000317   SONI M (Chemistry Dep, DAV Coll, Abohar, Punjab) : Extraction and analysis of caffeine from various brands of tea leaves marketed in India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 119-20.

Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid originate in a variety of sources such as coca seeds, coffee beans, tea leaves. Its content in tea is predictable by methods like spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, liquidliquid extraction. In this study, the content of caffeine was estimated using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction and thin layer chromatography. It is the presences of caffeine in tea that keeps us attentive and energetic and facilitates us to work powerfully when consumed in proper amounts. This aromatic complex, on the one hand, can help fight in opposition to diseases like cancer while on the other hand can trouble one's health by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and causing mental ailments like depression and anxiety when addicted in a small amount.

2 tables, 10 ref

000289   RAJASUDHA V, MANIKANDAN R (Chemistry Dep, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam Coll, Poondi, Tamilnadu) : Phytochemical screening and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of different extracts of Euphorbia hirta (Linn). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 45-50.

The present examination plans to phytochemical screening and evaluates the total flavonoid content in the different extracts of the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta. Acetone, Chloroform, Ethylacetate, Methanol, and Hydro-alcohol (70 % Methanol) were used as extraction solvents and are employed for phytochemical screening as well as HPLC analysis. Phytochemical screening of all the concentrates demonstrated and revealed the presence of flavonoids in all the extracts. HPLC was completed utilizing a segment and acetonitrile and 0.1 % phosphoric corrosive in water (7:3) dissolvable framework that is portable base and recognized by wavelength 254 nm and 360 nm settled for flavonoids measure. Current work explores the flavonoid (rutin) richness in the whole plant of E. hirta and future work aimed to isolate the flavonoid in the plant.

6 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

000220   HOQUE R (Bio-Sciences Dep, Malaysia Univ of Science and Technology, Jaya, Malaysia, Email: rumanahoque1987@gmail.com) : Phytochemical analysis and TLC studies of Eclipta alba and Scoparia dulcis plant extract-hot extraction. Int J Drug Dev Res 2019, 11(1), 12-5.

Surge of severity and frequency of diseases made the search for bioactive compounds necessitated for medicinal plants to discover its resistance to maximum drugs as a therapeutic plant. In endemic countries where medicinal plants are often used to treat diseases. Phytochemical screening of Scoparia dulcis and Eclipta alba has revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanin, balsams, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, fats and fixed Oil, flavonoids, steroids, phenol, phlobatanins, protein, resins, saponins, tannin, terpenoids and triterpene where anthocyanin was present in Scoparia dulcis but not in Eclipta alba. Thin layer chromatography technique was used to monitor the progress of a reaction, identify compounds present in each mixture.

2 tables, 14 ref

000347   VINOTHKUMAR K, SUGUMARAN T, VENKATESHWARI S (Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal Coll (Autonomous), Sivakasi –626 124, Email: sugumaranthangarajan@gmail.com) : Electrocoagulation coupled with adsorption for effective removal of eosin yellow and nigrosin dyes in aqueous solution. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 97 -106.

This paper deals with the study of suitability and efficiency of electrocoagulation (EC) coupled with adsorption to remove dye from synthetic dye solution. The EC cell consisted of mild steel (MS)/copper plates as electrodes and dye solution as electrolyte. The effects of operating time, concentration, supporting electrolyte, current density and pH have been investigated to find out the optimum operating conditions for EC. The concentration of dye was successfully reduced (EY) ≈ 50% and Nigrosin dye ≈ 99% during EC under the optimum operating conditions of initial concentration 0.5 ppm, 20 ppm, current density 0.04 A/cm², 0.015 A/cm², supporting electrolyte 4 g, 4 g, electrolysis time 20 min, 10 min, Eosin Yellow and Nigrosin dye respectively, the removal efficiency of the dyes were found 46.69% and 99%, electrical conductivity were 125.0 S/m and 105.7 S/m and TDS left in the EC treated solution were 82.0 and 69.3 ppt. Further proceedings with solution for adsorption process help to improve the dye removal. Results of the studies are electrical conductivity 20 S/m and TDS 30 ppt for EY, for Nigrosin 64.2 S/m and 42.1 ppt.

17 illus, 11 tables, 45 ref

000325   SUDHAN S H H, GNANAPRAKASH K, CHANDRASEKAR K B (Pharmaceutics Dep, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Autonomous), Anantapur - 515 721, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sudhankrnt@gmail.com) : Screening and isolation of antibiotic-producing microbes from sea cucumber and testing their broad-spectrum activity. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 14(3), 316-9.

Multidrug resistance of microbes forced the scientific community to search for newer antibiotics to treat infectious diseases. The literature review revealed that fishermen used the sea cucumber species for healing the wounds. As sea cucumber is rich in microbial flora, an attempt has been made to screen the antibiotic-producing microbes from them. Five sea cucumbers were collected from Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, and dissected. The intestinal fluids and coelomic fluids were collected and named as IF and cystic fibrosis CF, respectively. The crowded plate method was followed to screen the antibiotic-producing microbes. As part of the primary screening, the perpendicular streak method was carried out to reveal the broad-spectrum potential of isolates. The selected isolates which showed the broad spectrum of activity were grown in soyabean casein broth media to produce the antibiotic principles. After the separation of cells from the fermented media, the agar well method was carried out against test organisms to reveal the broad spectrum of activity of the fermented broths. Results: The present investigation resulted in the isolation of 35 isolates with antibiotic-producing ability in crowded plate method. Out of 35 isolates, only 9 of them passed the primary screening. The secondary screening revealed that the fermented broths of three isolates (named IF₃₂, IF₅₂, and CF₄₂) were found to have a better broad spectrum of activity.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000312   SHARMA A, JAIN A P, GANGWAR M (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, SRK Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rkdfcp95@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial evaluation of some new 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazole derivatives. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 14(3), 304-15.

The objective of the paper was to design, synthesis, and characterization of new 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2- pyrazolines derivative and evaluate for antibacterial activity. The 1,3,5-tri-substituted-2- pyrazolines derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of chalcone derivatives with succinic hydrazide in the environment of pyridine. A total of 20 compounds have been synthesized and characterized by the infrared, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral analysis. Antibacterial activity of the compounds carried out on five Grampositive bacterial strains, that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus pumilus and two Gram-negative bacterial strains, that is, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in two different concentrations, that is, 50 and 100 µg/ml by agar diffusion method using cup-plate method. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were used as standard antibacterial drug. The data of antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterial strains (S. aureus, S. faecalis, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, and B. pumilus) suggested the order of activity of compounds: BR-3 >BR-2>BR-1>CL-4>BR-4>CL-3> CL-2>CL-5>CL-6>ME-3>ME-2>ME4>ME-5>ME-6>ME-7>CL-7>CL-8>CL-1>ME-8>ME-1. The compounds series BR-1 to BR-4 has shown the highest activity. Compound ME-8, CL-8, CL-7, CL-1, ME-5, ME-6, and ME-1 have showed mild activity, compounds CL-2, CL-5, ME-4, CL-6, ME-3, ME-2, and ME-7 showed moderate activity, and compounds BR-3, BR-2, BR-1, CL-4, BR-4, and CL-3 have showed good activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The result data of antibacterial activity suggested that Cl, Br, F, and nitro substitution at the third and fifth position may enhance the antibacterial activity of the compounds but the methyl and methoxy substitution may result in reduction of the activity

9 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

000290   RAJESWARI G, LATHA D S, SEKHAR K B C (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, Email: rajeswarim.pharm6@gmail.com) : Preliminary phytochemical screening, RP-HPLC, HPTLC and anti-oxidant studies of Pinus maritimus. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 14(3), 293-303.

The aim of the present study is to screen for the phytochemical constituents present in the ethanolic extract of whole plant of Pinus maritimus (PM). The ethanolic extract of the dried whole plant of PM is subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which showed the presence of major phytoconstituents such as phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The extract was screened for its antioxidant activity by 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Further, the ethanolic extract was subjected to fingerprinting technique high-pressure thin-layer chromatography. Reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to estimate the amount of total phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids quantitatively in isocratic mode. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of the plant showed the presence of important active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. The study also revealed the potential antioxidant activity of the extract with IC₅₀ value. Reverse-phase HPLC showed 0.119 μg/ml of total phenolics, 0.257 μg/ml of alkaloids, and 0.0016 μg /ml of flavonoids. Scientific evaluation of this plant was carried out which is very important for the standardization of the plant-based drug. PM is one which has therapeutic importance as it showed important phytoconstituents.

14 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

000180   BENSATAL A, RAHMOUN D, ARDJA S A, CHEIKH M, KAHOUADJI A, BEKHIT M (Chemistry Dep, Djelfa Univ, Djelfa, Algeria, Email: matmatidz@gmail.com) : In vitro antilithiasic activity of saponins rich fraction from the leaves of Zizyphus lotus. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 14(3), 280-5.

A large number of medicinal plants have been used in Algeria since antiquity, which claims the efficient cure of urinary stone, one of these plants is the specie Zizyphus lotus (Family: Rhamnaceae). Leaves of this species are traditionally used for the treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, numerous clinical studies have provided reliable results on the effects of several hundred plants on several diseases such as the problem of urinary stones. The objective of this study is evaluated in vitro the activity antilithiasic of the extract saponins created fraction. Inhibition and dissolution of calcium oxalate (CaOx) were studied by the use of the techniques turbidimetric and gravimetric, using a ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer and a precision balance. Qualitative secondary metabolites determination in the leaves of Z. lotus showed the presence of polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, and the yield of the fraction rich in saponins is equal to 1.41 %. The absorbance decreased with the increase in the concentration of extract indicating that decreased the nucleation of CaOx particles with inhibition at 55.23 ± 1.23 %. The weight of CaOx crystal decreased with the increase in the concentration of saponins, and the extract at 100 % concentration possesses a maximum percentage of dissolution equal to 91.95 ± 0.72 %. This effect could be attributed to Ca²⁺ chelation by the compounds that exist in this fraction. This study indicates that extract can be considered as feasible natural products to improve the efficiency of CaOx inhibition and dissolution.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

000323   SUBASHINI S, SHAKILA R (Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai - 600 106, Email: shakilasiva@gmail.com) : Identification of phytoconstituents of cirunakappu by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 14(3), 274-9.

Cirunakappu is the regional name of Cinnamomum wightii (flower bud) which is also known as Nagakesaram in Tamil. The flower bud of C. wightii is used in many Siddha formulations. The aim of this communication is to identify the phytoconstituents of few column chromatographic fractions of the ethanolic extract of Cirunakappu through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Cirunakappu flower bud was coarsely powdered, extracted with ethanol at room temperature (yield: 184 g). This extract was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel and eluted with hexane and mixture of hexane and chloroform in increasing polarities. Fraction I eluted with hexane-chloroform (98:2), fraction II eluted with hexane-chloroform (90:10), fraction III eluted with hexane-chloroform (80:20), and fraction IV eluted with hexane-chloroform (50:50) were subjected to GC–MS using the HP 5 MS column of 30 m × 0.25 mm ID and 0.25 µm film thickness analysis. Fraction I yielded six peaks in which linalool, γ-muurolene, α-cadinol, γ-sitosterol, and n-hexadecanoic acid were identified. The fraction II separated 15 peaks, among which eugenol, δ-cadinene, epiglobulol, cadina-1,4-diene, triacontyl acetate, and 3,5-bis-tert-butylphenol were identified. Fraction III showed 15 peaks: α-copaene, cetene, (+)-epibicyclo-sesquiphellandrene, tetradecene, 1-octadecene, 1,2-dimethylcyclo hexadecane, 1-docosene, cyclotetracosane, and 1-nanodecene were identified. From fraction IV, γ-sitosterol, cetene, 1,2-diethyl-cyclohexadecane, 1-tetradecene, 1-eicosene, cyclotetracosane, 1-nanodecene, 1-octadecene, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone were identified. These chemicals are 1st time explored from this plant.

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

000327   SUDJARWO, FRANSISKA G, PRAWITA A (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: sudjarwo0958@gmail.com) : Development and validation of visible spectrophotometric method for the determination of total D-glucose and D-mannose levels calculated as glucomannan in porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) and Konjac powder (Amorphophallus konjac). Int J Green Pharm 2019, 13(1), 65-71.

Porang or konjac is one type of tubers that are widely used in industry, food, cosmetics, and medical. Porang and Konjac contain glucomannan, a polysaccharide consisting of D-glucose and D-manosa. One way to determine the content is using phenol-concentrated sulfuric acid reagent with visible spectrophotometric method. Before determinate how much glucomannan in porang, the color stability test and method validation were performed. From the color stability test, the absorbance was observed after 180 min. For the validation result, the selected wavelength was 492.0 nm, and the equation of regression was y = 0.0266x+0.0019 (r = 0.9992 > r table = 0.834) and Vxo 2.16%, while the precision gave the coefficient of variation 0.54 % and accuracy gave average recovery for porang powder (99.60 ± 0.86 % w/w) and konjac powder (100.48 ± 0.56 % w/w). The determination of glucomannan was carried out in two samples, which were taken from Indonesia (porang powder) and China (konjac powder). The result showed that the concentration of glucomannan in porang powder was 52.33 ± 0.74 % (w/w) and in konjac powder was 61.24 ± 0.60 % (w/w).

6 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

000311   SHARI F H, ALMIAHI A, ABDULJABBAR A S, SALAHUDDIN A, AL-SALMAN H N K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Basrah Univ, Basra, Iraq, Email: hsennaserh@yahoo.com) : Optimization of a micro-high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of metronidazole benzoate in their standard powder and in dosage pharmaceuticals. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 13(1), 48-59.

In this manuscript, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of metronidazole in pharmaceuticals was described and developed. The reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method was developed and the results obtained to determine the form of metronidazole. Chromatographic analysis was performed in HPLC-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) system with Ion Pac column; Arcus EP-C18; 5 μm, 4.6 mm× 250 mm, with acetonitrile: triethylamine 30:70 (v/v)+0.5 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer at pH 4.5 as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. UV detection in HPLC system was performed at 310 nm. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and sensitivity. The retention time for the metronidazole was 9.9 min. Calibration plots were linear over the concentration ranges 1–5 µg/L for the metronidazole. The limit of detection was 0.115 µg/ml and the limit of quantitation was 0.437 µg/ml. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by recovery studies and found to be from 93.3 % to 100 %. Commercial tablet formulation was successfully analyzed using the developed HPLC-UV method that has been validated; accuracy, precision, and specificity were found to be within the acceptable limits. Moreover, results obtained by the suggested methods showed no significant difference between the results obtained from the suggested method.

10 illus, 9 tables, 46 ref

000228   JOSHI U P, WAGH R D (Pharmacognosy Dep, DCS's A. R. A. Coll of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, Email: joshiup2008@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprinting profile of bark extracts of Ehretia laevis. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(2), 6075-80.

To establish the preliminary phytochemical screening and fingerprint profile of bark extracts of Ehretia laevis by using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts were done, physical constants were evaluated and HPTLC studies were carried out. CAMAG make HPTLC system equipped with Linomat 5 applicator, TLC scanner 3, server vision CATS-server PH, version 2.5.18072.1 software were used. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, proteins, reducing sugars, fats and oils. The fingerprint analysis of petroleum ether extract showed four peaks, chloroform extract showed four peaks and methanolic extract showed six peaks in 10 μl of the sample analysed. It can be concluded that HPTLC fingerprint analysis of Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanolic extract of bark powder of Ehretia laevis can be used as a diagnostic tool for the correct identification of the plant and it is useful as a phytochemical marker and also a good estimator of genetic variability in plant populations.

2 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

000204   EZERA JOSHUA E, NWUFO BERTHRAND T, WAPWERA JIDIMMA A (Chemistry Dep, Jos Univ, Nigeria) : Effects of graded quantities of Xanthan gum on the physicochemical and flocculation properties of gum Arabic. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 44-9.

The physicochemical properties of graded quantities Gum Arabic and Xanthan gum were determined and compared with its individual properties. For its application in Food and pharmaceutical purposes, Gum Arabic aqueous solutions were modified using different graded quantities of Xanthan gum and tested for their Physico-Chemical and Flocculation properties using standard procedures and different laboratory equipments. It was observed that Xanthan gum has a high viscosity property at a low concentration and improved the Physico-Chemical and Flocculation properties of the Gum Arabic. As the quantities of Xanthan gum were added into the Gum Arabic in an increasing proportion, properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and pH were generally improved. From the results obtained, Xanthan can be used as an alternative means for other materials used alongside Gum Arabic for the formulation of additives as emulsifiers and thickeners in food and pharmaceutical industries.

1 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

000341   UGI B U , MAGU T O (Pure and Applied Chemistry Dep, Calabar Univ, Calabar, Nigeria) : Regulating localized corrosion rate of acidified ASTM A36 mild steel with Oenothera biennis extracts using thermometric and potentiodynamic polarization studies. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 30-7.

Regulating localized corrosion rate of acidified ASTM A36 mild steel with Oenothera biennis extracts was carried out using thermometric and Potentiodynamic polarization as experimental techniques. Various parameters of measurements adopted in this study included but not limited to enthalpy of adsorption, entropy of adsorption, Gibbs free energy of adsorption, adsorption parameters, activation energy, collision coefficient, corrosion current density, corrosion potential, inhibition efficiency, cathodic and anodic slope values etc. Results from the research showed that both alkaloid and flavonoid extracts of Oenothera biennis flowers (AEOBF and FEOBF) acted as reliable corrosion inhibitors for ASTM A36 mild steel in HCl medium with inhibition efficiency of 97.6 and 91.4 % respectively at lower temperature (303 K) and also at moderately higher temperatures (313 and 323 K). Result from both experiments were in agreement as values for inhibition efficiency for AEOBF were higher compared to those of FEOBF indicating that the adsorption of the alkaloid fraction was stronger than flavonoids. The mechanism of action was physical and the adsorption process was monolayer. Both inhibitors showed very stabled, endothermic, spontaneous and associative reaction process on the ASTM A36 mild steel which made desorption upon agitation at moderate temperatures quite difficult.

5 illus, 5 tables, 50 ref

000272   OGWUEGBU MARTIN O C, KENECHUKWU E C , STANLEY O C , PATRICIA E N , EBERE E C (Chemistry Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria) : Stoichiometric determination of Fe (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes of metronidazole. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 25-9.

1-(2-hydroxylethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (metronidazole) complexes of Fe(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), were prepared in methanol. The complexes were characterized using melting point, infrared, uv/visible spectroscopy while Job’s spectroscopic mole fraction method was used to establish the stoichiometries of the complexes (M:L). The increase in the melting point of the complexes compared to the free ligand provided evidence for complexation. The 1-(2-hydroxylethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole is a bidentate ligand, which coordinated to the Fe(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions through the oxygen of the hydroxyl group and nitrogen of -C=N group giving the complexes of the form M(met)₂(M= Cu) and M(met)₂.2H₂O (M=Fe and Ni) resulting in complexes of mole ratio of 1:2 (M:L). It is found that Fe(II) and Ni(II) formed complexes of octahedral geometries, while Cu(II) formed complexes of square planar geometry, due to the nature and steric disposition of the metronidazole molecule.

10 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

000238   KODOLIKAR S P , DOSS V R (Chemical Engineering Dep, MIT World Peace Univ, Maharashtra) : Adsorption of nickel ions from leachate on groundnut shell activated carbon. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 13-8.

It has been widely recognized that heavy metal removal by activated carbon adsorption is due to the surface complex formation between the metal ions and the acidic surface functional groups. The present study focuses to investigate the possibility of the utilization of activated carbon prepared from groundnut shell as a low cost adsorbent material for the adsorption of heavy metal present in the leachate. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, speed of agitation, temperature. Experimental data was evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics of the adsorption process. The isothermal data was well described by the Freundlich and D-R adsorption model with a fit (R² = 0.964). The maximum % removal of Nickel ions was observed to be 95 % at pH =10 with speed of agitation = 500 rpm and 25 ºC temperature.

14 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000342   Ugi B U, Abeng F E, Obeten M E, Uwah I E (Pure & Applied Chemistry Dep, Calabar Univ, Nigeria) : Management of aqueous corrosion of federated mild steel (Local constructional steel) at elevated temperatures employing environmentally friendly inhibitors: Matricaria chamomilla plant. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 06-12.

Management of aqueous corrosion of federated mild steel at elevated temperatures employing environmentally friendly inhibitors of Matricaria chamomilla plant was carried out at temperatures of 318 K, 333 K and 347 K in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution. Thermometric, potentio-dynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements were adopted for the study. In all, both inhibitors demonstrated an appreciable result at the tested temperatures with the alkaloid extract of Matricaria chamomilla plant (AEMCP) showing a better inhibition of 99 % compared to Non alkaloid extract of Matricaria chamomilla plant (NAEMCP) 95 %, implying that the hetero-compounds in the alkaloid inhibitor has a stronger adsorption compared to non alkaloids. The values of the charge transfer resistance are seen to be increasing with increasing concentration of both inhibitors which reveals the strong adsorption of the inhibitors on the metal surface. The lower corrosion current density (I_corr) values in the presence of inhibitors without causing significant changes in corrosion potential (E_corr) suggested a mixed type inhibitor for both extracts. The ∆H_ads results obtained indicated that the inhibition reaction is endothermic which suggested that they inhibitors adsorbed heat from the surrounding to form more and stronger bonds with the mild steel. Meanwhile, values of ∆S_ads were negative indicating the absence of disorderliness. Hence, there was association of the inhibitor molecules. The ∆G_ads values followed a physical adsorption process as values are below – 20 kJ/mol and the negative values indicated a more stabled and spontaneous reaction process. The reaction obeyed the Frunkim and El-Awady adsorption isotherms as their correlation coefficient was 0.99, an indication that the data fit the isotherms.

6 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

000288   RAJ N , DURG V (Chemistry Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering Coll, Karnataka) : Corrosion inhibition studies of Al 2024 alloy in 1M of acid chloride medium by using 2,6- diphenylpiperidin-4-one semicarbazone. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 01-5.

The effect of addition of 2, 6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one semicarbazone on the corrosion of steel in 1M HCL acid has been studied by weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with inhibitors content to attain 61.00% and 79.66% 2, 6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one semicarbazone respectively. Data obtained from weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic polarization measurements studies were analyzed to determinate the model inhibition process. Inhibition efficiency E (%) obtained from the various methods is in good agreement.

3 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

000332   TALARI G R, KUMAR V K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Telangana Univ, Telangana-503 174, Email: gopi_pharma42@yahoo.com) : Simultaneous estimation and validation of LC-MS method for the determination of barnidipine in human plasma: Its stability indicating. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 389 - 401.

Various LC-MS/MS and RP-HPLC methods are reported in the literature for the estimation of barnidipine individually. According to the literature survey, there is no regulatory method reported for the estimation of barnidipine by LC-MS/MS in human plasma either in literature and pharmacopeia. Hence, in this study a Novel LC/MS/MS method was optimized and validated for simultaneous estimation and validation of barnidipine in human plasma in accordance with the USFDA, EMEA and other relevant regulatory guidelines. Bamidipine is an anti-hypertensive drug belonging to the dihydropyridine (DHP) group of calcium antagonists. It is available in a modified-release formulation which has a gradual onset of action and is effective in a single daily oral dose of 10 to 20 mg. Bamidipine has selective action against cardiovascular calcium antagonist receptors and its anti-hypertensive action is related to the reduction of peripheral vascular resistance secondary to its vasodilatory action. The clinical anti-hypertensive efficacy of barnidipine is similar to that of other DHP calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine and amlodipine, and anti-hypertensives belonging to other drug classes such as atenolol and enalapril. Barnidipine has been found to be as efficacious and well tolerated as hydrochlorothiazide in the management of hypertension in elderly patients. Barnidipine is generally well tolerated. As with other DHP calcium antagonists, vasodilator adverse events such as a headache, flushing and peripheral oedema account for most of the adverse events reported with its use and are usually transient. Oedema is less frequent than with amlodipine and nitrendipine. Its use is not associated with reflex tachycardia. The validated regulatory bioanalytical method for estimation of barnidipine by LC-MS/MS in human plasma is useful for analysis of subject samples to support generic ANDA applications for different regulatory authorities for introducing new generic drugs in affordable rates for the patients. Also the validated regulatory method would be used as supporting literature for developing and validating better method in CROs and clinical research organizations to support new generic drugs.

5 illus, 15 tables, 28 ref

000305   SATPUTE M S , GANGAN V D, SHASTRI I (Chemistry Dep, Loba R & D Centre, Palghar-401 506, Email: vijaygangan67@gmail.com) : Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel vanillic acid hybrid derivatives. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 383 - 8.

Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is used in the synthesis of various active pharmaceutical ingredients such as Etamivan, Modecainide, Brovanexine, Vanitiolide, Vanyldisulfamide etc. In this paper, novel ester / hybrid derivatives of vanillic acid were synthesized and tested for potential antibacterial activity. This combinatorial synthesis of novel vanillic ester / hybrid derivatives can be a useful approach to generate potent chemotherapeutic agents in developing new drug candidates.

1 table, 19 ref

000200   DHAWLE P P, GOSWAMI-GIRI A S (Chemistry Dep, B. N. Bandodkar Coll of Science, Maharashtra-400 601, Email: anitagoswami@yahoo.com) : Environmentally benign green synthesis of intermediates and their derivatives of 2-Cyclohexylcarbonyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,6,7,11 b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a] isoquinoline via N-alkylation/acylation. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 372 - 8.

The active pharmaceutical ingredient, 2-Cyclohexylcarbonyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,6,7,11 b- hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a] isoquinoline has been achieved in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) which is an efficient, green and novel route of synthesis. The synthesis involves three N-alkylation/acylation reactions. The corresponding reactions using inexpensive raw materials proceed efficiently in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) with an improved yield that makes synthesis cost effective. The present reaction offers excellent selectivity which lacks a product of N, N-dialkylation. Ease of recovery and reusability of DES makes this process efficient and environment-friendly.

6 tables, 8 ref

000271   NURYANA F I, CHOZIN M A, GUNTORO D (Agronomy and Horticulture Dep, IPB Univ, West Java, Indonesia, Email: ma_chozin@yahoo.com) : High-performance liquid chromatography analysis for α-cyperone and nootkatone from the tuber of nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in the tropics. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 360 - 5.

Two primary compounds from the sesquiterpene group contained in nutsedge’s tuber, α-cyperone and nootkatone are related to its benefits as herbal medicine and natural pesticides. This research was conducted to analyze the content of α-cyperone and nootkatone at three different part of the tuber (whole-tuber, peeled-tuber, and tuber’s peel) so that it indicates the level of activity from these parts of nutsedge tuber in the tropics. The ethanolic extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with C18 column, acetonitrile and aquabidestillata (65:35) as a mobile phase and PDA detection at 254 nm. The analysis showed the results that the highest content of α-cyperone was on the whole-tuber 1.074 %, followed by peeled-tuber 0.736 % and tuber’s peel 0.202 %. Nootkatone was not found in this nutsedge’s tuber.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

000241   KRISHNAN P G, PRAKASH K G, SEKHAR K B C (JNTUA, Andhra Pradesh- 515 002, Email: gopalintas2004@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of certain novel 2, 4- disubstituted 1,3-thiazole derivatives. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 366 - 71.

A series of 2,4-disubstituted thiazole derivatives (6a-k) were synthesized by a condensation reaction between 2- amino, 4-substituted phenyl thiazole and 2-(2,3-dimethylanilino)benzoic acid. The structure of synthesized thiazole derivatives 6(a-k) were characterized by using IR, NMR, Mass Spectroscopy and evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using albumin denaturation method and compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium. The compounds 2-(2,3-dimethyl phenylamino)-N-(4-(4-methyl phenyl) thiazol-2-yl)benzamide (6a) and 2-(2,3-dimethyl phenylamino)-N-(4-(4-nitrophenyl) thiazol-2-yl)benzamide (6c) showed better anti-inflammatory activity when compared with a standard drug.

3 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

000314   SHERRY P (K. L. Mehta Dayanand Coll for Women, Faridabad, Email: poonmamsherrymathur@gmail.com) : Impact of ultra violet irradiation on crude fat of male and female exoskeleton tissues in higher age group. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 379 - 82.

Effect of UV irradiation in vitro was carried out in hair and nails samples of male and female residents of Faridabad district of Haryana. Biological samples of hair and nails were collected randomly from a higher age group (50 to 60 years) of different social status. The crude fat was extracted by Soxhlet Extractor using petroleum ether. The study showed the decreased concentration of crude fat which was approximately 2 % in human hair and nails after exposure to UV for 1 hour. The reason for the decrease is the C-C bond cleavage with the formation of free radicals and the evolution of ammonia. Exposure reduced the weight of the samples.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000240   KRISHNA P M, VIKUNTARAO L, RAMAKRISHNA K, SRINIVASARAO V (Chemistry Dep, GITAM Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 045, Email: karipeddirk@gmail.com) : Determination of ethyl 2-chloroacetate as a genotoxic impurity in nitrofurantoin by gas chromatography. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 355 - 9.

The purpose is to develop a method for identification and quantification of Ethyl 2-chloroacetate in Nitrofurantoin at trace level by using the simple gas chromatographic technique. The method was validated as per ICH guideline in terms of LOD, LOQ, Method precision, accuracy and specificity. The LOD and LOQ values were found as 0.38 ppm and 1.1 ppm respectively.

7 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

000185   BILLAH R E K, ELYAMANI Y, RAKHILA Y , AGUNAOU M, SOUFIANE A (Chemistry Dep, Chouaib Doukkali Univ, Avenue Jabran Khalil Jabran B.P 299-24000, (El Jadida) Morocco, Email: rachidelkaimbillah@gmail.com) : Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption on the natural and activated fluorapatite. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 347 - 54.

The present paper to study the immobilization of chromium ions Cr(VI) in an aqueous solution by adsorption on a natural phosphate (PN) and activated (PA).The natural phosphate whose main component is fluorapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂. The study of the retention of chromium (VI) ions on natural and activated flourapatite is conditioned by several parameters namely the pH. The initial concentration of metals and the contact time. Results obtained showed that after 40 minutes of contact. The results obtained showed that after 40 minutes of contact, the elimination of chromium (VI) was maximum with a yield of 67.4 % for the natural flouraptite and 75.9 % for the activated phosphate. Increasing the adsorbent dose (0.5 to 1 g/l) makes it possible to improve the chromium removal efficiency with an initial concentration (10 mg/l) / l. The efficiency of removing chromium (VI) by each adsorbent decreases with the increases of the initial chromium content (2 to 10 mg / l). PH has a significant effect on the retention rate of chromium (VI). The efficiency of removing Cr (VI) is interesting for acid pH. Moreover, the adsorption of this compound we described by the kinetic models of Langmuir and Freundlich.

8 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

000256   MEGHANA P K , KUMARI A A , PRAVALIKA K V , SRIRAM P J, RAVINDHRANATH K (Chemistry Dep, K L Univ, Vaddeswaram-522 502, Email: ravindhranath.kunta@gmail.com) : Extraction of Aluminum (III) ions from waste water using an adsorbent prepared from stems of Cassia occidentalis plant. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 338 - 46.

Bio-materials pertaining to Cassia Occidentalis plant are investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of Al³⁺ ions from polluted water. By controlling extraction conditions namely, pH, adsorbent dosage, time of equilibration, rpm and temperature, 100 % removal of Al (III) ions is achieved. Substantial amounts of Al³⁺ ions can be removed even at low pH values. Even tenfold excess of common co-cations and many of anions (except Cl^- and F^- ) do not interfere in the extraction. Thermodynamic parameters are evaluated to know the nature of adsorption. The methodology developed is applied successfully for the removal of Al³⁺ ions from the industrial effluents and polluted water samples.

8 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

000321   SRIVASTAVA N, SAXENA M, SHUKLA M (Chemistry Dep, Amity Univ, Lucknow-226 028, Email: nsrivastava1@lko.amity.edu) : Novel synthesis of symmetrical dialkyl/diarylalkyltrithiocarbonates in non-aqueous medium at room temperature using Cs₂, Cs₂CO₃ and alkyl/aryl-alkyl halides. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 333 - 7.

One step new method for the synthesizing symmetric Dialkyl/Diaryl-alkylTrithiocarbonates by a number of 10 , 20 and 30 alkyl/aryl-alkyl halides making use of Cs₂CO₃ in CS₂ and DMSO is being reported. This method of synthesis is more efficient, cheaper, greener compared to the other available methods.

1 table, 28 ref

000217   HANGIRGEKAR S P (Chemistry Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-461 004, Email: hangirgekarshankar@gmail.com) : Convenient synthesis of substituted 2-phenyl quinixaline from α-tosyl ketones and aryl 1,2- diamines catalysed by L-proline. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 329 - 32.

In the present methodology, we have reported the synthesis of substituted phenyl quinoxaline derivatives by using 1,2-phenylenediamines and α- tosyl ketones in presence of L-Proline as a catalyst and dichloromethane as solvent. This methodology is useful for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives with high yields.

1 table, 27 ref

000229   KALAPRIYA K, PRABU H G, RAMAKRISHNAN G (Science and Humanities Dep, Kumaraguru Coll of Technology, Coimbatore- 641 049, Email: kalapriyaa@gmail.com) : Electrochemical dyeing of polyester fabric using disperse dyes. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 319 - 23.

The electrochemical technique of dyeing assumes greater significance from economical and ecological points of view. An attempt is made with the objectives of (i) dyeing process with the electrical potential application (2, 3, 4V) using DC power supply (ii) enhancing the dyeability by embedding the fabric on graphite electrodes. Cyclic Voltammetric studies and UV-Vis spectral analysis showed that the disperse dyes were electroactive by nature. The dyeability was measured by computer color matching.

3 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

000222   HUDA A, MAHENDRA I P, ICHWANI R, HANDOKO C T, NGOC H M, YUDONO B, BUSTAN M D, GULO F (Program Pascasarjana-Univ Sriwijaya, Palembang-30139, Indonesia, Email: djajashanta@yahoo.co.id) : High efficient visible-light activated photo catalytic semiconductor SnO₂/Sn₃O₄ heterostructure in direct Blue 71 (DB71) degradation. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 308 - 18.

The SnO₂/Sn₃O₄ were successfully prepared using a one-step hydrothermal method and exhibit the heterostructure formation. The heterostructure formation facilitates the enhancing of visible-light photoresponse of SnO₂ which well known as the UV-light activated semiconductor. The heterostructure formation also exhibits high efficient photocatalytic performance by completely degrading 10 ppm of DB71 in 120 minutes after adding 50 mg of prepared-Tin oxide with a kinetic rate constant of 4.636 x 10^-2 min^-1. The kinetic constant rate of prepared-Tin oxide has 2.5 and 3 times faster compared to the kinetic constant rates of SnO₂ and Sn₃O₄, respectively. The high efficient photocatalytic degradation was generated by the improvement of carrier mobilities through manipulating band alignment between SnO₂ and Sn₃O₄ and prevented the recombination of photogenerated hole-electron which commonly generated in the intrinsic semiconductor. Heterostructure SnO₂/Sn₃O₄ was not only forming high-efficiency photocatalytic degradation but also exhibiting blue shifting phenomenon. The UV-Vis adsorption response approaches were used to investigate and propose the photocatalytic degradation mechanism. After 120 minutes, there were only benzene adsorption peaks detected indicating the mineralization of DB71 dyes.

10 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

000178   BEGIc S , LJUBIJANKIc N, GOJAK-SALIMOVIc S, OSMIc E (Chemistry Dep, Sarajevo Univ, Sarajevo-71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Email: baltazar.sabina@gmail.com) : Novel complexes of Ruthenium(III) with Schiff bases and indazole – Synthesis and characterization. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 294 - 9.

Two novel cationic Ru(III) complex compounds with Schiff bases, N-phenyl-5-X-salicylideneimine (where X = H or Br) and indazole have been synthesized and characterized by various spectral and electrochemical analysis. The existence of molecular ions M⁺ at m/z 730.1652 and 887.9818 corresponding to [C₄₀H₃₂N₆O₂Ru]⁺ and [C₄₀H₃₀Br₂N₆O₂Ru]⁺, respectively, was obtained by mass spectra analysis. The coordination of the ligands in the Ru(III) octahedral environment occurs through imine nitrogen, deprotonated phenolic oxygen atom from the Schiff bases as well as via the free electronic pair on the nitrogen atom in indazole. Furthermore, the effect of the cationic Ru(III) complexes on the Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction was preliminary studied and monitored potentiometrically.

2 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

000192   CHHAKRA S, CHAUHAN S S (Chemistry Dep, Mody Univ of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh-332 311, Sikar, Email: sureshsingh2288@gmail.com) : Synthesis of novel 4-(4-methoxybenzene sulphonyl)-3, 5-dimethyl/3-methyl-5-phenyl/3, 5- diphenyl/3, 5-dimethyl-1-phenyl/3- methyl -1, 5- diphenyl /1, 3, 5-triphenyl pyrazole. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 290 - 3.

An efficient synthesis of novel 3, 4, 5-trisubstituted pyrazole (2a-c) and 1, 3, 4, 5-tetrasubstituted pyrazole (2d-f) by the reaction of (1a-c) with NH₂-NH₂/phenyl hydrazine in absolute C₂H₅OH.The structure of the various pyrazole derivatives (2a-f) has been elucidated from elemental analysis and spectral studies viz. IR, NMR.

3 tables, 20 ref

000215   GUSTIAN I, GHUFIRA, OKTIARNI D (Chemistry Dep, Bengkulu Univ, Bengkulu-38371, Indonesia, Email: Irfan.g@unib.ac.id) : Composite membrane based on sulfonated polysulfone-natural zeolite-titanium dioxide. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 284 - 9.

Composite membrane based on sulfonated polysulfone-natural zeolite-titanium dioxide has been performed. The composite membrane is carried out by mixing the sulfonated polysulfone with natural zeolite, with the mass ratio of sulfonated polysulfone: zeolite; 1: 0.5, 1: 1, and 1: 2. In each variation has been added titanium dioxide with of 10% (w/v) to the polymer solution. The next step is the casting on the glass plate by pouring the mixture. Subsequent evaporation of the solvent slowly to form a membrane. From FT-IR analysis obtained the small bands observed at about 1223 cm^-1 corresponding to the asymmetry stretching the external vibrational bands of SiO₄ or AlO₄. On the other hand, bands around 792 cm^-1 and 600 cm^-1 are due to the symmetrical stretching of SiO₄ or AlO₄ and the vibrations of the double rings respectively. The small bands observed at about 600 cm^-1 represent a bending mode for Si-O-Si. The interaction between sulfonated polysulfone and TiO₂ has shown from the widening band of O-H bond uptake. Ti-O bonds have shown in the absorption of wave numbers 539.58 - 516.32 cm^-1. Optimum ion exchange analysis obtained 1.003 meq/g for PSf 0.5 zeolite 10 % TiO₂ membrane, the degree of swelling obtained the optimum on the membrane PSf 1.5 zeolite 10% TiO₂ of 0.09 %, and methanol permeability was obtained on the membrane PSf 1.0 zeolite 10 % TiO₂ of 6.9 x10^-9 S/cm. The result of optimum proton conductivity for zeolite addition of 1.5 gram at temperature 70 °C equal to 1.185 x 10^-2 S/cm.

6 illus, 12 ref

000300   SAMPATH K, ASHOKKUMAR R , VENKATACHALAM A, SHANMUGAPRAKASH M (Science and Humanities Dep, Kumaraguru Coll of Technology, Coimbatore -641 049, Email: sampathchemistry@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic antibacterial activity of Ru(II) ethoxysalal thiosemicarbazone complexes. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 257 - 61.

A set of complexes, [RuCl(CO)(B)(EPh₃)L] (where E=P/As; B=PPh₃/AsPh₃/py; L = ligand), of ruthenium have been synthesized by solution method. The structure of the ruthenium(II) complexes were determined by microanalytical techniques and spectral techniques (CHNS, Infrared, ultraviolet-visible and NMR spectroscopic techniques). FT-IR results reveal that thiosemicarbazone is coordinated to Ru(II)via ONS. In addition, the structure of the compounds, thiosemicarbazone ligand and complexes, was confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Further, the synthesized ligand and its complexes were analyzed against human pathogens.

2 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

000250   MAHALAKSHMI R, PREETHI K, KALAISELVI D, MANJULADEVI M, KARTHIK K, MARIMUTHU R (Science & Humanities Dep, Kumaraguru Coll of Technology, Coimbatore, Email: mahalakshmi.r.sci@kct.ac.in) : Adsorption behaviour of chemically modified cellulose bearing benzothiazole chelating group towards lead ions from water bodies. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 245 - 50.

The selective removal of Pb²⁺ ions by chemically modified cellulose hybrid materials have received great consideration because of their superior adsorption capacities as various chemicals, such as mineral and organic acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and organic compounds, have been used for modifications. This work is to synthesize chemically modified cellulose and examine its adsorption capacity towards lead ions from the effluent water by the adsorption studies like pH, contact time, the dosage of the adsorbent, metal ion concentration, temperature and desorption of the adsorbent material.

7 illus, 40 ref

000195   DANIEL S, RAMSUNDRAM N (Science and Humanities Dep, Kumaraguru Coll of Technology, Coimbatore-641 049, Email: daniechem61@gmail.com) : Synthesis of nanoscale magnesium oxide - Delonix regia and manganese oxide - Delonix regia composites and their comparative study of adsorptivity on methylene blue. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 240 - 4.

Nanoparticles of Magnesium Oxide and Manganese Oxide were synthesized by a chemical method and coated on Delonix regia-activated carbon separately. The composites were characterized by different methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDAX). Batch mode of experiments of Methylene blue dye removal was carried out. The adsorption capacity of Methylene blue dye of nanocomposite of magnesium oxide was observed higher than the nanocomposite of manganese oxide.

4 illus, 14 ref

000175   BACHRI M, REVENY J, PERMATA Y M, SITUMORANG C E A (Chemistry Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan, Indonesia, Email: muchlisyam@usu.ac.id) : Validation of intersection absorption spectrum for simultaneous determination of betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate in cream. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 232 - 9.

Betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate are combinations of anti-infection in skin cream. The purpose of this study was to validate intersection absorption spectrum methods and simultaneous determination of betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate in the skin cream using 70 % ethanol as solvent. The simultaneous determination of a sample was performed with the intersection point spectrophotometric methods when betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate absorption spectrum were overlapped and the intersection points were obtained at wavelength 245.4 nm. Each level of betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate were calculated using the regression equation. The simultaneous determination of betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate in cream supply obtained levels of (107,98 ± 1.6491) % betamethasone valerate and (94.81 ± 2.6958) % neomycin sulfate. The validation test for betamethasone valerate were as follows accuracy was 99.90 %, precision was 1.09 %, LOD was 0.645 µg/mL, and LOQ was 2.15 µg/mL whereas neomycin sulfate was as follows accuracy was 99.67 %, precision was 1.46 %, LOD was 2.215 µg/mL, and LOQ was 7.385 µg/mL. The mixture of betamethasone valerate and neomycin sulfate used a wavelength of 245.4 nm as the point of intersection of the absorption spectrum and the results met Indonesian pharmacopeia requirements and this method satisfied the validation requirements.

6 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000319   SOUNDARRAJAN M, STEPHEN L D, GUNASEKARAN S G (Applied Science and Technology Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: gunasekaransg.chemistry@valliammai.co.in) : Design and development of novel flexible bismaleimide toughened multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 168 - 83.

A novel water-soluble and flexible aliphatic bismaleimide resin (BMIDPE) was synthesized by using maleic anhydride and polyether diamine (PEA) and toughened with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) with 4,4’- diamino diphenyl methane (DDM) as curing agent. This BMIDPE toughened DGEBA were further altered with various weight percentages (0.5, 1.0 & 1.5 wt %) of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to obtain MWCNT/BMIDPE/DGEBA nanocomposites. The thermal studies indicated that the MWCNT/DGEBA nanocomposites displayed improved thermal stability and decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg) than that of the neat epoxy matrix. The prepared nanocomposites displayed a better dielectric constant than that of the neat epoxy system. From XRD data, it is observed that MWCNT was exfoliated into BMIDPE toughened epoxy. The homogeneous fine dispersion of MWCNTs throughout the DGEBA matrix was ascertained by SEM. The result from mechanical analysis specifies that the inclusion of PEA into the epoxy system increases the toughness. Moreover, it was believed that this new type of BMIDPE toughened DGEBA/MWCNT nanocomposites would be utilized for high-performance applications.

13 illus, 2 tables, 53 ref

000247   KUSAMPALLY U, SOMA R, KAMATALA C R (Chemistry Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad - 500 007, Email: kcrajannaou@yahoo.com) : Thiamine hydrochloride as efficient catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 14-aryl -14h dibenzo [a, j] xanthenes under greenery conditions. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 152 - 6.

Thiamine hydrochloride (THC) is a biodegradable, readily available and inexpensive eco-friendly metal free biocatalyst, which is efficiently used in the condensation of 2-naphthol and aromatic aldehydes under thermal and microwave conditions without using toxic solvents. Developed methods herein afforded 14-aryl 14H-dibenzo [a, j] xanthenes in very good yields and offered several advantages such as shorter reaction time, comparable yield, neat practice, easy work-up and mild organo Lewis acid catalyst.

2 tables, 28 ref

000273   OKSELNI T, SANTONI A, DHARMA A, EFDI M (Chemistry Dep, Andalas Univ, West Sumatra, Indonesia, Email: maiefdi@sci.unand.ac.id) : Biological activity of methanol extract of Elaeocarpus mastersii King: Antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitor. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 146 - 51.

Plants are one of the natural resources that have great biological activity and have long been used in traditional medicine. In this research, methanol extracts of root, stem bark, and leaf of Elaeocarpus mastersii King were tested to determine phenolic and flavonoid content and evaluate their biological activities as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic using the method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, disc diffusion against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhosa (S. typhosa), and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. All parts showed high phenolic content and antioxidant activity wherein the leaf extract was found to be the highest value (340.36 ± 2.09 mg GAE/g DW and IC₅₀ 1.86 ± 0.00 µg/mL) followed by the stem bark (331.53 ± 6.96 mg GAE/g DW and IC₅₀ 2.43 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and the root (216.27 ± 3.19 mg GAE/g DW and IC₅₀ 3.37 ± 0.20 µg/mL), respectively. In contrast, their flavonoid values were very low. The stem bark exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacteria. The activity of α-glucosidase inhibition revealed that the stem bark had the highest activity among all parts with the IC₅₀ of 14.56 ± 1.20 µg/mL. This study demonstrates that Elaeocarpus mastersii King has a great biological activity as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitor.

4 tables, 35 ref

000329   SUTANTO H, MARHAENDRAJAYA I, JAYA G W, HIDAYANTO E, MUKHOLIT M, WIBOWO S, WAHYONO Y (Physics Dep, Diponegoro Univ, SH - Tembalang, Semarang-50275, Indonesia, Email: herisutanto@fisika.undip.ac.id) : A simple route synthesis of polycrystalline TiO₂-Ag by the sonochemical method for photocatalytic direct Blue71 degradation. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 138 - 45.

In this paper, silver-doped titania (TiO₂-Ag) powders have been synthesized with Ag variants using a simple sonochemical method. The prepared samples were identified using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the crystal structure and morphology, respectively. All samples showed the polycrystalline anatase phase and the plane exhibited the (101) dominant orientation. The smallest crystallite sample size of about 14.9 nm was obtained with a 3 % Ag doping (TAg3). At higher Ag concentrations, the metal peaks could be detected at 44.3° and 64.4°. SEM images showed that all samples were agglomerated except the TAg3 sample with the lowest surface area of the active sites. Photocatalytic activity was carried out using Direct Blue 71 (DB71) as an organic pollutant. TAg4 exhibited the highest activity under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation with a degradation rate of 0.01 ppm/min. Results suggest that our TiO₂-Ag photocatalyst performed well when prepared by a simple sonochemical method.

6 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

000291   RAJI P, SAMROT A V, ROHAN D B, KUMAR M D, GEETIKA R, SHARMA V K, KEERTHANA D (Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600 119, Email: antonysamrot@gmail.com) : Extraction, characterization and in vitro bioactivity evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins of Cassia alata, Thespesia populnea, Euphorbia hirta and Wrightia tinctoria. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 123 - 37.

The use of medicinal plants to treat infections as a practice can be witnessed since the prehistoric era. Even as on date three-quarter of the world’s population totally depends on plants for their primary health care benefits. In this study, secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were extracted from four medicinal plants viz. Cassia alata, Thespesia populnea, Euphorbia hirta and Wrightia tinctoria and characterized by UV, TLC, FTIR and GCMS analysis. The metabolites were checked for the antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method and swarming motility assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The alkaloids and saponins of Cassia alata, Euphorbia hirta, Thespesia populnea and Wrightia tinctorial showed dose-response antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity of 1.9 cm was seen for the tannin of Wrightia tinctoria and saponin of Euphorbia hirtaat 16 µg concentration. Flavonoid of Euphorbia hirta, Cassia alata and Wrightia tinctorial showed good percentage inhibition of free radicals in DPPH scavenging assay supportive of the antioxidant property. The highest percentage inhibition of 88.75 % was noted for tannin of Euphorbia hirta at 50 µg concentration. Antioxidant activity was also checked qualitatively by TLC bioautography and quantitatively for its reducing power on the free radicals by FRAP and phosphomolybdenum assay. The extracted metabolites especially alkaloids were able to restrict the movement of micro organisms to a confined space which was evident from the swarming test.

21 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

000214   GUDURU S, MUTHA V V S R N A K, KALIYAPERUMAL M, RUMALLA C S, KORUPOLU R B, BONIGE K B (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Telangana-500076, Email: chidanand_swamy@yahoo.co.in) : Isolation and characterization of two novel degradant products in itraconazole by using PREP=HPLC, HRMS and NMR. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 114 - 22.

To in-line with the ICH guideline Q1A(R2), Itraconazole was subjected to acidic ,basic and oxidative stress . Drug was stable in all the conditions except oxidation stress. Separated the two oxidative degradation products, by using gradient elution, C8 column on preparative HPLC and structural elucidation was performed by using 1D & 2D NMR spectroscopic studies and mass analysis. Those are recognized as 1-(4-((2-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-2- (2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methoxy) phenyl)-4-(4-(1-(sec-butyl)-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)piperazine 1,4-dioxide(DP-1), 1-(4-((2-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,3- dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-4-(4-(1-(sec-butyl)-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenyl) piperazine 1- oxide (DP-2).These degradents are innovative impurities which are found first time in this product. Moreover, the degradation mechanism from Itraconazole to DP-1 and DP-2 was also proposed.

6 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000183   BHISE N A, AL-HORAIBI S A, GAIKWAD S T, RAJBHOJ A S (Chemistry Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad 431004 (Maharashtra), Email: anjali.rajbhoj@gmail.com) : Synthesis, spectral characterization, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cyclic voltammetric studies of β -diketone and its metal complexes. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 101 - 13.

β-diketone and its five transition metal complexes with stoichiometry [M(L)₂(H₂O)₂] [M= Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3), Ni (4) and Cu (5); [L= 3-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-iodo-5-methyl phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one] has been prepared. Ligand (L) was obtained by the well-known Baker–Venkataraman transformation. β-diketones exist in the intramolecular hydrogen bonded keto-enol tautomerism hence form a metal chelate, as an enolic hydrogen atom can be replaced by metal and ketonic oxygen, thereby completing the chelate ring, hence act as a chelating in the preparation of metal complexes. The synthesized compound has been characterized by NMR, IR, LC-MS and elemental analysis. Solution conductivity and electrochemical behavior were also studied by cyclic voltammetry. The synthesized compounds were screened in vitro for their antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, it is observed that complexation led to a remarkable increase in activities.

6 illus, 6 tables, 37 ref

000293   RAMYA M, SENTHILKUMAR E, SUNDARI G S, KUMAR K T, KALAIVANI R A, RAGHU S, SHANMUGARAJ A M (Chemistry Dep, VISTAS, Pallavaram, Chennai-600 117, Email: rakvani@yahoo.co.in) : High power and energy density of redox additive in microbial fuel cell. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 91 - 100.

In the existing study, the performance of (I₂/I₃^- ) as the efficient redox catholyte for escherchia coli based microbial fuel cell (MFC) was investigated and compared with conventional ferricyanide based system. This studies also examined the effect of applied current density, linear sweep voltammetry, open circuit voltage, discharge capacitance, Impedance, Energy and power density of the microbial fuel cell. Linear sweep voltammetry studies revealed the higher current density (3.3768 mAcm^-2) for (I₂/I₃^-) additive owing to its electro-reduction and this value is about 1.5 times higher in comparison to ferricyanide based system.The characteristics of (I₂/I₃^-) based MFC is attributed to its higher capacitive contribution, high conductivity, and high power, when compared to ferricyanide based MFC. The extreme power density of the MFC fabricated using (I₂/I₃^-) and ferricyanide additive at the measured current density of 50 µAcm^-2 were observed to be 1,140 and 1,670.8303 mWm^-2. Among the results, (I₂/I₃^-) based MFC performance displays excessive potential for enlightening the power generation of MFC.

3 illus, 50 ref

000286   PUTRI G E, ARIEF S, JAMARUN N, GUSTI F R, ZAINUL R (Chemistry Dep, Negeri Padang Univ, Indonesia, Email: rahadianzmsiphd@fmipa.unp.ac.id) : Microstructural analysis and optical properties of nanocrystalline cerium oxides synthesized by precipitation method. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 85 - 90.

Nanocrystalline cerium oxide is synthesized by precipitation method using a mixture of water solvent and isopropanol with a ratio of 1: 6 at room temperature has been successfully synthesized. Nanocrystalline cerium oxide was characterized by using XRD, DRS UV-Vis Analytic, SEM and TEM. XRD results showed the peak intensity of Cerium Oxide (CeO₂) was absorbed in an angle of 2Ɵ which is 28.7º, 33.2º, 47.5º, 56.7º, 59.2º, 69.5º, 76.8º, 79.1º, 88.3º, and 95.5º. The size of cerium oxide crystals was calculated using the Debye Scherrer equation and obtained a crystal size value of 11.04 - 99.19 nm. Based on the XRD data, it can be concluded that the crystal size is included in the nanocrystal category with a size range of 1-100 nm. Microstructure results were analyzed by SEM and TEM showing rounded cerium oxide particles clumping like fine crystals. Optical properties of nanocrystalline cerium oxide were analyzed by DRS UV-Vis Analytic which showed that cerium oxide absorbs UV light at wavelengths of 200, 245 and 290 nm with an energy band gap value of 2.43 eV.

6 illus, 12 ref

000339   TIWARI A K, NATH S (Chemistry Dep, D.D.U. Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273009(U.P.), Email: dr_aktiwari@rediffmail.com) : Ion permeation study on cellulose acetate/ chitosan membrane with multivalent aqueous electrolyte solution. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 73 - 84.

The present study CA/chitosan blend membrane was prepared by solvent vaporization method. The morphology of membrane was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the thermal stability using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA); and the physicochemical properties such as water content, kinetic of membrane flux, permeability and flow were investigated. Parameters on which membrane selectivity depends, are also discussed. It has also been explored the effect of electrolyte solution on ion transport properties of cellulose acetate /chitosan membrane under a concentration gradient. Water uptake in the absence and presence of electrolyte were carried out. The thermal stability of Cellulose acetate /Chitosan blends membrane to provide information regarding weight loss of the prepared membrane represent some significant steps i.e. water loss from membrane phase, followed by degradation process. First weight loss occurred at 80 to 130 ºC which conform evaporation of residual water from the membrane. The second degradation stage was noticed around 360.36 ºC, which are due to amino and hydroxyl groups. The work has been done with the object to investigate the transport properties of cellulose acetate /chitosan synthetic membrane, conducted under a concentration gradient .More ever, the water uptake and conductance experiment were carried out to investigate the effect of those electrolyte solutions. As time increases, the density of membrane functional groups increases and approaches to narrow proximity to each other. Membrane water retention capacity varies electrolyte to electrolyte. In present case it is 83.6 % for 0.01 M, NaCl; 50.9 % for 0.01M, MgCl₂ and 44.0 % for 0.01M BaCl₂.

13 illus, 15 ref

000234   KHAIRAN K, ZAHRATURRIAZ, JALIL Z (Physics Dep, Syiah Kuala Univ, Indonesia- 23111, Email: khairankhairan@unsyiah.ac.id) : Green synthesis of sulphur nanoparticles using aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum). Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 50 - 7.

Sulphur nanoparticles have been successfully prepared from sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O) in the presence and absence of aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum). The resulting sulphur nanoparticles were examined by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The average size of sulphur nanoparticles was determined by XRD analysis and calculated using the DebyeScherrer formula. The results showed that the size of sulphur nanoparticles synthesized in the presence and absence of aqueous garlic extract were 55.613 and 70.908 nm respectively. The SEM analysis showed that sulphur nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of aqueous garlic extract were clear and lighter with smooth spherical shapes. The antifungal activities of the sulphur nanoparticles were determined by a disc diffusion method, and the results showed that sulphur nanoparticles synthesized in the presence and absence of aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum) have no effect on clinical isolate of Candida albicans at concentrations of 200, 400, and 600 ppm.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

000265   NALLE F C, WAHID R, WULANDARI I O, SABARUDIN A (Brawijaya Univ, Malang-65145, Indonesia, Email: sabarjpn@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles using oleic acid as stabilizing agent. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 14 - 21.

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) provide multiple advantages for drug delivery application due to their inertness, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and ease of detection as the diagnostic tool for contrast imaging in the human body. To protect against oxidation, preferably covalently bonded a surfactant for coating Fe₃O₄ is required. For this purpose, in the present study, oleic acid (OA) was applied to stabilize Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles via onepot-three-component reaction. Mild conditions as a well as simple reaction could be attributed to this method in producing Fe₃O₄-OA nanoparticles. The amount of oleic acid (OA) was studied to explore properties of the resulted nanoparticles. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that OA is chemisorbed via a carboxyl group onto the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticle and is coordinated symmetrically to the oxide atoms. Furthermore, there is a ligand exchange between –OH groups and –COO groups on the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle surfaces. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicated that Fe₃O₄ phase was predominantly obtained beside small amount of γ-Fe₂O₃ phase. The average crystallite size of the synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles at different amount of OA was found in the range of 6.60 nm to 9.48 nm. Magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were determined by electron spin resonance (ESR). The gradient curve of ESR spectra revealed that Fe₃O₄ and OA-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles possess significantly different magnetic properties.

6 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref