012018   Murthy L N;Mohan C O;Badonia R (NO, Mumbai Research Center of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIDCO, Admin Building, Sector-1, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400 703, Email: murthycift@gmail.com) : Trace and heavy metal accumulation in squilla (Oratosquilla nepa) off Saurashtra coast. Fish Technol 2015, 52(4), 242-5.

Information on the concentration of trace metals in stomatopod crustaceans is scarce. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to determine the proximate composition, mineral and heavy metal content of stomatopod Oratosquilla nepa (squilla) off Saurashtra coast. The moisture, crude protein, total lipid and total ash contents of squilla were 81, 10.15, 0.6 and 5.1%, respectively. Potassium, sodium and iron content in squilla were 86.09, 76.45 mg% and 42.03 ppm, respectively. Comparison of trace and heavy metal residue accumulation in squilla weighing 5-8 and 8-12 g were compared for gut, exoskeleton and edible meat portion. Significant difference (p<60>0.05) was observed between the two size groups in the accumulation of copper and nickel contents in gut. No significant variation was observed in exoskeleton between the two size groups. Higher level of cadmium (1.94 ppm) was observed in the gut of squilla, however other heavy metals like mercury and lead and trace metals like cobalt were below the detectable limit.

5 illus, 17 ref

012017   Mukherjee B;Das S;Mazumdar A (NO, Jadavpur Univ, School of Water Resources Engineering, Kolkata-700 032) : Environmental study and analysis of Silts deposition at Maithon Reservoir. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(3), 177-87.

Reservoir capacity around 2040-2050 will come to a critical condition due to siltation in the reservoir. Hence it is very pertinent to study the disilting of the dam and for which an environmental impact assessment methodology has to be takenup for avoiding serious environmental problems. In this research a study was undertaken on the future prediction of the total accumulated volume of reservoir around year 2043. Moreover, a potential forecast was also made about the deposition of sediments at various reaches at the upstream of Maithon reservoir by using least square line method. The results were validated with original surveyed data. In order to establish the calculated outcomes the validation" was carried out in 2 processes, such as line of perfect agreement method and root mean square deviation error method. A non linear deposition of silts, along the considered reach range of 24 km at upstream of the reservoir, was observed and its reasons were also conferred.

11 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

012016   Meenambal T;Sriram G A;Balasubramanian N (Geotechnical Engieering Dep, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 013) : Kinetic modeling and performance evaluation of HUASB reactor treating sago wastewater. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(4), 265-73.

The hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor for sago wastewater showed maximum COD removal rate of 79% at 6 hr HRT. Hence, it was concluded to be optimum for the operation of the reactor. The organic loading rates were varied, keeping the HRT constant at 6 hr. The reactor showed maximum COD removal (76%) and biogas production (1.7 L/d) at an OLR of 8.5 kg COD/m^{3 day. Thus, it can be concluded that the reactor's performance is at its best for an OLR of 8.5 kg COD/m3 day at 6 hr HRT.}

5 illus, 11 tables, 12 ref

012015   Mazumdar B;Chaudhari P K (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Raipur-492 001, Email: bmazumdar.che@nitrr.ac.in) : Electrochemical treatment of biodigester effluent of maize based starch industry. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(5), 201-9.

An electrochemical (EC) method for treating industrial wastewater involves compact facilities, easy operation and high efficiency. EC using iron electrode has been employed to effect the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour in biodigester effluent (BDE) of maize based starch industry. The operating parameters considered in this study are voltage (0-30 V), current density (CD) (49.5-247.5 A m^{-2) and pH (3.5-9.5). The maximum COD reduction of 89.2% is found at pH 6.5. Colour reduction at the same pH is 97% at current density 99A m-2. These reductions are achieved at a cost of 26 mg/dm-3 of BDE of electrode loss with the energy consumption of 7.85 Wh/dm-3 of BDE. The 55% settling is obtained in 30 min. at pH 6.5. Filtration studies of treated effluent and sludge have also been reported in this study. The EDAX analysis demonstrates the presence of various micro nutrients. TGA analysis of the sludge has also been presented.}

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

012014   Kushwaha R;Rai O P (Chemistry Dep, Government Autonomous P.G. College, Satna) : Study on physico-chemical parameter of pond water of Mandir Hasoud region, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(2), 159-62.

The physical and chemical characteristics of ponds water were investigated for 4 samples during monsoon season, post- monsoon, winter season and pre-monsoon (2011-12). The studied ponds situated near about an integrated steel and power plant at Mandir Hasoud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, The 11 water quality parameters, like pH, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, iron, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, calcium and magnesium were analyzed in the present study. The pH, TDS, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, calcium and magnesium found within the prescribed norms. Fluoride concentration in sample SW1, SW2 and SW4 found slightly higher than desired limit but under permissible limit as prescribed by BIS. Iron concentration found higher than permissible limit in all the samples. The higher concentration of iron may be due to deposition of suspended particulate matter from atmosphere to surface, that is emitted from nearest an integrated steel and power plant. The maximum iron concentration found in the Serikheri pond which is situated in the downwind direction with respect to the plant where dispersion of air pollutants may be greater than other location.

2 tables, 19 ref

012013   Khamitovich K M;Serikbaeva A D (NO, Kazakh National Agrarian Univ, Abay Ave, 8, Almaty-050 010) : Analysis of efficiency of production process and ready products. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1673-81.

Aim of this paper is to analyze the efficiency of production process and ready products in the certain production environment before implementing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points quality provision system.

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

012012   Kaushik S P;Ramya (NO, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra) : Level of noise pollution in silence zone of Hisar city. Natn Geogr 2013, 48(1-2), 75-83.

The paper analyzes the level of noise pollution in Hisar city. Problem of noise pollution is increasing with time especially during the festival period. In the present study, continuous monitoring of noise level was carried out during the day time in the month of December, 2012 at 116 different sites of silence zone within the Hisar city. Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than WO meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The result shou's that there is an enhanced pressure of noise at all sites during the day time due to different sources like traffic, construction sites etc. All the sites under study show higher sound level than the prescribed limits of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

012011   Kamal R K;Singh G;Perwez A (Environmental Science and Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004) : Assessment of groundwater quality using heavy metal pollution index during monsoon & post-monsoon season. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(2), 118-26.

Contamination of groundwater due to heavy metals is a major concern that received attention at regional, local and global levels because of their toxicological importance in ecosystems and impact on public health. The major sources of heavy metals in ground water are industrial wastes originating from mining, manufacturing and processing activities. Mining activities have a significant impact on groundwater in terms of heavy metal contamination and depletion of groundwater resources. This study addressed the contamination of ground-water due to heavy metals. For the assessment groundwater samples over monsoon and post-monsoon were; collected from 45 wells which includes all the 5 mining talukas of the study area. From the monitored concentration of heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe), heavy metal pollution index values (HPI) were obtained. Groundwater quality of the study area is observed excellent with respect to heavy metals as evidenced by the HPI values. The HPI values are observed well below the critical limit (100). The observed HPI values also indicate that iron ore mining activities have not significant detrimental impacts on the ground water quality with respect to heavy metals in the study area.

3 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

012010   Jain M K;Babu V V (Environmental Science and Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004) : Evaluation of spatial distribution of erosion potential of Jharia coalfield by geographical information system. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(3), 200-15.

Jharia Coalfield is one of the oldest coalfields in India and mining is continued from more than 100 year. Due to its prime coking coal reserves, favourable coal seams configuration and high concentration of thick coal seams, the Jharia Coalfield became a highly attractive area for mining. Area is covered with number of open cast mines and few underground mines. Both types of workings are having potential of erosion in the area. An attempt has been made to evaluate erosion potential of the study area with the help of remote sensing data and tools in geographical information system.

12 illus, 3 tables, 54 ref

012009   Hossain S M (NO, Muslim Association College of Engineering, Venjaramoodu, Trivandrum-695 607) : Activated charcoal treatment of phosphate fertilizer industry wastewater in fluidized-bed reactor. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(4), 287-93.

The fertilizer industry wastewater is one of the most toxic, has a significant negative impact on the environment, especially during its discharge in water bodies and soil. Activated charcoals are versatile adsorbents and are widely used to remove pollutants from wastewaters because of their high adsorption abilities. The increasing usage and competitiveness of activated charcoal prices has prompted a considerable research in the search of inexpensive (low cost) adsorbents especially developed from various eco-friendly agricultural wastes. The COD and BOD removal from phosphate fertilizer industry wastewaters using activated porous spherical charcoal prepared from neem oil cake both as adsorbent and fluidizing material was studied in fluidized-bed reactor. Optimum operating parameters were: Operating time, 8 hr adsorbent dosage, 35 g; adsorbent size, 8x10^{-3 m; pH, 5.5; temperature, 60 °C and feed flow, 5 L/min. Maximum COD and BOD reduction from fertil- izer industry wastewaters were 89.58% (w/w) and 92.60% (w/w) at optimum parameter.}

7 illus, 11 ref

012008   Hafiz P A A;Pugazhendhi S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Ace College of Engineering, Thiruvananathapuram-695 027) : End-of-life vehicle recycling-an analysis of the Indian scenario. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(3), 235-46.

An end-of-life vehicle (ELV) is a vehicle, that is being taken out of use, either because of its age or because of damage from a collision. ELVs have become a global concern as automobiles have become popular worldwide. Under the current situation where automobile ownershipis growing rapidly, ELV management is of importance in terms of resource conservation, waste management and traffic safety that involves human lives (Sakai et at., 2013). While it is observed that ELV legislations are in place and ELV recycling systems are established in the European Union (EU), Japan, Korea and China, it is seen that in countries, like India, with growing automobile markets, no such regulations are in place and establishing ELV regulations is an urgent issue and needs to be addressed. This paper presents a detailed analysis on the existing ELV processing in India. The implications of the present system of ELV treatment in India are highlighted alongwith the suggestions for improving ELV management in India.

25 ref

012007   Gupta M K;Gupta G S (Energy and Environment Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya, Pollution Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Environment, Chitrakoot-485 780) : Statistical analysis of physico-chemical and biological water quality of river Ken in district Banda. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(2), 151-8.

Water of river Ken was found to have total hardness and turbidity values more than the permissible level. The high values of these parameters may have health complications and, therefore, they need attention. The present study was designed to analyze water of river Ken for various physico-chemical and biological characteristics in terms of mass bathing impact in summer season, year 2012. Correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship of water quality parameters. It revealed a significant correlation among 16 physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, TDS, total solid, DO, BOD, COD, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, fluoride, total coliform of the surface water samples collected from 7 villages situated at the bank of river Ken in district Banda (U.P.). Analysis of the above parameters was carried out using standard methods for examination of water and wastewa-ter. The results were compared with drinking water quality standards prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards and WHO. Values of most of the selected parameters were found beyond the permissible limit of the prescribed standards.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

012006   Gour M;Chaudhary R;Jangid D R (School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya Univ, Indore, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh) : Feasibility study of an activated sludge system for the treatment of municipality sewage & the energy conservation opportunities in STP, delawas, Jaipur. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(1), 251-63.

An activated sludge aeration tank and a sedimentation basin were used to treat municipal sewage oritginating from south zone of Jaipur city. A continuous system was implemented and the kinetic parameters were measured. The parameters such as F/M ratio, Organic Loading were in the range of 0.29 - 0.39 and 0.69 -0.83 respectively. The sludge recycle ratios in the range of 5% to 40% were considered. The COD removal, BOD removal, TSS removal and SVI were determined. It was observed that the COD removal, BOD removal TSS removal and SVI were directly related to the sludge recycle ratio and can perfectly fitted on the regression line. The sludge recycle ratio should be within 30 to 40% for the STP Delawas. Along with this, energy conservation measures were found out a STP, Delawas. Here the efficiency of primary treatment unit is low if the efficiency of primary treatment unit is improved the recycle ratio can be reduced up to 25% and power required for recycling of the activated sludge can be reduced. The power consumption can be reduced by using the single high efficiency pumps at the place of parallel low efficiency pumps and by replacing low efficiency light by energy efficient lights.

13 illus, 7 tables, 12 ref

012005   Dabral S;Bhatt B;Joshi J P;Sharma N (Geography Dep, The Maharaja Sayajirao Univ of Baroda, Faculty of Science, Vadodara-390 002) : Application of water quality index for categorizing ground-water in Mahi-Narmada inter stream area, Gujarat. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(2), 127-37.

Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater is an important quantity, because the physical and chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and domestic usages. The study assesses the ground water quality in Mahi-Narmada inter stream area of Gujarat. Ground water samples for pre-monsoon 2003 were collected from the study area analyzed for various physico-chemical parameter using standard methods. Based on the hydrogeochemical analysis, water quality index (WQI) in the study area is calculated to determine the suitability of ground water for drinking purpose. The variations in the concentrations of water quality parameter indicated high concentration of chloride, TDS, total hardness and sulphate while other parameters, like fluoride, nitrate, calcium, pH and magnesium were within permissible limits except in few areas which may be attributed mainly due to lithogenic conditions. Study indicates that out of 101 samples, 34% samples are in excellent water category, 42% are in good category, 17% in poor, 2% in very poor and 6% of the samples are undesirable for drinking. Different ratings of water quality have been observed which indicated deteriorating ground water quality especially in the western and central part of the study area.

3 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

012004   Chukki J;Shanthakumar S (Environmental Engineering Div, VIT Univ, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, Vellore-632 014) : Removal of malachite green and safranin dye from aqueous solution by adsorption using banana peduncle. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(4), 322-8.

The adsorption potential of banana peduncle, a naturally available agricultural waste for the removal of malachite green (MG) and safranin (SF) dye from aqueous solution was studied. Batch experiments were carried out to identify the effect of various process parameters including pH (4-9), stirring speed (90-180 rpm), contact time (5-120 min), temperature (25-35°C), initial dye concentration (10-150 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.1-0.8 g/100 ml for MG and 0.02-0.16 g/100 mL for SF) on dye removal. Maximum percentage removal of MG and SF was obtained as 97.6% and 85.2%, respectively. The optimum conditions were found to be pH-7.0, adsorbent dose-0.4 g/100 mL, stirring speed- 150 rpm, contact time- 30 min for an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L at 30°C for MG, whereas for SF dye, the optimum conditions were found to be pH-7.0, adsorbent dose- 0.1 g/100mL, stirring speed- 150, contact time-60 min for an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L at 30°C. Adsorption kinetics was analyzed by pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. It was found that the adsorption process for both the dyes followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Based on the investigation, it has been demonstrated that the banana peduncle has good potential for effective adsorption of mlachite green and safranin dye.

7 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

012003   Chaudhary R;Tomar S;Singh R P (NO, Devi Ahilya Univ, School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore-452 001) : Feasibility study and application of different industrial sludge for landfilling/vegetative propagation by using flyash, soil and chemical coagulant. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(3), 247-56.

This work proposed a database on characterization of sludge of 2 industries created as field application for utilizing the same to evaluate the present way of sludge handling and disposal systems of respective industries as well as to elaborate the possible alternatives, if any in the light of current information on emerging technology. The characteristics of sludge from both steel processing and pharmaceutical industries have shown that both of the sludge become useful when conditioned with the optimum dose. Among ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate and poly aluminum chloride used as conditioner, the poly aluminum chloride is best conditioner. It reduces the moisture content upto 27-29% which improve its dewatering capacity. It was found that sludge from steel processing unit when mix with ash does not support plant growth but it in can be for filling or leveling of low lying area. Sludge from pharmaceutical industry has less moisture content so does not require any pretreatment for it. When ash is mixed with sludge, it acts as a bulking agent. It reduces its moisture content and acts as a conditioner and also support plants growth. So it can be used for both leveling of low lying area and for agricultural uses.

2 illus, 11 tables, 21 ref

012002   Bhoopatkar N R;Mahadik K;Phoujdar S (NO, Apar Industries Ltd., Rabale, Thane-400 701) : Biotreatment of industrial effluent using indigenously isolated algae. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(4), 274-80.

Algae can be used for tertiary treatment of wastewater due to its capability to assimilate nutrients. The below mentioned study addresses the adaptation of algae strain of indigenous origin, isolated from the premises/disposal area of oil blending plant, for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and generation of biomass. The algae utilizes the pollutants for biomass generation thus reducing organic pollutants from the effluent water. The highest biomass production and COD removal (98%) occurred in media supplemented with nitrate as nitrogen source. Treated water obtained is efficient enough to be used as ferti- irrigation water as demonstrated in the seed germination test. The below mentioned paper exhibit the possibility of using microalgae for COD removal and biomass production.

4 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

012001   Bespalov V K I;Gurova O S;Paramonova O N; Lysova E P (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional, "Rostov State Univ of Civil Engineering", Russian Federation-344 022, Rostov Region, Rostov-on-Don, Socialisticheskaya St., 162, Email: izos3402-rgsy@mail.ru) : Development and choice of an evidence-based technique of the most ecologically effective and energertically economic technologies of cleaning of toxic components of the departing and exhaust gases of objects of an urban environment assessment. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1459-70.

In the given article the authors offer an evidence-based technique for the solution of the problem of assessment and choice of the most ecologically effective and energetically economic technologies of air purification of toxic components of the departing and exhaust gases of objects in the conditions of urban environment. The technique development included consideration of a hydrodynamic method of flue gases purification of the toxic polluting substances on the basis of studying the physical features in course of the process, mathematical description of the method by criteria of ecological efficiency and energy efficiency parameter. At the final stage of the conducted research the technique of the assessment and choice of the most ecologically effective and energetically economic technologies of toxic components of the departing and exhaust gases of objects cleaning in the conditions of urban environment provided with algorithm for its realization has been developed.

1 illus, 20 ref

012000   Bespalov V I;Gurova O S;Samarskaya N S; Yudina N V (NO, Rostov State Univ of Civil Engineering(RGSU), Rostov-on-Don, Sotsilaisticheskaya, 162, 344 022, Russia) : Assessment of ecological efficiency and energy efficiecy of foam use at the construction industry enterprises by emissions cleaning process. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1587-96.

In the article the authors give an attempt to evaluate the assessment of ecological efficiency and energy efficiency of one of the most promising technologies of realization of the construction industry enterprises' emissions cleaning process via hydrodynamic method with the use of foam which in the active zone of cleaning process realization can have either the foamy aerosol form (discrete bubbles), or a foam layer (where bubbles are located closely to each other and share common liquid film sides). Thus, the authors analyze physical essence of hydrodynamic method of ventilating air purification exhaust gases from polluting substances (toxic components) using the foam method with foam layer application or foamy aerosol and as a result receive parametrical dependences for the energy efficiency parameter and efficiency of air purification process in case of each method application. The authors present the results of the carried-out calculations graphically.

6 illus, 11 ref

011999   Anand S;Somasundaram S S N (Zoology P.G. and Research Dep, Alagappa Govt. Arts College, Karaikudi-630 003) : Physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of Vaigai river water. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(2), 144-50.

The physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters were measured at 6 sampling stations from Vaigai river. The Total dissolved solid were relatively higher than the total suspended solid. In general magnesium recorded higher values in all the samples than calcium. The concentration of chloride in the sampling stations were in the range of 14.88 to 21.41 mg/L. The biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values of the sampling station were varied from 7.9 to 8.7 mg/L and 15 to 25 mg/L, respectively. The Chemical oxygen demand values are high in all the stations than Biological oxygen demand values. All the physico-chemical parameter values were below the prescribed limit of WHO (1993), ICMR (1975) in all the Vaigai river water. The total heterotrophic bacterial count was ranged from 1.6x10^{-2 CFU/mLto 4.46x10 CFU/mL and the total coliform count varied from15 MPN/100 mL to 240 MPN/100 mL. From this study, it concluded that most of the Vaigai river water samples are not suitable for the purpose of drinking. Hence, the water samples should be consumed only after proper treatment.}

1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

011998   Amarnath D J;Kalaiselvi T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai-600 119) : Reject management using rack type solar evaporator in tannery wastewater treatment. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(4), 329-34.

Conventional treatment in the tannery wastewater treatment can remove the organic pollutants to an extent, but the removal of organic pollutant needs further treatment. Reverse osmosis process serves the purpose of removing the inorganic pollutants especially total dissolved solid which posed a tedious problem for the tannery wastewater treatment. The TDS removed by the reverse osmosis system will be in a concentrated form with high TDS and it need proper disposal. The high TDS reject are evaporated in solar pans in small scale units and evaporators in mechanical evaporators in large scale units. But the current technologies followed for the reject management system are very expensive and need more area. The cost effective and space effective solution for the reject management system is tried in using rack type solar evaporation.

4 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

011997   Alam S (NO, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi) : Biodiversity conservation and inidgenous communities. Natn Geogr 2013, 48(1-2), 49-57.

Biodiversity conservation of the earth is critically important for its ecological and economic security. The Rio Earth Summit of 1992 reiterated this. Now it is on the policy agenda of every state. However, there is Jack of unanimity on measures to conserve biological diversity. The absence of the local people participation is cited as the most important reason for the failure of the biodiversity conservation efforts. It is widely believed that local people have the best knowledge of their environment. They are custodians of their biologically rich habitats and resources therein. Therefore, there is a need to involve them in each and every step of biodiversity conservation efforts. This paper argues for the active involvement of indigenous people in biodiversity conservation practices.

12 ref

011996   Al Johny B O (Biological Science Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, P.O.Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: boaljohny@kau.edu.sa) : Potential environmental health hazards from the careless discard of canine faeces. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1055-8.

Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica were isolated from four sites contaminated with dog faeces, while no isolates were obtained from a fifth location, an uncontaminated site. The number of bacteria isolated varied from site to site with E. coli being isolated in the highest numbers. Bacteria which are potentially pathogenic were isolated from dog faeces left at ambient conditions in plastic bags. Numbers of E. coli and S. enterica increased significantly in the dog faeces, when they were left in sealed plastic bags, over a 28 incubation period. In conclusion, the results presented here show that dog faeces represent an important means by which bacterial pathogens can be transferred from dogs to humans via the soil. The reprehensible recent habit, amongst some dog owners, of leaving faeces in sealed plastic bags is likely to greatly exacerbate this problem.

1 illus, 10 ref

010966   Vinoth Kumar R;Muthuchamy I (Soil and Water Conservation Enginnering Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: kumar.nanthu@gmail.com) : Estimation of spatial rainfall distribution using inverse distance weighting (IDW) in Parambikulam Aliyar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu. Asian J envir Sci 2015, 10(1), 83-9.

Inverse distance weighting (IDW) method integrated with GIS was used to estimate the rainfall distribution in the Parambikulam-Aliyar sub-basin. The study was carried out based on 31 years of the monthly rainfall data from 8 rain gauge stations. Average annual rainfall of the region was found to be 1841.08 mm. The average annual rainfall of southwest, northeast, winter and summer monsoon was recorded as 1188.94, 430.89, 20.04 and 201.21 mm, respectively. The Chinnakallar raingauge station received the highest rainfall of 4750.25 mm whereas, Vettaikaranpudur recorded the lowest rainfall of 741.54 mm. The mean annual variability of rainfall was varied from 20 to 57 per cent. The south and south east part of the region experienced the heavy rainfall. East and north east received moderate rainfall, whereas the north, west and central part of the region experienced the lowest rainfall.

11 illus, 12 ref

010965   Thakur S D;Kapoor K S;Samant S S (NO, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, Shimla-171 009, Email: shalu2006@gmail.com) : Conservation prioritization of habitats and communities of Tirthan wildlife sanctuary, district Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India: a floristic approach based on potential distribution of vascular plant species. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 153-61.

Present scenario of the biodiversity crisis is unpredictable and unprecedented. Major reasons for the declining trends of biodiversity are loss of habitat and fragmentation. Ever increasing population of humans, climate changes, industrialization and direct exploitation of species from their natural habitats are important causes which are driving species to the brink of extinction and in some cases leading to extinction. To conserve the species in their natural habitats efforts have been made all over the world by establishing protected/ conservation areas as sanctuaries, parks and reserves. Resources being limited, conservational efforts done at the micro level are much significant in achieving this objective. An effort has been done to evaluate and prioritize habitats and communities of a protected area. The present study has been focused on these lines and has identified 11 habitats, 23 forest communities and 15 alpine communities. Amongst identified forest communities, the total tree density ranged from 135.0-670.0 Ind ha-1 and total basal area 5.60-319.08m2 ha-1 and the total shrub density 1490.0-2120.0 Ind ha-1. Each habitat and community has been evaluated for site representation, altitudinal distribution, species richness, native, endemic, socio-economically important and threatened species. Based on cumulative values for these attributes, Conservation Priority Index (CPI) for the habitats and communities has been calculated. Amongst habitats, Dry, Riverine, Shrubbery, Camping site, Dry Alpine Slope and Moist Alpine Slope habitats respectively, showed high CPI, hence prioritized for conservation. Amongst communities, Acer acuminatum-Prunus cornuta mixed, Aesculus indica-Prunus cornuta mixed, Juglans regia-Picea smithiana mixed and Viburnum cotinifolium-Rosa macrophylla-Rhododendron campanulatum mixed communities in the forest zone and Berberis jaeschkeana-Rosa sericea mixed, Lonicera obovata and Salix denticulata-Rosa webbiana mixed communities in the alpine zone respectively, showed high CPI, and hence prioritized for conservation. Monitoring of these prioritized habitats and communities will keep an eye on the structural and functional changes in the natural vegetation and possibilities of habitat alterations due to overexploitation, habitat degradation and invasion by exotic/non-native species and formulate strategies, if required, to conserve them. This would help in the proper management of habitats and communities of the Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary.

5 tables, 42 ref

010964   Tapase B S (Environmental Science Dep, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharastra, Email: tapasebharati@rediffmail.com) : Hydro-chemical monitoring of Sakkradara lake at Nagpur (Maharastra). Asian J envir Sci 2015, 10(1), 107-9.

Present paper includes an assessment of the quality of water reservoir situated near Chota Taj Bagh, Sakkardara Square, Nagpur, dist. Nagpur (M.S.). Since 'good' water quality will produce healthier humans than one with poor water quality, an analysis on the hydro-chemical parameters of Sakkardara lake water was made. The lake is situated near Raghuji Nagar in old city area and is beneficial to recreation in present days and fulfill scarcity of water in future. The use of water is mostly for recreation, idol immersion and fishing purpose. The findings of the analysis will prove to be quite informative, to the daily consumers of the water. The water samples were analyzed form June, 2008 to May, 2009. Water samples from this site were analyzed for pH, Conductivity, TDS, Chloride, Alkalinity, Hardness, DO and Sulphate. The results revealed the range of variation in different parameters viz., pH 8.0 to 8.2, TDS 789 to 992mg/l, hardness 210 to 299 mg/l, DO 5.7 to 7.2 mg/l, alkalinity 123 to 148 ppm, chloride 136 to 193 mg/l and sulphate 82 to 130 mg/l. All the hydro-chemical parameters of Sakkardara lake water are within the highest desirable limit or maximum permissible limit set by WHO.

1 table, 14 ref

010963   Singh B;Rai N N (NO, Central Water Commission, India) : Minimum environmental/Ecological flows-views of CWC. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(12), 53-9.

National Water Policy (2012) duly recognizes the ecological needs of the river setting aside a portion of river flows on the pattern of natural flow regime and environmental management plan is an integral part of planning of any water resources development project. The detailed environmental studies are required to be carried out including requirement of e-flows while planning any water resources project. However, the estimation of environmental flows is still a challenge primarily due to lack of both the understanding of and quantitative data on relationships between river flows and ecological characteristics of river. The assessment of environmental flows rationally keeping in view of limited water resources and dependence of livelihood of large population is still at infancy stage. Various studies show wide variations in the assessment of E-flows. The main challenge is to meet the e-flow requirement during lean period. There is claimer from various groups to reserve the majority of river flows for e-flows during lean period. However, the allocation of water for environmental needs should not be decided in isolation. The water requirements of other demands of food, energy, livelihoods etc in the basin should also be taken into account while allocating scares water resources to various competing users including environmental needs. The paper discusses the developments in field and views of CWC on the issue.

2 table, 11 ref

010962   Simranjit Kaur;Khera K S (Zoology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: kskhera@pau.edu) : Pesticide toxicity and avifauna of Punjab. Asian J Anim Sci 2015, 10(1), 74-80.

Use of pesticides, in modern agriculture has increased tremendously. Pesticides affect the human, environment and wildlife including birds. Three main groups of chemical synthetic pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate. Because of persistent nature, organochlorine are no longer in use in several countries. But some of them like aldrin, dieldrin, lindane and endosulfan are still in use in developing countries. They cause widespread population decline of raptorial birds like the peregrine falcon, the sparrow hawk and bald eagle. The well known effect of DDT in eggshell thinning of the peregrine falcon is caused by its highly persistent metabolite DDE [1,1, bis-4-chlorphenyl]-2,2 dichiorethylene]. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides do not bioaccumulate in the food chains and are less persistent. They have replaced the more persistent organochlorines. This communication elaborates the effect of synthetic chemical pesticides on birds along with a note on policy framework on use of pesticides.

2 tables, 55 ref

010961   Shahabfar N;Ahmadian M A;Jafari H (Geography and Rural Planning Dep, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Mashhad, Iran, Email: n_shahabfar@yahoo.com) : Study of the environmental effects of rural tourism development from the viewpoint of experts (a case study of Kalat county), Iran. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 7-11.

Nowadays, tourism has attracted considerable attention as an influential phenomenon on rural development, since it dramatically affects the economic, cultural, social, environmental, and structural aspects of rural life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of tourism development on the quality of rural environment from the viewpoint of experts. In this regard, and to fulfill this purpose the environmental impacts and consequences of rural development on the rural regions of Kalat county was investigated using descriptive-analytical research and utilizing documentaries and field studies (30 questionnaires filled by experts). The results of this study show that the experts evaluated the environmental impacts of tourism development with an average rating of 33/66, which is in the moderate to high range. The Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypothesis of this study. The correlation coefficient was estimated 0.989, therefore, it can be stated that tourism development would cause environmental changes throughout the rural regions of the province. Finally, based on the results it is suggested that tourism development should be carried out with focus on ecotourism and tourism attraction with emphasis on preserving the environment, promotion of tourism culture and environment preservation among public. Therefore, it is suggested that laws, rules, and regulations regarding environmental standards of tourism be formulated and revised, and that the officials should pay attention to this matter in order to prevent environmental degradation.

3 tables, 12 ref

010960   Sarkhosh A;Shabanlou S (Civil Engineering Dep, Maraghe Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Maraghe, Iran, Email: saeid.shabanlou@gmail.com) : Long-term impact of kabodarahang's thermal power plant on groundwater. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 33-9.

The purpose of this study is quantitative simulation of Kabodarahang aquifer located in the Hamadan Province of Iran with area of 3470 square kilometers. In this study the groundwater hydraulic flow model was run and then observation and pumping wells data entered into the software and finally all of piezometers data input to the software for calibration of the model. The tools used in this study are PMWIN (Processing MODFLOW for Windows) software package for hydraulic simulation of groundwater flow and PEST computer code for calibration of data. After collecting the useful data from relevant organizations in Hamadan Province and providing the geographical maps and GIS maps and all of essential data for run the software, the calibration of the model was performed, then we run the software and extracted output files include contour maps, graphical maps, graphs and Water Budget tables. Next, the plant quantitative model was simulated and run independently. Then, the run model integrated into the main model and graphs related to the drawdown were investigated by applying the plant boundary conditions. The results showed that the plant activities effects on the aquifer level are significant so that at the end of 2012-2013 water year there is a drawdown about 2.5 m around the power plant.

7 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

010959   Rajabi A;Shabanlou S;Yosefvand F (Water Engineering Dep, College of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: ahmadrjb@yahoo.com) : Study of wind speed monthly changes trend in west of Iran. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 1-5.

Regarding the recent wind speed fluctuations due to global warming and the effect of wind speed on the wind erosion and evapotranspiration, studying wind speed trend seems necessary. This study makes use of wind speed average data of 4 synoptic stations in west of Iran at monthly and yearly time scale in 1951- 2005 time period. The study of wind speed data trend was carried out by making use of Mann-Kendall and Spearman's Rho tests and linear regression analysis. According to the results, the area is not a homogeneous one during the data period regarding wind speed. The results of the two tests, Mann-Kendall and Spearman's Rho are the same. In the mentioned stations, there are both increasing and decreasing trends in the monthly and yearly wind speed data. Yearly increasing trend is in Hamedan station and yearly decreasing trend is in Kermanshah station. Wind speed yearly trend is not significant in Khoramabad and Sanandaj stations. Yearly average wind speed increased in most of stations from about 1997. The highest monthly increasing trend was in Hamedan station in May to October. The highest decreasing trend was in Kermanshah station in March, April, September and October.

3 illus, 1 tables, 19 ref

010958   Panda S S;Dhal N K (Environment and Sustainability Dep, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Email: swati.sucharita8@gmail.com) : Assessment of heavy metal contamination of soils and plants in and around open cast mines of Sukinda, India. Asian J envir Sci 2015, 10(1), 76-82.

Mining activities generate huge amount of wastes with extremely high concentrations of heavy metal that have adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Metal contamination extended several kilometers away from the mine sites probably by wind and water. Native vegetation was directly affected by the pollution. Hence, understanding the dynamic of metals in soil and plants is essential for ecosystem management and risk assessment. The present study was designed to assess the toxic metals viz., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) present in the soil and plant samples of 18 plant species collected from nearby areas Sukinda chromite mining zone. Samples of soil and plants were collected from six different sites and were analyzed for pH, EC, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni by pH meter, conductivity meter and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. Soil pH was slightly acidic in nature and varied from 5.5 to 6.4. Total heavy metal concentrations in soils were in the order of Cr<62> Ni<62> Pb<62> Cd. Cr and Ni exceed the critical limit value of WHO specified standard. Accumulation of metals in the plant species and in their organs varies, e.g. accumulation of heavy metal was higher in stem as compared to leaf. Ailanthus excelea Roxb. has highest capability for accumulating Cr in the shoot part as compared to other collected plants. The plants can ideally be used as the possible application in agricultural reconnaissance surveys, reclamation and revegetation of adversely affected mining environment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

010957   Okorie I A;Enwistle J;Dean J R (School of Life Science, Northumbria Univ, Ellison Buliding, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE18ST, United Kingdom, Email: alexokorie@yahoo.com) : Platinum group elements in urban road dust. Curr Sci 2015, 109(5), 938-42.

Introduction of catalytic converter in our automobiles played a vital role in the reduction of harmful emissions such as carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen. The three-way catalytic converter which consists of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh; Pt-Pd-Rh), while reducing harmful emissions also increases the concentration of platinum group elements (PGEs) into the environment. This situation is due to the deterioration of the surface abrasion of the catalytic converter, thus releasing the PGEs adsorbed in small particles into the environmental compartments of air, soil and water. In this study, the concentration of PGEs in the environment was investigated using road dust collected from the city of Newcastle upon Tyne as a case study. The results obtained using ICP-MS revealed an elevated concentration in PGEs in the road dust in comparison to the lithospheric average. From the study, the average concentration is as follows: platinum = 38.23 ng/g, palladium = 79.8 ng/g and rhodium = 17.56 ng/g. The average concentration of PGEs in the lithosphere is 5.0 x 10^{-6 ng/g for Pt, 1.5 x 10-5 ng/g for Pd and 1.0 x 10-7 ng/g for Rh.}

1 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

010956   Maji S;Ahmed S;Siddiqui W A (Applied Science and Humanities Dep, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central Univ), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110 025, Email: sirajuahmed@rediffmail.com) : Air quality assessment and its relation to potential health impacts in Delhi, India. Curr Sci 2015, 109(5), 902-9.

Main objective of the air quality index (AQI) system is to interpret air quality in a standardized indicator to enable the public to understand the likely health and environmental impacts of air pollutant concentration levels monitored on any given day. The daily averaged concentration data of air pollutants of monitoring sites under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme of Delhi were analysed for the period 2001-2010 using the AQI system. This study was undertaken to (i) evaluate the trends of air quality for the past 10 years, (ii) ascertain the association of air quality with mortality and respiratory morbidity rate of Delhi, and (iii) examine the seasonal variation of air quality. The air quality status was found to be varying from 'moderate' to 'unhealthy for sensitive group' category from the health impact point of view. Non-trauma mortality (r = 0.877, P <60> 0.01) as well as respiratory morbidity were found to be significantly correlated with AQI values. The present study increases public awareness of the health implications of air pollution and helps assess pollution trends in a more meaningful way.

8 illus, 7 tables, 28 ref

010955   Liputo S;Soehodho S;Sugijoko B T S;Moersidik S S (Doctoral Student of Environment Sience Study Program, Indonesia Univ, Indonesia, Email: syafrin.liputo@gmail.com) : Relationship between primary pollutants distribution and quality of urban green areas in Jakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2015, 17(2), 461-7.

Jakarta is one of the most polluted cities in the world. Motor vehicles contribute 60-70% of air pollution from the spread of pollutants emitted from motor vehicle. Although Jakarta has a total open space of 33%, including unbuilt area, which should restore the polluted air derived from motor vehicle emission, it appears that the green areas cannot fully improve the air quality of Jakarta. This study was aimed to find a model of the relationship between emissions and quality of urban green areas. Based on the ANOVA analysis, model of relationship is built between primary pollutant emissions and the quality of urban green areas namely the distribution of green space, plants types, density, and area of observations, rainfall and volume of traffic. Based on the sixth models that were built, there are some relationship between the contaminant emissions with green urban areas based on the relationship between the quality of primary pollutants distribution and quality of green areas. The concentration of primary pollutants are Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hidro Carbon (HC), Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2), Sulfur Dioxides (SO2), Particled Material (PM10) and Total Suspended Material (TSP) emitted in ten areas of Jakarta influenced by the quality of green areas.

3 illus, 2 table, 8 ref

010954   Khani M C;Ghaderi S J;Shabanlou S (Civil Engineering Dep, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Mahabad, Iran, Email: ghaderi.jamil@gmail.com) : Simulation of gheshlagh dam construction effect on the gheshlagh aquifer using modflow. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 25-31.

In this research, quantitative simulation of Gheshlaghaquifer is conducted using Visual Modflow in order to investigate the effect of Gheshlagh Dam construction on the aquifer. First, required data was collected from related organizations and processed to be importable to the program. The first step of modeling is extracting terrain data from GIS maps and then importing the required packages of the program. This simulation was performed into two stages including quantitative simulation of the aquifer without applying the dam and simulation of the aquifer with applying the dam and finally extracting the drawdown graphs for two stages. After extracting and comparison of the graphs, it is concluded that Gheshlagh Dam is acting as an artificial recharge source and the water table level in presence of the dam has a better situation than without the dam. However, the aquifer water budget in both conditions is estimated negative and proper decisions for long term operation from the aquifer should be considered.

8 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

010953   Kaur D;Sindhu M;Bal S (Family Resource Management Dep, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab) : Study in subjective assessment of indoor pollution among rural and urban homemakers of Ludhiana city. Asian J envir Sci 2015, 10(1), 95-9.

Environmental pollution is any undesirable change in any component of the environment may it be air, water, soil, which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life and property. World Health Organization (WHO) also ranks the problem of indoor pollution as one of the worst health risks facing the poor. The pollution can be either indoor or outdoor or both but generally people think that pollution is only outdoor or affecting the indoor environment due to the different outdoor sources. The inside environment of houses often has a higher level of pollutants than the outdoor surroundings. Unfortunately, indoor pollution has not been given much importance. Keeping the concern and significance of indoor pollution in mind a study was planned to assess the indoor pollution subjectively from rural and urban houses, two modified scales were used. Scales used were Physical Environment Assessment Tool (PEAT) and Environment Awareness Scale (EAS).

3 tables, 9 ref

010952   Kakade B K;Pawar S E;Dudhade P A (NO, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, Maharashtra) : Impact of national environment awareness campaign during 2006-2014 in Maharashtra, India. Asian J envir Sci 2015, 10(1), 100-6.

The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change, (MoEFC) Govt.of India has launched several programmes which aim at spreading environmental consciousness among the student's, community and professionals. The present study is to assess impact of the National Environment Awareness Programme (NEAC) in Maharashtra for the period 2006-2014. The study includes over 6500 organizations from 35 districts of Maharashtra. The scale and scope of the programme can be seen from the response received from local level organizations such as NGOs, schools, colleges, Govt. institutions and women groups aspiring to work on four important thematic areas and environmental issues in their surroundings. It is not only the spread but also the number and type of participating organizations over period. Impact of the study is assessed based on the indicators i.e. outreach of the programme, contribution of local organizations in environment awareness, capacity building and growth of local organizations through diversification of activities. For the period of over past ten years over 13000 organizations applied and were connected with MoEFC of which 50 per cent were approved and conducted programme to reach to community in general, students, teachers, women, famers and field functionaries. These organizations worked on four important thematic areas i.e., waste management, biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation and forest and sustainable livelihood. In the process, these organizations have built their skills and capacities and diversified into other important sectors such as health, education and women's issues.

8 illus, 8 tables, 9 ref

010951   Jajarmi V;Bihamta M R;Sabzalian M R;Majidi I;Darvish F (Agriculture Dep, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran) : Role of endophytic fungi in drought resistance of Lolium perenne in Iran. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 437-45.

It has been long that the symbiotic relationship among some members of poaceae family and endophyte fungi has been identified and under focus. They belong to genus Epchloe (Clavipitaceae), which reside in the leaf sheath of Lolium perenne. The presence of endophytes in a plant leads to its resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. To conduct the study, more than 640 fresh plant materials (Natural samples) of Lolium perenne, of which 32 had endophytes, were collected from the native rangelands in north-east, west, north and northwest of Iran. To insure the presence of fungal endophyte in the samples, leaf sheaths were stained with Rose Bengal. The genomic DNA was also extracted from the isolates to confirm the identity of fungi. According to the morphological characteristics and specific primers, all the isolated fungi from Lolium perenne were identified as Epichloe endophytes. Then 32 endophyte-infected genotypes and 32 endophytefree genotypes of Lolium perenne were planted in a farm in Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd. In order to study the role of endophytic fungi in drought resistance of Lolium perenne, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. To impose the drought stress, after determining the FC and PWP and drawing the moisture diagram, when the soil moisture reached 40% of the field capacity, the field was irrigated with a volume of water that was calculated during the experiment appropriate with the root depth. In the present study, height, crown, dry weight, leaf length, leaf width, wet weight, number of tillers and leaf water content were measured. To analyze the data, SAS was employed and to compare the means LSD was used. The WARD was used to cluster-analyze the data and the Stat Graphic was used to draw the biplot. The stress conditions reduced all traits except leaf width and water content and this reduction was significantly lower in endophyte-infected genotypes. In other words, under the stress condition, endophyte-infected samples had higher tillers number, dry weight, crown, leaf length and wet weight. The cluster analysis separated the genotypes into 3 groups in the normal condition and four groups in the stress condition. The endophyte-infected genotypes and endophyte-free genotypes were accurately isolated. Most of the genotypes infected with endophytes were in the second group in normal condition. Enjoying most of the traits, the genotypes of this group had a better average than the other groups. The genotypes of this group are a very suitable source for breeding and performance increase. The isolation of the endophyte-infected and endophyte-free genotypes was properly carried out in the stress conditions of the cluster analysis and the endophyte-infected genotypes could go in the first group. Most of the endophyte-free genotypes could fit in the third and fourth groups. The trait mean of the endophyte-free groups was lower than that of the other groups being in symbiotic relationship with endophytes. The factor analysis also determined two factors that accounted for 78.76% of variation in the normal condition. In the genotype dispersion observed and evaluated in normal conditions, four groups were indentified. The main factor included the number of tillers, dry and wet weight. The coefficients in the second factor included the leaf width that had a lower value in the first factor. In terms of both the factors, the genotypes that were at the end of the first quarter on the plot stood at a better level compared with the other genotypes where, in addition to the endophyte-infected genotypes, there were some of the endophyte-free genotypes. Finally, under the stress condition, the factor analysis determined two factors that accounted for 85.62% of variation where the main factor included the number of tillers, dry and wet weight and leaf length. The coefficients in the second factor included the leaf width that had a lower value in the first factor. The genotype dispersion showed that most of the genotypes having endophytes were in the first quarter which, based on both the factors, stood at a very desirable level. One genotype that included endophytes could fit in the end part of the first quarter which, compared with the other genotypes, could stand at a better level. According cluster analysis and facto analysis, the trait average of the endophyte-free groups was lower than that of the other groups being in symbiotic relationship with endophytes. It can be concluded that the endophytes in normal and stress conditions can help increase the traits effective on performance.

6 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

010950   Irawati W;Kusumatwati I;Sopiah R N (Biology Dep, Teachers College, Univ of Pelita Harapan, J M H Thamrin Boulevard 1100, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang 15811, Banten, Indonesia, Email: w.irawati3@gmail.com) : Potency of Acinetobacter spp IRC2 isolated from industrial wastewater treatment plant in rungkutt-surabaya as a bioremediation agent for heavy metals. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2015, 17(2), 357-63.

Microorganisms have developed several mechanisms to tolerate high concentration of heavy metals. One of these mechanisms dependent upon metabolic energy of microorganisms is the bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Acinetobacter spp. IrC2 is a copper-resistant bacteria isolated from activated sludge in an Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant in Rungkut-Surabaya, Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to study the potency of Acinetobacter spp. IrC2 as a bioremediation agent for copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc. Resistance of Acinetobacter spp. IrC2 to heavy metals were determined by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Accumulation of copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Acinetobacter spp. IrC2 showed multiple resistance to heavy metals. The MICs of Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 to copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc were 10 mM, 4 mM, 13 mM, and 9 mM, respectively. Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 has capabillity to accumulate copper, cadmium, zinc,and lead up to 138,96 mg, 37,17 mg, 151,96, 307,15 mg per gram dry weight of cells, respectively. The bacteria also demonstrated growth in the medium containing the mixture of 1 mM copper, cadmium, lead, zinc and accumulated those heavy metals up to 1.50 mg/g, 54.57 mg/g, 22.29 mg/g and 13.57 mg/g dry weight of cells, respectively.

4 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

010949   Fahruddin;Abdullah A (Biologi Dep, Hasanuddin Univ, F.MIPA, Tamalanrea, Makassar-902 45, Indonesia, Email: fahruddin65@gmail.com) : Use of organic materials wetland for improving the capacity of sulfate reduction bacteria(SRB) in reducing sulfate in acid mine water (AMW). Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2015, 17(2), 321-4.

Increasing mining activities in several regions in Indonesia, began to face problems, namely of environmental pollution. One of the mining waste that is liquid sulfur, or acid mine water, which can lower the pH of the water and dissolves heavy metals. Countermeasures for the chemical method is to use lime, but this is less effective. The method is good and is environmentally friendly way by using sulphate reduction bacteria (SRB) that naturally there are many in the sediment wetland. Goal of this research is to find the type of sediment wetland most effectively increase the pH and decrease the concentration of sulphate in acid mine water. The sediment wetland is used mangroves, swamp, rice fields and beaches. Treatment bioreaktor made on the filled with sediment underneath the compost is given further incubation for 50 days. The observation of pH and content of sulphate based on the value of OD spectrophotometer and known pH increased to the highest in the pH of 6,9 is in the swamp sediment treatment, while the only other treatment until the pH 5,8-6,4. Increasing the pH in accordance with the decrease in the rate of SO4 is most sharply in the swamp sediment treatment as well as the most effective treatment.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

010948   Eugene J (Hotel Management and Catering Technology Dep, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute Univ, Chennai) : Imprints of the tourism-environment impact: a state-of-the-art review. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 305-13.

Travel and Tourism has manifested itself as a vital need for people from all walks of life. This growing demand inundates the need for various tourism infrastructure and facilities, amounting to voluminous usage of the destination by the tourists. Eventually, the destination's environment is intervened and it suffers certain losses which cannot be compensated. This may result in lack of Sustainability of Tourism and Environment. This dubious status should be set right so that the future enjoys a benign environment. This paper mainly focuses on the impact of tourism projects on the environment. It highlights on the Environmental Impact Assessment to understand the impact of a tourism project on the environment. To discuss this theme, select environments from Pondicherry - a popular tourist destination, at the shores of Bay of Bengal, Southern part of India is taken for the study. The possible impacts of tourism projects on the chosen natural and built environment are studied. Based on the inferences, suggestions are drawn. This paper is carefully constructed using frequent field visits, observation techniques, interaction with the concerned authorities, archives, reports and reviews.

6 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

010947   Atmanto D;Si M (Engineering Faculty, State Univ of Jakarta, On Rawamangun Muka Street-East Jakarta, Indonesia, Email: dwi_atmonto@yahoo.com) : Eco-hydraulic: an approach to save water ecology on earth surface. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2015, 17(2), 393-99.

Currently eco-hydroulic cconcept in Indonesia is still a learned discourse, has not been applied. Eco-hydrology approach is very appropriate to address the impacts of global warming such as the problem of water crisis that hit Indonesia. Eco-hydraulic is classified as an eco-technology, the merger between environmental knowledge with technology. One of the applied aspects which has been practiced in developed countries is phyto technology, i.e. the use of plants or vegetation in addressing environmental problems. This paper was composed by reference and 5 informans depth-interview method. The result showed that Eco-hydraulic concept is an integral concept in the development of the river basin and considerations that incorporate elements of hydraulics and ecology synergistically. This concept can actually synergistic mutualisme, produces hydraulic engineering that benefits both the environment and ecology. Water sources such as rivers and lakes are no longer simply construed as grooves on the face of the earth by flowing water and sediment. However, river and lake ecosystem is defined as an entity that inundated the open nature of the upstream-downstream biotic and abiotic components have mutually hook-connection each other. Abiotic and biotic components are mutually synergistic This will reduce the production of carbon dioxide through natural processes, because the flora and fauna that live in waters are used for reducing pollutants in addition to the water supply sufficient in quality and quantity of biota and humans. If the eco-hydraulic is done extensively it can contribute to mitigation of global warming.

6 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

010946    (NO, , ) : Progressive initiative by Govt. of Karnataka for water conservation. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(12), 65-6.

009953   Yona G;Madalla N;Mwandya A;Ishimatsu A; Bwathondi P (Animal Science and Production Dep, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3004. Morogoro, Tanzania) : Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on survival and morphology of Japanese whiting Sillago japonica. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(2), 48-55.

Objective of the present study was to examine the effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature on survival and morphology of Sillago japonica yolk sac larvae under the Institute for East China Sea Research(ECSER) Nagasaki, Japan. In this study, we examined hatching success, survival and morphology of the larvae of Sillago japonica under four conditions: control (C), seawater pCO₂ 382μatm, temperature 27 °C; high CO₂ (HC), 915μatm, 27°C; high temperature (HT), 385 æatm, 31°C; and high CO₂+high temperature (HCT), 932μatm, 31°C. Fertilized eggs were obtained from broodstock reared in natural seawater, and transferred to experimental containers in each treatment. Hatched larvae were observed until the completion of yolk sac absorptions on 3 days post hatching (dph). The experiment was repeated four times with 4 replicates for each treatment in each experiment. Also, the temperature appeared to have exerted a stronger influence on hatching success (Hs) and larval survival (Sv): Hs and Sv at 3 dph were both significantly (p<62>0.05) depressed in HT (Hs 52.5±1.25%, Sv 23.8±4.38%) and HCT (Hs 51.3±3.13%, Sv 20.0±0.63%) treatments than in C (Hs 98.1±0.94%, Sv 74.4±2.03%) and HC (Hs 95.0±2.5%, Sv 49.7±3.44%) treatments. In contrast, CO₂ was the predominant factor responsible for morphological abnormality: percentage morphological abnormality was significantly (p<62>0.05) higher in HC (15.8±2.72%) and HCT (41.0±10.86%) treatments than in C (0.4±0.65%) and HT (2.4±2.40%) treatments. Most individuals in HC and HCT treatments had body axis either curved or bent, with aberrant swimming behavior. These results indicate that projected future ocean environments will have significant negative impacts on hatching success, and larval survival and morphology of S. japonica, which might have serious ramifications for recruitment of the species. Comparative studies on other teleost and elasmobranch species are critically needed.

4 illus, 1 table, 72 ref

009952   Yaqoob A;Yunus M;Bhat G A;Singh D P (Environmental Science Dep, BBAU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dpsingh_iko@yahoo.com) : Phytodiversity and seasonal variations in the soil characteristics of shrublands of Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 137-43.

The panorama of Indian biological resources is much wider making it one of the mega biodiverse (hotspot) centres of the world. Biodiversity is an element of natural resource base which is the main component of sustainability in both production and utilization of the ecosystem services. The present study was carried out on the Shrublands of the Dachigam National Park of Western Himalaya, Kashmir, in the year 2010. The vegetation was analysed for floristic composition, phytosociological aspects and seasonal variations in major soil characteristics of the study area. A seasonal variation in soil parameters was observed with temperature varying from 2 to 21°C, moisture 7.28-32.34%, pH 5.1-7.44, electrical conductivity 150-520 μS/cm, organic carbon 3.27-5.98%, organic matter 5.63-10.30%, total nitrogen 2500-4600 ppm, total phosphorus 757-1226 ppm and total potassium 15,500-18,550 ppm. A total of 35 shrub species were recorded belonging to 13 families and 19 generas with maximum richness and density in protected site and least at village site.

3 tables, 73 ref

009951   Vanaja M;Maheswari M;Sathish P;Vagheera P; Jyothi Lakshmi N;Vijay Kumar G;Salini K;Sridhar N;Jainender;Yadav S K (NO, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, Email: vanajamaddi@gmail.com) : Variability in phenology, physiology and yield response of different maturity duration pigeon pea genotypes at elevated CO₂. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 131-6.

Three pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes - ICPL-88039, GT-1, and AKP-1 - with varying crop duration, growth habit and flowering pattern were grown at ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (550 ppm) CO₂ levels in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) to assess the variability in their responses for phenology, physiology, biomass and seed yield parameters. It was observed that elevated CO₂ significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (A_net), decreased the transpiration rate and increased water use efficiency (WUE). Higher impact of elevated CO₂ on the earliness of flowering was observed as the duration of the genotype was increased. 50% flowering at 550 ppm was early by 1.3 days in ICPL-88039 and 12 days in GT-1 and 20 days in AKP-1 as compared with ambient. All the selected genotypes improved their biomass and seed yield with elevated CO₂; however, the response of individual component and magnitude of the response was genotype specific. As the duration of the pigeon pea genotypes was increasing from extra-short to short and short-medium, the response of vegetative biomass was increasing under elevated CO₂ as compared with reproductive biomass and influencing the harvest Index (HI).

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

009950   Uttam Kumar;Choudhary S (Zoology Dep, S. K. Mahila College, Begusarai-851 101, Email: uttamraj20@yahoo.in) : Physico-chemical parameters of Araiya water body of Begusarai wetland of North Bihar. Res Envir Life Sci 2015, 8(2), 181-4.

Araiya is a water logged area of Begusarai wetland. It is located at Kusmahaut village, 15 km northeast of Begusarai district headquarter of Bihar. The total water spreading area of Araiya during monsoon is 3 to 4.5 ha. The physico-chemical parameters play a vital role in the wetland ecosystems. The present work is an attempt to elucidate the details of the physico-chemical parameters of Araiya viz. water temperature (WT), transparency of water (TW), water depth (WT), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (FCO₂), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), phosphate (PO₄^{3-) and nitrate (NO₃-). Present investigation shows that Araiya's water has WT (16.3 - 33.0°C), TW (20 - 35 cm), WD (32 - 172 cm), slight acidic to alkaline pH (6.8 - 7.4), moderate level of DO(4.5 - 7.8 ppm), high level of FCO₂ (7.5 - 12.5 ppm), moderate level of EC (120 - 180 μs), high level of TH(96 - 147 ppm), moderate level of TA (65 - 89 ppm), suitable range of PO₄3- (0.14 - 0.35 ppm) and NO₃- (0.16 - 0.39 ppm). Present study will help for further strategy for the development of mentioned wetland (chaur). There is a fluctuation in the physico - chemical parameters of the water. It is due to in flow of rain and agricultural water in water body and change in the temperature as season changes. Present study will help for further strategy for the development of wetland.}

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

009949   Tiwari S N;Mazumder S M;Pathak B N;Agrawal R;Choubey M (NO, Steel Authority of India Ltd., R and D Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCI, Ranchi-834 002) : Assesssment of application potential of blast furnace flue dust. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 58-65.

Dust generation takes place alongwith blast furnace gas. Raw blast furnace gas coming out of last furnace carries dust content. Some part of dust is separated through water scrubber in gas cleaning plant (GCP). Dust separated by mechanical equipment remains in dust form and dust coming out from gas cleaning plant is in slurry form. Later on, this slurry passes through ressure filter and major part of water is separated. Semi dry slurry is dumped in slurry pit. This work will help in increasing the utilisation of blast furnace flue dust. This study has been carried out to assess blast furnace flue dust (BFFD) from integrated steel plant (ISP) of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) in detail. Environmental impact study through leachability potential test has been conducted. For recycling of blast furnace flue dust, laboratory experiments (pot sintering) simulating the actual plant conditions have been conducted. Its application in making clay bricks have also been explored. Briquettes with lime fines have been made to extract its calorific value as ordinary fuel.

10 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

009948   Tiwari P;Chaube R (Management Studies Dep, Samrat Ashok Technology Institute, Vidisha-464 001, Email: veeru1976@gmail.com) : Issues in integrated water resource management in India. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(1), 16-21.

Need for Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) has been emphasized at various national and international forums. However, its implementation in developing countries and particularly in India is found to be faced with many challenges. This paper makes a critical review of IWRM concept and highlights the challenges keeping in view the Indian water laws and water conflict resolution process. Therehave been several initiatives in basin approach but for adhoc purposes and not for IWRM. Model river basin organization as proposed byNational Commission for Integrated Water Resource Development Plan (NCIWRDP) is examined. Conclusions are drawn andrecommendations are made based on the current status of water resource management. It is hoped that this paper will lead to better awareness of growing water challenges to water resource management in India.

2 table, 14 ref