T, AMAH-TARIAH F S, DAPPER D V (Human Physiology Dep, Port-Harcourt Univ, Port Harcourt, Nigeria) : Comparative GC-MS determination of bioactive constituents of the methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa rhizome and Spondias mombin leaves. J Med Plants Stud 2020, 8(1), 1-6.

Over 80 % of the world’s population depends on herbal products for their primary healthcare requirements. The therapeutic potentials of many of these herbal products have been documented, however, more studies are needed to properly screen, identify and possibly characterize their various active ingredients. The present study attempts a comparative gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination of the bioactive constituents of the methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa rhizomes and Spondias mombin leaves. Results obtained indicated that although the extracts of both plants possess similar bioactive compounds: aromatic turmerone (ar-turmerone); turmerone and; cur lone the most abundant compounds were found to be aromatic turmerone for Curcuma longa and pentadecanoic acid for Spondias mombin. The possible biological effects of the identified compounds in both extracts are highlighted. Our findings provide rationale for the anecdotal use of both plants for treatment of similar medical conditions in our environment.

2 illus, 3 tables, 59 ref

040978   KUMAR A, KONGALA P R, JOHN S A, SRIVASTAVA S, LABHANE N M, RAMTEKE P W (Biological Sciences Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Prayagraj - 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kprasadaraojc@gmail.com) : Alleviation of soybean terminal drought by selected plant growth regulators. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 180-3.

The low soil moisture condition under climate change has been growing phenomenon in arid and semi-arid agroecosystems. Keeping this in focus, a study on soybean was undertaken to assess alleviation effect of plant growth regulators under induced drought at SHUATS- prayagraj, India. The drought experiment was laid in complete randomized design (CRD) and results were statistically analysed. The experiments constitute with four plant growth regulators viz., salicylic acid (T₁) @ 50ppm, GA₃ (T₂) @100ppm, kinetin (T₃) @500ppm, IAA (T₄) @0.1 mM and (T5)100µMsalicylic acid+100µM SNP as treatments to alleviate terminal drought. Among treatments, the foliar application of GA₃ @ 100 ppm has increased number of pods per plant, number of flowers per plant, and pod length significantly but (T₁) salicylic acid @ 50 ppm, has improved growth parameters viz., plant height (48.9cm), number of leaf/plant (26.6) and number of branch/plant (11.00), yield parameters viz., length of pod (3.8 cm), number of pods /plant (12.00), number of seed /pod (3.00), number of seed/ plant (36.00) and 100 seed weight (12.04 g). The results indicate that foliar application of salicylic acid – 50ppm improved the flowering ((18.3)), yield (12.00 pods /plant), and biochemical parameters indicating alleviation effect.

2 tables, 24 ref

044765   ABHIJITH D, NANDINI M D, VITTAL B G (Biochemistry Dep, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, Email: vittal.bg@gmail.com) : Comparative study of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma versus serum for assay of biochemical parameters. J Med Sci Health 2020, 6(2), 46-9.

The objective of the study was to assess the usefulness of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma as an alternative to serum for glucose, renal function test, and liver function test. The use of plasma as compared to serum decreases the turnaround time, coagulationinduced interferences, gives high sample volume for analysis, and is economical. An observational cross-sectional study was done on blood samples of 51 patients. A 4 ml of blood was drawn from each patient by standard venipuncture technique. A 2 ml was collected in a plain red top Vacutainer and 2 ml in an EDTA Vacutainer. Red top tubes, after 20 min of clotting, were centrifuged for 5 min at 5000 rpm to separate serum. EDTA tubes were centrifuged immediately at 5000 rpm to separate plasma. Serum and plasma were analyzed with ERBA-EM-360 autoanalyzer for glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results obtained were analyzed using paired “t-test.” Values of glucose, urea, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and ALP in serum and plasma samples showed statistically significant difference with P < 0.05. Plasma glucose was more as compared to serum glucose. Creatinine, AST, and ALT values in serum and plasma samples showed statistically no significant difference with P > 0.05. EDTA plasma can be used as an alternative to serum for creatinine, AST, and ALT but its use for urea, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and for ALP may not be appropriate.

2 tables, 9 ref

044762   ASHARANI N, DHANALAKSHMI T, SHYAMANTH M (Microbiology Dep, Adichunchanagiri Univ, Mandya, Karnataka, Email: drdhanalakshmita@bgsaims.edu.in) : Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward antibiotic usage and antibiotic resistance among medical students and interns: A cross-sectional study. J Med Sci Health 2020, 6(1), 12-7.

Adequate knowledge, attitude, and practices toward antibiotic usage and resistance among health caregiver are the need of the hour to lower the burden of antibiotic resistance. The present study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward antibiotic usage and resistance among medical students and interns. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital involving 5th, 7th, and 9th term medical students and interns. A pre-tested questionnaire with 22 knowledge and 13 attitude items was assessed by 3-point Likert scale and 9 practice items by yes/no. For knowledge items, each correct response represented with 1 mark. Grading of the knowledge was done as poor (≤50 %), adequate (51–75 %), and good (≥75 %). Frequency and proportions were used. The response rate was 98.39 % (367/373). Majority of the participants had adequate (46.6 %) to good (45.5 %) knowledge. Majority perceived that educating patients (94.8 %) and taking responsibility of judicious use of antibiotics by everyone (92.6 %) will reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance. However, 58 % of the students were of the opinion that skipping one or two doses will not lead to antibiotic resistance and 68.4 % of the participants felt that irrational use of antibiotic practices done at local level will not matter for the development of resistance globally. More than 90 % of the students executed good practice toward antibiotic usage. In spite of adequate to good knowledge, there were attitudinal lacunae toward antibiotic usage and resistance. Interestingly, regardless of casual attitudes, the self-reported practices of the participants were found to be substantially good. There is a need for strategizing educational programs for students and interns not only to enhance the knowledge but also to reshape the behavior of the students.

1 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

040975   AMANTURDIEV I G, BOBOYEV S G, TASHPULATOVA G K (Biology Dep, National Univ of Uzbekistan, Tashkent - 100 174, Uzbekistan, Email: amanturdiyev.i@gmail.com) : Inheritance, disease resistance of cotton hybrids with different level of gossypol in seeds. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(2), 161-6.

The presence of gossypol in glands of cotton protects the plant from pests. However, there is limited information on how the level of (+)- and (-)-gossypol enantiomers affect resistance to insect and pathogens. We have evaluated the resistance of plants that exhibit the high (+)-gossypol seed trait to diseases (thielaviopsis basicola, rizactonia solani and xanthomonas malvacearum); effects of total seed gossypol on resistance to this insect and these pathogens was also evaluated. Field and greenhouse tests indicated that it should be possible to breed lines that exhibit the high (+)-gossypol seed trait and retain acceptable levels of insect and disease resistance together with acceptable levels of agronomic properties. The best lines in this study were crosses between the U.S. line Backcross-3 and the Uzbek variety Bukhara; this cross gave good acceptable resistance to all pathogens in both spring and autumn. We are continuing our studies to develop cotton lines that have a high percentage of (+)-gossypol in the seed. We have determined the total and percentage of (+) - and (- )-gossypol in U.S. accessions and Uzbek varieties, and in F₁-F₃ hybrids developed in crosses between these varieties. We found an intermediate type inheritance for (+)-gossypol in petals and seeds of F₁, and negative transgressive segregation for (+)-gossypol in seeds with 53.0 % in F₂ ; however, there appeared to be recombinants with (+)-gossypol of 96.0 % (at F₂ Bukhara-8 x Backcross-3).

3 tables, 29 ref

040958   AMANTURDIEV I G, BOBOYEV S G, MIRAKHMEDOV M S (Biology Dep, National Univ of Uzbekistan, ??????? - 100 174, Uzbekistan, Email: amanturdiyev.i@gmail.com) : correlation of (+) gossypol level in seeds of cotton hybrids to insect and disease resistance. Indian J Agric Biochem 2020, 33(1), 38-42.

Cotton is the most important fibre crop and the seed from the plant is a rich source of high quality protein and oil. However, the use of cottonseed as a feed for animals is limited by the presence of gossypol, which is contained in glands in the seed. Gossypol occurs in two stereoenantiomers referred to as (+)- and (-)-gossypol. Most of the toxicity of gossypol resides in the (-)- enantiomer. Gossypol helps protect the plant from pests. However, there is very limited information on how the level (+)- and (-)-gossypol enantiomers correlate with insect and disease resistance. To understand the influence of (+)- gossypol level in seeds on insect and disease resistance we have initiated a study to examine if a correlations exists between percent (+)-gossypol in the seed and resistance to pests. The objective of our research was to develop cotton breeding material with good agronomic qualities that are suited for growing in Uzbekistan, and with a high percentage of (+)- gossypol and determine resistance to insects and pathogens. Results from our research showed that it should be possible to develop cotton breeding material that exhibit the high (+)-gossypol trait in seed and provide suitable insect and diseases resistance with good agronomic traits.

3 tables, 25 ref

042694   AZZAM N F A E M (Microbiology Dep, Alexandria Univ, Egypt, Email: nashwaazam@yahoo.com ) : Antibacterial effect of eucalyptus essential oil. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(7), 799 – 804.

To determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the Eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) and different antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and on twenty bacterial isolates from wound swabs (10 S. aureus and 10 P. aeruginosa). In addition, to evaluate the antibacterial effect of combinations of EEO with selected antibiotics. Skin infection swabs were cultured; all bacterial isolates were identified according to conventional methods. Ten-gram positive isolates (S. aureus), and ten gram negative isolates (P. aeruginosa) were used to determine MIC of some antibiotics and EEO by broth microdilution methods. Checkerboard method was used to calculate fractional inhibitory concentration indexes. EEO exhibited a synergistic activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 but only gave additive effect against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Outcome of oil/vancomycin combination found to be synergistic in all tested clinical S. aureus isolates from infected wound swabs. While 80 % of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates showed additive outcome of EEO/ ceftazidime combination, and only 20 % of them gave indifference outcome. Dermatological applications of EEOs have been growing with great popularity worldwide. It can be used as ointments to treat various dermatological conditions such as abscesses, athlete’s foot, dermatitis, bacterial infections, blisters, boils, burns, cuts, and wounds.

4 tables, 15 ref

040880   AGARWAL A, DINAKAR S, TRIPATHY N K, SHARMA V, JOSHI S, LAGISETTI S D (Acceleration Physiology & Spatial Orientation Dep, Institute of Aerospace Medicine IAF, Bengaluru - 560 017, Karnataka, Email: dinakarsneha@gmail.com) : Colour vision standards: Past, present, and future. Indian J Aerosp Med 2020, 64(2), 93-9.

Historically, signal lights (red-green-amber) were used in shipping, rail, and road transportation. This colour schema continued in the aviation industry too. However, automation has taken over aviation sector with electronic maps and colour-coded multifunction displays. Despite sweeping changes seen in the use of colour coding in aviation, there is little change in colour vision standards and in the way colour vision testing is done for the aircrew, military and civil. The changing needs of aviation dictate that renewing the standards is necessary. Furthermore, the new standards will dictate aircraft design, and hence, it is mandatory that they remain current for the next 50 years or so. It becomes necessary to understand the role colour vision plays in the modern cockpit and suggest the colour vision standards accordingly. In the same breath, it is important to understand the evolution of colour vision testing and colour theories, so as to develop or adopt a more suitable test for the changing aviation scenario.

34 ref

040874   SANNIGRAHI P, KUMAR A, MISHRA S, NATARAJA M S (Acceleration Physiology & Spatial Orientation Dep, Institute of Aerospace Medicine IAF, Bengaluru - 560 017, Karnataka, Email: drpolash_mrmc@yahoo.co.in) : Autokinesis illusion in fighter flying revisited. Indian J Aerosp Med 2020, 64(2), 56-61.

Autokinesis refers to the perception of motion which is experienced by an aircrew when he fixates his gaze on a stationary point/source of light in an otherwise completely darkened environment. A study was conducted in the Department of Acceleration Physiology and Spatial Orientation, Institute of Aerospace Medicine to determine the time taken for onset of autokinesis in the disorientation simulator (Air Fox DISO) and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies to break the illusion A total of 103 randomly selected fighter pilots participated in the study. They were briefed about the illusion and the various interventions used to counteract it, such as: (a) Shrugging of shoulders without breaking gaze, (b) stretching of arms without breaking gaze, (c) breaking of gaze for 5 s and (d) breaking of gaze for 10 s (if the illusion is not broken after breaking of gaze for 5 s). Time taken for autokinesis to set in and the effectiveness of the interventions used were noted. Subjective feedback from the participating aircrew was also obtained on their experience on autokinesis illusion in active flying through a structured questionnaire. The average time required for onset of the autokinesis illusion in the DISO was observed to be 20.3 ± 15.5 s (range 4.1–121.4 s). Of the 103 aircrew participants, 100 (97.1 %) reported that the intervention of stretching of arms was effective, 94 aircrew (91.3 %) reported that the intervention of shoulder shrug was effective in breaking the illusion and 99 aircrew (96.1 %) were able to counter the illusion by breaking their gaze for duration of 5 s. Autokinesis was experienced in active flying by 17 aircrew, accounting for an incidence of 16.5 %. This study reveals that autokinesis involves the interplay of vision, vestibular system, as well as the proprioceptive stimulus in counteracting this illusion. A combination of gaze break and shoulder shrug/arm stretch could be the most appropriate intervention strategy under such circumstances. The operational scenarios conducive for causing this illusion and the physiological basis for the various intervention strategies have been discussed. The autokinesis illusion though considered benign has got significant potential for distraction during operational flying. The intervention strategies discussed in the study are effective in breaking the illusion. The pilot community needs to be aware of the preconditions, mechanism, and effectiveness of the intervention strategies in countering this illusion.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

040872   MOHAPATRA S S, ANAND K, RAJU A V K (High Altitude Physiology and Hyperbaric Medicine Dep, Institute of Aerospace Medicine IAF, Bengaluru - 560 017, Karnataka, Email: ssmbluewater@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of 24 h of isolation and confinement exposure on psychological state of healthy human volunteers. Indian J Aerosp Med 2020, 64(1), 37-45.

During space missions, crew is encountered with various psychological challenges. One major challenge during space mission is the issue of isolation and confinement. Understanding of human behavior and performance in isolated and confined environment (ICE) has been the area of interest for all those involved in human space program. Ground-based mission-specific studies are necessary before undertaking any specific mission so that the psychological impact of ICE can be investigated in details. The first human space flight of India, which may be launched in the near future, may involve for a duration not more than 24 h. This scientific experiment was undertaken with an aim to study the impact of 24 h isolation and confinement on psychological state of healthy human volunteers. During 24 h period of isolation and confinement, 10 healthy human volunteers were evaluated every 10–12 h with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect State (PANAS), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) in the existing Isolation cum Group Confinement laboratory of Institute of Aerospace Medicne (IAM). Similar psychological evaluation was also carried out among nine healthy individuals who served as controls. There was a momentary increase in state anxiety level during early period of isolation and confinement exposure (ICE). However, the anxiety level returned to pre-exposure level after 24 h. Furthermore, there was a significant drop in the level of negative emotions among the subject group as well as among control group in the morning of day 2 though there was no significant change in the positive emotions. Over the period of 24 h of isolation and confinement, neither the subject group nor the control group showed statistically significant changes in the total mood disturbance. None of the groups showed any significant changes in any of the POMS subscales, that is, anger-hostility, confusion-bewilderment, depression-dejection, fatigue-inertia, and tension-anxiety except for vigor-activity. Thus, a stable mood state was observed among the participants. Before exposure to isolation and confinement, the subject group exhibited a higher level of “State” anxiety on day 1 which had returned to pre-exposure level in the morning of day 2. In both days, the state of positive emotions was statistically insignificant among subject as well as among control group. However, a significant decrease in the level of negative emotions among the subject group and control group was observed. There was no significant change in the mood state in the study group as well as in the control group

3 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

040841   KUMAR S, PATIL R D, VERMA S, KUMAR A, SINGH G, DHIAL K, SHARMA M (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, HPKV, Palampur - 176 062, Email: sk62270@gmail.com) : Prevalence of diff erent types of neoplasms among dogs of Himachal Pradesh, India : A preliminary study. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(2), 119-22.

Neoplasms are the more common and leading cause of death in dogs. The increased lifespan of dogs due to better nutritionand prophylactic measures made them more susceptible to tumors. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalenceof various types of tumors in dogs in the area of Himachal Pradesh. The surgically removed tumor tissue samples were fixed with10 % neutral buffered formalin, processed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under the microscope. A total of 56 dogs were found to be affected by one or another type of neoplasm during the period from 2016 to 2018. The prevalence of these neoplasms was categorized according to sex, age, location-wise and tissue type on histological examination. The present study showed female dogs had the highest prevalence rate of 55.36 % compared with male dogs 44.64 %. The dogs of the age group of six to nine years had the highest prevalence rate of 35.71 % and lowest 37.50 % in the age group of less than 3 years. Genitalia wasfound to be the most common site affected by the tumor. A transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) has the highest prevalence rate of 37.50 % followed by squamous cell carcinoma (12.50 %) and mammary carcinoma (10.79 %).

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

040840   DINESH M, THAKOR J, VISHWA K V, PATHAK M, PATEL S, SAIKUMAR G, KUMAR P, QURESHI S, SUBBAIYAN A, SINGH K P, SAHOO M (Pathology Div, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh - 243 122, Email: vety.lisa@gmail.com) : Meningoencephalitis and septicemia in a 4-week-old piglet due to dual streptococcal infections. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(2), 114-8.

A 4-week-old male crossbred piglet was presented for necropsy examination with history of neurological signs progressing to death. Grossly, the meninges covering the brain were thickened, opaque containing purulent exudates. Besides, the other visceral organs like lungs, heart, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys and intestine were severely congested. Histologically, suppurative meningoencephalitis was observed in addition to suppurative bronchopneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis and splenitis indicating the septicemia in pig. Immunolabelling of S. suis antigen was observed in meninges, brain, lungs, spleen, tonsil and lymph nodes. Both S. suis and S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis were isolated from the brain, lungs and spleen. The biochemical characterization by API 20 strep kit and genomic detection test by PCR further confirmed both the isolates. This is the first report of dual infection of S. suis and S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis infection in a pig with severe disseminated suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis.

3 illus, 14 ref

040839   PRASATH N B, SELVARAJ J, TAMILMAHAN P, SASIKALA M (Veterinary Pathology Dep, TANUVAS, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Email: vetdrprasad@gmail.com) : Superficial acral fibromyxoma of horn : A rare neoplasm and histomorphological entity in an Indian bullock. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(2), 107-9.

A four year non-descript bullock was presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, TANUVAS, Tamilnadu with a history of slow growing mass near the base of the left horn. On examination, a protruding, whitish grey, smooth and soft, unlobulated mass was noticed on the body of the left horn. Biopsy specimen was collected and preserved. Histologically, the tissue consisted of mixed population of repetitively arranged fibroblast in whorls with prominent nuclei and stellate cells with cytoplasmic tails. Abundant collagenous and mucinous stroma were present. Abnormal mitotic figures were absent. On special staining, collagenous stroma was more prominent in Masson’s trichrome and blue stained mucinous stroma was seen in Alcian blue technique. Based on the histological features the case was diagnosed as acral fibromyxoma. The case describes the first incidence of fibromyxoma in horn of Indian catte.

4 illus, 11 ref

044647   HERWINA H, SAKAMAKI Y, SATRIA R, JANRA M N (Biology Dep, Andalas Univ, West Sumatra- 25163, Indonesia, Email: hennyherwina@sci.unand.ac.id) : Ground-dwelling ants species diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at conservation forest and oil-palm plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 113-20.

This study aimed to investigate the diversity of ground-dwelling ant species within the conservation forest patch and the plantation area of an oil-palm plantation in Sumatra. Modified quadra protocol was applied to collect ants at five sites in the conservation forest and one location in the oil-palm plantation. A total of 76 ground-dwelling ant species belonging to 36 genera and six subfamilies were collected. The subfamily Myrmicinae was the highest in total species number (31) collected followed by Formicinae (29) and Ponerinae (9). The diversity index for the overall species collected was 3.00. Ant species diversity in both sites showed that the area still retains high diversity value for ants, and presumably for other taxa as well.

2 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

040837   RAO N S, PRADEEP M, HAMZA P, PRASANNNA K S, ANOOPRAJ R, GEORGE A J (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Wayanad - 673 576, Kerala, Email: 12.nikhil.rao@gmail.com) : Histological grading of hepatic amyloidosis in ducks. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(2), 101-3.

Duck farming is very popular in various parts of the world. Even though ducks are highly predisposed to amyloidosis, study on histological grading of amyloidosis and its correlation with gross fi ndings in the visceral organs are scarce. In the current study, we necropsied 112 duck carcasses over a period of one year and the occurrence of hepatic amyloidosis was studied and histological scoring was made. The study revealed amyloidosis in 61.61 per cent carcasses. We analysed the livers of such ducks histologically for the extent and paĴ ern of amyloid deposits. The extent of amyloid deposition was graded as mild, moderate or severe. In severe amyloidosis without cellularity, the liver grossly showed deep yellow discolouration of the parenchyma. In moderate amyloidosis characterised by islands of hepatocytes and erythrocytes, the liver grossly showed pale pink to brownish discolouration. In mild amyloidosis with preserved hepatocellular architecture, the gross discolouration of the liver was minimum. The histological severity of amyloidosis could be directly correlated with the gross features in liver tissue specimens.

11 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

040836   KRISHNEGOWDA D N, MARIAPPAN A K, DHAMA K, SINGH K P, SINGH B R, SAMINATHAN M, RAMALINGAM R, SINGH V, REDDY M R (ICAR-Directorate of Poultry, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, Email: rrmaddula@yahoo.com) : Pathobiology of diff erent chicken organs in septicemic deaths. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(2), 91-100.

Septicemia in chicken is one of the main causes of death and leads to signifi cant fi nancial losses for the poultry farmers. There is very scarce information available in India on its pathology in chicken. Many bacterial pathogens are known to cause septicemia, either as primary agents or secondary agents, in association with other bacteria or viruses. The present study was conducted to explore the pathology in various organs of septicemic chickens. A total of 443 chicken carcasses with septicemic conditions from 71 diff erent fl ocks were included in this study. The necropsy revealed 18.74 %, 20.32 %, and 60.95 % of birds with mild, moderate and severe gross lesions respectively. Polyserositis with lesions such as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and necrosis in the liver as well as generalized congestion were reported more frequently. On histopathological investigation, the more severe lesions were detected in the following organs: in decreasing order, the heart (66.20 %), liver (64.79 %), lungs (60.56 %) and spleen (57.75 %). Various microscopic lesions characteristic of septicemia have been reported, earlier ranging from acute infl ammatory reactions such as vascular changes to chronic lesions such as granulomatous infl ammation and fi brosis. Here, we made a fi rst aĴ empt to score gross and histopathological changes of septicemia in chicken and identifi ed, described and documented the most common and distinctive septicemic lesions in diff erent organs. This study was limited to 71 fl ocks of chicken suspected of septicemia due to limited logistics and time constraints. Hence detailed longitudinal study involving diff erent types of birds with large sample size is required to elucidate the pathology of septicemia in chickens and to learn more about associated pathogens.

12 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

044643   RESTI RAHAYU, FATIMAH G, HASMIWATI (Biology Dep, Andalas Univ, Padang, Indonesia, Email: restirahayu@sci.unand.ac.id) : Susceptibility status and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity on Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae against temephos. J Ent Res 2020, 44(1), 93-8.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever cases are high in Kota Pariaman West Sumatra and temephos is being used indiscriminately for its vector control. Present study is aimed to determine the susceptibility status and analyze the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme on Aedes aegypti larvae in Kota Pariaman West Sumatra. The susceptibility test was carried out using the WHO method, and biochemical tests of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity was done using the ELISA method. The mosquito larvae were found resistant to temephos using WHO diagnostic concentration (0.012 mg/L) and high resistant using ELISA method with absorbance values in living mosquitoes of 0.98-1.58 and dead mosquitoes of 0.92-1. The values of AChE enzyme activity in living mosquito larvae after insecticide exposure was 7.894 U/L, which is higher than dead larvae was 4.813 U/L and control larvae (without insecticide exposure) was 7.540 U/L.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

040827   BEHERA D, PATHAK D C, SHARMA R K, UPADHYAYA T N, GOSWAMI S, TAMULY S (Pathology, Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Coll, Tripura, West - 799 008, Email: behera.debasish1@gmail.com) : Pathology and molecular diagnosis of necrotic enteritis in chicken. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(1), 22-8.

The present research work was carried out with an aim to study the pathology of necrotic enteritis in chickens followed by isolation and molecular detection of C. perfringens. Total 320 numbers of samples were collected from 15 districts in Assam. Isolation and identifi cation of C. perfringens by cultural, morphological characteristics and confi rmation was done by detection of cpa gene of C. perfringens by PCR with virulence toxin genes of C. perfringens such as TpeL and NetB. The clinical signs shown by the birds were diarrhoea, dehydration, depression, reluctance to move, loss of appetite, ruffl ed feathers, drooping of wings and head and huddling. The gross lesions of intestine revealed haemorrhagic, eroded, detached dead mucosal tissues, diphtheritic membrane, and distention. Liver, kidneys and lungs showed congestion, haemorrhage and focal areas of necrosis. Histopathology of NE in chickens revealed congestion of blood vessels in the lamina propria and submucosa with vacuolation of epithelial cells of intestinal villi with necrosis, making the villi broader and shorter. Diff erent developmental stages of coccidia were also seen in the mucosal epithelial cells in few birds during this study. Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and brain showed variable nature of histopathological lesions like congestion, haemorrhage and focal areas of coagulative necrosis.

13 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

040826   SHAILJA P, LATHER D, CHHABRA R, NEHRA V, SHARMA C, NARANG G (Veterinary Pathology Dep, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, Email: deepikalather@yahoo.co.in) : Pathobiological investigations on multidrug resistant Escherichia coli infections in chickens. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(1), 15-21.

Multiple drug-resistant Escherichia coli infections are a growing public health concern. The investigation included through post mortem examination of 329 poultry carcasses brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar. E. coli infections were observed in 45.6 % broilers, 15.0 % layers and 17.5 % dual purpose breed chickens mainly in the age group of 0-1, 1-6 wks and in more than 12-24 wks and adults. Microbiological confi rmation was carried out on the basis of primary culture and biochemical assays using Vitek-2 analysis system using pure colonies of diff erent bacterial isolates. A total of 57.5 % (46) isolates of E. coli were obtained from liver and heart blood from diseased chickens which were found associated with diff erent disease conditions including colisepticemia (65.2 %), ascites (8.6 %), air sacculitis (17.4 %) and gangrenous dermatitis in association with Marek’s disease (4.3%). The serotypes of E.coli isolated include O83 (10), O84 (1), O121 (6), O118 (2), O49 (3), O157 (1). E. coli isolates were found to be most sensitive to gentamicin (100 %) followed by polymyxin B (87 %) and streptomycin (82.61 %). Upon studying the multiple drug resistance (MDR) paĴ ern, about 91.3 % E. coli isolates showed MDR paĴ ern.

6 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

040823   SHARMA S, GUPTA R P, JANGIR B L, LATHER D, HAZARI R (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, Email: sonusharmavet@gmail.com) : Pathomorphological studies and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and pan-cytokeratin in bovine epithelial tumors. Indian J Vet Pathol 2020, 44(1), 1-6.

The present study communicates the pathomorphological features and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and pan-cytokeratin in 16 cases of bovine epithelial tumors. Histopathologically, these were diagnosed as papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoma. Papillomas located on various parts of skin were characterized by outward papillary projections of stratifi ed squamous epithelium having connective tissue in centre. SCCs were classifi ed as diff erentiated or undiff erentiated types. Well diff erentiated SCCs were characterized by islands of stratifi ed epithelium, cell nests, pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and occasionally mitotic fi gures, while poorly diff erentiated SCC showed tumor islands but devoid of cell nests. Undiff erentiated SCCs noticed in eyes or horn revealed group of epithelial cells with variable morphological features arranged as cords or islands without keratinized layer in centre and numerous mitotic fi gures. Variations in paĴ ern of nuclear p53 immunoreactivity were noticed among diff erent SCCs. p53 immunoreactivity was not noticed in benign epithelial tumors. All tumors showed cytoplasmic pan-cytokeratin immunoreactivity with variable staining intensity. It is concluded that undiff erentiated epithelial tumors can be confi rmed by pan-cytokeratin immunostaining and p53 expression is more in malignant than benign SCCs.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

040819   MALKANI R, AHUJA H, TARE A, SETIA M S (Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 026, Maharashtra, Email: malkanipub@gmail.com) : Should we start looking at the elderly for human immunodeficiency virus infections? A study of trends of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(2), 169-75.

There is limited information on the trends of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections in India – particularly from private health-care settings. We designed the present research to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV over a period of 7 years and study the factors associated with them. The present study is a secondary data analysis of data from the laboratory records of 24,086 individuals who were tested over a period of 7 years (2009–2015). We estimated the proportion and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV antibodies. The overall seroprevalence of HIV was 0.35 % (95 % CI: 0.27 %, 0.44 %), HBsAg was 1.65 % (95 % CI: 1.48 %, 1.82 %), and HCV was 1.73 % (95 % CI: 1.56 %, 1.90 %). The prevalence of HIV among those who were more than 70 years of age was 0.14 % (95 % CI: 0.04 %, 0.32 %). The prevalence of HBsAg was highest in those aged 30–39 years (2.27 %, 95 % CI: 1.74 %, 2.92 %) (P = 0.008). The prevalence of HIV/HBsAg co-infection was 0.019 % (95 % CI: 0.005 %, 0.050 %), HIV/HCV co-infection was 0.005 % (95 % CI: 0.000, 0.027 %), and HBsAg/HCV co-infection was 0.059 % (95 % CI: 0.030 %, 0.102 %). We did not encounter even a single case of all the three infections. HIV infection is relatively high in those who were aged 50 years of more; thus, they need to be included in the National AIDS Control Programme. HIV/HBV/HCV co-infections should be regularly monitored in surveillance programs, and antiretroviral therapy officers and counselors should be trained on the management of HIV in those who are co-infected.

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

040815   JAYAPALAN S, BINDU R S (Dermatology and Venereology Dep, Government Medical Coll, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 011, Kerala, Email: sabinajayapalan@gmail.com) : Papanicolaou smear: A diagnostic aid in sexually transmitted infections. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(2), 143-8.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem in developing countries, and treatment with the right medicine at the right time is necessary to reduce transmission and improve sexual and reproductive health. Laboratory diagnosis has undergone changes in the recent years. The new generation tests are not cost-effective in resource-poor settings. Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) of the cervix is a simple, quick, and inexpensive screening procedure for cervical cancer that can also give a clue to the presence of STIs. A hospital‑based cross‑sectional design with fifty patients was conducted studied. The initial diagnosis based on clinical findings and routine laboratory results was compared with the final diagnosis incorporating Pap smear results. The Pap smear was abnormal in 96 %, and the abnormalities were koilocytosis (30 %), endocervicitis (24 %), Trichomonas vaginalis (16 %), multinucleated giant cells (10 %), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (10 %), and clue cells (8 %). Pap smear could diagnose an infection in 64 %, of which 38 % were asymptomatic. Clinical and Pap smear correlation was found only in 26 % of the patients. Along with the conventional methods, Pap smear can be a valuable tool in diagnosing STIs. This can detect asymptomatic infections, not detected by conventional methods, thus preventing complications and further spread in the community. Asymptomatic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and trichomoniasis are the two STIs that can be easily detected by Pap smear. By detecting asymptomatic cervical HPV infection, the patients at risk for carcinoma of the cervix can be identified and referred to gynecology department for further management.

6 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

040814   KEISHAM C, GUITE Z, KULABIDHU H (Dermatology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal - 795 001, Manipur, Email: dr.chitralekhakeisham@gmail.com) : Sexual behavior pattern in the young attending sexually transmitted infection clinic in a tertiary health‑care center. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 97-9.

Half of all new HIV infections occur in young people(15-24years). Unfortunately, the study on the sexual behaviour pattern in these age group is lacking. It is retrospective, cross sectional study assessing adolescent and youth between 10 to 24 years presenting to STD clinic in a tertiary health care centre as a part of their risk assessment. Adolescent and youth were a total of 17.13 %(165) amongst 963 STD clinic attendees. The male to female ratio was 84:81. The mean age for male±1SD was 21.17±2.26 years and for female±1SD was 20.54±2.37 years. Around 47.27 % (78) were students at various levels of education. Earliest onset of sexual activity was at 14 years. Risky sexual behaviour was reported in 75.75 % clients. Onset of sexual activity was earlier in females with 24.6 % having sex before the age of 18 years as compared to 15.4 % in males. Condom use was poor. Around 63 % had heard of HIV or AIDS. The young being a vulnerable age group, education on safe sex, condom use and other protective measures should be strengthened.

4 tables, 7 ref

040813   NAMAJI M A A S, PATHAN S H, BALKI A M (Microbiology Dep, Military Hospital, Shillong - 793 001, Meghalaya, Email: ashrafnamaji@gmail.com) : Profile of intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Northeast India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 93-6.

Diarrhea is one of the major complications occurring in over 90 % of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in developing countries. Coccidian group of parasitic infections remain the standout opportunistic pathogens in many parts of the world. The objective was to understand the profile of diarrheagenic parasites in HIV/AIDS patients along with analysis of the changing trends in the profile of parasitic diarrhea with special context to coccidian parasitic infections. A cross-sectional study was performed at “ID CENTRE FOR NORTHEAST,” Shillong, from January 2014 to October 2017. Stool samples collected were observed microscopically for parasites both on direct and concentrated stool samples under ×10 and ×40 magnification. Modified acid‑fast staining was used for the detection of coccidian parasites. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software, Version 24.0. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 40.99 %, coccidian parasitic infection accounted for 85.13 % of total intestinal parasitic infections. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most common cause of diarrhea (70.64 %), followed by Cystoisospora belli (23.81 %) and Cyclospora spp. (5.55 %). Trend analysis of coccidian etiology during the study revealed a significant rise in the positivity of Cryptosporidium spp. and a decrease in the Cystoisosporiasis belli infection. The common noncoccidian parasites identified include hookworm (8.1 %) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (4.7 %). The magnitude of parasitic infections is considerably high among the HIV/AIDS patients in Northeast India, and it is essential for screening and periodic monitoring of all the HIV patients for coccidian parasites by stool microscopy.

3 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

040812   BRITTO J J, YUVARAJ J (Health Services Research Div, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : Is there any perceptiveness about the mode of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome? An analysis among the adolescent tribal students in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 88-92.

Cognizance about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among the community is still lacking. Seldom studies done in tribal area and to indentify the awareness about HIV/AIDS among the adolescent tribal students in Jawadhu hills of Tamil Nadu, with the objectives includes on social, demographical, and knowledge about HIV/AIDS were taken. For primary data, survey method and secondary data from various literatures gathered. Schedule tribe adolescent students, between the age groups of 13–21 years, from 8^th to 12^th standard, exclusively from Vellore and Tiruvannamalai educational districts, were taken, by applying STRATA method. A total of 938 students from various tribal schools participated. Amongst them, 507 (54 %) were males and 431 (46 %) were females. Half of the respondents (50 %) agreed that blood transfusion, intravenous drug use, and sharing infected needles are the major modes of transmission. Nearly 35 % agreed that HIV/AIDS is transmitted by hugging, tattooing, dirty hands, breastfeeding, kissing on cheeks, shaving at the barber shop, shaking hands with AIDS patients, homosexuality and are food and waterborne. Formal HIV/AIDS education should be mandatory in their curriculum, where teachers get an opportunity to deliver the scientific information about HIV/AIDS. To acquire better knowledge about HIV/AIDS, sex education should be included in the mainstream of curriculum with the assistance of educational consultants, professional social workers, and also local non-governmental organizations to conduct further mindfulness camps about the HIV/AIDS.

6 tables, 17 ref

040811   EVARISTA O O, EZIMOKHAI T P, AIRIAGBONBU B (Medical Laboratory Science Dep, Benin Univ, Benin City, Nigeria, Email: evarista.osime@uniben.edu) : Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on some specific clotting profile in Human Immunodeficiency Virus ‑(HIV) positive pregnant women. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 83-7.

In many developing countries with a significant proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‑positive patients are women of child-bearing age and would require antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on some specific clotting profile in HIV‑positive pregnant women. This study comprised 150 patients consisting of 50 blood samples from pregnant women on HAART as test subjects, 50 pregnant HIV-positive women that were not on HAART as test subjects, and 50 pregnant HIV-negative women which served as controls. The test subjects were attending the prevention of mother-to-child transmission Clinic at the Central Hospital, Benin City. Specific clotting factors assayed were factors 11, V, V11, V111, 1X, X, X1, and X11. All were done using ELISA methods. Factors 11 and V were reduced significantly in HIV‑infected pregnant women on HAART and those not on HAART (P < 0.05) when compared with HIV‑negative pregnant women. A significant increase in factors V11, V111, 1X, X, and X11 were observed in HIV‑positive patients on HAART and those not on HAART when compared with HIV-negative pregnant women (P < 0.05). However, when HIV-positive patients on HAART were compared to HIV-positive women not on HAART, no statistical difference were observed (P > 0.005). There are changes in clotting profile of HIV‑positive women on HAART and on those not on HAART and these changes are not due to the administration of antiretroviral therapy.

4 tables, 18 ref

040810   STEPHEN N, GUSEN N J, KUMZHI P R, GAKNUNG B, AUTA D A, BULNDI L B, MBURSA C , KUMARI V P, NANVYAT N (Nursing Sciences Dep, Jos Univ, Plateau State, Nigeria, Email: snanbur@gmail.com) : Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on transmission and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among adolescent girls in lowry memorial high school, Bengaluru. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 73-82.

Adolescence is a critical stage in human development. Most young people become sexually active during adolescence and are more likely to have multipartner and unprotected sex with high-risk behavior that predisposes them to sexually transmitted infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on transmission and prevention of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among adolescent girls. An evaluative research approach was adopted, in which a preexperimental, one group pre- and post-test research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching programme on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS among adolescent girls studying at Lowry Memorial High School, Bengaluru. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were presented in frequency tables and statistical graphs (bar charts) and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistical methods (Chi-square and paired “t”-tests) using SPSS version 21. The findings of the study revealed that the mean percentage difference in the pre- and post-test knowledge scores was statistically significant at 5 % level (P < 0.05). The overall mean post-test knowledge score of adolescent girls on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS was 88.83 %. It is apparently higher compared to the pretest knowledge score, which was 67.67 % with enhancement of 21.16 %. This implies that the structured teaching programme was effective in gaining knowledge of adolescent girls regarding transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Our study suggests that structured teaching programme enhanced the knowledge of the adolescent girls on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. We, therefore, recommend that structured teaching programmes on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS should be encouraged among adolescents and youths to reduce the spread of HIV infection.

2 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

040809   DESIKAN P, RANGNEKAR A, TIWARI K, PANWALKAR N, PATERIYA M, RAJPUT V S (Microbiology Dep, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: prabhadesikan@yahoo.com) : Sociodemographic profile of patients attending the integrated counseling and testing center at a government super‑specialty hospital in Central India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 68-72.

The HIV epidemic continues to be a matter of concern worldwide. Integrated counseling and testing center (ICTC) is an opening wedge for HIV diagnosis and support services, especially to the high-risk groups. Counseling and testing is a cost-effective and simple way of reducing HIV transmission. The aim of the study was to analyze the sociodemographic profiles of the ICTC attendees to evaluate the changing trends of HIV seropositivities over a period of 7 years. This was a retrospective study done in the ICTC housed in a tertiary care hospital at Bhopal. All attendees in the period of 7 years were included. Statistical analysis used: percentages and proportions were calculated. There were 24,853 ICTC attendees from January 2009 to January 2016, of which 183 (6.41 %) attendees were tested seropositive. There were 15,555 (62.5 %) males and 9298 (37.5 %) female attendees. Among 15,555 males, 151 (0.97 %) were seropositive, and of 9298 females, 32 (0.34 %) were seropositive. Of 151 seropositive males, 62 (41 %) were in the age group of 19–30 years and 48 (31.7 %) were in the age group of 31–40 years. Among the seropositive females, 9 (28.1 %) were in the age group of 19–30 years and 10 (31.2 %) were in the age group of 31–40 years. We observed a rise in total number of ICTC attendees from January 2009 to January 2016. The number of attendees increased to 4655 in 2013, of which 27 (0.58 %) were seropositive, and by 2015, there were 4982 attendees with only 6 (0.12 %) seropositives. Such rising trends of attendees and a steady decline in the seropositivity rates are encouraging signs, reflecting the contribution of the ICTC in creating awareness, and reducing the transmission of HIV among the population served.

2 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

040808   PADHIAR B B, KARIA U K (Dermatology Dep, GMERS Medical Coll, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Email: drbelapadhiar@gmail.com) : A study on satisfaction level among patients attending sexually transmitted infections clinic. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 63-7.

Patient satisfaction has become a favourite debate for enhancing quality of OPD services, however it still needs a lot of improvement for the better delivery of health care services. The aim was to study the satisfaction level among STI (Sexually transmitted infection) patients regarding quality of care and services provided in STI clinic. The present study was a cross sectional study conducted on 88 patients with ages ranging from 16-65 years attending STI clinic at the department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology of a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India from December 2016 to april 2017. An effort was made to bring into focus significant areas to target for improvement. Satisfaction was assessed using 13 questions modified from patient satisfaction questionnaire by Wirral Community NHS Trust.Patients were asked to give rating to these questions. Likert’s 5 point rating scale was used. It was noticed that total satisfaction in present study was 82.9 %. Most of the questions of patient satisfaction were statistically highly significant (p <0.0001). Overall patient satisfaction with services provided at our STI Clinic was high (93.2 %) except length of waiting time (<30 minutes), waiting area & other amenities of the hospital.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

040807   GOUR D, TOPPO M, PAL D K, PRIYA A, SINGH D, SINGH N (Community Medicine Dep, Gandhi Medical Coll, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: toppo_drmanju@rediffmail.com) : Rapid assessment of low utilisation of sexually transmitted infection services amongst high risk groups in designated sexually transmitted infection clinics of Bhopal” – A Qualitative Study. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 58-62.

High-risk groups (HRGs) have limited access to appropriate information and sexual and reproductive health services. They are a highly marginalized subgroup and their social stigma is a barrier for the use of health care and treatment. To assess the knowledge regarding sexually transmitted infection (STI) infections among HRGs. To identify the reasons and barriers associated with low utilization of services among HRGs. Qualitative study conducted in three HRGs of Bhopal for 3 months. Six focus group discussions were done among three HRGs namely intravenous drug users (IDUs), commercial sex workers (CSWs), and men having sex with men (MSM). Issues related to STIs were asked to all the respondents and detailed responses were recorded by the voice recorders and noted down. The audio recordings were translated and transcribed into English. Transcribed data content were analyzed manually in various themes. Knowledge regarding STI/reproductive tract infection: The knowledge of HRGs regarding STDs was assessed. Almost all the CSWs of the group were having considerable knowledge regarding signs and symptoms about STI. MSM were having good knowledge about STIs. Most of the IDUs had a very limited and scarce knowledge about STI. Most of the CSWs shared their problems regarding STI with family members followed by doctor. Almost all the MSMs approached the counselor first before approaching a doctor and preferred to consult a doctor in a government hospital. Majority of IDUs said that they prefer to go to government hospital for getting treated for such conditions while a few prefer for private hospitals. Majority of HRGs are seeking health care from government health facilities while the MSMs and transgender faced discrimination at these facilities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) played a major role in promoting better health-seeking behavior among them. The HRGs freely discussed their problems with the NGOs.

3 ref

040806   SELVARAJ N, AMUDHA R, VASUKI S (Dermatovenereology Dep, Trichy KAPV Government Medical Coll, Tiruchirappalli - 620 018, Tamil Nadu, Email: narmadha18@yahoo.com) : Pre‑ and post‑HIV test knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practice of people living with HIV and AIDS by questionnaire pattern. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 53-7.

In spite of intensive information, education, and communication (IEC) activities, the incidence of new HIV cases is also increasing. Its incidence for the past 3 years was 375, 385, and 457 at our tertiary care center. The impact of IEC activities on the society was assessed in this study. This was a retrospective, epidemiological study conducted by a questionnaire pattern. The questionnaire pattern was issued to 100 newly diagnosed PLWHA, which evaluated the knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practice pre- and posttesting. Every month, follow-up was done for 3 months for further assessment. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA test was used for the statistical analysis. Out of the 100 patients, 37 were male, 60 were female, and 3 were transgender. Academic education had a significant association, while occupation had no association with the awareness. Nearly 80 % of the new cases were identified by the government institutions. Around 33 % of the study group were first identified on sexually transmitted infection screening and 20 % by skin problems. Nearly 79 % of the married couples revealed their status to their spouse. Out of 79 % of single individuals willing to get married, 50 % were willing to reveal their status to their future partner. Almost 94 % of the participants were willing to undergo antiretroviral treatment. Acceptance by family and society was reflected by 87 % and 68 %, respectively. Although this study reveals the success of IEC activities, the subtle population who are still undergoing high-risk behavior after knowing their status should be targeted for achieving zero new case identification. This study gives hope to reach that day in the near future.

2 tables, 25 ref

040805   ASHWINI P K, BETKERUR J, SHASTRY V (Dermatology Dep, JSS Hospital, Mysore - 570 004, Karnataka, Email: drashwinipk@gmail.com) : Study of mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV and its relation to total lymphocyte count. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 47-52.

HIV is associated with various mucocutaneous manifestations which may be the first pointers toward HIV and can also be prognostic markers for disease progression. This study was done to note the different mucocutaneous lesions present in HIV and their relation to total lymphocyte count (TLC). Three hundred and seventy-nine HIV patients attending the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy were included in the study. They were screened for the presence of any mucocutaneous lesions. TLC in patients presenting with mucocutaneous lesions was done and also CD4 count was done wherever possible. Among 379 patients, 53.8 % developed mucocutaneous manifestations. Male: female ratio was 2.2:1. Majority of patients belonged to 20–39 years age group. Among mucocutaneous manifestations, oral candidiasis was the most common, followed by herpes zoster and dermatophytoses. Adverse drug reactions were noted in few. The majority of patients had TLC <1500/mm3 and CD4 <200. Mucocutaneous manifestations are common and have varied presentation in HIV/AIDS. Patients with mucocutaneous manifestations were clustered at lower TLC and CD4 count. Like CD4 count, TLC can be considered as a marker for disease progression.

4 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

040804   PATWARDHAN V V, BHATTAR S, BHALLA P, RAWAT D (Microbiology Dep, Delhi Univ, New Delhi, Email: preenabhalla@gmail.com) : Seroprevalence of syphilis by VDRL test and biological false positive reactions in different patient populations: Is it alarming? our experience from a tertiary care center in India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 43-6.

Many centers for sexually transmitted infections in India perform only a single screening assay for diagnosis of syphilis which may yield biological false positive (BFP) reactions. The aim of this study was to determine the true picture of seroprevalence of syphilis and BFP reactions in different patient groups. A total of 57,308 serial serum samples obtained over a period of 5 years from different patient groups were screened by venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test both qualitatively and quantitatively. VDRL reactive sera were confirmed by Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test. The overall seroprevalence of syphilis by VDRL test was 1.27 %, and BFP rate in test population was 0.14 %. The rate of BFP reactions among total tested male (0.44 %) and female (0.1 %) patients differs significantly. Out of 733 VDRL reactive samples, 81 were BFP, i.e., BFP reaction is occurring at a frequency of 11 % of the total VDRL reactive samples (ratio of 8:1 for true positives/BFP). Similarly, among antenatal cases, almost 24 % of the total VDRL reactive samples were BFP, or for every 116 true positives, there were 37 (almost one-third) BFP. Although the overall seroprevalence of syphilis is low; the frequency of occurrence of BFP reactions is quite alarming. Hence, treponemal test must be used for confirmation of VDRL reactive sera.

3 tables, 13 ref

040803   NKWABONG E (Obstetrics and Gynecology Dep, Yaoundé I Univ, Yaoundé, Cameroon) : What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico‑vaginitis nowadays?. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 39-42.

Cervico-vaginitis is usually the initial infection which, when undiagnosed, can evolve to salpingitis with tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain as consequences. This study aimed at identifying the sociodemographic profile and clinical presentation of women diagnosed with cervico‑vaginitis, as well as the microorganisms isolated. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out between October 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014. Women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis were recruited. The main variables recorded were maternal age, occupation, marital status, number of sexual partners, clinical presentation, and microorganisms identified. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The mean maternal age was 25.5 ± 5.6 years. Students were more represented (41.1 %), 66 % were single, and 69.6 % had ≥ 2 sexual partners. The most frequent symptom was abnormal vaginal discharge (100 %). The most frequent microorganisms isolated were genital tract mycoplasmas (67.9 %) and Chlamydia trachomatis (55.3 %). Acute cervico-vaginitis is common among young, single women with multiple sexual partners. Genital tract mycoplasmas were the commonest germs isolated followed by Chlamydia trachomatis. Cervico‑vaginitis is very common in our setting. Screening for genital tract mycoplasmas should be the first to be requested to women with cervico-vaginitis.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

040802   ZOHOURIAN T, HAKIM N, DORCIUS P M, SHAHEEN R, RAO I R, CARTER R, KRUPP K, MADHIVANAN P (Health Promotion Sciences Dep, Arizona Univ, Arizona 85724-5209, USA, Email: pmadhivanan@email.arizona.edu) : Attitudes, beliefs, and norms about sex and sexuality among young Indian male adults: A qualitative study. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020, 41(1), 35-8.

Little is known about the risky sexual behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and sources of information regarding sexual health among young adult Indian males. Currently, students in Indian secondary schools do not receive a structured comprehensive sexual health education. This qualitative study explored the sources of information, knowledge, and attitudes around sexual behaviors among young men in Mysore, India. Between May and June 2011, 23 semi-structured qualitative in-depth interviews with males aged 18–25 years were conducted to explore their views on sexual norms, attitudes, and their sources of information to gain knowledge about sexual health. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analyses were conducted. Participants shared a desire for quality sex education in schools but described their current sexual health curriculum as inadequate. Since social taboos dictated the space in which students gained awareness on sexual topics, the participants resorted to the outside information from both reliable and unreliable sources. These findings have important implications for laying the groundwork for culturally specific sexual health education interventions to meet the needs of a growing youth population in India.

14 ref

040784   LAHIRI A, CHAKRABORTY A (Community Medicine Dep, Medical Coll, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: dr.arupchakraborty@gmail.com) : Psychometric validation of geriatric depression scale – short form among Bengali speaking elderly from a rural area of West Bengal: Application of item response theory. Indian J Public Health 2020, 64(2), 109-15.

The geriatric depression scale – short form (GDS‑SF) considered an important preliminary screening tool, requires translation in different regional languages and validation, to become of utmost use in Indian context especially in the field level. The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric validity of the GDS‑SF translated into Bengali among rural elderly population. The 15‑item GDS‑SF translated to Bengali language was administered to 206 Bengali speaking geriatrics selected maintaining predecided inclusion and exclusion criteria from villages under a rural block in West Bengal. Latent trait modelling was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of this translated tool. Differential item functioning (DIF) was assessed to measure invariance. The mean age of the participants was 68.77 years (standard deviation 6.81 years). Majority being female (57.77 %), Hindu (87.38 %), from a joint family background (90.78 %). The highest discrimination was observed with item 8 (coefficient 3.682, P < 0.001) followed by item 14 (coefficient 3.020, P < 0.001). Question 2 had least coefficient for difficulty (−1.344, P = 0.013) while item 15 had highest (0.775, P = 0.001). The questionnaire provided maximum information (discrimination) around mean value of latent trait. The total cutoff score of 5 was related nearly to mean latent trait (−0.111). Items 10 and 13 showed consistent DIF across different demographic groups. Psychometric properties of GDS‑SF (Bengali) established overall construct and content validity of the tool in this community‑based study. Despite some degree of DIF the tool can be used as a preliminary screening method in rural community.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

040775   DEVARAJU P, ARUMUGAM B, MOHAN I, PARAMAN M, ASHOKKUMAR M, KASINATHAN G, PURUSHOTHAMAN J (Vector Biology and Control Div, ICMR?Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry - 605 006, Email: panneeryadav82@gmail.com) : Evidence of natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in vectors and animal hosts – risk of scrub typhus transmission to humans in Puducherry, South India. Indian J Public Health 2020, 64(1), 27-31.

Scrub typhus infection is endemic in India and reported to be the major cause for acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in humans. Periodic occurrence of scrub typhus cases and presence of pathogen in rodents were also reported in areas with human cases of scrub typhus in Puducherry. This study was carried out to screen Orientia tsutsugamushi in rodent/shrew reservoirs and vectors in villages of Puducherry with no reports of human scrub typhus cases. This study was conducted during October 2017 to January 2018 in ten randomly selected villages in Puducherry. Rodents/shrews in the peridomestic area were trapped using Sherman traps. Screening of O. tsutsugamushi in rodents/shrews and mite vectors was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Weil‑Felix test was done to screen antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi in rodent serum samples. Among the 54 rodents trapped, Suncus murinus was the major small animal and Leptotrombidium deliense was the major mite species retrieved. PCR screening revealed pathogen positivity in 8 rodent blood and 3 pooled mite samples. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that Kato was the circulating serotype of O. tsutsugamushi. None of the rodent serum samples was tested positive for antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi by Weil‑Felix test. The presence of pathogen in both vectors and reservoir animal hosts imposes a risk for scrub typhus transmission to the inhabitants; hence, initiation of vector control measures before the start of winter is recommended in the study area. It is also recommended to screen scrub typhus in patients with undifferentiated acute febrile illness and AES.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

040770   BHUTIA R, RAI Y K, RAI L K (G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Gangtok - 737 101, Sikkim, Email: rinkilabhutia111@gmail.com) : Wild edible plant used by ethnic peoples on the boundary of subtropical & temperate natural forest, Mamlay watershed, South Sikkim. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 350-7.

Wild edible plants (WEPs) are a rich bio-resource of Sikkim, Himalaya having a high nutritional value. Local people of the Sikkim commonly use wild edible plants in their diet on regular basis. This present study aimed at documenting wild edible plants utilized by the local inhabitants of Mamlay watershed which was carried out during the year 2017-2019. The study explored a total of 49 wild edible plants belonging to 31 families, 44 genera, and 49 species. About 34 WEPs were recorded from temperate natural forest TNF and 31 wild edible plants were recorded from subtropical natural forest STNF. Two studies conducted with a gap of twenty years revealed that a large part of WEPs recorded is from tree source showing a marked forest dependency. The collection of WEPs in the form of entire plants, roots or tubers was at the lowest suggesting the people’s awareness to conservation and also revealed that market price value of wild edible plants has increased highly in the study area.

4 tables, 23 ref

040767   KUMAR K N S, PUNEETH V S, TAMIZH M M, RUBEENA M, SATHIYARAJESWARAN P (Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai - 600 106, Tamil Nadu, Email: sunilkumarnarayanan@gmail.com) : Monograph on quality standards of Viscum angulatum B. Heyne ex DC.. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 320-32.

The genus Viscum (Viscaceae) comprise of several species of hemi-parasitic plants with medicinal properties. Commonly known as mistletoes, these plants grow on other trees with the partial parasitic association. Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC. is one such less explored leafless mistletoe of Asian countries with medicinal claims. In Ayurveda (Bandaka) and Siddha (Pulluri/Pulluruvi), many botanicals from mistletoe families have been attributed with medicinal properties. The objective of the current study is to develop a monograph on quality standards of V. angulatum occurring in high altitude hills of Western Ghats. Aerial parts of V. angulatum were collected and authenticated and preserved in FAA for microscopic studies and some quantity of the plant material was shade-dried and coarsely powdered. Successive extracts were subjected to chromatography and isolation - characterization of the major compounds. Leaf-less quadrangular stem was found to be a diagnostic macroscopic feature of this species. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of extracts showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, saponins and tannins. HPTLC fingerprint of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts has been obtained for identification of extracts. The ethyl acetate extract yielded 10-hydroxyoleoside dimethyl ester which can be used as a marker compound for routine quality check of V. angulatum growing on Mussaenda hirsutissima. The set of data obtained in the present investigation can serve as a standard for the identification as well as further studies. These results on standards of this plant are the first report so far.

6 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

040766   KETHA A, VEDULA G S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Email: alekhya.illa92@gmail.com) : Isolation, characterization, and biological evaluation of flavonols and 1,2- diphenylethanes from Bauhinia vahlii. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 312-9.

In this study, three known flavonols, namely kaempferol (1), ombuin (2), and quercetin (3), and three known 1,2-diphenylethanes, namely 5-(2-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-methoxy-2-methylphenol (4), 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl) phenol (5) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenethyl)-4,6-dimethoxyphenol (6) from the methanolic extract (ME) of Bauhinia vahlii were identified and sucessfully isolated. They were also evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-gout and anticancer effects. Compound 3 (26.00±2.17 µg/mL) showed an almost equivalent IC₅₀ value of standard drug (25.55±2.80 µg/mL) against superoxide free radicals. Moreover, compound 3 showed significant inhibition of COXs and 5-LOX enzymes, while compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 exhibited good inhibition of XO enzymes. Except for compound 5, all compounds showed a significant reduction of cell growth lysis of MCF-7, DLD-1, HeLa, and A549. Besides, all the metabolites and ME showed a very weak degree of specificity against NHME, indicates less toxicity to normal cells. The results suggest that B. vahlii can be a favourable natural source for the treatment of oxidative stress, inflammation, gout and cancer, and these actions are linked to the natural active compounds 1, 3, 4 and 6.

2 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

040764   PAUL A, JAYARAJ R (Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Div, KSCSTE - Kerala Forest Research Institute, Thrissur - 680 653, Kerala, Email: jayaraj@kfri.res.in) : Pesticidal properties of Anamirta cocculus, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cocculus laurifolius and Strychnos nux-vomica against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 295-306.

Spodoptera litura, commonly known as taro caterpillar, is a major pest of several vegetables and economically important crops. The pest is reported to reduce the yield of the affected crop up to 10-30 %. Hence, controlling this pest is one of the very crucial steps in increasing crop yield. The extensive use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides to control S. litura has many negative impacts. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of certain plants against S. litura. In this study, we investigated the anti-insect properties of leaf and bark extracts of Anamirta cocculus, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cocculus laurifolius and Strychnos nux-vomica. All four plant extracts showed significant anti-feedant activity compared to control at different concentrations. The leaf extracts showed the activity in the order S. nux-vomica >C. halicacabum >C. laurifolius >A. cocculus at the exposure of maximum concentration. Anti-feedant activity of the bark extract was in the order C. laurifolius >S. nux-vomica >C. halicacabum. The leaf extracts of three plants A. cocculus, C. halicacabum and S. nux-vomica showed significant repellent activity. The repellent activity of the bark extracts was in the order, C. laurifolius > C. halicacabum >S. nux-vomica >A. cocculus. The GC-MS analysis of these plant extracts have shown many compounds with known anti-insect properties and specific molecule-based bio-assays might be required to ascertain the distinctive effects of these compounds.

4 illus, 4 tables, 51 ref

040763   KUMARI N, MENGHANI E (Microbiology Dep, JECRC Univ, Jaipur - 303 905, Rajasthan, Email: nalineek9@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antibacterial activity and identification of bioactive metabolites by GCMS technique from Rhizospheric Actinomycetes. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 287-94.

Since thousands of years, plants are used as a source for medicine as they are established to possess a reservoir of bioactive compounds. Plants have been considered a great natural source of medicinal properties and can be used as either in the form of a pure bioactive compound or as traditional preparations. Plants and soil micro-organisms both have been considered as a precursor of therapeutically helpful metabolites because of their natural production of various bioactive secondary metabolites. Evolving drug resistance these days increase the need to isolate new drugs for the treatment of many diseases caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. To combat these multidrug-resistant pathogens, studies were carried out to isolate antibiotic compounds from actinomycetes. In the present study, a total of 65 isolates were isolated from rhizospheric actinomycetes. Isolation, characterization and biochemical tests of actinomycetes were carried out and subjected to fermentation and solvent extraction by four solvents as- benzene, pet ether, ethyl acetate, and chloroform of AIA26 isolate. After extraction crude obtained was checked for their antimicrobial activity on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) media against five indicator organisms but, activity was recorded against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and no activity was obtained against P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, and B. subtilis. By the help of GCMS technique, major compounds present have been identified in AIA26 isolate.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

040762   KAVITA M B, HASSAN G P (Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Coll of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka - 573 201, Email: mbkhsn77@gmail.com) : Understanding anti-obese potential of Madhupaka prepared with Triphala Rasa vs Jala through their chemical constituents. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 280-6.

This study aimed to ascertain the chemical parameters and nutritional profile of the preparation inferring on the possible component(s) of it. Honey was collected from the local market (Hassan, India), stored in ambient temperature for a year (OH). Madhupaka was prepared with water alone (MPJ) and with Triphala rasa (MPT). All the three samples viz., OH, MPJ, and MPT were tested for their chemical constituents viz., proximate analysis (total protein, total lipid, total carbohydrate, energy value), ash content, moisture content, total solids, HMF level, reducing sugars, total phenols, and total flavonoids. MPT had highest total dissolved solids (79.5 %), total phenolics (560.34 mg of gallic acid equivalents/mL), total flavonoids (50.35 mg of quercitin equivalents/ 100g) and HMF (65.15 mg/kg). It had the lowest carbohydrate (60 %) and reducing sugars (34.47 g/100 mL). MPT markedly reduces carbohydrates and reducing sugars indicating its action as atarpaka (non-nourishing). With its high total phenolic and flavonoid content, Triphala madhupaka can act as a potent antioxidant for regular consumption. MPT increases the amount of HMF only within the recommended daily allowance indicating towards its non-toxic effects and safety for human consumption on daily basis in the prescribed dose.

3 tables, 44 ref

040756   PAARAKH M P, JOSE P A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Oxford Coll of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 068, Karnataka, Email: padmaparas@hotmail.com) : In vitro anticancer activity of silver nanoparticle synthesized from Punica granatum dried peel against cancer cell lines. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 224-38.

The main aim of the investigation was to screen the silver and gold nanoparticle synthesized from the methanol concentrate of Punica granatum for its in vitro anticancer activity against MCF 2, PC3, A-549, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines. Silver and gold nanoparticles were prepared from methanol concentrate of P. granatum and nanoparticle synthesized was analyzed by UV and TEM analysis. The impact of nanoparticles synthesized on MCF-2, PC3, A-549, HeLa, and HepG2 disease cell lines was assessed by MTT colourimetric assay and the impact on cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometric method. After assessing the cytotoxicity effect, the impact of apoptosis was also analyzed. The TEM analysis showed the particle size of 25.56 and 22.02 nm for gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. The adequacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized from P. granatum against MCF-2, PC3, A-549, HeLa, and HepG2 cell line demonstrated that the hatching of malignancy cells decreased the suitability of PC-3 and A 549 cancer cells lines only with IC₅₀ values as 108.7 and 88.42 µg/mL respectively. Gold nanoparticles didn’t have any activity against all the cancer cell lines. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis study showed that Silver nanoparticles are effective in controlling the cell cycle and blocking the apoptosis in all the cell lines used. P. granatum can be a very good anticancer drug for various cancer cell lines. All in all, P. granatum has a critical cell reinforcement movement and anticancer action.

9 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

040755   JAIN P, SATAPATHY T, PANDEY R K (Pharmacology Dep, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh - 493 111, Email: drtsatapathy@gmail.com) : A mini review of methods to control ticks population infesting cattle in Chhattisgarh with special emphasis on herbal acaricides. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(4), 217-23.

Ticks infestation is a major concern for the cattle industry in India. In Chhattisgarh, Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus are the two main ixodid tick affecting the animals. Ticks cause deterioration of the animal’s health and reduce their productivity. Controlling ticks is very much required for maintaining the wellbeing of animals and earning the livelihood by cattle rearing communities. The chemical acaricides have been used extensively for their promising results in controlling cattle ticks. However, these chemicals are comprised of certain side effects including reduction of meat quality, residues in body and affecting the environment. Most importantly, the ticks are getting resistant with almost all synthetic acaricides available in the market. Several organochlorine chemicals are banned due to their toxic effects. Chhattisgarh is the herbal state, numerous medicinal plants are growing in this geographical region that can be used as an effective and safe alternative to chemical acaricides against cattle ticks. Thus, in this review, we have introduced the type of ticks available in the Chhattisgarh. The possibility of herbal sources and other methods of controlling cattle ticks is also discussed.

1 table, 77 ref

040754   FEITOSA C M, CARDOSO M F K, OLIVEIRA L S G, FIGUEREDO J, MELO C H S, RASHED K (Pharmacognosy Dep, National Research Centre, Giza - P.O.12622, Egypt, Email: khalednabih2015@yahoo.co.uk) : Antioxidant and anticholinergic properties of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) essential oil in mice hippocampus. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 199-205.

This study evaluated anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant potentials in mice hippocampus treated with essential oils (EO) of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange) in vitro and in vivo. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated by using an adapted spectrophotometric method by Ellman after administration (30 consecutive days) in albino mice at doses of 50.00 mg/kg (EO 50), 100.00 mg/kg (EO 100) and 200.00 mg/kg (EO 200). The results showed that there was a significant decrease on enzymatic activity of AChE in mice hippocampus treated with essential oil of C. sinensis at doses of 50.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89±0.19, OE 50= 2.63±0.21) [P <0.05], 100.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89±0.19, EO 100= 1.65±0.15) [P <0.05] and 200.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89±0.19, EO 200= 2.38±0.12) [P <0.05] when compared with vehicle group (0.05 % Tween 80 dissolved in saline 0.9 %). Concerning antioxidant activity, there was a significant reduction (P <0.05) of 20 % on lipid peroxidation level in mice hippocampus treated with a dose of 200.00 mg/kg. The results obtained from the current studies showed that the essential oil of C. sinensis has considerable antioxidant and activity and inhibitory effect on AChE.

3 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

040753   DEORANKAR P, GANGIWALE R, CHINTAMANI R, SINGH R P (Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Wardha - 442 001, Maharashtra, Email: pdeorankar9@gmail.com) : Evaluation of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea for antimicrobial activity. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 194-8.

In the recent years, there has been an emerge and spread of infectious diseases and also developing resistance to the antibiotics, so there is a great concern to find potentially effective, safer natural alternative for the infectious diseases. The present study was focused on the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea root. The in-vitro antimicrobial study was carried out against bateriea viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungus viz. Aspergilus niger, Candida albicans by the cup-plate method. The extracts of Clitoria ternatea roots were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening for detection of chemical constituents present in them. Preliminary phytochemical screening study revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenol and flavonoids. The highest potential was observed in the ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea roots. This study suggested that solvent polarity determined the phenol and flavonoid content significantly, hence affecting the antimicrobial activity. This plant extract which proved to be potentially effective can be used as a natural alternative for preventives to control infectious diseases causing due to the tested microorganisms.

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

040751   PANDA P, BHUYAN S K, DASH C, PRADHAN D, RATH G, GHOSH G (Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be Univ),, Bhubaneswar, Odisha - 751 003, Email: goutamghosh@soa.ac.in) : Comparative morpho-micrometric analysis of some Bauhinia species (Leguminosae) from east coast region of Odisha, India. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(3), 169-84.

Bauhinia vahlii has been reported for several medicinal properties, such as tyrosinase inhibitory, immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging activities. Bauhinia tomentosa and Bauhinia racemosa also possess anti-diabetic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity and antihyperlipidemic activities. Therefore, the correct identification of these plants is critically important. The aim was to investigate the comparative morpho-micrometric analysis of 3 species of Bauhinia belonging to the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) by using conventional as well as scanning electron microscopy to support species identification. In B. racemosa, epidermal cells are polygonal with anticlinical walls; whereas wavy walled cells are found in B. tomentosa and B. vahlii. Anisocytic stomata are present in B. racemosa, while B. tomentosa shows the presence of paracytic stomata and anomocytic stomata in B. vahlii. Stomatal numbers and stomatal indices were found to be more in B. vahlii than B. tomentosa and B. racemosa. On the other hand, uniseriate, unicellular covering trichomes are found in B. racemosa and B. tomentosa but B. vahlii contains only uniseriate, multicellular covering trichomes. Based on these micromorphological features, a diagnostic key was developed for identification of the particular species which helps a lot in pharmaceutical botany, taxonomy and horticulture, in terms of species identification.

11 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

040744   LALOO D, HEMALATHA S, PRASAD S K (Pharmacognosy Dep, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati - 781 017, Assam, Email: damiki.laloo@gmail.com) : Quality control standardization of the rhizome of Curcuma yunnanensis: A comprehensive standardization process. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2020, 11(2), 110-7.

Curcuma yunnanensis (CY) (Zingiberaceae) is a plant having a long flowering season (July-October). It is well morphologically characterized by its lance-shaped leaves having a purplish stripe running down the midrib and greenish coloured rhizome when cut transversely. Pharmacognostical standardization of the rhizome has been evaluated as per WHO guidelines. The dried rhizomes are golden-brown colour and vary in size (2 to 7 cm length and 1 to 2 cm diam.). The histological characteristic of the rhizome shows dissimilarity with other existing Curcuma species. Physico-chemical standards studied are foreign organic matter (0.16 % w/w), loss on drying (9.80 % w/w), total ash (7.66 % w/w), acid insoluble ash (1.70 % w/w), water-soluble ash (3.17 % w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (8.77 % w/w) and water-soluble extractive (7.70 % w/w), foaming index (<100), swelling index (4.3) and volatile oil content (0.8 %). Powdered characterization showed the presence of starch grains, unicellular covering trichomes and lignified xylem vessels. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins and steroidal components. Quantitative estimation of total tannins and phenolics was also determined in the ethanolic extract and was found to contain 21.375 and 22.5 mg/g GAE, respectively. The presence of demethoxycurcumin in the CY ethanolic extract was also documented for the first time using HPTLC by comparing with standard curcumin.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref