023367   Chavda N D (Applied Physics Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Maharaja Sayajirao Univ of Baro, Vadodara-390 001, Email: ndchavda-apphy@msubaroda.ac.in) : Distribution of level spacing ratios using one- plus two-body random matrix ensembles. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(2), 309-16.

Probability distribution (P(r)) of the level spacing ratios has been introduced recently and is used to investigate many-body localization as well as to quantify the distance from inte-grability on finite size lattices. In this paper, we study the distribution of the ratio of consecutive level spacings using one-body plus two-body random matrix ensembles for finite interacting many-fermion and many-boson systems. P(r) for these ensembles move steadily from the Poisson to the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) form as the two-body interaction strength λ is varied. Other related quantities are also used in the analysis to obtain critical strength λ_c for the transition. The λ_c values deduced using the P(r) analysis are in good agreement with the results obtained using the nearest neighbour spacing distribution (NNSD) analysis.

4 illus, 22 ref

023366   Bose I;Pal M (Physics Dep, Bose Institute, 93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: indrani@jcbose.ac.in) : Early signatures of regime shifts in complex dynamical systems. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(2), 193-202.

A large number of studies have recently been carried out on the early signatures of regime shifts in a number of dynamical systems, e.g., ecosystems, the climate, fish and wildlife populations, financial markets, complex diseases and gene circuits. The underlying model in most cases is that of the fold-bifurcation in which a sudden regime shift occurs at a bifurcation point. The shift involves a discontinuous jump from one type of stable steady state to another. The dynamics of natural systems have both deterministic and stochastic components. The early signatures of abrupt regime shifts include the critical slowing down as a transition point is approached, rising variance and the lag-1 autocorrelation function, increased skewness of the steady-state probability distribution and the ratio of two mean first passage times for the exits from the stable steady states as the bifurcation point is approached. Noise-induced regime shifts are also possible for which the vicinity of the bifurcation point is not essential. In this paper, we review examples of regime shifts in natural systems and the associated early signatures. We further discuss how such approaches provide useful insights on a cell biological process involving the fold-bifurcation.

4 illus, 29 ref

023365   Bhadola P;Deo N (Physics and Astrophysics Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: ndeo@physics.du.ac.in) : Matrix models with penner interaction inspired by interacting ribonucleic acid. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(2), 295-308.

The Penner interaction known in studies of moduli space of punctured Riemann surfaces is introduced and studied in the context of random matrix model of homo RNA. An analytic derivation of the generating function is given and the corresponding partition function is derived numerically. An additional dependence of the structure combinatorics factor on N (related to the size of the matrix and the interaction strength) is obtained. This factor has a strong effect on the structure combinatorics in the low N regime. Databases are scanned for real ribonucleic acid (RNA) structures and pairing information for these RNA structures is computationally extracted. Then the genus is calculated for every structure and plotted as a function of length. The genus distribution function is compared with the prediction from the nonlinear (NL) model. The specific heat and distribution of structure with temperature calculated from the NL model shows that the NL interaction is biased towards planar structures. The second derivative of specific heat changes phase from a double peaked function for small N to a single peak for large N. Detailed analysis reveals the presence of the double peak only for genus 0 structures, the higher genii behave normally with N. Comparable behaviour is found in studies involving interactions of RNA with osmolytes and monovalent cations in unfolding experiments.

6 illus, 27 ref

023364   Banerjee R;Padmanaban E;Dana S K (Mathematics Dep, Technology and Management Univ, Shillong-793 003, Email: skdana@iicb.res.in) : Control of partial synchronization in chaotic oscillators. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(2), 203-15.

A design of coupling is proposed to control partial synchronization in two chaotic oscillators in a driver-response mode. A control of synchrony between one response variables is made possible (a transition from a complete synchronization to antisynchronization via amplitude death and vice versa without loss of synchrony) keeping the other pairs of variables undisturbed in their pre-desired states of coherence. Further, one of the response variables can be controlled so as to follow the dynamics of an external signal (periodic or chaotic) while keeping the coherent status of other variables unchanged. The stability of synchronization is established using the Hurwitz matrix criterion. Numerical example of an ecological foodweb model is presented. The control scheme is demonstrated in an electronic circuit of the Sprott system.

5 illus, 40 ref

023363   Anbarasi M;Nagarethinam V S;Balu A R (Physics PG and Research Dep, AVVM Sri Pushpam College, Poondi-613 503, Email: arbalu757@gmail.com) : Studies on the physical properties of CdS thin films with different S/Cd molar ratios fabricated by spray pyrolysis technique using perfume atomizer. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(1), 135-46.

Cadmium sulfide thin films with different S/Cd molar ratios have been deposited on glass substrates by employing spray pyrolysis technique using perfume atomizer at 325°C. Cadmium chloride and thiourea salts were used as sources for cadmium and sulfur ions respectively. The effect of S/Cd molar ratio on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of the films was investigated. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that irrespective of S/Cd molar ratio, all the films exhibit hexagonal phase with a (0 0 2) preferential orientation. Crystallite size increases as the S/Cd molar ratio increases up to 1 and then decreases for higher S/Cd molar ratio. Film coated with S/Cd molar ratio equal to 1 has low values of strain (1.662 x 10-3) and dislocation density (1.214 x 1014 lines/m2) which confirms the improved crystallinity of this film. Optical studies show that all the films are highly transparent. All the films have resistivity in the order of 10-1 ohm-cm.

9 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

023362   Ambika G (NO, Physics Dean Graduate Studies Indian Institute of Science Education &, Pune-411 008, Email: g.ambika@iiserpune.ac.in) : Ed Lorenz: father of the 'butterfly effect'. Resonance 2015, 20(3), 198-205.

Ed Lorenz, rightfully acclaimed as the father of the 'Butterfly Effect', was an American mathematician and meteorologist whose early work on weather prediction convinced the world at large about the unpredictability of weather. His seminal work on a simplified model for convections in the atmosphere led to the modern theory of 'Chaos' the third revolutionary discovery of 20th century, the other two being relativity and quantum physics. The possibility of unpredictability in certain nonlinear systems was vaguely mentioned earlier by J C Maxwell and clearly asserted later by H Poincare. But it was the work of Lorenz in 1963 that indicated clearly that the sensitive dependence on the initial conditions (also called 'SIC'-ness) of such systems can lead to unpredictable states. This strange and exotic behavior was named the 'Butterfly Effect' by him in a lecture that he delivered in December 1972 in Washington DC.

2 illus, 15 ref

023361   Agrawal M (Physics Dep, Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi Univ, New Delhi-110 017, Email: mann80@gmail.com) : Coupled chaotic attractors and driving-induced bistability: a brief review. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(2), 183-92.

Authors investigate the effects of symmetry-preserving and symmetry-breaking interactions in a drive-response system with the driving-induced bistability. The basins of attraction on the initial conditions plane are observed for the driving-induced bistability. The basins are dependent on the interaction between the driven and the driving system. The coexisting attractors display both in-phase as well as antiphase synchrony.

8 illus, 22 ref

023360   Acharyya S;Amritkar R E (Theoretical Physics Div, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: suman@prl.res.in) : Synchronization-optimized networks for coupled nearly identical oscillators and their structural analysis. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(2), 173-82.

The extension of the master stability function (MSF) to analyse stability of generalized synchronization for coupled nearly identical oscillators is discussed. The nearly identical nature of the coupled oscillators is due to some parameter mismatch while the dynamical equations are the same for all the oscillators. From the stability criteria of the MSF, we construct optimal networks with better synchronization property, i.e., the synchronization is stable for widest possible range of coupling parameters. In the optimized networks the nodes with parameter value at one extreme are selected as hubs. The pair of nodes with larger parameter difference are preferred to create links in the optimized networks, and the optimized networks are found to be disassortative in nature, i.e., the nodes with high degree tend to connect with nodes with low degree.

5 illus, 26 ref

022499   Vigneshwaran J;Shanmugam P;Gokul E A (Ocean Optics and Imaging Laboratory, Ocean Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: pshanmugam@iitm.ac.in) : Simulating the effects of inelastic scattering on upwelling radiance in coastal and inland waters: implications for hyperspectral remote sensing. Curr Sci 2015, 108(5), 903-14.

Successful interpretation of spectral images from hy-perspectral sensors is particularly important to achieve some far-reaching goals, including the detection and assessment of harmful algal blooms, water quality characteristics, trophic status of water bodies and marine/freshwater primary production. The present work is motivated by the desire to study the effect of inelastic scattering (chlorophyll and gelbstoff fluorescence and water Raman scattering) on upwelling radiance through a direct method. The contribution of inelastic scattering to the emergent (upwelling) radiance from the water column is of significant importance and has relevance for the hyperspectral remote sensing of water colour. The method introduced to simulate inelastic scattering is a straightforward approach and differs from previous work in the way of derivation. The model allows for simulation of up-welling radiance for clear, turbid and productive (phytoplankton-dominated) waters. The results of this model are assessed by comparison with depth-dependant upwelling radiance data and results from the Hydrolight numerical model for these three water types. The comparisons show good agreement between measured and simulated values from the present model. The errors of this model are significantly small (when compared with those of the Hydrolight model) in the red wavelength region, where the chlorophyll fluorescence emission tends to peak around 685-720 nm when the concentration of chlorophyll is high in productive eutrophic waters. The magnitude and peak position at these wavelengths as produced by the present model could be used as precise indicators and predictors for the phytoplankton concentration in marine and inland water bodies. Thus, this work will have important implications in refining hyperspectral bio-optical algorithms for fluorescence and water Raman scattering as well as for the high concentra-tions and variabilities of water constituents in coastal and inland regions, and in evaluating remote sensing reflectance measurements of these water bodies.

7 illus, 31 ref

022498   Sivaramaiah G (Physics Dep, Government College for Men (A), Cuddapah-516 004, Email: gsivaram7@yahoo.co.in) : Electron spin resonance study of E₁' in natural and γ-ray-irradiated amethyst. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(5), 941-8.

The thermal properties such as Gibbs free energy, activation energy, entropy and enthalpy have been evaluated from the absolute number of spins of E₁' in gamma-ray-irradiated and as-is amethysts. It is for the first time to calculate the above properties for E₁' in amethyst. The Gibbs free energy of E₁' increases with the decrease of temperature from 296 K to 90 K. The activation energy and pre-exponential coefficients of E₁' have been evaluated from the logarithmic number of spins and the reciprocal of temperature plot. The Curie temperature and Curie constant of E₁' have been evaluated from the reciprocal of magnetic susceptibility and temperature plot. The exchange field, exchange integral and exchange interaction energy have been evaluated from the Curie temperature.

6 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

022497   Sharma S;et al (NO, , Photovoltaic and optoelectronics lab. Electronic Science Dep, UDSC, Email: sharma.swati1507@gmail.com) : Exact analytical solutions of the parameters of different generation real solar cells unsing lambert w-function: a review article. Invertis J renewable Energy 2014, 4(4), 55-94.

Present article reviews exact closed-form solution based on Lambert, W-function to express the transcendental current-voltage characteristic of solar cell containing parasitic power consuming parameterslike series and shunt resistances. In this article different generation solar cells namely: inorganic solar cell, organic solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cell and hybrid solar cells are investigated. Equivalent circuits and explicit solutions of different cells are reviewed in detail to substantiate the relevance of renowned Lambert W-function in area of photovoltaic. Transient analysis using Lambert W-function is also reviewed to demonstrate the validity of W-function.

^iia4 illus, 3 tables, 103 ref

022496   Sayed A;Elbinawi A;AlAbyad M;Seddik U;Bashter I I (Physics Dep, Cyclotron Facility, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt, Email: alabyad_m@yahoo.com) : Evaluated activation cross-sections and intercomparison of the production parameters for the medically relevant radioisotopes <. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 569-79.

A theoretical study of the nuclear reaction cross-section for the production of ^{64Cu and 86Y was performed from the nuclear reactions 64Ni(p, n)64Cu, 64Ni(d, 2n)64Cu, 66Zn(d, α)64Cu, 68Zn(p, nα)64Cu, 86Sr(p,n)86gY, 87Sr(p,2n)86gY and 88Sr(p, 3n)86gY. The calculations were performed using three codes EMPIRE, TALYS and ALICE-IPPE. The excitation function curves for the investigated reactions have been constructed from the enriched targets using 64Ni, 66Zn, 68Zn, 86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr. The calculated excitation functions and the experimental data were compared. Mean standardized deviation, mean relative deviation and mean ratio statistical parameters were introduced to control the quality of the fitting between both the experimentally and the theoretically calculated cross-sections.}

10 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

022495   Rajapaksha R D A A;Fernando C A N;De Silva S N T (Nano-technology Research Laboratory, Electronics Dep, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba Univ of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka, Email: nandanaf@phy.ruh.ac.lk) : H₂ generation from Cu₂ O quantum dots (QDs) sensitized Cu/p-Cui photoelectrode. Invertis J renewable Energy 2014, 4(4), 208-12.

p-CuI is sensitized with quantum dots (QDs) of Cu₂O for the first time to fabricate photoelectrochemical cells. p-CuI thin films are deposited by immersing well cleaned copper sheets into a solution containing I₂ (10^{-2M), KI (0.1M), CuSO₄ (10-3M) to make Cu/p-CuI photoelectrodes. These photoelectrodes are boiled in a CuSO₄ (10-2M) solution for different time intervals to obtain Cu/p-CuI/QD photoelectrodes. A remarkable H₂ generation is observed in the presence of 0.025M Na₂SO₄ solution from the QDs sensitized photo-generated electrons at Cu/p-CuI/QDs photoelectrode. Different H₂ profiles are reported as a function of the size of QDs.}

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

022494   Patil M;Joshi P S (NO, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: mandar@iucaa.ernet.in) : Finite escape fraction for ultrahigh energy collisions around Kerr naked singularity. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 491-501.

Authors investigate the issue of observability of high-energy collisions around Kerr naked singularity and show that results are in contrast with the Kerr black hole case. We had shown that it would be possible to have ultrahigh energy collisions between the particles close to the location r = M around the Kerr naked singularity if the Kerr spin parameter transcends unity by an infinitesimally small amount a → 1^{+. The collision is between initially ingoing particle that turns back as an outgoing particle due to angular momentum barrier, with another ingoing particle. We assume that two massless particles are produced in such a collision and their angular distribution is isotropic in the centre-of-mass frame. We calculated the escape fraction for the massless particles to reach infinity. We showed that the escape fraction is finite and approximately equal to half for the ultrahigh energy collisions. Therefore, the particles produced in high-energy collisions would escape to infinity providing the signature of the nature of basic interactions at those energies. This result is in contrast with the case of extremal Kerr black hole where almost all particles produced in high-energy collisions are absorbed by the black hole rendering collisions unobservable.}

4 illus, 9 ref

022493   Patel U H;Patel B D;Shah D A (Physics Dep, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Email: fbdpatel@gmail.com) : Theoretical approach to the crystal structure of 2-amino-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(4), 879-88.

Gaussian-09 software programme is used to carry out the Ab initio and DFT calculations performed at RHF and B3LYP methods using the same basis set 6-31G** for the molecular structure of 2-Amino-1- (4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. The title molecule crystallized in to monoclinic crystal system having crystallographic parameters a = 4.088, b = 27.696, c = 11.763 Angstrum and β = 93.76(0)° with space group P21/n. Using Gaussian 09 programme, for the title molecule bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles, molecular energies, total energy and atomic charge distributions have been calculated. The computed geometrical parameters are compared with the experimental results and found to be in good agreement with them.

5 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

022492   Laha U;Bhoi J (Physics Dep, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-831 014, Email: ujjwal.laha@gmail.com ) : Two-nucleon Hulthen-type interactions for few higher partial waves. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 555-67.

By exploiting supersymmetry and factorization method, higher partial wave nucleon-nucleon potentials (l = 1,2,3) for a few selected triplet and singlet states are generated from the ground-state interaction and wave function. The nuclear Hulthen potential and the corresponding wave function with the parameters of Arnold and Mackellar which fit the deuteron binding energy are used as the starting point of our calculation. The scattering phase shifts are computed for the constructed potentials using phase function method to examine the merit of our approach to the problem.

10 illus, 27 ref

022491   Kulshrestha U C (NO, , ) : Think of rural energy resources and biorefineries. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 5(1), 41-4.

With the growing population, global energy demand has also increased drastically. Energy demand of the emerging economies had almost 100% growth during last decade. However, energy consumption growth has been below average throughout the globe except North America (BPSR, 2014). Interestingly, the energy consumption of EU has reducing trend and last year it has been the lowest since 1995. The growing energy demand is linked environmental degradation contributing greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants having health and climate change implications. Hence, there is need to look into potential emission reductions options of GHGs and to analyze the total investment in different regions in order to implement reduction strategies (Gouldson et al., 2014). Authors should not forget that out of 7.1 billion people, more than 50% live in rural areas. However, by the year 2050 more than more and more people will be living in the cities (UN DESA 2014) and the majority of this population will be living in developing countries (WHO, 2014). Nevertheless, rural population in India will remain significantly high. As a matter of fact, without any exception, India will also lace energy crisis and crunch in its supply through the available non-renewable and renewable resources. At present, India banks on import of energy. But it has tremendous potential to develop cost effective energy technologies to become self sufficient especially the solar, wind and bioenergy which are the future energy options tor independent India.

022490   Jigbon A;Alex A;Akinpelu S O (NO, , ) : Electrical resistivity of different wood species grown in Nigeria. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 5(1), 20-4.

Research work examines the moisture content resistance and resistivity of different species of tropical wood grown in Nigeria. The wood specimens were oven dried to determine the moisture content of the wood. The samples were tested using the megatester to determine the resistance, and the resistivity. A bar chart showing the difference in the resistivity was plotted against moisture content. Danta has the highest resistivity while Gmelina has the lowest resistivity among the species. The result shows that Danta is the best resistant of electricity of the entire wood specimens tested.

022489   Islam S;Lakshmi G B V S;Zulfequar M;Husain M; Siddiqui A M (NO, , Physics Dep, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025, Email: amsiddiqui@jmi.ac.in) : Comparative studies of chemically synthesized and RF plasma-polymerized poly (o-toluidine). Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 653-65.

Poly(o-toluidine) (POT) polymer was synthesized by chemical method and RF plasma polymerization at a radio frequency (RF) power input of 15 W on ultrasonically cleaned glass and silicon wafer substrates. These samples were characterized by DC conductivity measurements, UV-visible, XRD and FTIR techniques. The DC-conductivity was measured at 410 K, which was found to increase by two orders of magnitude for thin film as compared to pellet samples. It has been observed that the activation energy increases for RF plasma-polymerized POT. Transmission and reflectance spectra were studied for measuring optical constants like absorption coefficient (a), extinction coefficient (K), optical band gap (E_g), Urbach energy (E_e), and refractive index (n). From XRD studies, one can infer that the samples grown by both the methods are amorphous in nature. The results indicate that the structures of plasma-polymerized POT are rather different from polymers synthesized by conventional chemical methods, due to a higher degree of cross-linking and branching reactions in plasma polymerization. This makes them suitable for various electroactive devices. A higher and more stable conductivity can be obtained with RF plasma-polymerized POT which is much smoother and more uniform.

10 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

022488   Hongray T;Ashok B;Balakrishnan J (School of Physics, Hyderabad Univ, Central Univ P.O., Gachi Bowli, Hyderabad-500 046, Email: janaki05@gmail.com) : Oscillatory dynamics of a charged microbubble under ultrasound. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 517-41.

Nonlinear oscillations of a bubble carrying a constant charge and suspended in a fluid, undergoing periodic forcing due to incident ultrasound are studied. The system exhibits period-doubling route to chaos and the presence of charge has the effect of advancing these bifurcations. The minimum magnitude of the charge Q_min above which the bubble's radial oscillations can occur above a certain velocity c is found to be related by a simple power law to the driving frequency CD of the acoustic wave. We find the existence of a critical frequency ω_H above which uncharged bubbles necessarily have to oscillate at velocities below c₁. We further find that this critical frequency crucially depends upon the amplitude P_s of the driving acoustic pressure wave. The temperature of the gas within the bubble is calculated. A critical value PTR of P_s equal to the upper transient threshold pressure demarcates two distinct regions of ω dependence of the maximal radial bubble velocity u_max and maximal internal temperature T_max. Above this pressure, T_max and u_max decrease with increasing ω, while below P_tr, they increase with ω. The dynamical effects of the charge, the driving pressure and frequency of ultrasound on the bubble are discussed.

16 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

022487   Ghosh A;Navnita Kumari;Bhattacharjee A (Physics Dep, National Institute of Technology, Silchar-788 010, Email: ayonbh@gmail.com) : Influence of Cu doping on the structural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 621-35.

Pure and Cu-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared using a chemical method. The dopant concentration (Cu/Zn in atomic percentage (wt%)) is varied from 0 to 3 wt%. Structural characterization of the samples performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that all the nanoparticles of zinc oxide are having polycrystalline nature. Morphological studies were conducted using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to confirm the grain size and texture. Electrical measurements showed that the AC conductivity initially decreases and then rises with increasing Cu concentration. The UV-Vis studies showed absorbance peaks in the 200-800 nm region. It is found that the absorbance does not significantly change with doping. This fact is further confirmed from the band-gap calculations using the reflectance graphs. When analysed in terms of Burstein-Moss shift, an increase of band gap from 3.42 to 3.54 eV with increasing Cu concentration is observed. In the photoluminescence (PL) studies a red-shift is observed with increasing dopant concentration.

8 illus, 2 tables, 50 ref

022486   Eghbali M;Farokhi B (Physics Dep, Faculty of Sciences, Arak Univ, Arak 38156 8 8349, Iran, Email: eghbali_moh@yahoo.com) : Cylindrical and spherical dust-acoustic wave modulations in dusty plasmas with non-extensive distributions. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 637-51.

The nonlinear wave modulation of planar and non-planar (cylindrical and spherical) dust-acoustic waves (DAW) propagating in dusty plasmas, in the presence of non-extensive distributions for ions and electrons is investigated. By employing multiple scales technique, a cylindrically and spherically modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) is derived. The presence of hot non-extensive q-distributed ions and electron is shown to influence the modulational instability (MI) of the waves. It is shown that the properties of the MI of DAW in cylindrical and spherical geometries differ from those in a planar one-dimensional geometry. Furthermore, it is observed that the non-extensive distributed ions have more effect on the MI of the DAW than electrons. Also, it is found that there is a MI period for cylindrical and spherical wave modulations, which does not exist in the one-dimensional case.

16 illus, 22 ref

022485   Chopra K N (Applied Physics Dep, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, GGSIP Univ, New Delhi-110 086, Email: kchopra.2003@gmail.com) : Technical note on modeling and the optimization of the batteries for the renewable sources of energy. Invertis J renewable Energy 2014, 4(4), 199-207.

Optimization and Mathematical Modeling of Batteries have been technically analyzed in this paper, " from the point of view of applications in storing the energy from the renewable sources of energy. The mathematical Analysis of the Main Model based on the Micro-hydro generator, and the Battery bank has been given. Some of the important systems useful for storing renewable energy like Prototype Flow Battery, ADRES-Advanced Renewable Energy Source, and Advanced Electrolyser for Hydrogen Production with Renewable Energy have been technically discussed. Some novel studies based on the batteries for storage of the renewable energy have also been reviewed. The paper should be useful for the new researchers entering the field and also for the designers of the new batteries for the storage of the renewable energy.

3 illus, 291 ref

022484   Bhaulmage U P;Tembhurkar A R;Sable S;Adarsh S (NO, , ) : Carbon footprint for transportation activities of an institutional campus. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 5(1), 9-19.

Global climate change is the greatest concern nowadays, thus many companies and organizations are estimating the carbon footprint to assess their own contribution to the global temperature risings. Travel is a significant source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions as, for each gallon of gasoline burnt, almost nine kilogram of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. With rapid urbanization, motorization remains one of the major options for transportation in the bigger cities. This increasing motorization and demand for mobility have contributed to the increased carbon footprint due to travel. With unprecedented increase in motorization, it is imperative to estimate and analyze on CO2 emission due to travel so as to make various decisions for reducing carbon footprint in the transportation sector. In the present study, a survey is done to delineate contributing iactors leading to carbon footprint due to transportation activities of an educational institute's campus like Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) at Nagpur. An algorithm is developed for estimating the carbon footprint, especially due to transportation activities of the campus. Based on this, a soft tool is further developed to calculate the carbon footprint. The overall carbon footprint for VNIT campus due to vehicle transportation in the academic year 2011-12 is estimated to be 1604.23 ton/year, which is relatively less as compared to other major institutional campuses worldwide.

022483   Bhanu Prakash;Chakraverty S (NO, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali-160 062, Email: bhanup@inst.ac.in) : Realization of single-terminated nano step-and-terrace-like surface of SrTiO₃ single crystals: Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali. Curr Sci 2015, 108(5), 787-8.

Oxide interfaces and superlattices are of growing interest because of their potential in next generation spin-electronic devices. To obtain high quality oxide interface and superlattice, atomically flat and well defined substrate surface is essential. We have developed a mild and chemical free process through which such high quality step-and-terrace-like surface of perovskite substrates can be achieved.

1 illus, 10 ref

022482   Bawa A;Mahajan S;Bawa M;Virdi S (NO, Indian Railways, Amritsar, Email: bawa312@yahoo.com) : Impact of photovoltaic appliances on load factor. Invertis J renewable Energy 2014, 4(4), 195-8.

This paper gives an idea regarding the impact of photo voltaic appliances upon load factor; the impact is measured by calculating the maximum demand of site with and without usage of photovoltaic devices. This paper also gives an idea regarding power factor and impact upon life of appliance by using photovoltaic devices.

3 tables, 7 ref

022481   Barua S;Rahman M M (NO, , ) : Distributed energy resources (Ders) integrated standalone microgrid system for Hatia Island, Bangladesh. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 5(1), 1-8.

Progression and amelioration of microgrid system are now spreading its technological enchant almost all around the world. Even isolated areas are getting access to electricity and more people are contributing in national economy and earning their livelihood. On-grid and off-grid microgrid systems with any combination of distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar-wind-biogas-microhydro-diesel generator/HFO are playing a vital role for socioeconomic solvency in developing countries. In spite of limited resources and lack of technological supports in the renewable energy sector, Bangladesh is gradually achieving success in the field of hybrid distributed power generation utilizing its renewable distributed energy resources (renewable DERs). By keeping pace with government's planning, an off-grid standalone microgrid system integrated with renewable DERs has been proposed in this paper with a feasible estimated cost for electricity-deprived people of Hatia Island, Bangladesh.

022480   Avinash K;Chaudhary S (Physics and Astrophysics Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: ak0005@uah.edu) : Stirling like engine using plasma electric fields. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(5), 1099-1104.

Conversion of heat into mechanical work using electrostatic fields associated with charged particles in electron-ion plasma is discussed in the present article. Thermodynamic closed cycle, involving isochoric and isothermal processes similar to that in classical Stirling cycle, is constructed. The cycle shows that expansion and compression of charged particles under electrostatic pressure when the plasma is heated and cooled produces net work in cycle at the cost of plasma thermal energy. The efficiency of the cycle is calculated in the case where the electrostatic fields are of arbitrary magnitude. The possibility of practical power generation using this cycle is also shown in the article.

2 illus, 8 ref

022479   Auld D (NO, , ) : Is a farm carbon offset programe good for farmers?. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 5(1), 34-40.

The government of Alberta, Canada, introduced an agriculture carbon offset program in 2007 designed to encourage less intensive carbon creating farm practices that would generate offsets to be sold to the oil producing sector of Alberta at a fixed price. While the model appears to be efficient, there are a range of uncertainties not addressed in the model that raise questions about it long term benefit to farmers.

022478   Ashwini Kumar;Prakash A;Ashok Kumar;Jain R K; Singh B K (High Energy Physics Laboratory, Physics Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: ashwini.physics@gmail.com) : Characteristics of disintegration of different emulsion nuclei by relativistic <. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 591-608.

An analysis of the data based on 924 inelastic interaction events induced by ^{28Si nuclei in a nuclear emulsion is presented. The nuclear fragmentation process is studied by analysing the total charge (Q) distribution of the projectile spectators for different emulsion target groups along with the comparison of Monte Carlo Glauber model results. Probability distributions for total disintegrated events as a function of different projectile masses are shown and compared with cascade evaporation model results at same energy per nucleon. Further, mean multiplicities of different charged secondaries for different classes of events are presented and for each event, variation of mean multiplicities as a function of total charge (Q) is also presented. The pseudora-pidity distributions and normalized pseudorapidity distributions of the produced charged particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions at 3.7 AGeV are analysed for total disintegration (TD) as well as minimum-bias events.}

6 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

022477   Ali M A;Nasir A;Muneer A;Ali S;Rashid U (NO, , ) : Compaction characteristics of sawdust, cotton stalks, maize straw and rice straw briquetes. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 5(1), 25-33.

Most of the developing countries are generating large amounts of agricultural waste but they are used ineffectively causing to pollute the environment. The main agro-wastes are rice straw, cotton stalks, and maize straw in addition to this biomass milling residue is also available in huge quantity Apart from the problems of storage, handling, transportation, direct burning of loose biomass in conventional grates is associated with very low thermal efficiency and widespread air pollution. To overcome these problems, biomass needs to be compressed ten times to increase its density and durability. In this study, durability, density and compression strength of sawdust, cotton stalks, maize straw and rice straw briquettes at different levels of moisture content, particle size and compression ratio is to be determined. It is found that the maximum durability, density and compression strength of sawdust (94%, 1005 kgm^{-3, 9.8 MPa), cotton stalks (91%, 1001 kgm-3, 9.5 MPa), maize straw (85%, 998 kgm-3, 8.2 MPa) and rice straw (78%, 975 kgm-3, 7.7 MPa) respectively was at 12% moisture content, 1:10 compression ratio and 3 mm particle size. The effect of compression ratio was Maximumas compared to moisture content and particle size. It was also found that durability and compression strength of rice straw briquettes was minimum as compared to sawdust, cotton stalk and maize straw briquettes.}

022476   Abedi H;Salti M (Physics Dep, Tehran Univ, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran, Email: musts6@yahoo.com) : Ghost quintessence in fractal gravity. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 503-16.

In this study, using the time-like fractal theory of gravity, we mainly focus on the ghost dark energy model which was recently suggested to explain the present acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Next, we establish a connection between the quintessence scalar field and fractal ghost dark energy density. This correspondence allows us to reconstruct the potential and the dynamics of a fractal canonical scalar field (the fractal quintessence) according to the evolution of ghost dark energy density.

3 illus, 53 ref

022475   Abdel-Hafiez A;El-Shater S;Zaki M F (Experimental Nuclear Physics Dep, NRC, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt, Email: abdel_hafiez@yahoo.com) : Simulated nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleus reactions in the frame of the cascade exciton model at high and intermediate energies. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(4), 581-90.

In this study, we have used the cascade exciton model (CEM) to investigate different characteristics of nuclear reactions. Number of nucleon-nucleon collisions in Pb+Pb collisions as a function of impact parameter and rapidity distributions of negative particles from p+Ar and p+Xe interactions at p_lab = 200 GeV/c have been studied. We could create inclusive spectra of pions for separate charged states from reactions and total neutron multiplicities per primary reaction at 1000 MeV for different thin targets. Also, cross-sections for the reactions ^{209Bi(p, f) and 209Bi(n, f) were studied. Interactions of 1.0 GeV protons with C, Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb are presented in this study. All the calculated characteristics are compared with other theoretical calculations and compared with the experimental data. CEM shows good agreement with both theoretical and experimental results. In this study, we have used quantum molecular dynamic (QMD) as a theoretical model to compare our results.}

6 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

021529   Vysotskii V I;Vysotskyy M V (NO, , Kiev National Shevchenko University, Email: vivysotskii@gmail.com) : Coherent correlated states of interacting particles-the possible key to paradoxes and features of LENR. Curr Sci 2015, 108(4), 528-30.

In this article,the universal mechanism of optimiza-tion of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) on the basis of coherent correlated states (CCS) of interacting particles is discussed. Formation of these states is the result of special nonstationary low energy action to parameters of potential well containing interacting particles. It was shown that in real nuclear-physical systems usage of CCS leads to sharp growth (up to 10^{30-10100 and more) of oulomb barrier penetrability at very low energy of interacting particles. Several success-ful LENR experiments based on CCS are discussed.}

5 illus, 19 ref

021528   Vysotskii V I;Kornilova A A;Vasilenko A O (NO, Kiev National Shevchenko University, Kiev, Ukraine, Email: vivysotskii@gmail.com) : Observation and investigation of anomalous X-ray and thermal effects of cavitation. Curr Sci 2015, 108(4), 608-13.

Anomalous X-ray and thermal processes associated with cavitation of fast liquid jet in a narrow channel and in free space outside the channel are considered. It has been found that the output of the channel and the initial part of the free jet are sources of intense X-rays, generation of which is connected with shock waves. The energy of X-rays depends on the type of atoms on the radiating surface. Formation of shock waves and X-rays is accompanied by generation of undamped high-frequency thermal waves.

6 illus, 11 ref

021527   Violante V (NO, , ENEA Research Center, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati(Rome), Italy, Email: vittorio.violante@enea.it) : Review of materials science for studying the Fleischmann and Pons effect. Curr Sci 2015, 108(4), 540-58.

Fleischmann and Pons effect (FPE) is the production of excess power during electrochemical loading of deuterium in palladium. This effect has the following features:(1) It is a threshold effect (loading D/Pd<62>0.9).(2) It is unobserved when electrochemical loading is performed with hydrogen from light water. (3)It is unexplainable as a chemical effect. (4) It occurs only if the involved materials have specific characteristics.The presentarticle will review aspects concerning the occurrence of FPE related to materials science, a field considered to be a key to define the effect and a research approach has been conceived to find correlations with the material status.Metallurgy, crystallo-graphic orientation and surface morphology all together are thenecessary conditions to observe the phenomenon. In general, these features affect the deu-terium adsorption/absorption in palladium cathodes. On the other hand, crystal orientation seems not to be crucial for PdRh alloy. A preliminary study, based on galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectro-scopy, has been carried out to investigate the status of the electrochemical interface during the effect. Results point in the direction of a significant change in the equivalent circuit at the electrode interface, as the electrode is active.

32 illus, 29 ref

021526   Vetrivel S;Kanagasabapathy K;Praveenkumar V; Jothi R A (PG & Research Dep of Physics, Government Arts College, Tiruvannamalai-606 603) : Synthesis, growth and characteization of L-proline barium chloride monohydrate: semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(12), 10-3.

Semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, L-Proline barium chloride monohydrate (LPBCM) single crystal was successfully grown from aqueous solution by Slow Evaporation Solvent Technique (SEST) at room temperature. The lattice parameters and space group were determined using single crystal XRD analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern was recorded and indexed for confirmation of crystalline nature of the grown crystal. The presence of functional groups was confirmed from FTIR analysis. UV-Vis-NIR Optical transmittance spectra were recorded in wavelength region 200 - 900 nm. The thermal properties were studied by TG/DT A. Kurtz powder test shows that the crystals having NLO property. The dielectric properties of LPBCM crystal were also studied.

8 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

021525   Takahashi A (Technova Inc., , 1-1 Uchisaiwaicho-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0011 Japan, Email: akito@sutv.zaq.ne.jp) : Development status of condensed cluster fusion theory. Curr Sci 2015, 108(4), 514-15.

Condensed cluster fusion theory has been developed since 1989, under the view that dynamic ordering processes of confined transient clusters of D(H)-parti-cles in catalytic surface sites, vacancies and global mesoscopic potential well of metal nanoparticles may induce simultaneous multi-body fusion reactions. One thorough answer is obtained for the condensation motion of clusters under platonic symmetry like 4D(H)/TSC, 6D(H)/RDC and 8D(H)/RDC and their fusion reaction rates. Theoretical analysis for initial dynamic clustering process on/in catalytic sites is still speculative and under searching a technique to combine the electron density functional method and the QM Langevin method.

2 illus, 8 ref

021524   Storms E (LENRGY, LLC, 2140 Paseo Ponderosa, Santa Fe, NM 87501, , , Email: storms2@ix.netcom.com) : Introduction to the main experimental findings of the LENR field. Curr Sci 2015, 108(4), 535-9.

Twenty-five years ago in March 1989, Martin Fleisch-mann and Stanley Pons announced their success in ini-tiating fusion between deuterons in palladium used as the cathode in an electrolytic cell. Since then, a battle has waged between skeptics who reject the claim and people who observe behaviour that is consistent with the claim. This article briefly summarizes the major experimental observations. A companion article in this special section provides insight into how the observations might be explained.

3 illus, 1 table, 62 ref

021523   Storms E (NO, , LENRGY,LLC, 2140 Paseo Ponderosa,Santa Fe, NM87501storms2@ix.netcom.com) : How the explanation of LENR can be made consistent with observed behaviour and natural laws. Curr Sci 2015, 108(4), 531-4.

Phenomenon called `cold fusion' or low energy nuclear reaction has been a challenge to accept and explain. The problem is compounded because an effective explanation must be consistent with the observed behaviour and natural laws. Hundreds of explanations have been published, but none was able to meet this expectation. Consequently, acceptance of the phenomenon by conventional science and application of the energy have been handicapped. The present article summarizes an effort to reduce this problem by identi-fying a few critical requirements and proposing a mechanism that is consistent with these requirements. This model can also predict many behaviours of importance to science and commercial applications.

2 illus