003318   BUBA T, MOHAMMAD, JALAM A, ABUBAKAR M I (Ecology Dep, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Univ, Nigeria) : Dynamics of heavy metals in maize can be determined by ectomycorrhiza pisolithus arhizus. Asian Jr of Microbiol Biotech Env Sc 2021, Vol 23 (1), 106 - 18.

The Effects of ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus on absorption, accumulation, and translocation dynamics of heavy metals in maize seedling were investigated in this study. The result revealed that effects of the mycorrhiza on the concentration of the heavy metals and other nutrient elements in maize seedlings depend on particular heavy metal, plant’s part (root or shoot) and the soil type in which the plant was cultivated. The mycorrhiza greatly increased (α = 0.05) root absorption of Fe, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Cr by maize seedlings but also suppressed absorption of Cu, Pb, and Zn by the root. The result of the Bioconcentration Factor indicated that maize is a hyperaccumulator of Fe (119.8 %), Cu (137.0 %), Mn (122.5 %) and Cd (260 %). It is a moderate accumulator of Zn (10.5 %%) and Pb (12.8); and low accumulator of Mg (5.0%) and Ni (3.3%). The mycorrhiza increased the hyperaccumulation ability of the maize seedlings for Fe from 119.8% to 722.6%; Mn from 122.5% to 208.8%; and that of Cd from 260% to 430 %. Cu accumulation was decreased by the mycorrhiza from hyperaccumulator (137.0 %) to moderate accumulator (32.1 %). Zn and Pb were decreased from moderate accumulator (10.5 % and 12.8 %, respectively) to low accumulator (3.6 % and 8 %, respectively). Ni was also increased from low accumulator (3.3) to moderate accumulator (42.7); while Mg remained low accumulator (from 5.0% to 4.9 %). Bioaccumulation of Zn, Mg, and Ni was suppressed by soil amended even in the presence of the mycorrhiza. The mycorrhiza increased the Transfer Factors of Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr. While the mycorrhiza decreased the TFs of Fe, N, Ni, and Mn. Also, the amendment of the background soil greatly suppressed the TFs of all the metals except Zn.

3 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

003314   YUSUF M, KHAN S A, ABUL W, SHARMA M (Natural and Applied Sciences Dep, The Glocal Univ, Saharanpur - 247 121, U.P) : Current and future prospects of dye confiscation potential of inorganic-based materials: A mini review. Asian Jr of Microbiol Biotech Env Sc 2021, Vol 23 (1), 89 - 95.

Currently, it is assumed that more than one thousand organic dyes are commercially available and utilized around the globe in enormous associated industries like textiles, paper, plastics, food and beverages as well as many others. Among all, azo-based dyes contribute about 70 % of the total. However, polluted-effluent from dye-industries is highly visible and undesirable containing heavy metal ions, chemicals/dyes etc. cause the serious risks of their physical, developmental, reproductive, fatal diseases, potential human lethality and related problems on ecosystem components which circulate by the chain and web of food. Growing environmental concerns must be embraced to remove coloring components from the industrial discharges. Release of dyes into our life-saving water resources must be avoided and pressing need to treat wastewater with suitable and efficient method. Among various methods for dye removal, adsorption occupies one of the most suitable. The review highlights a literature exploration onto various adsorbents based on inorganic genera and their potential uses to remove dyes from contaminated water with recent progress and R&D.

2 illus, 37 ref

003292   CHARAPALE S T, GAIKWAD D T K, JAGTAP R, SONAWANE K D (Microbiology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur - 416 004) : Antibacterial activity of Dashparni, Agniastra, Bramhastra and Neemastra the organic formulations. Bioinfolet 2021, 18 (2), 262 - 3.

Organic formulations viz. Dashparni, Agniastra, Bramhastra and Neemastra were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Proteus valgaris and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed variable results.

1 table, 6 ref

003272   PAWAR P B, INCHURE S M, VEDPATHAK D V (Microbiology Dep, Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya, Latur) : Optimization of media composition and physico-chemical conditionsfor maximum phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (pca) production by Pseudomonas rsml35. Bioinfolet 2021, 18 (1B), 199 - 200.

Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is a phenazine compound produced by Pseudomonas species. Present study deals with optimization of medium composition and physico-chemical conditions for increased production of PCA by Pseudomonas RSML 35. Maximum yield of PCA (965.5 mg/l) was obtained with 30 g/l glucose as a source of carbon, 40 g/l Soya peptone as o nitrogen source, at pH 7.0 and 28 C.

4 table, 4 ref

003252   SUTAR V P, KURHEKAR J V (Microbiology Dep, Dr. Patangrao Kadam Mahavidyalaya, Sangli, Maharashtra) : Degradation of edible fats and oils by lipolytic consortium for bioremediation of restaurent waste water. Bioinfolet 2021, 18 (1 A), 111 - 3.

The Fats, Oils and Greases (FOG) found in city waste water originate from food service centers like hotels, restaurants, street stalls, domestic kitchens etc. The disposal of FOG from such waste water present in sewer line may cause environmental bio-pollution, as the microorganisms therein are not capable of properly degrading the constituents in FOG. During present investigation, attempts were made to isolate three lipolytic bacteria i.e. Acinetobacter junii VSJK-R6, Pseudomonas composti VSJK-R8 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSJK-R9, from sewer line of the restaurants, and those were employed for the preparation of consortium. The consortium was then tested for the degradation of soybean, sunflower, cotton seed, ground nut and palm oils, as well as butter, which is also commonly used in kitchen Simultaneously, a mixture of the waste water microorganisms were also tested for the same purpose. The results indicated that the consortium was superior to Waste Water Microorganisms (WWM) for degradation of oils from various sources and thus can be used for bioremediation of FOG present in kitchen waste water.

1 illus, 1 tables, 11 ref

003247   SHINDE A B, NAKADE D B (Microbiology Dep, Elphinstone Coll, Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Screening, isolation and identification of distillery spent wash decolourizing bacteriafrom soil. Bioinfolet 2021, 18 (1 A), 90 - 4.

Distilleries produce a large amount of waste water, commonly known as spent wash. Present study was undertaken to isolate and screen distillery spent wash decolorizing bacteria from soil samples. Total 45 bacterial isolates, capable of decolourizing distillery spent wash, were obtained from soil samples. Out of these, 6 isolates showing maximum decolorization were characterized by morphological and biochemical studies. They were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.

3 tables, 18 ref

003239   PAWAR P B, INCHURE S M, VEDPATHAK D V (Microbiology Dep, Shri Vyankatesh Arts, Commerce and Science College, Deulgaon Raja, M.S) : Isolation and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae causing bacterial blight of pomegranate. Bioinfolet 2021, 18 (1 A), 55 - 6.

Present investigation was undertaken for isolation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae from pomegranate growing at Solapur, Latur, Osmanabad and Jalna districts of Maharashtra state. Seven isolates showed characters of X. axonopodis pv. punicae with yellow mucoid shining colonies.

9 ref

003221   SANE S V, KOKATE S R, PAWAR A M, MALUSARE P C, BALASUBRAMANIAM K (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai ? 400 088, Maharashtra, Email: satish.sane@gmail.com) : The efficacy of three different file systems in removal of root filling residue that remains in oval root canal after the use of protaper retreatment files: An in vitro cone beam computed tomography study. Adv Hum Biol 2021, 11 (1), 84 - 8.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of supplementary file system in the removal of gutta‑percha and sealer from the root canal system. Forty‑five oval single‑rooted mandibular premolars were prepared up to size F2 (DENTSPLY ProTaper) and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer and randomly divided into Group I, Group II and Group III (n = 15). Each group was retreated with ProTaper retreatment files and then additionally retreated with Supplementary files, XP EndoFinisher R file, ProTaper F3 and F4 and WaveOne large, respectively. The cone‑beam computed tomography scans were taken after obturation, during the first stage retreatment and second stage retreatment to compare the volume of root filling residue that remained after different stages of retreatment. ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were used to compare the data. Group I exhibited least root canal residue (P < 0.01) as compared to Group II and Group III that were statistically similar (P > 0.05). The ProTaper retreatment files, coupled with XP EndoFinisher R file, results in the better removal of the root canal fillings during endodontic retreatment procedure.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

003216   HOSSEINPUR M, SHARIATI M, HOSSEINI S E (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Kazerun, Iran, Email: mehrdadshariati@kau.ac.ir) : Protective effects of abelmoschus esculentus hydroalcoholic extract on changes in pituitary gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in streptozotocin induced diabetic adult rats. Adv Hum Biol 2021, 11 (1), 50 - 5.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of different doses Abelmoschus esculentus hydroalcoholic extract (AEHE) on changes in pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic adult rats. The rats were randomly divided into six groups of six. The control group did not receive treatment, but the STZ60 group received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and the AEHE400 group received 400 mg/kg AEHE orally for 28 days. The STZ60 + AEHE100, 200 and 400 groups first received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and then received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg AEHE, respectively, for 28 days orally. At the end of the study, the hormonal levels were measured by ELISA method, and the testicular tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Hormonal results represented that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels had increased in STZ60 group, and testosterone level had decreased. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, FSH, LH and testosterone levels were improved compared to the STZ60 group. Histopathological findings also showed that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells decreased in STZ60 group, but there were no changes in Sertoli cells. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, an improvement in the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells was observed compared to the STZ60 group. At the optimum dose (400 mg/kg), AEHE has protective effects on the testicular tissue and levels of pituitary-gonadal axis hormones in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

3 illus, 26 ref

003200   MKOLO N M, GUMEDE B T, MAGANO S R, OLAOKUN O O (Biology Dep, Sefako Makgatho Health Science Univ, Pretoria, South Africa, Email: oyinolaokun@yahoo.com) : Acaricidal and Repellence of R. appendiculatus, and GC-MS chemical content of essential oils from three south african ethno-veterinary plants. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (6), 1370 - 8.

The advancement of the livestock farming in sub-Saharan Africa is restricted by tick infestation. With conventional pesticides posing a threat to human and the environment, natural products are alternative anti-tick source. This study characterized the essential oils from Tithonia diversifolia, Lavandula angustifolia and Cymbopogon citratus leaves by GC-MS and, for acaricidal and repellence of R. appendiculatus. GC-MS analysis detected various chemical compounds, some of the isolated compounds have anti-tick properties. The repellence of T. diversifolia essential oil at 5% v/v was the weakest against adult ticks. All essential oils at 15% v/v paralysed nymph after 20 mins, with C. citratus after 24 h causing high mortality of nymph and adult ticks. Exposure to L. angustifolia did not achieve 50% mortality after 24 h. All essential oils caused complete inhibition of moulting of engorged larvae. The study demonstrated that the essential oils of the ethnoveterinary plants may be a source of anti-ticks agents.

2 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

003101   ADEGBORIOYE A A, OLAOKUN O O, IWERIEBOR B C, OBI L C (Biology Dep, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences Univ, South Africa, Email: benvida2004@yahoo.com) : GC-MS chemical constituents and in vitro activities of the oil extract of euryops brevipapposus leaves used traditionally for the management of some diseases. Asian J Chem 2021, 33 (3), 677 - 85.

Euryops brevipapposus (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant of a local community utilized traditionally for its recognized effectiveness in managing non-communicable diseases, especially asthma. The traditional use of E. brevipapposus lacks scientific evidence and the increased burden of asthma makes confirming this claim paramount. The study characterized by GC-MS the bioactive compounds of E. brevipapposus essential oil (EbO) extracted with Clevenger apparatus. The antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging ability were investigated in vitro using standard methods. A strong antioxidant IC₅₀ value of 6.71 × 10^-7 mg/mL of oil was obtained for DPPH. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Vibrio spp. (MIC value of 0.055 mg/mL) was superior. GC-MS analysis of EbO showed α-phellandrene, α-pinene, germacrene D, β-pinene, β-mycrene, (E)-β-ocimene and bicyclogermacrene as the major compounds. The antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of E. brevipapposus may justify the therapeutic claims and local usage of this plant.

4 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

000778   RUDENKO P, SACHIVKINHA N, SHABUNIN S, ENGASHEV S, KONTSEVAYA S, KARAMYAN A, BOKOV D, KUZNETSOVA O, VASILIEVA E (Microbiology and Virology Dep, Peoples’ Friendship Univ, Moscow, Russia, Email: sachivkina@yandex.ru) : Role of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis in Moscow region in biofilm formation. Vet World 2021, 14(1), 40-8.

Mastitis is one of the most important diseases of cows and the most expensive pathology for the dairy industry. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the role of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis in the formation of biofilms under the conditions of farm biogeocenosis in the Moscow region. Periodic visits to 12 farms in the Moscow region were conducted to explore the microbial profile of the udder of cows with mastitis. During the visits, 103 milk samples from sick animals were collected and examined. Through microbiological analyses, 486 cultures of microorganisms were identified, which are assigned to 11 genera. Mastitis in cows is caused not only by a single pathogen but also by microbial associations, which included two to seven microbial isolates. : It was observed that 309 isolates (63.6 %) from the total number of isolated microorganisms could form a biofilm. The ability to form biofilms was most frequently observed in Staphylococcus aureus (18.8 %), Escherichia coli (11.9 %), and Staphylococcus uberis (11.7%) cultures from the total number of biofilm-forming microbial cultures. Low biofilm-forming ability among the isolated microorganisms was found in lactobacilli, wherein only 20 (22.5 %) Lactobacillus strains had the ability to form biofilms. The isolated microorganisms exhibited different sensitivities to antimicrobial agents, which cause difficulty in selecting an antimicrobial agent that would act on all aspects of the parasitocenosis. A high proportion of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis have the ability to form biofilms. The isolated microorganisms exhibited different and highly heterogeneous sensitivity to the action of antimicrobial drugs. This causes difficulty in using these tools for the effective control of mastitis in cows, which is frequently caused by pathogenic associations of microbial biofilms. Therefore, it is important to explore novel and more effective methods to combat this disease.

7 tables, 41 ref

000777   NURYADY M M, NURCAHYO R W, HINDUN I, FATMAWATI D (Biology Education Dep, Muhammadiyah Malang Univ, Malang, Indonesia, Email: wisnu-nc@ugm.ac.id) : Multidrug resistance protein structure of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi District, Indonesia: A bioinformatics analysis. Vet World 2021, 14(1), 33-9.

Trypanosomiasis, also known as surra, is an infectious disease with a wide host spectrum. In Indonesia, this disease is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Various trypanocidal drugs have been used to treat this pathogen and subsequent disease. Yet, the long-term trypanocidal administration generates drug-resistant T. evansi. Some have identified genetic alterations in T. evansi transporter protein-coding genes that may be responsible for drug resistance. The Multidrug Resistance Protein E (MRPE) gene is a likely candidate gene responsible for the individual resistance. To date, no research has focused on T. evansi MRPE (TevMRPE) in this context. Hence, this research aimed at analyzing and characterizing the TevMRPE gene and protein using a bioinformatics approach. T. evansi was isolated from buffalo suffering from surra in Ngawi Regency, Indonesia. Isolated T. evansi was inoculated and cultured in male mice. The T. evansi genome was isolated from mouse blood with a parasitemia degree as high as 105 . A polymerase chain reaction procedure was conducted to amplify the putative MRPE coding gene. The amplicon was sequenced and analyzed using MEGA X, BLAST, and I-tasser softwares. The putative TevMRPE coding gene showed sequence similarity as high as 99.79% against the MRPE gene from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The protein profile and characteristics depicted that the putative TevMRPE protein was related to a family of Adenosine Triphosphate-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter proteins. This family of transporter proteins plays a crucial role in the resistance toward several medicines. The obtained gene sequence in this research was identified as the TevMRPE. This gene is homologous to the T. brucei gambiense MRPE gene and possesses ligand active sites for Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate. In addition, MRPE contains enzyme active sites similar to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. These data suggest that ABC transport proteins, like MRPE, may be necessary to confer trypanocidal drug resistance in T. evansi.

5 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

000441   RI H, HOB O, MO S, JO A (Biochemistry Dep, Ilorin Univ, Nigeria, Email: rihazanxcel[at]yahoo.com) : Protective effects of Cyathula prostrata leaf extract on olanzapine-induced obese rats. J Phytopharmacol 2021, 10(2), 68-79.

Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug often induces excessive weight resulting in obesity. The adverse effect hinder adherence to drug regimens and therefore relapse into psychosis. Traditionally in Nigeria, leaf broth from Cyathula prostrata leaf is consumed to achieve weight loss. Rats were first administered 50-200 mg/kg bw CPLE and orlistat (5 mg/kg bw), used as reference. Rats were then administered 8 mg/kg bw of olanzapine one hour after the administration of the CPLE and orlistat, all the administration were done for 28 days. Those with body mass index (BMI) ˃ 0.5 g/cm2 were considered obese. The influence of the extract at varying doses on BMI, lipid profiles, oxidative and enzyme markers in the heart and liver of the obese rats were evaluated. Anthropometric data showed that CPLE significantly (p < 0.05) induced weight loss and attenuated BMI increase when compared to untreated olanzapine-induced obese rats. Biochemical analyses also revealed reduction in the serum level of LDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipase and creatine kinase activities in CPLE-treated groups. Concentration of malondialdehyde was decreased, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as that of alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase were increased following administration of CPLE to the obese rats. Findings from this study supported the indigenous use of extracts from C. prostrata leaf in the management of obesity. The study concluded that CPLE can protect against weight gain, obesity, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and alteration in the heart and liver function parameters induced by olanzapine co-administration in rats.

7 illus, 7 tables, 62 ref

000411   GUEZGOUZ N, PARISI C, BOUBSIL S, GRIECO G, HANA S A, GUERRIERO G (Biology Dep, Mohamed Cherif Messaadia Univ, Souk-Ahras, Algeria) : Heavy metals assessment in the medjerda river basin (Northeastern Algeria): A preliminary water analysis and toad skin biopsy. Proc Zool Soc 2021, 74(1), 104-13.

Our study attempted to monitor the quality of water in Medjarda basin (Northeastern Algeria) and to provide baseline information of heavy metals in the water as well as in a potential amphibian biosentinel, the spiny toad, Bufo spinosus. We measured pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand of water and levels of heavy metals in toad skin using an atomic absorption flame spectrophotometer. Lead (Pb) concentration in water and in toad skin at all sites exceeded respectively 60 and 96 times the standard reference values. The heavy metal concentrations, in descending order, in water and in male toad skin were as follows: Pb > Fe > Cu > Zn and Fe > Pb > Zn > Cu respectively. This study highlights the ecological status of the surrounding areas upstream of the Medjarda basin as being a point source of heavy metal pollution. It is further stated that a non-invasive skin removal is an ethically sound technique to evaluate heavy metal accumulation in aquatic animals like toad, without euthanizing the specimens and making any loss to biodiversity of the species.

70 ref

000625   ALBALAWI THAMER H (Biology Dep, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz Univ, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia, Email: t.albalawi@psau.edu.sa) : Bioactive secondary metabolites and their exploitation in the pharmaceutical industry produced by endophytic fungi. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 204-10.

Historically, bioactive compounds produced by animals, plants and microorganisms have been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery. Plant and endophytic fungi are considered a source of a plethora of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industry. Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous microorganisms living asymptomatically within the tissue of higher plants without causing any adverse effects or visible symptoms. In this scenario, fungal endophytic bioactive compounds have an important function to endorse plant growth through diverse mechanisms. They are equally important economically to humans by plating as antibiotics, drugs, medicines, compounds of high relevance in research, or compounds useful in the food industry. Many antibiotics such as ivermectin and validamycin and anti-cancerous compounds such as taxol, cytospolides Q, P, colletotriolide, mycoleptodiscin B etc. have been successfully isolated from endophytic fungi. This review will highlight the different fungal endophytic classes and their exolites for medicinal use and applications in pharmaceuticals

6 tables, 49 ref

000618   KHALATE S, CHANDGUDE P, KAMBALE M, DHAWAN S, MANE S, MARATHE R, DESHMUKH R, PHATAKE Y (Microbiology Dep, ADT’s Shardabai Pawar Mahila Coll, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: sdhawan616@gmail.com) : Bioprospecting of medicinal plants for antibiofilm activity against MDR-UTI pathogens. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 154-64.

Biofilms produced by urinary tract pathogens play vital role in the development of infections. These biofilms make UTI treatment more complex, therefore it is the need of time to develop a strategy that effectively controls the biofilm formation in these pathogens. Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants have been known to cure number of diseases since ancient times. In the present study, two medicinal plants E. milii, Des Moul and C. thevetia, (L.) H. Lippold were selected for the evaluation of antibiofilm potential. Soxhlet apparatus was used with methanol as a solvent for extraction purpose. Different conc. of plant extracts (2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 6mg/ml, 8 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) in 3 % DMSO were used for evaluation of antibiofilm activity against three potent MDR-UTI pathogens. The selected pathogens were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF as E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. equorum. The MDR potential of these pathogens was confirmed by using different antibiotics (Ampicillin 10 μg, Cephoxitin 30 μg, Ceftazidime 30 μg, etc.). Crystal violet assay was used for antibiofilm activity evaluation. E. milii, Des Moul extract showed maximum biofilm inhibition potential upto 55.65 % against P. aeruginosa. C. thevetia, (L.) H. Lippold showed maximum biofilm inhibition potential upto 86.72 % against S. equorum. E.milii, Des Moul and C. thevetia, (L.) H. Lippold extract showed minimum antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa (7.98 %) and (7.25 %) respectively. The result provides evidence that plant investigated in the present study might be used as potential candidate for development of antibiofilm agent for UTI infections in future.

29 illus, 6 tables, 44 ref

000609   NAGRE A, AMONKAR V, TALEKAR A, CHAKRABORTY P (Microbiology Dep, St. Xavier’s Coll, Mumbai- 400 001, Email: pampi.chakraborty@xaviers.edu) : Extraction of silver from waste X-ray films using proteases obtained from halotolerant bacteria Salinivibrio costicola. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 88-93.

Silver is used in generating photographic or X-ray films. This precious metal may be recovered from used X-ray films with the help of microorganisms to achieve high economic gain additionally reducing the environmental hazard. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to recover silver from used X-ray films with the help of microorganisms. In the present study, halotolerant bacteria were isolated from salt pans in Nahur, Mumbai, India and the crude proteases obtained from two halotolerant bacteria were utilized for silver extraction from waste X-ray films. The isolates were identified by biochemical and 16s rRNA sequencing. The protease production was assayed at various pH and temperature and the recovery of silver was also optimized. The concentration of silver in the slurry was further estimated by ‘ICP-OES’. The protease producers were identified as Salinivibrio costicola and Salinivibrio costicola subspecies vallismortis. The cell-free culture broth with crude proteases was capable of successfully extracting silver at various temperatures (room temperature to 55oC) and pH (4 to 10) within 24 hrs. The extracted silver was estimated to be 2-2.2% w/w in the reaction mixture. The broad range of pH and temperatures of the protease make it useful for industrial purposes. This approach provides an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative in the recovery of silver from used X-ray films.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

000608   SHANTHI P, GNANA DEEPA RUBY R, HELEN DIANA L, ANUSHYA S (Botany PG and Research Dep, Holy Cross Coll, Tiruchirapalli, Email: dr.p.shanthiraj@gmail.com) : In vitro studies on seed germination and callus induction on Cassia alata Linn.. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 82-7.

Cassia alata Linn is a significant traditional medicinal plant which is used to treat skin diseases, asthma and rheumatic pains. Plant tissue culture has been used as an alternative method for the large scale production of plantlets. This study reports the in vitro seed germination and callus induction of in vitro grown Cassia alata leaf, stem and root explants on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth hormones. In seed germination, the maximum germination response was found in BA (1.0 mg /l), both scarified and non-scarified seeds showed 100 % germination and the maximum callusing response (91 %) was found at BA 0.05 mg/l with IAA 3.0 mg/l in stem explants. Thus, it is evident that in the present study, the seed germination method can be used for easy germination of C. alata seeds and the protocols can be used for conservation of this medicinal plant.

4 tables, 15 ref

000603   KUMAR R, KAUSHIK S, SUMAN (Microbiology Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, Email: ramesh.aiims07@gmail.com) : Nano-curcumin: A potential herbal alternative with enhanced anti-E. gingivalis efficacy. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 51-6.

Curcumin is a bioactive component derived from Curcuma longa and well known for its medicinal properties. The major disadvantage associated with the use of curcumin as a medicine is its low systemic bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. These limitations can be overcome by the converting the curcumin to nanocurcumin. The present study was to prepare the nano-particles of curcumin with improved aqueous solubitity and to investigate their efficacy in vitro against protozoa Entamoeba gingivalis, presence of which in the oral cavity is associated with poor oral hygiene leading to advanced periodontal disease. Curcumin nanoparticles of particle size in the range 70–80 nm with the aqueous solubility of up to a maximum of 3 mg/mL were prepared. The anti-amoebic activities of nanocurcumin were tested against Entamoeba gingivalis strain (ATCC 30927) in vitro. The cultures were observed under an inverted microscope and numbers of the trophozoites were counted. The inhibition caused by the curcumin, nanocurcumin and metronidazole at various concentrations was calculated by counting the viable trophozoits using the hemocytometer under the microscope. The inhibition results showed more than 80 % killing of E. gingivalis , which is comparable with that of standard drug Metronidazole demonstrating that nanocurcumin can act as a potential anti-parastics herbal drug.

4 illus, 24 ref

000602   SABILIL M S, AGUS S E (Gadjah Mada Unv, Yogyakarta- 55281, Indonesia, Email: eko_suyono@ugm.ac.id) : Biomass composition of microalgae local mixed culture using POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) medium. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 41-50.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as a microalgae local mixed culture medium is useful for recycling waste water as well as a source of nutrients by utilizing inorganic materials to synthesize lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins for microalgae local mixed culture. POME has fundamental nutrients and organic materials COD and BOD. This research was conducted for 7 days of cultivation of local mixed culture grown in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) as a control medium and medium contained POME with concentrations of 2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, 10 %, 12.5 %, and 15 % as treatments. The parameters observed included cell count, dry weight, carbohydrates, proteins and microalgae lipids content and reduction of BOD and COD. The results showed that POME increased the growth of local mixed culture by 1.80 x 106 cells/ml and biomass by 0.33 mg/ml at 10 % concentration respectively. Optimum lipid content was 99.27 mg/ml at 10 % concentration, optimum carbohydrate was 30.32 mg/ml at 12.5 % concentration, and optimum protein was 2906 μg/ml at 10 % concentration. BOD and COD on POME medium decreased after cultivation with local mixed culture.

7 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

000601   KUMAR D, LAHA S, GANGOPADHYAY G (Plant Biology Div, Bose Institute, Kolkata –700 009, Email: gaurab@jcbose.in) : In silico and expression analysis of ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in rice seedlings under NaCl stress. Res J Biotech 2021, 16(5), 31-40.

The synthesis of proline, an osmolyte, is one of the stress response mechanisms of the plants. Glutamate is converted to proline by the activity of the enzyme ∆¹ - pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS). We have analyzed the gene (p5cs) behind this enzyme to study the relationship between the expression of p5cs and the proline content of different rice genotypes. The shoots of the genotypes showing salt tolerance (SR26B and Nonabokhra) revealed a significant positive correlation between the elevated expression of p5cs and proline level, while the roots showed insignificant correlation. Danaguri, a rice landrace, on the contrary, showed a negative correlation between the expression of p5cs and proline in both shoots and roots. The salt-sensitive rice genotype (IR64) indicated a positive correlation between the expression of p5cs and proline in both shoots and roots. Considering a feedback inhibition of the activity of P5CS by proline, we performed in silico molecular docking experiment. We observed a very close competition between the binding sites of P5CS with glutamate, the substrate and proline, the product.

3 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

000595   ALMUHUR R A (Biological Sciences Dep, Al al-Bayt Univ, Al-Mafraq- 25113, Jordan) : Genome editing and gaucher disease treatment. Res J Biol Sci 2021, 16(2), 9-16.

In the present review, data published on Gaucher Disease (GD) signcommon treatments was comprehensively examined, focusing on CRISPR/Cas9 as the most promising tool for treatment and understanding correlations between pathophysiological disease complications and related neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. GD is an inherited autosomal recessive, lysosomal monogenic disease. Changes in the GBA gene sequence encoding acid β-glucocerebrosidase lead to classical and sequential defects, such as lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, in reticuloendothelial descendants and macrophages. Glucosylceramide deposits in macrophages eventually result in the functional impairment of various tissues, including bone marrow, spleen, and liver, causing additional complications. A neurological hallmark of GD is GBA1 mutation, considered a key factor in Parkinson’s disease development. Hence, GD patients are grouped into three categories according to their defect level and affected organ(s): non-neuropathic (type I), acute neuropathic (type II) and chronic neuropathic (type III). Enzyme replacement therapy and substrate reduction are effective treatments for type I GD. However, they are expensive and lifelong, necessitating development of novel therapeutic techniques that successfully treat all types of GD in a cost-effective, robust manner. In particular, in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro gene therapy research has shown the CRISPR/Cas9 system to be an efficient gene editing tool widely considered to be a new key player in the treatment of genetically inherited diseases. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to produce two isogenic GD Model cell lines with induced GBA1 mutations (THP-1 from monocytes and U87 from glioblastoma) relevant to affected cells in GD patients. Additional research and development of advanced CRISPR/Cas9 systems able to deal with complex situations seen in some GD cases is needed where attention to controlling extra downstream sequences beyond target genes, multi-allelic defects and/or target genomic sequences sharing a high rate of similarity with other vital functional sequences is considered.

82 ref

000321   BASU P, THALLAPAREDDY C, MAIER C (Biology Dep, Texas Woman’s Univ, TX 76204?5799, USA, Email: cmaier@twu.edu) : In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Dioecious morus alba (moraceae) extracts. Pharmacogn Res 2021, 13(1), 13-21.

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a serious metabolic disorder affecting large populations worldwide. Mulberry food and supplement products known for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties are commonly used in Asian and other countries. The present study investigated for the first time the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of dioecious  (male and female) mulberry  (Morus alba, Moraceae) extracts from leaf and stem tissues collected in two different seasons. Materials and Methods: In vitro α‑amylase, α‑glucosidase, polyphenol content analyses, and free radical scavenging activities were performed. All extracts showed higher inhibition of α‑glucosidase than α‑amylase in a dose‑dependent manner. Fall female stem, fall male stem, and fall female leaf extracts exhibited the highest α‑glucosidase inhibitory activities. Fall male and fall female leaf extracts showed the highest ferric reducing activity. 2,2’-azino-bis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were more potent for all extracts compared to 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl  (DPPH) and nitric oxide  (NO) scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities were induced by fall male leaf extracts. Spring extracts contained more phenolics and fall extracts more proanthocyanidins. Correlations between IC50 values of extracts used in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and polyphenol chemical classes were both positive and negative. In general, male extracts were more potent in their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than female extracts.  Overall, results showed that growing season, sex and organ of mulberry trees influence antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts, knowledge that could be used in formulating effective dietary supplements for treating diabetes, and oxidative stress‑related diseases.

2 illus, 4 tables, 67 ref

000269   PANJAITAN R G P, ELISA E, WAHYUNI E S (Biology Education Dep, Tanjungpura Univ, West Kalimantan- 78124, Indonesia) : The anthelmintic activity of cawat anuman (Bauhinia sp.) leaves against ascaridia galli worms. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 626-30.

Traditionally, the people in Anik Hamlet usually use the Bauhinia sp. leaves as anthelimintic. The research was conducted to observe the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of cawat anuman (Bauhinia sp.) leaves against Ascaridia galli by in vitro procedure.  Group I was treated with NaCl 0.9% as the negative control, also group II and III were treated with cawat anuman leaves ethanol extract at dose of 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ ml respectively, and group IV was treated with mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml as the positive control.  Compared to the negative control, the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves has activity as an anthelmintic (p<0.05), moreover the potency of leaves extract at dose 50 mg/ml as anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli as strong as mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml (p>0.05). It concluded that the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves at dose 50 mg/ml has anthelmintic potency as strong as mebendazole 5 mg/ml.

2 tables, 39 ref

000267   ATANU F O, AVWIOROKO O J, ILESANMI O B, YAKUBU O E (Biochemistry Dep, Kogi State Univ, Anyigba, Nigeria) : Metformin potentiates the antidiabetic properties of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus leaf extracts in diabetic rats. Pharmacogn J 2021, 13(3), 614-9.

There is paucity of experimental evidence on the complementary use of standard anti-diabetic drugs with herbal formulations.  In this study, extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) were administered with metformin to diabetic rats in order to study the potential complementary effects. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg BW). AME and TGE (200 mg/ kg BW each) and Metformin (100 mg/kg BW) was administered to diabetic rats orally for 21 days. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed; blood was collected for assessment of lipid profile and kidney function. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and Coronary Risk Index (CRI) with a concomitant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Similarly, urea and creatinine concentration decreased in diabetic rats administered plant extracts. Co-administration of the plant extracts with metformin significantly improved lipid profiles and kidney function relative to rats administered metformin alone. Co-administration of AME and TGE extracts with metformin produced significant improvement in biochemical indices of diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results suggest potential synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and metformin. Furthermore, this work provides scientific support for the concomitant use of the plants used in the study with orthodox drugs for the management of diabetes.

2 tables, 32 ref

000145   TAMILMATHI D, RAJAN M R (Biology Dep, The Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram- 624 302, Tamil Nadu, Email: mrrrajanbio@gmail.com) : Genotoxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles treated tannery effluent on Zebrafish danio rerio. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 211-9.

The present study deals with the genotoxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles treated tannery effluent on zebrafish Danio rerio. The chemical co-precipitation method was used for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles which were characterized by SEM, EDAX, XRD, FTIR and VSM. Physico-chemical characteristics of tannery effluent were also estimated. Iron oxide nanoparticles were used as nanoadsorbents in reducing the toxic substances present in tannery effluent. Behavioural studies and genotoxic effect on zebrafish exposed to different concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles treated tannery effluent and control (raw tannery effluent) were carried out. Biochemical composition such as protein, carbohydrate and lipid were estimated in the muscles and gills of zebrafish on 14th day after exposure. SEM images of iron oxide nanoparticles were observed at 5 µm and 10 µm which were spherical. EDAX spectrum recorded on synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles was identified in 7 peaks. FT-IR spectrum of iron oxide nanoparticles was analysed in the range of 500-4000 cm-1 and spectral bands were observed. Physico-chemical parameters of treated tannery effluent were decreased as the different concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles increased. 200, 225 and 250 ppm treated tannery effluent were selected for median lethal concentration. No mortality was found in both control and iron oxide nanoparticles treated tannery effluent. The number of micronuclei was increased with increasing concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles when compared to control. Biochemical characteristics such as protein, carbohydrate and lipid in muscle and gills of zebrafish were higher in T₂ (225ppm) than control and other concentrations. From this, it can be concluded that iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as nano-adsorbent in treating tannery effluent for effective removal of toxic substances.

8 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

044221   UCHECHUKWU C F, ONWUAKOR C E, EMMANUEL C P, EZEMADU U R, ODO S E , UMEH M N (Microbiology Dep, Michael Okpara Univ of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria, Email: uchefchidi@gmail.com) : Asymptomatic bacteriuria and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the urinary bacterial isolates from pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at abia state university teaching hospital, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2020, 10(1), 01-7.

This study assessed the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the urinary bacterial isolates from pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at Abia state University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Mid-stream urine samples were collected from 100 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Abia state University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria between the ages of 18-49 years. Each specimen was cultured on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar using standard bacteriological methods. Identification of suspected colonies and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done. Thirty-eight samples (38) which represent 38.0 % showed significant bacteriuria while 62 samples (62.0 %) showed no bacteriuria or no significant bacterial growth. Escherichia coli was found to be the most predominant, (36.8 %) followed by Proteus spp, (21.1 %), Psedomonas aeruginosa (18.4 %), Staphylococcus aureus (15.8 %) and the least Klebsiella spp. (7.9 %). Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Gentamicin and Ceftazidime were very effective antimicrobial agents against the isolates while the isolates were highly resistant to Cefexime and Augmentin (Co-amoxiclav). E. coli was the most common bacteria for asymptomatic bacteruria among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Abia state University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria in this study. Education on the importance of inclusion of urine screening in antenatal care should be emphasized.

1 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

045663   BARGOOTH A F, ALI-JEBORI J G A, AL-BADRI A M, AL-YASARI A M R, ZEGYER E A (Biology Dep, Wasit Univ, Iraq, Email: alifayadhbargoothk1@gmail.com) : Immunohistochemical study to detect glucagon and insulin hormones in pancreas of camel and buffalo. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 354-9.

Glucagon plays a significant role in glucose homeostasis by controlling hepatic glucose output in terms of both hypoglycemic and normoglycemic conditions. This study aimed to determine the amount and intensity of insulin and glucagon in addition to estimating the relationship between α- and β-cells for two animals, camel and buffalo. Twenty fresh pancreas samples were collected from 10 buffalo and 10 camel adults immediately after slaughter from AL-Kut abattoir, Al- Kut, Iraq. Hematoxylin and eosin staining technique and the immunohistochemistry technique were used. The histological results, for both animals, showed the cells of the pancreatic islet could be differentiated from the exocrine cells by their paler appearance. The pancreatic islets were round, oval, and irregular shaped. In the camel, the pancreatic islets had a larger diameter than that in the buffalo. The average diameter of β-cells and their percentage was higher than those of the α-cells in the camel. In the buffalo, glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in abundance with high intensity, whereas insulin-immunoreactive cells were more prominent with high intensity in the camel. In both animals, the α-cells and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were distributed on the peripheries of the pancreatic islets, whereas the β-cells were distributed throughout the pancreatic islets. The study inferences that these differences may be due to the differences in the environment of the animals which affect the structures of body organs.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

045660   JAPA O, SIRIWECHVIRIYA P, PRAKHAMMIN K (Microbiology and Parasitology Dep, Phayao Univ, Thailand, Email: ornampai.ja@up.ac.th) : Occurrence of fluke infection in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 334-7.

Ruminant flukes, including Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp., are recognized as the significant parasites in livestock worldwide. Cattle infected by these fluke results in slower growth rate and productivity losses contributing to economic losses. In case of Fasciola spp., the parasite is considered as an important zoonotic parasite. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fluke invasion in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand, between January 2019 and June 2019. A total of 311 fecal samples from beef cows reared nearby Phayao Lake were examined for the presence of fluke eggs by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and subsequently identified by morphology together with methylene blue staining. Results: The overall prevalence of fluke invasion in beef cattle around Phayao Lake was 33.8 % (105/311). The prevalence of rumen fluke and liver fluke was 25.4 % (79/311) and 8.4 % (26/311), respectively. Mixed infection of both species was found at 1.9 % (6/311). Age of cattle was observed to be associated with invasion rate of all flukes, particularly in the ages over 4 years, which was the highest group of invasion. However, other risk factors, including gender, breed, and location of animals, were not found to be related. This study provides the current status of natural fluke invasion among the beef cattle in Phayao, Thailand, which could be critical for designing the control program of these parasites.

2 tables, 21 ref

045659   ZAHER K S, EL-DABAE W H, EL-SEBELGY M M, ALY N I, SALAMA Z T (Microbiology and Immunology Dep, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt, Email: dr_wahidhussein@yahoo.com) : Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus circulating in Egypt. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 326-33.

This study aimed to detect and characterize current genotypes of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Egypt during 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 fecal swabs were collected from clinically infected domestic dogs of 2-5 months of age, suspected to suffer from CPV infection, from Cairo and Giza Governorates. The samples were subjected to qualitative antigen detection using the rapid test, followed by isolation on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, molecular characterization with partial amplification of VP2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Out of 50 fecal samples, 20 samples were positive (40 %) by Rapid CPV/canine coronavirus Ag Test Kit. These positive samples were cultured successfully on MDCK cells. Nine randomly chosen samples out of 30 apparently negative samples were amplified using PCR with primers Hfor and Hrev to yield a typical 630 bp fragment. Then, six randomly chosen samples out of nine were amplified using PCR with primers Pbs and Pbas to yield a typical 427 bp fragment. Sequencing, BLAST analysis and assembly of the two fragments (630 bp and 427 bp) to produce 912 bp fragments, in the six samples, revealed two serotypes CPV-2b and CPV-2c. The obtained strains were submitted to GenBank and given accession numbers MK642272, MK642273, MK642274, MK642275, MK642276, and MK642277. Phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strains serotype 2b illustrated that they were closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers KP715709, KP715694, KP715701, and KP715700); while Egyptian strains serotype 2c was closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers MH711894 and MH711902), Taiwanese strain (KU244254), Chinese strain (MF467242), and Vietnamese strain (accession number LC216910). The current research recommends further epidemiological studies to assess the extent of the occurrence of different serotypes of CPV in Egypt and the efficiency of imported and locally produced vaccines in protection against CPV infection.

7 illus, 22 ref

046832   AL-AAWADI K K, WEDA’A Q H (Thi-Qar Univ, Nasiriyah, Iraq) : Investigation of cpa. and zpx. Genes in Cronobacter sakazakii Isolation from Clinical Specimens in Thi-Qar Province. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194485.

Cronobacter sakazakii is a member of Enterobactereacae family and it is a food-born pathogenic bacteria which can cause several diseases for human and animals. The present study focused on the isolation of this species from clinical specimens from different sexes and ages in addition to hospital environments specimens and then investigation of cpa. and zpx genes. The specimens have been taken from group of hospitals in Al-Nasiriyah city (center of Thi-Qar province- south of Iraq). The identification was done by both phenotypical methods and confirmed by API. 20 E. system. Then investigation of cpa. and zpx. genes by conventional PCR. Out of 400 specimens (100 from each Burn humans, stool of patients with diarrhea, urine with UTI. in addition to hospital environments specimens) there were 16 (4 %) of specimens gave positive for C. sakazakii included : 4 from 100 burns specimens (4 %), 6 from 100 stool specimens (6 %), 0 from 100 urine (0 %) and 6 from 100 hospital environments specimens (6 %). The 16 isolates have been tested for presence of cpa. and zpx. genes by PCR., a number of 13 (81.25 %) and 16 (100 %) gave positive for these genes respectively. This species was exist in the clinical specimens and can cause diarrhea and burn infection in the area of study with ratio equal to what obtain by other researchers. Additionally this species considered hazardous because of having the cpa. and zpx. genes.

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

045653   AKTER S, SABUJ A A M, HAQUE Z F, RAHMAN M T, KAFI M A, SAHA S (Microbiology and Hygiene Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh, Email: sukumar.saha@bau.edu.bd) : Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies. Vet World 2020, 13(2), 266-74.

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects which serve as biological or mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, and to examine their resistance genes. A total of 140 houseflies were captured using sterile nylon net from seven places of Mymensingh city, Bangladesh. Immediately after collection, flies were transferred to a sterile zipper bag and brought to microbiology laboratory within 1 h. Three bacterial species were isolated from houseflies, based on cultural and molecular tests. After that, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antibiotics, by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the detection of antibiotic resistance genes tetA, tetB, mcr-3, mecA, and mecC was performed by a polymerase chain reaction. The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (78.6 %), Salmonella spp., (66.4 %), and Escherichia coli (51.4 %). These species of bacteria were recovered from 78.3 % of isolates from the Mymensingh Medical College Hospital areas. Most of the isolates of the three bacterial species were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin and were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin. Five antibiotic resistance genes of three bacteria were detected: tetA, tetB, mcr-3, and mecA were found in 37 %, 20 %, 20 %, and 14 % isolates, respectively, and no isolates were positive for mecC gene. S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli with genetically-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance are carried in houseflies in the Mymensingh region. Flies may, therefore, represent an important means of transmission of these antibioticresistant bacteria, with consequent risks to human and animal health.

2 illus, 6 tables, 63 ref

044170   SURAIN P, AGGARWAL N K (Microbiology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra, - 136 119, Haryana, Email: dabas.ashi@gmail.com) : Candida, a human pathogen and major types of candidiasis. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020, 11(1), 41-67.

The fungus candida with over 355 species is an anamorphic yeast. It consists of over 20 human pathogenic species which are the cause of candidiasis. Candidiasis encompasses infections that range from superficial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to systematic and potentially lifethreatening diseases. Candida species are opportunistic human pathogens which despite treatment with antifungal drugs can cause fatal infections in immune-compromised and immune-deficient patients. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, together account for about 95% of identifiable Candida infections. C. albicans, considered to be the most serious cause of candidiasis, is a diploid, polymorphic yeast producing three morphologic forms: yeast cells, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae. This phenotypic switching plays a vital role in virulence. Since invasive yeast infections are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality so rapid and accurate identification can contribute to successful therapy, earlier resolution of infections and subsequent reduction of moribund outcomes. CHROM agar candida, a type of chromogenic medium, based on speciesspecific enzyme activity, has been found to be a medium of choice for isolation and identification of candida species from clinical samples. This review is mainly focused on the diversity of candida, its polymorphism and various identification techniques used for proper diagnosis and prevention of candida infection, thus improving the prognosis for a wide range of patients.

9 illus, 6 tables, 41 ref

044162   ALSHEHRI M A (Biology Dep, Tabuk Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: ma.alshehri @ ut.edu.sa ) : Identification of algae species using advanced molecular techniques. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2020, 9(1), 142-59.

Molecular techniques for the detection of organisms, such as algae species in aquatic environments, have become the most attractive tools for typical laboratory approaches. These techniques provide more accurate and faster ways of identifying species compared to conventional methods based on microscopic counting and culture tools. The techniques of molecular biology are mostly used when numerous algal species that are present in very low amounts require identification. These tools use either entire cells or nucleic acid cell-free formats. For the entire cells, several molecular methods could be used, for example, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microscope-based enumeration assays. For the nucleic acid cell-free formats, the most commonly used tools are the sandwich hybridization assay (SHA), biosensors, quantitative PCR, real-time PCR, and microarrays. These techniques can be used individually or in combination with one or more functional laboratory tools, such as lab-on-a-chip (namely, a single incorporated system) or next-generation sequencing (NGS) to create a much higher data output. Moreover, this review integrates additional methods that promote the performance of molecular techniques. These approaches provide a high capability for identifying algal species, such as platforms and nano-bioengineered probes, magnetic systems for separation molecules, and solid-phase hybridization. Additionally, hybridization PCR and isothermal amplification tools can improve the hybridization of probes with DNA to enhance the amplification of nucleic acids. Lastly, this review discusses a field case study considered as one of the few examples of monitoring harmful algal blooms (HABs) and closes the discussion with concluding remarks and future directions.

4 illus, 128 ref

045642   WASSO S, MAINA N, KAGIRA J (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Pan African Univ, Nairobi- 62000-00200, Nairobi, Email: jkagira@gmail.com) : Toxicity and anthelmintic efficacy of chitosan encapsulated bromelain against gastrointestinal strongyles in Small East African goats in Kenya. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 177-83.

The development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs has prompted research into alternative methods of controlling intestinal nematodes in ruminants. This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy and toxicity of chitosan encapsulated bromelain in Small East African goats in Kenya. Adult mortality assay was performed using live Haemonchus contortus worms treated with encapsulated bromelain solution ranging from 0.125 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml. Percentage mortality of worms was calculated after 24 h and the lethal concentration 50 % (LC50) determined. For the in vivo study, 18 healthy male indigenous goats were divided into six groups of three goats each. The encapsulated bromelain was orally administered in increasing dosages (3-30 mg kg) once daily, for 14 days. The packed cell volume (PCV), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, and fecal egg count (FEC) were determined on a weekly basis. At the end of the study, the goats were sacrificed and gross pathology and histopathology of main organs assessed. Results: Albendazole had the highest (p0.05), varied from 29.3 % to 35.1 %, and was within the normal range of the animal. Likewise, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between the AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels of treated and the control (non-treated) goats. No adverse clinical symptoms, toxicity of the main organs, and mortality in goats were associated with the chitosan encapsulated bromelain after administration of dose up to 30 mg/kg for 14 days. Therefore, the lethal dose 50 of encapsulated bromelain may be considered to be >30 mg/kg. On day 28 posttreatment, the encapsulated bromelain showed a higher in vivo FEC reduction (68.8%) as compared to the plain bromelain (32.4 %). Our results show that bromelain encapsulated in chitosan may be safe and effective in reducing the burden of gastrointestinal tract strongyle nematodes in goats. However, there is a need for further studies to establish the dosage of the encapsulated bromelain to be administered in a single dose for the treatment of goats against gastrointestinal strongyles. In addition, species-specific studies on the efficacy of encapsulated bromelain on strongyles are necessary to evaluate its effectiveness against the entire Strongyloididae family.

3 illus, 43 ref

045639   DELCORSO M C, PAIVA P P D, GRIGOLETO M R P, QUEIROZ S C N, COLLARES-BUZATO C B, ARANA S (Biochemistry and Tissue Biology Dep, Campinas Univ, SP, Brazil, Email: aranauni@gmail.com) : Effects of sublethal and realistic concentrations of the commercial herbicide atrazine in Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): Long-term exposure and recovery assays. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 147-59.

The commercial formulations of the herbicide atrazine (cATZ) are widely employed in Brazilian agriculture, and, as a consequence, ATZ has been found at levels above that established by law in the river basins in Brazil. Although the toxicity of ATZ in fish is well documented, there are few studies on the recovery capacity after cATZ exposure. This work aimed to evaluate, using several biomarkers, the toxic effects of long-term exposure to the sublethal (3.57 mg/L) and nonlethal realistic (3.00 µg/L) cATZ concentrations followed by a recovery assay, in fingerlings of a Brazilian teleost, the Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu). Pacu fingerlings were housed in glass tanks and divided into the following experimental groups (two tanks/group): Exposure control = EC, recovery control = RC, the sublethal groups exposed to 3.57 mg/L of cATZ, (sublethal exposure group = SLE and sublethal recovery group = SLR) and the nonlethal groups treated with 3.00 µg/L of cATZ (nonlethal exposure group = NLE and nonlethal recovery group = NLR). The exposure assay was semi-static with a duration of 30 days and the recovery assay (after cATZ withdrawal) lasted 14 days. Several biomarkers were evaluated in fingerlings from all groups: The swimming behavior, the body weight gain, the micronucleus formation and nuclear alterations in erythrocytes, and the hepatic and renal histopathology analyzed by qualitative and semi-quantitative morphological methods (using light and electron microscopy). No significant difference in weight gain was observed among the groups after the exposure and recovery assays. The sublethal exposure induced impaired swimming movements, significant histopathological alterations, including necrosis in the liver and kidney, and a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in erythrocytes. The nonlethal exposure induced only subtle histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. After recovery assay, no genotoxic alteration was noted in pacu exposed to sublethal concentration, while the cATZ-induced kidney damage was partially reversed but not the hepatic injury. cATZ exhibits long-term toxic effects on pacu, even at relatively low concentrations, affecting mainly the liver and the kidney, and the effects of sublethal concentration are only partially reversed after cATZ withdrawal.

9 illus, 5 tables, 59 ref

045634   AL-DEEB M A, MUZAFFAR S B (Biology Dep, United Arab Emirates Univ, United Arab Emirates, Email: m_aldeeb@uaeu.ac.ae) : Prevalence, distribution on host’s body, and chemical control of camel ticks Hyalomma dromedarii in the United Arab Emirates. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 114-20.

Camel farming remains a part of the culture of the Arabian Peninsula although modern methods have greatly increased camel densities in the entire region. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), camel production is threatened by tick parasitism. However, no study has considered assessing the magnitude of the problem in the UAE. We conducted a study evaluating tick richness, abundance, and spatial distribution of ticks on camels in farms near Al Ain, UAE. In addition, we conducted a survey of farm owners to determine the control methods used to eliminate camel ticks. Tick counts were made on 502 camels (Camelus dromedarius). For each examined animal, visual counts of ticks were made on the entire body segregating the counts by head, neck, forelegs, hump, abdomen, back legs, and tail area. In addition, a total of 70 camel owners from the study area were randomly selected and surveyed about the tick control methods. Results: Hyalomma dromedarii was the only species found during the study. The prevalence of ticks was 98 % among the sampled animals. The mean intensity (tick load) was 25.8±2.4 ticks/host and the maximum number of ticks per animal was 102. Ticks were found in five vicinities that are on the border with Oman. The highest number of ticks on the body of the camel occurred on the tail area followed by the abdomen. Cypermethrin was the most commonly used acaricide (46.9 %). The high abundance of ticks reported in this study calls for the establishment of a good management strategy. In addition, finding ticks in vicinities in the UAE that are on the border with Oman suggests a cross-border movement between the two countries. Therefore, studying this movement is important to understand its role in the global circulation of some H. dromedarii tick-borne diseases and the movement of acaricide resistance alleles among tick populations.

4 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

044127   ARIANMAL M S , SAMANDARI F (Biology Dep, Paktia Univ, Paktia, Gardiz, Afghanistan) : Geographical publications and justification of the status of Emberiza bruniceps species in central and southeastern Afghanistan and the world. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2020, 7(2), 142-5.

This study investigates geophysical publications and justifies the status of Emberiza bruniceps species in the Central and Eastern Zone of Afghanistan and the world. Unintentional hunting and selling of birds raises concerns about the decline or abundance of species. Current studies are in 2019-2020 in the Central Zone and the provinces of Logar, Kabul, Wardak and Parwan. In this sampling, 1000 samples were collected from different regions. Among the 900 samples were collected from the bird markets of Kabul, Logar, Parwan, Paktia. These birds are hunted and sold for their good singing and beauty. Twelve specimens were obtained from different regions and morphological and morphometric studies revealed that the species (Emberiza bruniceps) belonged to the genus (Emberizidae). This bird is about 15 to 16.5 cm long. In the adult male bird, the head, face, throat, and reddish brown are yellow and under the trunk and tail are yellow. Its stripe trunk and olive green background. Adult female with brown head, rotunda with brown veins, yellowish green, under pale yellow trunk. Therefore, the male and female birds have a plumage pattern, morphometric ally different size, and the male has seasonal variations, which proves that it has sexual dimorphism. Studies show that in the past ten years, nearly 10,000 samples have been sold in the Afghan market each year, and that figure has increased to the point where it is found to be in good standing or of least concern Has. And it also has its geophysical publications in Afghanistan in all areas of the north-east and north-west in lowlying areas and abroad .Afghanistan; Bangladesh; China; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Kazakhstan; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Russian Federation; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Vagrant: Belgium.

5 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

046813   MNATI I M, MUTLAK B H, ABED N D (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Histological changes in liver tissue resulting from hydatid cyst infection: Comparison between sheep and cattle in Iraq. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194466.

Hydatidosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonosis diseases not only in Iraq but throughout the world. Liver infected with hydatid cysts were randomly collected from 15 sheep and 18 cows of different ages and sexes during the period extended from September 2018 to December 2018. This study was aimed to provide insight on the histological changes of liver associated with E. granulosus and to compare the changes of liver tissue between sheep and cattle. Samples were collected from private (individual) butchers’ places at Diyala province in Iraq. Livers had been transferred to Zoology Laboratory in Department of Biology in College of Education for Pure Sciences in Diyala University. Specimens from infected livers were immediately taken and fixed in 10 % formalin. Then the routine histological sections were done. The results showed that there were many histological changes resulting from infection with hydatid cysts infection including infiltration of inflammatory cells, necrosis, degeneration of liver tissue, fibrosis, fibrosis around portal veins, congestion of portal vein, increase in bile duct numbers, maladjustment of hepatic cords. A comparison between the histological changes of sheep and cattle showed the same histological changes, with a difference in the severity of these changes as they were more severe and developed in the livers of cattle than in sheep.

11 illus, 18 ref

045623   ALAZAWY A K, AJEELI K S A (Microbiology Dep, Diyala Univ, Diyala, Iraq, Email: amer_alazawy@yahoo.com) : Isolation and molecular identification of wild newcastle disease virus isolated from broiler farms of Diyala Province, Iraq. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 33-9.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a major viral disease of poultry. The morbidity and mortality rates of chickens vaccinated with NDV in broiler farms in Diyala Province were 100% and 80%, respectively, rates due to suspected infection with the highly virulent NDV. The present study aimed to isolate and identify the NDV virus and evaluate its pathogenicity in infected broiler chickens at poultry farms. Broiler chickens at two commercial poultry farms were suspected of being infected with virulent NDV due to high mortality rates. Virus isolated from samples of intestinal tissues, lungs, trachea, spleen, kidneys, and air sacs was adapted in the allantoic cavity of embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. The NDV pathotype was determined based on the mean death time (MDT) in eggs as well as the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and intravenous pathogenicity index pathogenicity indexes of the isolated samples. Broilers were experimentally infected by inoculation with fluids collected from the allantoic cavities of 60 broilers aged 35 days. Serological and molecular tests were followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine levels of anti-NDV immunoglobulin G, and isolates were identified using a hyperimmune (HI) test and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Suspected and isolated NDV field samples propagated in the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old fertile SPF chickens were NDV positive in the rapid hemagglutination test within a few seconds. Pathogenicity indices and MDT showed that the isolated NDV was viscerotropic and velogenic. The virus was identified as NDV by the HI test using specific anti-LaSota HI serum and RT-PCR with specific primers and probes. Propagation of the virus in the allantoic cavity of embryonated hen eggs produced a viral titer of 109.5 EID50/0.1 mL. The virus isolated from broiler chicken farms in Diyala Province, Iraq, was viscerotropic and velogenic according to the pathogenicity indices and RT-PCR. The isolated NDV caused 100% morbidity and 90% mortality in NDVvaccinated and experimentally infected broiler chickens.

5 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

046801   HUSSEIN H M (Alqadisiyah Univ, Qadisiyyah Province, Iraq) : Investigation of microbial and mineral contamination of imported meat. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194453.

The study was carried out for the purpose of investigating the microbial and mineral pollutants in the imported red meat. This research included field work and random sampling of the markets of Diwaniya Governorate. In addition, laboratory tests were carried out on samples from the following countries: (Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon) in the laboratories of the Department of Life Sciences. Some bacterial species were investigated in the studied meat samples. Microbial contamination The results of the study showed a high level of bacterial content and the results were the emergence of Staph bacteria. aureus in the nutritious dish. The other dishes showed no growth due to the good storage of meat. The dish in which the bacteria appeared was due to poor storage or preservatives used in the storage process. As for the chemical analysis of heavy metals using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer technique, the concentrations were as follows: Concentration of the copper component (0.013-0.310) μg / g, while the concentration of the lead element (0.001-0.111) μg / G; for cadmium, its concentration was 0.001-0.004 μg / g and the concentration of chromium was 0.003-0.020 μg / g. The results showed that levels of copper, lead, chromium and cadmium were higher than those allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and FAO in some imported meat samples.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

046797   SALIH I A A (Biology Dep, Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq) : Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) gene polymorphism of Urothelial carcinoma patients in Iraq. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194449.

Bladder cancer is the 2nd most frequent malignancy of the genitourinary tract and the fourth most common cancer in men . This study was designed to shed light on the association between polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene at -173 locus as risk factor of bladder cancer in Iraqi population by PCR-RFLP. In a hospital-based case-control study of 70 patients with bladder cancer and 30 cancer-free controls frequency-matched by age, sex, smoking status, and alcohol use, we genotyped the MIF polymorphism and analyzed immunohistochemical stained operational bladder cancer tissue sections for MIF. We found that individuals with GC/GG genotype had a significantly decreased risk of bladder cancer ( OR = 1.55, 95 % CI, 0.498 to 8.85) than those with CC genotype. The frequencies of the C allele on the MIF gene were significantly increased in Urinary bladder carcinoma patients. MIF -173G>C polymorphism may play a role in the etiology of bladder cancer in Iraqi.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

042266   SAINI I, YADAV V K, AGGARWAL A, KAUSHIK P (Politècnica de València Univ, Valencia, Spain, Email: prakau@doctor.upv.es) : Effect of superphosphate, urea and bioinoculants on Zinnia elegans Jacq.. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(10), 730-7.

Current agricultural practices depend heavily on chemical inputs, and their overuse seriously contaminates the soil health. Microbial bioinoculants are emerging as an effective greener replacement for chemical fertilizers. These bioinoculants are beneficial for plant growth and also diminishes pathogenicity. Here, we explored three microbial inoculants along with commonly used fertilizers, i.e., Superphosphate (S_P) and Urea (U_R) for their effectiveness on Zinnia elegans Jacq., that has considerable demand in the floral market. The experiment was conducted in three parts with recommended doses of fertilizers, low (half) doses, and high (double) doses in combination with Glomus mosseae (G_M), Acaulospora laevis (A_L) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (P_F), as microbial inoculants. The consortium of microbial inoculants (G_M+A_L+P_F) fed with the low dose of S_P and U_R gave the best results for growth parameters (Shoot and Root Length, Shoot and Root Weight), Floral traits (floral head number and diameter), mycorrhization pattern and for other physiological attributes (shoot phosphorus content, root phosphorus content, acidic phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase). Overall, the study establishes that microbial bioinoculants is a potential fertilizer supplement at the recommended dose supports optimum Z. elegans growth.

5 tables, 43 ref

042264   MENAGA M, FELIX S, CHARULATHA M, GOPALAKANNAN A, MOHANASUNDARI C, BODA S (Tamil Nadu Dr J Jayalalithaa Fisheries Univ, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, Email: felixfisheries@gmail.com) : In vivo efficiency of Bacillus sp. isolated from biofloc system on growth, haematological, immunological and antioxidant status of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT). Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(10), 714-21.

In aquaculture, Biofloc technology is emerging as one of the successful sustainable technologies to increase production. It is known to possess several immunostimulatory compounds exhibiting possible probiotic effect in culture. Here, we explored the in vivo efficiency of Bacillus infantis (T1), B. subtilis (T2), Exiguobacterium profundum (T3) and B. megaterium (T4) isolated from biofloc systems for improving the growth and immune performance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT). Animals (10+0.08 g) were stocked at a density of 100 per m^-3 in 500 L FRP tanks for 42 days in triplicate. All the four probiotics (OD =1) were mixed with basal diet in treatments and feed without probiotic maintained as control. A significant difference (P <0.05) in weight gain, specific growth rate and FCR were observed between treatments and control with 100% survival. Serum albumin, globulin, protein, total blood count, glucose, myeloperoxidase activity and SOD were significantly different (P <0.05) between treatments and control. T4 and T2 showed better immunological and anti-oxidant ability when compared to other strains. Results from principal component analysis demonstrated that B. megaterium and B. subtilis can be the promising probiotic bacteria isolated from biofloc systems exhibiting multiple benefits with improved growth and health of the culture animals.

2 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

042255   CHANDANI N, MAZUMDER P B, BHATTACHARJEE A (Biotechnology Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar - 788 011, Assam, Email: pbmazumder65@gmail.com) : Potential of dumpsite bacterial isolate in producing polyhydroxybutyrate under stress prone environment. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(9), 643-50.

Different bacterial species from soil samples of waste dumpsites were isolated and screened for their ability to synthesize polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Out of 86 bacterial cultures isolated, 26 isolates showed the presence of lipid granules PHB. Based on high polymer production, 4 potential bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, physiological and 16S rDNA sequencing. Their nucleotide sequences were submitted in the GenBank database under accession numbers KT907042, KT907043, KT907045 and KT907047. As biomass production is analogous to PHB production, cultural parameters like carbon, nitrogen, pH and temperature were optimized for maximum production of polymer by a potential bacterium Bacillus pumilus K8. Growth kinetics of B. pumilus K8 was analyzed and found that it grows at a rate 0.112 gh^-1L^-1 of the production medium. It could achieve maximum production of 72.93 % of PHB at the rate of 0.013 gg^-1 of biomass h^-1 with polymer concentration of 5.04 gL^-1 using mannitol, yeast extract, pH 7 and temperature 35°C, respectively as favourable cultural parameters. phbC gene, mainly responsible for PHB production was amplified by PCR and this genotypically confirms PHB production by the bacterial isolates. Bacillus pumilus K8 may be exploited for further industrial production of biopolymer.

4 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

042251   JANGIR B L, LAUREN D R, SOMVANSHI R (Pathology Dep, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.rsomvanshi@gmail.com) : Pathological studies on Pteris cretica (L.) fern-Bovine Papilloma Virus infection in Syrian Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(9), 597-608.

Pteris cretica (L.) commonly known as Cretan brake is widely distributed in nature and considered as potential environmental carcinogen. However, only limited literature is available on this fern commonly taken by cattle while grazing. It is known that in cattle Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) induced benign tumours are converted into malignant with interaction of ptaquiloside (Pta) present in ferns. In the present investigation, we evaluated the pathological effects of P. cretica (PC)-BPV infection in laboratory model hamster. Though toxic principle Pta was detected in fern samples but quercetin could not be found. Tumours were successfully induced in hamsters by cutaneous wart suspension and histopathologically diagnosed as fibroma and lipofibroma. Histopathologically, hamsters showed mild to moderate vascular changes in vital organs, multiple cysts, degenerative changes, bile duct hyperplasia and necrosis in liver, haemorrhages and haemosiderosis in spleen, hypersecretory activity and prominent Peyer’s patches in ileum, degenerative changes and presence of eosinophilic casts in renal tubules. Ultrastructural study revealed apoptosis in hepatocytes, abundance of variable shaped mitochondria in renal tubular lining epithelial cells and enterocytes showed abundance of mitochondria and cytoplasmolysis in the fern fed groups. Almost all the hamsters from BPV, fern and virus infection (PC+BPV) groups developed similar type of tumorous growths. The visible growths in the hamsters of these groups were either single or double large sized except multiple tumorous growths in one hamster from PC+BPV group. However, multiple palpable subcutaneous nodules were developed at the site of scarification in all the hamsters of BPV and PC+BPV groups. Our findings suggest that the Pta containing P. cretica feeding induced hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic lesions in hamsters, but effects of P. cretica-BPV infection were found negligible.

7 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

042246   SINDHU R, MANJU A, MOHAN P, RAJESH R O, SIROHI R, MADHAVAN A, BINOD P (Microbial Processes and Technology Div, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019, Kerala, Email: sindhurgcb@gmail.com) : Bioconversion of waste cooking oil for the production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate using Bacillus cereus MPTDC. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(8), 557-62.

Used cooking oil is generated as a byproduct during frying process. It cannot be reused for cooking process due to health issues such as cancer and other digestive disorders. Alternative strategy is utilization of this waste cooking oil for production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) a biopolymer which can be used as a substitute for petroleum derived plastics or other value added products. In the present investigation, we used waste cooking oil as carbon source for PHB production by Bacillus cereus MPTDC. The optimum conditions of PHB production by Bacillus cereus MPTDC were waste cooking oil concentration of 2 % (v/v), incubation time of 96 h, ammonium sulphate concentration of 7.5 % and yeast extract concentration of 0.2 %. Under optimized conditions the strain produced 3.777 g/L of PHB. The results indicate the potential of used cooking oil as carbon source for PHB production by Bacillus cereus MPTDC.

5 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

042245   ABRAHAM A, MOIDEEN S K, MATHEW A K, RAJ S R A, SINDHU R, PANDEY A, SANG B-I, SUKUMARAN R K (Microbial Processes and Technology Div, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019, Kerala, Email: amithabraham123@gmail.com) : Fumaric acid production from sugarcane trash hydrolysate using Rhizopus oryzae NIIST 1. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(8), 548-56.

Production of organic acids through fermentation of biomass feedstock is a potent strategy for co-product generation and improving economics in lignocellulose biorefinery. Sugar cane trash (SCT), a surplus available agro-residue, was exploited for the production of fumaric acid - a dicarboxylic acid with applications in the synthesis of polyester resins, as mordant and as a food additive. The isolate NIIST 1 which showed the production of fumaric acid was identified as Rhizopus oryzae. Media engineering was carried out and a maximum production of fumaric acid in SCT hydrolysate incorporated media was 5.2 g/L. Response surface analyses of the interaction of parameters indicated the importance of maintaining a high C/N ratio. Results indicate the scope for developing the Rhizopus oryzae strain NIIST 1 as a potent organism for fumaric acid production, since only a few microorganisms have the ability to produce industrially relevant compounds using lignocellulose biomass hydrolysates.

5 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

042244   SAJNA K V, SUKUMARAN R K, GOTTUMUKKALA L D, SASIDARAN S, PANDEY A (Microbial Processes and Technology Div, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019, Kerala, Email: sajnak@iisc.ac.in) : Functional evaluation of exopolysaccharide from Pseudozyma sp. NII 08165 revealed the potential thickening and emulsifying applicability. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(8), 539-47.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have huge commercial potential as additives in food, personal care and pharmaceutical formulations. The physicochemical properties, in particularly rheological behaviour of an EPS, determine its potential application. In the present study, we investigated the structural, rheological, emulsifying, flocculating and water holding properties of Pseudozyma EPS in relation to its potential for industrial applications. Pseudozyma sp. NII 08165 was previously reported to produce an EPS of 1.7 MDa with high viscosity and pseudoplastic behaviour. Congo red assay indicated an ordered helical conformation of theEPS that could impart many desirable attributes. Comparative analysis of the EPS with respect to xanthan gum revealed that it had significant thickening efficiency and moderate suspending ability. Rheology of Pseudozyma EPS was stable up to 60°C and over the pH range 4.0-9.0. EPS exhibited superior flocculating activity and its emulsifying activity was as good as that of xanthan gum. The Pseudozyma EPS also demonstrated adequate water holding capacity. These results revealed that the Pseudozyma EPS could be used as a potential thickener, emulsifying agent or flocculating agent for diverse applications.

5 illus, 41 ref