016088   Ogedegbe A B O;Ogwu B C (Science Laboratory Technology Dep, Benin Univ, Benin City, Nigeria, Email: crestedsas_4good@yahoo.com) : Termite infestation on farmlands at Ugoniyekorhionmwon community, Edo State, Nigeria: a farmer's perception. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 28(1), 8-23.

Termite infestation is a major feature of the landscape of farmlands in Ugoniyekorhionmwon community of Edo state. This was carried out from January, 2013 to December, 2014 and study is aimed at evaluating the farmers' perception of the effect, extent of damage as well as to the control measures employed by the farmers in the area. Structured questionnaires were administered on farmers, using random sampling technique and the responses were analyzed with descriptive statistical method. The major occupation of the area was agriculture. Cultivation was for both sale and consumption. The farming system was a low input and low output, because individual farmlands were relatively small. Various species of termites were identified in the area, some of which included; Macrotermes bellicosus, Odontermes sp., Coptotermes curvignathus, Nasutetermes arboreum, Amitermes evuncifer, and Microtermes sp. The major constraint caused by termite infestation in the area was the presence of numerous mounds of Macrotermes bellicosus on the farmlands which took up large arable land area which would have been used for cultivation. Termites also affected crops and other materials such as wood, paper and household furniture. The control measures adopted by farmers whose farmlands had large numbers of mounds included chemical (Such as Deildres, Appron plus and Furadam) and non-chemical (such as physical removal of queen, human excreta and smoke) methods.

5 tables, 40 ref

016087   Ogedegbe A B O;Eloka E V (Science Laboratory Technology Dep, Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Email: crestedsas_4good@yahoo.com) : Biodiversity of termites on farmlands in Ugoniyekorhionmwon, Orhionwmon local government area, Edo state, Nigeria. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 27(2), 65-76.

This study was aimed at evaluating the termite diversity on a 20km stretch of farmland between Ugo and Evboesi villages in Orhionmnowon local government area of Edo state, as well as to determine their pest status. Sampling was carried out every two weeks between May and September, 2012. Termites were collected from mound, leaf litter and mound trails. Overall, seven species of termites belonging to two families were recorded. The species recorded include Macrotermes bellicosus, Coptotermes curvignathus, Nasutitermes havilandi, Odontotermes sp., Nasutitermes arboretum, Amitermes evencifer, and Microtermes spp. Among these, M. bellicosus is the most dominant but was not found to attack crops while N. havilandi, Odontotermes sp., Nasutitermes arboretum, Amitermes evencifer, and Microtermes spp. were recognized as pests of various plants.

41 ref

016086   Nyarko E;Lamptey A M;Owiredu Amaning D A (Marine and Fisheries Sciences Dep, School of Biological Sciences, Ghana Univ, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Email: amalamptey@ug.edu.gh) : Application of water quality index for assessment of the near shore coastal waters of Accra, Ghana. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 657-66.

The Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied to the near shore coastal waters of Accra, Ghana during the dry and wet seasons using seven water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, nitrate and ammonium). The relative weight assigned to each parameter ranged from 1 to 4 based on the importance of the parameter to aquatic life. The results indicated that the water quality in the near shore coastal areas of Accra, Ghana is polluted. The impact of various anthropogenic activities was evident on some parameters such as the electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, Biochemical oxygen demand and phosphates. The WQI developed for the near shore coastal area of Accra showed that the water was polluted and therefore, unsuitable for recreation and aquatic life. It is recommended that continuous monitoring of the near shore coastal waters in Accra is necessary for effective management. Application of the WQI is also suggested as a very helpful tool that enables the public and decision-makers to evaluate the water quality of coastal ecosystems.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

016085   Najam L;Alam T (Chemistry Dep, D.A.V (P.G) College, Muzaffarnagar, Email: najam.lubna@gmail.com) : Levels and distribution of OCPs, (specially HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, endosulfan) in karhera drain and surface water of hindon river and their adverse effects. Oriental J Chem 2015, 31(4), 2025-30.

The river water pollution with Organochlorine pesticides from agricultural activities, industrial activities and domestic sewage has received great attention during recent years. The Organochlorine pesticides are very dangerous and harmful because of their tissue degradation and carcinogenic character in nature. Liquid-Liquid extraction followed by GC-ECD, was used for the determination of α, β, γ- HCH, Aldrin, Dieldrin, o,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD &Endosulfan in Karhera Drain &Hindon River. High concentration of β-HCH was detected in the surface water collected from Karhera drain (32 ng/l), Mixing point (28.34 ng/l) & D/S of out fall Karhera drain (24.56 ng/l). α-HCH was detected in the surface water collected from Karhera drain (19.8 ng/l), Mixing point (17.45 ng/l) & D/S of out fall Karhera drain (14.3 ng/l). o,p'-DDT was detected in the surface water collected from Karhera drain (5.89 ng/l), Mixing point (4.58 ng/l) & D/S of out fall Karhera drain (3.76 ng/l). o,p'-DDD were detected in the surface water collected from Karhera drain (5.34 ng/l), Mixing point (4.89 ng/l) & D/S of out fall Karhera drain (3.78 ng/l). p,p'-DDD were detected in the surface water collected from Karhera drain (8.43 ng/l), Mixing point (7.27 ng/l) & D/S of out fall Karhera drain (6.29 ng/l). The concentration of α, β-HCH, o,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD was found to be much higher than the EC water quality standards in the water samples from sampling location posing a high risk to the common people.

1 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

016084   Medhi K K;Borkataki S;Choudhury M P (Botany Dep, Nowgong College, Nagaon, Assam) : Assessment of physico-chemical water quality of Kolong river, Nagaon district (Assam), North East India. Pl Archs 2015, 15(2), 1093-6.

Present communication reveals the occurrence of different levels of pollutants in different extent in several study sites of the up and down stream of Kolong river course. In this study, river water samples were collected and analyzed from five different study sites. Parameters like pH, temperature, conductivity, T.D.S, D.O, B.O.D, turbidity etc. are determined by using different standard methods. The thickly populated urban areas of Nagaon is the most polluted segment of the river, due to the high level disposal of pollutants into the river, which in turn adversely affects different aquatic plants and animals. The upstream and downstream parts of the river are comparatively less polluted due to low level anthropogenic disturbances. A noticeable variation in the quantity of the parameters is found in both seasons from several sites. The pH of water was found to be highest 8.5 in Kaliabor during winter season and lowest 6.4 in Samoguri during the monsoon season.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

016083   Kumararaja P;Manjaiah K M (Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Email: kumararajapss@gmail.com) : Adsorptive removal of NI and CD by bentonite from aqueous system. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 727-30.

Batch adsorption experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of bentonite clay for removal of Ni and Cd from aqueous solution. The effect of adsorbent dose, pH and initial concentration of metals on the extent of Ni and Cd adsorption was elucidated. The experimental data were fitted better with Langmuir than Freundlich isotherm. The Langmuir maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of bentonite was found to be 13.95 mg g^{-1 and 9.41 mg g-1 for Ni (II) and Cd (II), respectively. Bentonite could be potentially used for removal of Ni (II) and Cd (II) ions from effluents laden with heavy metals as the study reveals.}

5 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

016082   Jean S Y;Bernard Y O;Cyrille Y D A (UFR of Management and Environmental Sciences Dep, Nangui Abrogoua Univ, 02 Bp 801 Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Email: sekayapoga@yahoo.fr) : Heavy metals contamination in Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) from two agricultural sites of Abidjan. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 27(2), 59-64.

Heavy metals such as Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr proportion in soil and Lactuca sativa L. were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Then, the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in soil from Attecoube agricultural site were respectively 496.54, 1.56, 1.72, 70.96, 1749 mg.kg^{-1 and those from Cocody agricultural site were respectively 37.13, 1.84, 1.62, 72.94, 1002.4. Indeed, the proportion of Zn found was highest in the both sites with the mean concentration 1749 mg.kg-1 and 1002.45 mg.kg-1. The pollution index (PI) in soils from Attecoube and Cocody were <62>1. In addition, the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Pb were the greatest in vegetables from the both agricultural sites. Hence, the proportion of heavy metals in lettuce crops was higher than those of WHO/FAO recommendations.}

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

016081   Janardhana Raju N (School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi, Email: rajunj7@yahoo.com) : Rainwater harvesting systems to recharge depleted aquifers in water scarcity regions of India: case studies. J appl Geochem 2015, 17(3), 327-34.

Groundwater is a primary source of fresh water in many parts of the world. Groundwater withdrawals can easily surpass net recharge in arid and semi-arid regions where people depend on fresh groundwater for domestic and irrigation needs. Pollution and mismanagement of surface waters can cause over-reliance on groundwater in regions where annual rainfall is abundant. Due to urbanization and rapid decline of groundwater, recharge pit and tubewells were constructed to harvest rainwater from the rooftop and pavements in the Vasant Kunj region, New Delhi which is underlain by the Aravali quartzite and a subsurface cum check dam was made across the Kalangi (ephemeral) River in the Sullurpet region which is located in semi-arid areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Kalangi River basin is occupied with crystalline rocks (granite and granitic gneiss rocks) of Archean age. Owing to over exploitation of groundwater and less rainfall in the past years in the Kalangi River basin, adjacent saline water from the Pulicate salt water lake has started intruding in the river subsurface, polluting the available fresh groundwater resources. To prevent this a subsurface dam cum check dam was constructed in the traditional manner by digging a trench across the Kalangi River and using local earth material near Sullurpet town and also a groyne was constructed at the confluence to prevent surface flow of Pulicate lake saline water into the Kalangi River bed. The water storage capacity calculated after the subsurface dam construction is 3 mcft at Holy Cross School. Watershed management systems would improve groundwater levels in the urban areas and augment base flow storage at the subsurface dam which ultimately facilitated domestic water supply and agricultural activities.

5 illus, 17 ref

016080   Jamadar R J;Pandit S V (NO, , Zoology Dep, Savitribai Phule Pune, Maharashtra, Email: drpanditsv@unipune.ac.in) : Evaluation of toxicity of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon compound, anthracene in Lamellidens corrianus with reference to oxidative stress. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 677-82.

Presence of industrial, domestic and agricultural wastes in the aquatic system has been widely recognized as a potential threat to the aquatic environment. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in the induction of oxidative stressrelated effects such as peroxidation of membrane lipids and alterations in antioxidant enzymes. Lamellidens corrianus were exposed to 0.5 ppm concentration of anthracene for 7 days and 14 days, followed by transfer of exposed animals to toxicant free water for four days after each treatment for assessment of recovery pattern. After anthracene treatment, significant (P<60>0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in gill, foot, mantle and muscle tissues with significant (P<60>0.05) recovery in all the tissues after recovery period. Significant elevation of (P<60>0.05) Catalase, Glutathione Reductase and Glutathione S-Transferase activities was observed in treated groups, however, only foot and gill tissues could recover significantly after four days of recovery period. Thus anthracene induced oxidative stress in animals; however antioxidant enzyme activities were increased as first defence to challenge oxidative stress.

2 tables, 34 ref

016079   Jai Prakash;Upreti N;Chauhan A S (Extension Education Dep, Institute of Agricutural Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: aschauhan7569@gmail.com) : Community tourism as an alternative to environment conservation and sustainable development: a SWOT analysis. Res Envir Life Sci 2015, 8(4), 633-6.

In India, tourism is seen as 'development paradigm'. India is among the countries with the fastest growing tourism industries. Studying contribution of tourism to development needs holistic approach including local participation, access, environment and ultimately sustainability. The paper provide an analysis of its conceptualization, development, impacts on host society and concept of CBT as a solution to the problem of environment conservation and improvement in quality of life of the community leading to sustainable development using SWOT analysis. Findings indicate the requirement of sustainable approach in order to maximize positive and minimize negative impacts on community and need of more research related to influences on host and focused for development of impact measurement tools.

30 ref

016078   Han F;Naidu R;Kambala V S R (Centre for Environment Risk Assessment and Rmediation, Univ of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia, Email: venkat.kambala09@gmail.com) : Highly efficient solar light active iron (III)- doped TIO₂ Nano- catalyst for textile wastewater treatment. J appl Geochem 2015, 17(3), 258-65.

Iron(III)-doped TiO₂ nano photocatalyst was prepared via a simply modified sol-gel process at ambient conditions. The sample was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra, UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectra (UV-Vis DRS) and vibrating magnetometer. It was found that Fe^{3+ doping at 2 wt.% decreased the crystal size and improved the well-defined nanocrystalline powders with high surface area (47.3 m2 g-1). Compared to the undoped TiO₂, 2 wt.% Fe3+-TiO₂ showed red-shifted absorption edge and enhanced absorption in the range from 400 to 800 nm. The charge separation of electron-hole pairs was significantly promoted due to Fe3+ doping. In addition, the 2 wt.% Fe3+-TiO₂ was paramagnetic in nature at room temperature (RT). Photocatalytic properties of the catalyst were investigated by treatment of textile wastewater under solar light. Complete color removal and 73% of total organic carbon (TOC) removal were successfully achieved.}

8 illus, 29 ref

016077   Guha S (Geography Dep, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Effect of climate change on water resources. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(2), 198-202.

It has theoretical and practical meanings to study the impacts of change in climate on hydrosphere, so as to understand and solve some problems in hydrological science and water resources, such as planning, water management, environmental protection, ecological balance, resource conservation and so on. Hydrology and water resource system have an intimate relationship with residential, agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors. The present paper may be considered as a review paper explaining the inter-relationship between climate change and its consequences on water resources. After that some study methods have been summarized to analyze the effects of climate change on hydrology applying hydrologic simulation. At last, the research focuses on the recent emerging problems on the sophisticated climatic models and hydrologic models and generates the two-way coupling techniques of climatic models and hydrological models.

21 ref

016076   Geetha Kumari;Thakur S K;Tiwari S;Pandeya S B (Soil Science Dep, SRI, RAU, Pusa, Bihar, Email: geetasri.kumari5@gmail.com) : Chemical pools of lead in sludge- treated soils. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 713-19.

In order to rationalize the use of city sewage sludge in agricultural land as source of nutrition to the crop and to prevent the associated potential toxicity hazards due to contamination of soils with sludge borne lead, a laboratory experiment was conducted to understand fractionation and pathway analysis in chemical pools. The fractionation of Pb in various chemical pools suggested the predominance of organically complexed lead in sludge treated soil. All the chemical pools, however, were in equilibrium with each other. The path analysis determining dependence of DTPA ? extractable Pb in the soils indicated that the organically complexed Pb is not directly contributing to the available pool of Pb in soils, and the pathway of its conversion in available form is through residual form of Pb in soils.

2 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

016075   Familusi T O;Abioye I O;Adeyemi W A;Yusuf G T;Odusina O A (Science Laboratory Technology Dep, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Osogbo, Osun P.M.B 301, Iree Nigeria, Email: famotbest@gmail.com) : Verification of natural radionuclides content of soil samples at purechem cement factory site and its immediate envirionment in Ogun state. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 27(2), 50-58.

Samples of soil around PURECHEM at Onigbedu (a cement producing factory in Ogun State) were obtained and analyzed to determine the natural radioactivity concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th with a gamma ray spectrometer. The activity concentrations of 40k 238u and 232Th varied from 67±6 to 267±39 Bqkg-1 and the mean values of a bsorbed dose at various distances from the factory ranged from 4.04 to 11.30nGyhr-1 with an overall average dose of 8.17nGyhr-1. The study revealed that the radiation concentrations and doses due to radionuclides in the surveyed area are very low and almost insignificant to cause any serious health problems to the people living in the area compared with the recommended world average of 13.5 to 69.8nGyh-1.

5 tables, 19 ref

016074   Desai V K;Wagle S;Rathi S K;Patel U;Desai H S;Khatri K (NO, Urban Health and Climate Resilience Center, Municipal School No. 160, Opp. Maharaja Agrasen Bhawan, Gate No.3, City Light Area, Surat-395 007, Email: rathisj07@gmail.com) : Effect of ambient heat on all-cause mortality in the coastal city of Surat, India. Curr Sci 2015, 109(9), 1680-6.

A wealth of information is available on extreme heat and humidity associated with mortality for cities of the developed world, but there is a dearth in the literature for coastal cities of the developing world. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of ambient heat on all-cause mortality on the urban population of Surat, a coastal city in India. Retrospective analysis of all cause mortality data with temperature and humidity was performed for the summer months (March-May) for the period 2001-12. Student's t-test and correlation coefficient were used to study the relationship between ambient heat and mortality. A total of 36,167 deaths for 961 summer days (2001-12) were analysed. Mean daily mortality was estimated at 37.6 ± 9.4 for the study period. There is an increase of 11% mortality when the temperature crosses 40°C. However, there is an increase of 3 (9%) deaths per day during danger-level heat-risk days and 6 (18%) deaths per day during high-risk heat days (extreme danger) respectively. Mortality seems to be well correlated with the high temperature (P <60> 0.001) and high heat index (HI) values (P <60> 0.001). The effect of extreme heat on mortality is at a peak on day-2 of the maximum temperature. The study concludes that the impact of ambient heat in the increase of all cause mortality is clearly evident and HI is more important than maximum temperature (18% deaths/day versus 11% deaths/day). Therefore, emphasis should be given to develop measures of adaptation towards ambient heat. This analysis may fulfil the needs of policy makers and apply strategies like integrated coastal zone management. Extreme heat-related mortality merits further analysis in order to reduce harmful health effects among Surat's most vulnerable urban population.

5 tables, 55 ref

016073   Deka R M;Barman A;Das D K (Zoology Dep, Barbhag College, Assam, Email: ratudeka@rediffmail.com) : Kapla beel resources, its utilization pattern and threats of the beel. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 789-92.

Present paper deals with the study on Kapla beel resources, its utilization pattern and threats of the beel. The investigation was carried out for three years. Kapla beel is blessed with good potential of aquatic resources including fishery resource, land resource and other resources. The fish resource of Kapla beel is composed of 39 fish species belonging to 30 genera under 18 families. The Kapla beel contains an area of 91 hectares. The marginal areas (Approx 36 hectares) of the beel become shallow during lean season. Out of the total shallow areas of the beel the neighboring people used 12-27 hectares of land for paddy cultivation. The neighbouring villagers used some macrophyte species for fodder, commercial and edible purposes. In Kapla beel fishing was carried out by three groups of people for self consumption and commercial purposes. The first groups of people were dependent for both fishing and agriculture and other beel resources. The second group of people engaged in fishing, cutting grasses of beel area for animal and fish feed. The third group is mostly dependent on fishing for their livelihood and they were engaged by lessee (mahalder) of the beel. The Kapla beel faced various man made stress, threatening its sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to take some protective measures to conserve Kapla beel and its resources to provide benefit to dependent population around the beel on sustained basis.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

016072   Deb P;Welling M N (NO, , 102, Mahavir Apartments 1, Off J.P. Road, Bon Bon LAne, Four Bungalows, Andheri (W), Mumbai-400 053, Email: papiyadeb@gmail.com) : Identifying a systematic approach to encourage enviromntal sustainability and academica excellence in Indian higher educational institutions. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 731-6.

Over the past decade, the Higher Education sector in Western Europe and USA has taken a more accountable move towards managing environmental performance improvement. Aspects of education, research and outreach activities are not well addressed in the present Indian scenario. Higher Educational institutes in India require a systematic approach towards achieving environmental sustainability. The paper identifies the best-suited model for Environmental Management System in Indian Higher Educational institutions. It establishes a systematic approach influencing environmental stability by encouraging them to move towards sustainability. The characteristics of the current approaches as well as problems and obstacles faced are identified, as also implications and suggestions offered for improvements.

1 table, 14 ref

016071   Dash S K;Dash A K (Environmental Engineering Dep, Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER), Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Univ, Jagamohan Nagar, Jagamara, Bhubaneswar 30) : Assessment of ambient air quality with reference to particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM₂₅) and gaseous pollutants (SO₂ and NO₂) near Bileipada, Joda area of Keonjhar, Odisha, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 827-34.

Ambient air quality parameters like PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ were studied for a period of one year covering all the three seasons i.e. summer, monsoon and winter starting from March, 2014 - February, 2015 at eight different locations near Bileipada, Joda areaof Keonjhar, Odisha, India. Standard methods as per CPCB were followed for both collection and analysis of different parameters. The results reported pertain to 24 hour successive continuous air sampling exercise carried out at each eight selected monitoring stations. A two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test for different parameters based on different monitoring stations and seasons were made. The F values computed as 30.493, 21.875, 13.986 and 11.533 for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ respectively due to stations are found to be highly significant (at P<60>0.01). This indicates that, there exists a significant variation among the different parameters due to variation in stations. The F values computed as 341.817, 280.723, 210.928 and 66.569 for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ respectively due to variation in seasons are also found to be highly significant (at P<60>0.01). This also shows a significant variation in different parameters due to variation in seasons. Further in one-way ANOVA test, the F values were calculated to be 184.347, 178.199, 147.265 and 50.653 for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ respectively which is found to be significant (at P<60>0.01). One-way ANOVA on PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ due to variation in stations, the F value was found to be 8.550, 7.145, 5.349 and 7.563 for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ respectively are significant (at P<60>0.01). Further, in order to find out the pin-point results with respect to similarities or difference in mean values for various parameters between one or more stations, the one-way ANOVA with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for homogenous means was applied. The causes of variation of different parameters in the study are multi-faced. They are related to both emission variability from both point and non-point sources and to possible variations in geographical variables such as mixed layer depth, wind speed and humidity levels in the study area with respect to the position of the study area and variations in seasons.

3 illus, 7 tables, 41 ref

016070   Das S K;Avasthe R K;Singh M;Sharma K (NO, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, Gangtok-737 102, Email: shaon.iari@gmail.com) : Biobeds: on-farm biopurification for environmental protection. Curr Sci 2015, 109(9), 1521.

^ssc4 ref

016069   Choudhari K S;Chavan R P;Patil C L;Shinde D N (Chemsitry Dep, Dnyanasadhana College, Mumbai Univ, Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Physico-chemical parameters of river (Kamwadi) in Bhiwandi, district Thane Maharashtra. Int J chem Stud 2016, 4(4), 17-23.

Present study was undertaken to analyse physico - chemical parameters of river water situated in Bhiwandi, Thane district of Maharashtra. The period for the study was from February 2013 to May 2013 at six sampling stations. The physico - chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, COD, Alkalinity, BOD, TDS, SS, and some metals were investigated. The fluctuations in some physico - chemical parameter were noted during the study period. The values of pH were found to vary from acidic to alkaline. The results indicated that the river water is polluted.

8 ref

016068   Chakraborty M;Pandey M;Pandey P K (Applied Chemistry Dep, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattishgarh) : Chemically modified chitosan for fluroride removal. Pollut Res 2015, 34(4), 773-7.

Ground water from certain parts of India contains fluoride in much higher concentration. When drinking water contains excess fluoride it causes health hazard to human beings. Adsorption is the best economic method to reduce the concentration of fluoride. In present investigation an attempt for removal of fluoride was made by using chitosan Barium adsorbent. The effects of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, initial fluoride concentration and contact time on adsorption of fluoride were studied. It was observed that the uptake of fluoride was maximum at pH 10 for Chitosan-Barium compound. The maximum rate of adsorption was attained within 3 hours. So this compound is helpful in defluoridation.

6 illus, 24 ref

016067   Bhattacharya A (NO, , Geography Dep, Vidyasagar College for Women) : The dark side of light an impact analysis on ecology. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(2), 61-4.

The night time sky is increasingly illuminated by artificial light sources. Although this ecological light pollution is damaging ecosystems throughout the world, the topic has received relatively little attention. Ecologists have long studied the effect of light on ecosystems but not that of light pollution has received much attention. The paper distinguishes ecological light pollution from the much common astronomical light pollution and the catastrophic consequences of light for certain taxonomic groups which are quite well known such as the death of migratory birds around tall structures or the disorientation of the sea turtles. It presents more subtle influences of night lighting on the behaviour of the species which are less recognised and constitute a new focus on the research in ecology and environment.

3 illus, 8 ref

016066   Barry K;Min F L;Bo S;Bo L Z;Chao S;Meng S L; Zhang C J;Li J (Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural Univ, Wuxi Jiangsu, PR China) : Defining the nitrogen fixation community size, structure and relevancy in nile tilapia aquaculture pond waters. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 33-44.

Nitrogen fixation microbial communities within 3 different intensity Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pond water columns were identified and correlated to environmental factors, influencing their summer pond productions in Yi Xing China. The microbial communities encoding the nifH - gene and known to promote plant growth, reduction of pond nitrate leaching and pollution were taxonomically identified to their most probable genera, revealing Azospirillum, Azoarcus, Anaeromyxobacter, Azotobacter, Geobacter, Trichormus, and unclassified_Opitutaceae, as the most dominant. Of the studied environmental factors, ammonium concentrations with the greatest influence on the communities recorded the highest significant differences of 3.18, 1.98 and 3.41 mg/L for the 3 studied ponds. The monthly mean temperatures, dissolved oxygen and pH values were documented and observed to be above pond culture optimal, while the chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon nutrient content revealed an increment in energy sources within the pond systems. Quantitative analysis of the microbes encoding nifH gene abundances were established as 3.65 x 10^{6, 2.66 x 106 and 3.11 x 106 copies/g wet weights in ponds 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Linear discriminant analysis effect size revealed Chromatiaceae and Thiocapsa as the closest relatives in the three ponds, while the Redundancy analysis tests indicated ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous and dissolved Oxygen were the most important factors shaping the bacterial communities.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

016065   Amadi S O;Udo S O;Udoimuk A B (Physics Geology and Geophysics Dep, Federal Univ Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Email: solomonokeamadi@gmail.com) : Examination of trends and variation of monthly mean relative humidity data in Nigeria from 1950-2012. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 28(2), 63-76.

This paper analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of surface relative humidity in Nigeria in the context of climate variability and change. The study is based on the data collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria for the period ranging from 1950 - 2012 with variations in data length across the stations. Basic data consist of monthly mean daily relative humidity values expressed in percent at 0900 hours GMT from 20 meteorological stations spread across different ecological zones and climate belts in Nigeria. Statistical techniques used for the analyses include time series plots, correlation analysis, descriptive statistics, Mann-Kendall's rank correlation tests, bar charts and the least square linear fitting of the linear regression model. These analyses were executed using MATLAB 2008, SPSS version 17 and the 'R' programming language software packages. The descriptive statistics indicate that the mean and the coefficient of variation show latitudinal dependence. The Mann-Kendall's tests results show that 4 stations (representing 20%) show significant downward trends while 3 stations (representing 15%) show significant upward trends at the 1% and 5% levels with no discernible pattern across latitudinal bands. The inter station correlation as revealed by the Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients show strong positive correlations significant at the 1% level across all station pairs. The bar charts show more marked seasonal variations in the north than in the south with peak values from June to October and minimum extending from November to March across Nigeria. The results suggest that the spatial variability of surface relative humidity is impacted by some local processes and local clouds as the spatial and temporal trends are not consistent with the increasing global temperatures based on positive feedback of water vapour on surface temperature in model simulations.

2 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

016064   Alam N;Snehlata B (Geography Dep, Kolhan Univ, Chaibasa, Jharkhand) : Composition and growth of solid waste polutants in Jamshedpur town. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(2), 48-50.

The level of pollution is more hazardous in small industrial towns. The proportion of solid wastes goes up to the dangerous level in small towns. The generation of various types of wastes is a continuous process increasing the level of pollution. The wastes are commonly industrial, residential, commercial and medical in nature. The towns of Jharkhand produces large amount of pollutants every day and every year. The proportion of industrial wastes is always higher than the other towns. The volume of high industrial wastes is due to the concentration of thousands of small scale industries in this region. The industries located in the region are mineral based and engaged in processing various types of raw materials. These mineral based industries dealing with heavy metals produces voluminous amount of waste materials. Apart from the above large amount of domestic wastes of various natures increases the gravity of pollution in the towns. Solid wastes pollution level of major towns of Jharkhand will be discussed in this study. Primary and secondary sources of information have to be used in this study. Interview and sample collection method is applied to collect the primary data from the space of the towns. Secondary data is collected from various reports. The study will be presents systematically on the basis of the data collected and the parameters selected. Urban pollution is one of the growing problems in cities and towns of South East Asia. High population growth and immigration is the reason behind the pollution. The sources of pollution are wide and varied. The different types of pollutants include minerals, raw materials and solid wastes producing gigantic threat to the ecology and environment. The term pollutants usually relates to all kinds of wastes, whether generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, or other human activities, including industrial, residential, institutional, commercial, medical, household, sewage wastes. The urban pollution is more severe in Industrial towns. A study about these pollutants in the town is carried in this research.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

015056   Zhang J;Tang D;Ahmad I;Wang M (NO, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropowder Engineering of Hohai Univ, Nanjing-210 098, Email: jinxinzhanghhu@126.com) : River-human harmony model to evaluate the relationship between humans and water in river basin. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1130-9.

With the rapid population growth, ecological pressure caused by human activities on rivers is growing. Decision makers are often faced with the dilemma of how to maintain economic growth while also maintaining the resources of a river and its environment. In this study, a model has been proposed for the assessment of river-human relationship. The method establishes a complete index system to quantify the abstraction of river-human relationship and evaluation. The model provides a comprehensive assessment of river basin human-water relationship through 21 indicators and three dimensions, which include river health, human development and human-river coordination. The analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the index weights. This model is applied in Wei River Basin, northwestern China, where the present situation is evaluated along with finding the advantages and shortcomings. Thus the study provides a method for future development and water management.

5 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

015055   Thinesh T;Arul Jose P;Hassan S;Muthamizh Selvan K;Selvin J (Microbiology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Puducherry-605 014, Email: thina.sathesh@gmail.com) : Instruction of coral-killing sponge (Terpios hoshinota) on the reef of palk bay. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1030-2.

2 illus, 18 ref

015054   Tembhurkar A R;Deshpande R (NO, , ) : Optimization for smarter collection and transportation route for bio-medical waste. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(1), 5-10.

Due to rapid urbanization, medical facilities would also increase generating infectious medical waste even in the heart of the city. The hospitals are the major source, which are normally diversely placed with complex road connectivity. A quick, safe, techno-economically feasible transportation of bio-medical waste (BMW) is the need of an hour. A more systematic and smarter infrastructure would be required for BMW collection and transportation for the future smarter cities. An automated and computerized system, based on an appropriate optimization technique would be required to handle the complex infrastructure such as collection and transportation of BMW. An ant colony optimization (ACO) based technique with modification considering risk and time window can provide a smarter way of finding optimum routes for collection and transportation of BMW in city. This paper deals with the application of ACO technique for route optimization for transportation of BMW.

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015053   Rambabu P V;Aditya G;Ramarao G V (NO, , ) : Effect of acidic environment (H2SO4) on concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash as pozzolana. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(1), 25-32.

With increasing demand and consumption of cement, researchers and scientist are in search of developing alternate binders that are ecofriendly and contribute towards waste management. The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial processes has been the focus on waste reduction. One of the agro waste sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) which is a fibrous waste product obtained from sugar mills as byproduct is taken for study area. This experimental and analytical study investigates the durability of M35 concrete mix using ordinary Portland cement and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial replacement in ordinary Portland cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash was obtained by burning of sugarcane at 700 to 800°C in sugar refining industry; bagasse ash obtained from burning was grounded until the particles passed the 90 micron sieve. The disposal of this material is already causing environmental problems around the sugar factories. In this project objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of Portland cement with sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete subjected to different acidic environments. The variable factors considered in this study were concrete grade of M35 and curing periods of 28, 60, 90 days of the concrete specimens in 1, 3, and 5% of sulfuric acid in water for curing the specimens. Bagasse ash has been partially replaced in the ratio of 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10% by weight.

015052   Patro S;Krishna P;Gopi M;Raja S;Sreeraj C R; Ramachandran P;Ramesh R (NO, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environmental, Forest and Climate Change, Koodal Building, Anna Univ Campus, Chennai-600 025, Email: rramesh_au@yahoo.com) : Snowflake coral, Carijoa riisei from grand island, Goa: a case of invasion of an alien species or re-establishment of a native species?. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1028-30.

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015051   Oza M;Kishtawal C M (NO, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: markand@sac.isro.gov.in) : Spatio-temporal changes in temperature over India. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1154-8.

A study was taken up to identify annual changes in temperature at a scale of 1° x 1°. For this study, daily (maximum and minimum) temperature data for 45 years (1969-2013) at a grid size of 1° x 1°, prepared by the India Meteorological Department, Pune were used. The identification of change was based on statis-tical trend analysis. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the dominant tendency over the India land mass in of warming, and colder months of the year show more warming. Analysis of temperature difference (TD) brought out the existence of contiguous and large spatial clusters of shrinking and expanding TD. Further analysis is required to factor the variability in temperature due to anthropogenic changes.

3 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

015050   Moharir P V;Tembhurkar A R (NO, , ) : Smarter energy conversion systems for kitchen waste. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(1), 11-15.

Sustainable development holds the key for development of smart cities in coming era. Energy crises and shortage of resources will be major concerns and bottleneck to this development. Newer technologies using renewable energy sources would be vital for such development. Decentralised renewable energy conversion systems for high rise buildings would provide techno-economic, eco-friendly solution to energy crisis. Kitchen waste is common waste generated from any building which has more nuisance value due to its putrecibility. The smarter way of its disposal would be to convert the kitchen waste into energy. Biomethanation is the oldest technology of energy recovery with decentralized biogas plants which emerged in recent past. Researchers are now looking forward towards newer emerging technologies such as microbial fuel cells as a smarter way to utilize kitchen waste which directly converts kitchen waste to electricity. This paper deals with the possibility of use of smarter decentralized systems to convert kitchen waste to energy in future.

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015049   Khetan R;Tawalare A (NO, , ) : Success factors for PPP in municipal solid waste management services. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(1), 33-9.

Public private partnership (PPP) in solid waste management (SWM) was introduced as a major reform to improvise the waste handling practices with the aim of efficient and effective management of waste. However, many PPP projects awarded in solid waste management, witnessed failure in the later stages of project life cycle. Therefore, this paper aimed to identify the success factors for PPP in solid waste management and to evaluate the performance of solid waste management services provided by Nagpur municipal corporations against those factors. The qualitative research methods consisting of literature review, expert opinions, public opinions and site visits were adopted for the study. The paper elaborated on minor yet important issues which will improve waste management and highlighted the areas of improvement in the contracts to improve the existence and implementation of contracts for improved working of solid waste management.

015048   Kenoll O B;Ebitei S (NO, , ) : Bioremediation of crude oil polluted ecosystem using mixed microbial population on polluted areas. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(1), 16-24.

Bioremediation utilizes the capability of microorganism to degrade all toxic wastes. This emerging technology is a promising method for the effective treatment of contaminated soil and water. This work investigates the possible methods to enhance the rate of natural bioremediation of hydrocarbons in a more effective, efficient, economical and environmentally friendly way. The bioremediation processes in this research was applied to a crude oil polluted ecosystem with a high level of contamination originated from a well head. The effect on pH, turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and total hydrocarbon content (THC) was evaluated. These effects were monitored during the process of bioremediation. Mixed microbial population method to enhance the rate of biodegradation was applied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and their combination was applied separately for the treatment. Results showed that all bioremediation agents applied enhanced the natural bioremediation of the contaminated soil and water and the best result was obtained with treatments using their combination (APSPS-W). THC removal of 99.5% (4763.8-68), 98.9% (4948.9-110) and 98.5%(4832.8-162) for the samples remediated with APSPS-W, ASPS-W and PSPS-W and a pH of 9.0, 8.0 and 8.3 for soil and 9.3, 8.2 and 8.5 for water, respectively was observed in the 49 days experiment.

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015047   Kalia M;Virk A;Gupta B P;Singh J (NO, , , Email: meenusharma75@gmail.com) : Biomedical waste management practices in a tertiary- care hospital in Punjab. Int J med Sci pub Hlth 2015, 4(2), 179-83.

The aims of the study were the following: to get background information about the disposal of hospital waste; to determine the awareness regarding waste management practices; to document the waste management practices; and to suggest the possible remedial measures, if required. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college hospital in Patiala district. A survey of the personnel handling and monitoring the BMW was carried out using a scientifically prescribed questionnaire. More than 90% of the nurses and laboratory technicians were well aware of the proper disposal of the sharps and infected waste, but only 50% of the sweepers could satisfactorily answer about the same. Among nurses, approximately 90% were aware that improper management of BMW causes environmental pollution and injuries, whereas 60% of nurses and laboratory technicians could enlist the diseases transmitted by improper handling of BMW. Approximately 40-60% of ward boys and sweepers were aware of the effects of poor handling of BMW on environment and the injuries caused by it, but none of them could tell the diseases transmitted by the improper recycling of hospital waste or by improper handling of BMW. The human element is found to be far more important than the technology. Almost any system of treatment and disposal of BMW that is operated by well-trained and well-motivated staff can provide greater protection to staff, patients, and the community than an expensive and sophisticated system that is managed by staff who do not understand the risk and the importance of their contribution.

4 tables, 21 ref

015046   Isinkaye O M;Jibiri N N;Olomide A A (Physics Dep, Radiation and Health Div, Ekiti State Univ, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, Email: nitikaye2002@yahoo.com) : Radiological health assessment of natural radioactivity in the vicinity of Obajana cement factory, North central Nigeria. J med Phys 2015, 40(1), 52-9.

Measurements of activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in and around Obajana cement factory, North Central Nigeria have been carried out in this study to determine the activity levels of natural radionuclides in different environmental matrices in order to assess the radiological health hazards associated with the use of these matrices by the local population. A low-background Pb-shielded gamma spectroscopic counting assembly utilizing NaI (Tl) detector was employed for the measurements. The results show that sediment samples have the highest activity concentrations of all the radionuclides relative to soil, farmland soil, and rock samples. The radium equivalent activity and indoor gamma dose rates together with the corresponding annual effective indoor doses evaluated were found to be lower than their permissible limits. It suffices to say, that contrary to age-long fear of radiation risks to the population in the vicinity of the cement factory, no excessive radiological health hazards either indoors and/or outdoors is envisaged. Therefore, the environmental matrices around the factory could be used without any restrictions.

1 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

015045   Gupta R (NO, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Cannal Road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir) : Effect of SAR boron levels in saline water and N, P, Zn application on the soil properties under cultivation. TECHNOFAME 2015, 4(2), 6-11.

Results of three micro plot experiments revealed that enhanced SAR levels in saline water increased that pH and gypsums requirement values of the soil and enhanced slightly the ECe and salt balance values. Irrespective of SAR values, the GR values ranged as 0.69 - 1.30, 0.69 - 1.2.8 and 0.66 - 1.22 me 100^{-1 g soil after fourth harvest of the crop in experiments I, II and III, respectively. Respective salt balance values ranged as 12.59 - 13.47, 12.69 - 13.46 and 12.83 - 13.45 tonnes ha-1. Application of boron, nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc did not show any remarkable effect on soil properties. The cationic type remained as Na-Mg-Ca-K type and chloride dominated in anionic concentration in saturation extract of the soil.}

4 tables, 3 ref

015044   Gautam S S;Prajapati R K;Bisht K;Singh S P (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh, JNKVV, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)) : Biogas as one of the alternate renewable sources of energy- A study of village Kanti of Tikamgarh district Madhya Pradesh. TECHNOFAME 2015, 4(2), 49-54.

Study was carried out in Village Kanti of Tikamgarh district during 2010-12 under NICRA project with the objective to find out the effect and usefulness of biogas energy on its users. The results revealed that very few respondents were having knowledge of biogas prior to its installation. Also it was agreed by the women that after installation of biogas there was considerable improvement in the health status. The technology has reduced the level of smoke contributing towards cleaner and comfortable kitchen. Besides improvement in health, the women of the household were now having more time for other household activities including taking care of their children and helping their male counterparts in their work. However, the households surveyed used biogas only for cooking purpose. It is therefore, suggested to adopt suitable strategy to promote biogas technology and motivate people for its effective use for different purposes.

4 tables, 5 ref

015043   Dwivedi S N;Shukla R R;Singh R;Adhikari S K; Nambi K A;Purty S S;Roy G K (Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Lok Nayak Bhawan, Frazer Road, Patna-800 001, Email: snathwivedi@gmail.com) : Determining the recharging capacity of an injection well in a semi-confined alluvial aquifer. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1177-81.

Artificial recharge to groundwater is steadily assuming importance in the wake of the decline in water level in several parts of the country. Recharge through an injection well is the most suitable option of artificial recharge for semi-confined and confined aquifers, especially in urban and industrial areas as it requires little space. Recharging capacity of a well is an important criterion in deciding the number of recharge structures required for large-scale planning of artificial recharge. The present work focuses on determining the recharging capacity of a well in a semi-confined alluvial aquifer in the middle Ganga Plain, wherein it has been found that the actual recharging capacity is lesser than the product of the well-specific capacity and available pressure head.

2 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

015042   Dogra P (Environmental and Natural Resource Global Practice, The World Bank, New Delhi) : Environmental and social management for sustainability in tunnel based large infrastructure development. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(9), 46-51.

015041   Dhanya C T;Arun Kumar (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: arunku@civil.iitd.ac.in) : Making a case for estimating environmental flow under climate change. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1019-20.

A case for incorporating requirements of water quality and water quantity under climate change in estimating environmental flow (Eflow) is presented. Despite the developments in Eflow assessment technologies worldwide, such studies are given little attention in practice. Eflow estimates for a given river stretch need to be modified accounting the present and future water availability. Water quality and water availability can be incorporated in Eflow estimations through an integrated water quality and hydrological modelling for any basin. This framework can be extended to simulate the future scenarios (quality and quantity) by inputting future precipitation and temperature projections from global climate models.

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015040   Chattopadhyay S (NO, CESS, Trivandrum) : Human dimesion of environmental change with special reference to water system and river restoration. Trans Inst Indian Geogr 2015, 37(2), 155-71.

50 ref

015039   Bobde N R;Patil S B;Hussain M (NO, , ) : Hospital waste management in Amravati city. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(1), 1-4.

Hospital waste is one of the major problems in developing countries like India because it causes health impact on human being, plant and on environment. Still hospital waste is disposed on road side, which increases health impact on man and animal. This work mainly focuses on hospital waste management for Amravati city, which consists of collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. The hospitals are categories in A, B, C, and D groups have been studied to assess the quantity of different types of waste generated, total average waste generated per day and waste generation rate per bed per day. Therefore, on the basis of quantity and type of waste generated the treatment/disposal technique has been suggested. The total average waste generated in hospital A, B, C, and D is studied as per Amravati Municipal Corporation (AMC) list. The amount of hospital waste generated in each hospital is significant, therefore, proper waste management is necessary in due time. It is suggested that a common waste treatment facility for a group of hospitals is best for private hospitals of Amravati.

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015038   Bhattacherjee A K;Singh V K (NO, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow-226 101, Email: bhatchaj_ak@yahoo.com) : Uptake of soil applied paclobutrazol in mango cv. dashehari and its persistence in soil, leaves and fruits. Indian J Pl Physiol 2015, 20(1), 39-43.

'Dashehari' mangoes from Lucknow region of Uttar Pradesh, India are popular in domestic as well as international markets. Paclobutrazol, a plant growth regulator, has been successfully used on a commercial scale in soil application to counter the alternate bearing habit of mango all over the country. The persistence of paclobutrazol residues in soil and its subsequent uptake in mango leaves and fruits were studied using high performance liquid chromatography after its application to tree basin soil of mango cv. Dashehari @ 0.8 and 1.6 g a.i. tree^{-1. The residues of paclobutrazol dissipated in soil from its initial values of 3.51 and 7.04 to 0.01 and 0.03 mg kg-1 after 300 days of application from normal and higher concentrations, respectively. The rate of dissipation in soil followed first order kinetics with half life values of 41.5 and 43.0 days from normal and double doses, respectively. Initially paclobutrazol residues were not detected in leaf samples, which gradually increased to 0.95 and 1.69 mg kg-1 after 240 days of its application to soil and then decreased with time. The amounts of paclobutrazol residues noticed in mango inflorescence after 150 days of its application were 0.27 and 0.39 mg kg-1 from normal and double doses, respectively. Residues of paclobutrazol were detected in premature mango fruits, harvested between 40 and 70 days after fruit set, at levels below permissible limit (0.5 mg kg-1), but the same was not found in fully mature fruits at harvest after 85 days of fruit set. Though paclobutrazol persisted in the soil for a longer period (up to 300 days after its application) but the mature fruits harvested from treated trees were free from its residue and safe for consumption.}

2 tables, 19 ref

015037   Bhaskar J R;Shivani (School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: jrbhaskarjnu@gmail.com) : Sewage treatment systems: SBR and MBBR. LS-Int J Life Sci 2015, 4(3), 152-7.

Analysis and evaluation of the performance of sequential batch reactor (SBR) and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) wastewater treatment technology operated under cold waste water conditions were done with the aim to investigate the nitrogen and phosphorous removal, sludge quality aspects and energy efficiency. Many wastewater treatment processes are temperature dependent. In some cases water temperature is below 25°C for most of the time. Moreover more stringent effluent requirements are expected to be implemented, as negative influence of nutrients becomes even more apparent. Therefore MBBR is preferred over SBR. MBBRs have significantly lower suspended solids production and hence the membrane is exposed to lower solids concentrations leading to reduced fouling potential. By comparison the MBBR technology does not require tertiary filtration and polymer addition to meet the standards for suspended solids and turbidity. Despite the potential benefits of the MBBR technology there has only been limited study of this configuration and more research is required to assess various operational conditions for this system in order to develop this process and increase its acceptance for wastewater treatment.

10 ref

015036   Bhasin S;Shukla A N;Shrivastava S (School of Studies in Zoology and Biotechnology, Vikram Univ, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh) : Observations on Salmonella typhi in Kshipra river with relation to anthropogenic activities. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 4(2), 11-18.

Salmonella typhi is one of the leading cause of intestinal infections, typhoid and enteric fever. Contaminated food and one of the major vehicles for transmission of typhoidal. Rivers play an important role in livelihood of individuals by providing potable water, cheap transportation, errigation, fisheries and electricity but these natural water bodies which serves as a blessing, can turn into disguise if it gets polluted as it becomes a potent source of contaminated water which is the major route for transmission of various pathogens. One year study was conducted from November 2013-October 2014 in river Kshipra which aimed to investigate occurrence, distribution abundance of with relation to anthropogenic activities. Health impacts of on the population which uses river water for different purposes like drinking, bathing and other domestic use are reported. Isolation of was done by use of peptone water as a pre- enrichment medium, the obtained colonies were then transferred to Dicholorocitrate Agar for identification after which species were confirmed by applying different biochemical test. The study showed that most of the sites of the river were highly contaminated with (2-158 x 103 CFU/100 ml.) that consistently increased WHO limits for potablity. Quantification of revealed that its count was found to be higher in summer season and during onset of rain. However, a higher count was reported in bottom and the count of showed marked variations with changes in different physicochemical parameters. The incidence of typhoid and enteric fever also showed similar seasonal pattern. The most impaired region were Ramghat, Mangalnath and Triveni study sites which receive different types of pollutants on regular basis via various sources. The mass holy dip by devotees significantly affect water quality by enhancing approximately ten fold increase in S.typhi count in study area. Public awareness, proper sanitary conditions and appropriate measures to control water pollution are required to provide lifeline to this sacred river.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

014051   Verma S;Chouhan M S;Sharma A;Sharma S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain-456 010, Email: sanjay61@rediffmail.com) : Review on scenario of municipal solid waste management in India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(3), 561-5.

Solid waste management has always been a challenging issue for authorities. In India, traditional methods are used for urban solid waste management. The practices are associated with safeguard of the environment hence; an environmentally sound garbage management system is required for the urban waste management. Improper management of solid waste causes hazards to inhabitants. It is possible to implement certain corrective measures at collection, storage, transport and disposal of urban solid waste to minimize the adverse impacts on the environment. To develop effective and integrated strategy for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), we need to know the quantities, composition and characteristics of solid waste. The 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) concept of solid waste management can be then implemented effectively. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse past data and trends related and relevant to solid wastes, so that the information could be used to draw Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management plans.

6 tables, 11 ref

014050   Sinha N;Jha A N (Zoology Univ Dep, B.R.A. Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur-842 001, Email: dhiraj.bhaskar@yahoo.com) : Physico-chemical factors of three ponds of B.R.A. Bihar university campus, Muzaffarpur and its impact of fish production. Pollut Res 2015, 34(3), 579-84.

Analysis of physico-chemical factors of three ponds at B.R.A. Bihar University campus Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India was undertaken during of January to December 2010. The study revealed that the water temperature ranged from 13.18-28.5°C, pH varied from 7.3-8.9, and water transparency 37.4-72.1cm. The dissolved oxygen varied between 3.8-7 ppm, free carbon dioxide ranged from 4.6-12ppm, total alkalinity varied from 62.1-132.9 ppm, total hardness varied in between 61.8-135.0ppm. In the present study phosphate content varied between 0.42-1.78ppm, Nitrate content was between 0.92-1.70ppm. Both the BOD and COD varied in between 20.8-49.3 mg/L and in between 58.8-122.0mg/L respectively.

3 tables, 17 ref

014049   Singh S;Pradhan L;Sharma V K;Munshi U M (NO, Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi) : Status of tannery effluent in Ganga river basin. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(7), 47-52.

The holy river Ganga passing through five states, is one of the most polluted rivers. Over exploitation and Abstraction of water for various purposes coupled with direct discharge of untreated wastewater has completely deteriorated the quality of water. In comparison to other pollutants, industrial effluents are the most dangerous threat to the natural ecosystem of the Holy river. The paper focuses on Tannery industry which is categorized as red-category industry. These tanneries no longer use environment-friendly vegetable dyes for tanning leather they instead use highly toxic chromium which is discharged directly into the river untreated. The paper has also tried to explain the effects of the pollutants on the environment and the natural ecosystem of the river and suggested to adopt some innovative measures like generation of biogas from the waste, adopting phyto-remediation technology and development of integrated plan for waste water disposal and treatment.

21 ref

014048   Shalu;Punia S;Malik A (Energy and Environmental Sciences Dep, Chaudhary Devi Lal Univ, Sirsa, Haryana-125 055, Email: anjumalik27@yahoo.com) : Hydrochemistry and water quality assessment of groundwater of Bhiwani district, Haryana, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(3), 507-18.

To assess the quality and suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose 60 groundwater samples were collected from 16 villages of district Bhiwani Haryana, (India). Groundwater quality assessment was made by estimating pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, and alkalinity besides major cations (Na^{+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (C1-,PO₄3-, F- and NO₃2-). Residual sodium carbonate and sodium absorption ratio indices indicate that majority of groundwater samples can be considered suitable for irrigation purposes. According to %Na nearly 71% and according to permeability index around 40% of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. The groundwater has been contaminated by a large amount of salts as evident from the C1-/HCO₃- and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios. About 78% of groundwater samples have dominance of salt water. According to Gibbs' ratio, majority of water samples fall in rock and evaporation dominance field and evaporation was found to be dominant process in ion concentration of samples. Water quality index (WQI) was calculated to find suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose. All the water samples are in excellent and good category as per WQI rating and are absolutely fit for drinking and irrigation purposes except the four samples i.e. Bhl3, Bh25, Bh27 and Bh55 having WQI above 50 and are moderately polluted. The correlation coefficients were calculated and it was found that EC had significant positive correlation with Cl- and Cl- has significant correlations with total hardness and Mg2+.}

4 illus, 8 tables, 47 ref