009947   Tandon P K;Tripathi I (Botany Dep, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007, Email: tandonpramod@yahoo.in) : Response of fertilizer industry effluent on growth and metabolism of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants. Res Envir Life Sci 2015, 8(2), 189-92.

Wheat plants were subjected to different doses of fertilizer industry effluents. It was observed that almost all the studied growth and metabolic parameters were found to be adversely affected by higher concentrations of fertilizer industry effluents. However, chemical properties of soil viz. pH, percentages of calcium carbonate and organic carbon showed significant increase at increasing doses of the said fertilizer effluent.

4 tables, 12 ref

009946   Syukur A;Mahrus;Ar S (Sciences Dep Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mataram University, Indonesia: Jalan Majapahit No 56, Mataram Nusa Tenggra Barat) : Potential assessment environment friendly aquaculture of small-scale fishermen as a conservation strategy seagrass beds in coastal areas of Tanjung Luar East Lombok, Indonesia. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(2), 22-7.

Environment friendly cultivation is a significant strategy for small-scale economic development. The goal is to solve the problems of small-scale economies that could play an active role in the conservation of seagrass beds. Data were collected through observation and interviews were analyzed statistically. The main indicators to support environment friendly is a potential rabbit fish (Siganus sp) stock adequate; shares lobster species Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus homarus 25.256/month; and sufficient sources of natural feed available from around the cultivation environment. The impact of small-scale cultivation for conservation of seagrass beds as actively contributing to preventing the use of destructive and improve an agreement among the farmers for environmental security around cultivation. In this case, the environment-friendly farming by small scale may be recommended as a solution for economic development and as a strategy for the conservation of seagrass beds in the area of research.

3 illus, 1 table, 63 ref

009945   Subhashini S;Thirumaran K;Madhumathi A (Architecture Dep, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, Email: architectsubha@gmail.com) : Effect of changing urban environment of Madurai- challenges and opportunities for future environmental sustainability. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 114-24.

Urban development is the major cause for changes in environment, as it leads to increase in population density which thereby increases the households, industries and transportation. Thus, urban centres are the major contributors of greenhouse gases and global warming. This paper collates the evidence of climate change effects on areas of urban growth pattern, temperature variations over the past decades and changes in the air quality of Madurai. It is evident from various studies that built up areas in urban centres exert a considerable influence on the local climate and urban heat island intensity. This main aim of this paper is to give information to urban planners, architects and engineers about the importance of climate studies and tools to promote strategies and measures of sustainable urban development.

6 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

009944   Srivastava N;Srivastava N G (NO, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Pollution Control Research Institute, Ranipur, Haridwar-249 403) : Evaluation of leaching characteristics of flyash of thermal power station. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 10-22.

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential for leaching of metals from flyash of Thermal Power station located in North India. The flyash was characterized for its various elements prior to experimentation. Experiments for study of leaching behaviour of flyash were conducted using batch and column methods. In batch test fixed amount of flyash and demonized in ratio of 1:10 was taken and values of major constituents were recorded for continuously 10 days. In column test flyash slurry in ratio of 1;10 was fed to the glass column for 20 days using flyash slurry of pH 6.5 and 7.5 and leachate was examined for its major constituents each day. The experimental results showed that in batch test the pH during the experimentation increased. The increased pH may be due to alkalinity of the elements present in flyash and also may be due to variation in rate of dissolution of various metals in contact with water. There is no linear relationship between the quantity of constituents leached and duration of the experimentation. As regards column experimentation most of the elements released high concentration in the beginning and slowly the concentration reduced due to passage of time. Open column leaching experimentation may be used in predicting the long term leaching behaviour of flyash that can be observed in the field. The laboratory experimentation explains that immediate release of constituents from flyash may not be alarming but continuous disposal of ash is always in contact with soil and weathering conditions may be responsible for the long term leaching of heavy metal ions from ash to soil and ultimately to ground water. So a systematic and proper disposal of flyash is required to be formulated in order to prevent ground water and soil contamination.

12 illus, 11 tables, 13 ref

009943   Singh S K;Rajput S (Singhania University, , Rajasthan, Email: sksingh66@gmail.com) : Heat shock response in Helianthus annuus L. with special reference to thermostress. Res Envir Life Sci 2015, 8(1), 41-4.

Environmental changes in temperature, light and water leads to altered the plant gene expression. Exposure of plants to several degrees of elevated temperatures induces the expression of evolutionary conserved genes coding for the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs). The study of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance showed the highly adverse effect of heat stress. The range of temperature between 30p C to 60p C revealed the growth retardation in plant growth, although the temperature upto 30p C showed the normal morphology as its primary observation. The heat shock protein of molecular weight less than 20kd and more than 70kd were the evident of alteration in their gene expression. This observation showed that genetic alteration in heat shock protein due to thermal stress.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

009942   Singh O;Sharma M K (NO, Natinal Institute fo Hydrology, Roorkee, Email: omkar@nih.ernet.in) : Measurement of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand for the Hindon river, India. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(1), 42-50.

The river Hindon (a tributary of the Yamuna river) is mainly polluted due to untreated and/or partially treated sewage discharge from municipal and/or industrial sources located within its catchment. The discharge of high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sewage is harmful for survival of aquatic life in a water body. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important water quality parameters used for assessing the quality of the water for survival of the aquatic life. The high BOD load becomes responsible for lowering the DO levels in a water body. When DO drops below 4 or 5 mg/L, the forms of life that can survive begins to reduce. In this study, prediction of dissolved oxygen was carried out using Ponce Calculator and BOD using simple first order BOD reaction equation. The study is useful for assessing self purification capacity and to sustain aquatic life in the River Hindon.

11 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

009941   Singh J S (Environmental Microbiology Dep, BB Ambedkar, Central Univ, Lucknow-226 025, Email: jayshankar_1@yahoo.co.in) : Microbes play major roles in the ecosystem services. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 163-7.

Healthy agro- and natural ecosystems are very crucial factors for the survival of all living organisms. Without ecosystems thriving, we cannot expect for a harmless environment and stable climate. Due to indiscriminate increase in human population and overexploitation of natural resources, ecosystems are deteriorating continuously and impacting negatively the earth's biodiversity. There are ample scientific proofs that agro and natural ecosystems are unsustainable for living organisms including human beings. Huge quantity of effluents containing highly toxic chemical such as pesticides and heavy metals are polluting the aquatic ecosystems including rivers, ponds and lakes. The rapid industrialisation and use of synthetic chemicals in augmenting agricultural yields are the major causes for the disturbances of various ecosystems sustenance. Consequently, global biodiversity is currently facing an imminent state of danger and scientific communities are concerned about the removal of recalcitrant hazardous pollutants from the environment in a more sustainable way. Microbes with their inherent metabolic potential, as a unique bio-resource, can be exploited for various ecosystems services such as bio-geochemical cycling, green house gas mitigation, restoration of degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, etc. In this opinion article an attempt has been made to elaborate the role of diverse microbial groups in various ecosystems services.

2 illus, 19 ref

009940   Singh A K;Jayakumar S (Environmental Informatics and Spatial Modeling Lab, Ecology and Enviro, Pondicherry Univ, Puducherry-605 014, Email: jayakumar.eco@pondiuni.edu.in) : Review on methods to estimate CH₄ and N₂ fluxes in terrestrial ecosystem. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 104-13.

It has been found in the last 3-4 decades that different ecosystems in the tropical regions contributed maximum trace gases (CH₄ and N₂O) to atmosphere. Terrestrial ecosystems in tropics, sub-tropics and in temperate regions are the well-known sources and sinks of important GHGs (green house gases). Nowadays, developing countries of Asia Pacific regions are contributing a maximum amount of these trace gases at the global scale. Anthropogenic activities and changing environmental conditions alter the dynamics of different ecosystems that stimulate GHGs emission in the last few years. A higher concentration of CO₂ and temperature in soil enhance microbial activity. The techniques for sampling, estimation and future prediction of fluxes of these trace gases from different types of ecosystem are still undergoing changes with the advancement in knowledge of microbiology, geology and technology. This review discusses GHG, mainly methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission estimated from different ecosystems, advancement in estimation technology and the key controlling factors for their emission around the world.

1 table, 125 ref

009939   Shaikh K;Gachal G S;Memon S;Shaikh M Y (Zoology Dep, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080, Pakistan, Email: shaikhkalsoom2014@gmail.com ) : Hardness and alkalinity in amphibian environment at district Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. Flora Fauna 2015, 21(1), 3-8.

Present study was proposed to investigate the status of amphibian ambient in District Hyderabad. Water samples were collected from eight amphibian habitations for the analysis of hardness and alkalinity using titration procedures. The results of analyzed parameters were compared with scientifically approved water quality criteria to understand the status of aquatic environment. Present study recorded whole area polluted due to extreme level of hardness (618.5±124.2) as well asalkalinity(319.8±46.5)which may cause dreadful effects on amphibians.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

009938   Sahu R K;Satpute K B;Bhong C D;Deshmukh V V (Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Ssciences, Parbhani-431 402, Email: cdbhong@gmail.com) : Physio-chemical and microbial analysis of drinking water in Parbhani city, Mahrashtra, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 351-6.

Present study was conducted on water samples from different areas of Parbhani city (Maharashtra). Collected samples were subjected to qualitative analysis of parameters such as sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, ammonia, fluoride, cyanide, pH, colour, odour, taste with quantitative analysis of parameters such as hardness, total solid (TS) and bacteriological examination. All the samples had chloride and sulphate and no samples had fluoride and cyanide detection on basis of qualitative estimation. The hardness and total solids (TS) of bore well water, municipal water samples collected are 462.4±27.46 mg/L, 73.28±1.30 mg/L, 1348±40.04 mg/L, 928±19.59 mg/L. pH of collected bore well water and municipal water samples 7.66±0.08 and 7.18±0.03. Taste of all samples somewhat bitter and other parameters were being normal. The MPN values, 11 index/100 mL of bore well and 6 index/100 mL of municipal supply. The organisms isolate from water samples were E.coli, Salmonella spp, Enterobacter spp, Streptococcus spp, Staphyllococcus spp. From the samples of bore well 65% shows E.coli contaminated and in municipal supply it is 30%. The TVC count of bore well water sample showed (10.13 ± 0.21) x 10^{5 cfu/mL and municipal supply water having (5.03±0.15)x105 cfu/mL.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

009937   Prasad B;Sah B (NO, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Barwa Road, Dhanbad-826 015) : Mercury content around a thermal power plant in India. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 66-72.

Burning of coal in thermal power plant is chief source of mercury presence in surrounding environment. In the present study total mercury content in different wastewater discharge from Tenughat Thermal power plant, nearby soil, different coal ashes and nearby ground water has been evaluated. In all samples mercury analysis has been carried out by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer with hydride generator facility. From the results it has been seen that water discharge from different unit of TTPS has very low concentration of mercury. Soil samples showed quite high concentration of mercury as compared to nearby groundwater. Pond ash contained maximum concentration of mercury as compared to flyash, bottom ash and coal.

4 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

009936   Parikh P;Mazumder S K (Botany Dep, Faculty of Scence, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of baroda (MSU), Vadodara-390 002, Email: punitaparikh@gmail.com) : Uptake of metal ions by Marsilea quadrifolia L. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 265-76.

Study was aimed to determine the metal ions uptake capacity of Marsilea quadrifolia L. from the wastewater of oil and petroleum refining indudtry, thereby determining its bioconcentration factor. The plant material was grown in the pure wastewater for 7days in the green house in tripticate. Among the metal ions present in the wastewater percentage absorption was in the order Cu<62>HCr<62>Cr<62> Cd <62>Pb> Ni <62> Zn <62> F. Bioconcentration factor was found to be less than one for all the metal ions which indicated that it is not the suitable material for phytoremediation of the wastewater. Strong positive correlations obtained between the metal ions in water and in the plant tissue indicated the potential of M. quadrifolia L. for pollution monitoring of these metal ions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

009935   Ogboghodoa A I;Alikua O O (Soil Science Dep, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria) : Resilience of soil bacterial and fungal communities after applying crude oil to five different land use types. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 221-30.

Contamination of soil arising from spills is one of the most limiting factors affecting microbial activities. An incubation study was conducted to examine the effects of crude oil application on soil bacteria and fungi under five land use types. Soils were randomly sampled with an auger at 0-15, 15-30, and 30-45 cm depth from five locations respectively. Microbial counts were analysed using analysis of variance and least significant difference. 20 mL crude oil was applied Homogenously on all the soil samples. Bacterial and fungal counts increased with increase in soil depth at various weeks after pollution. The highest mean bacterial and fungal counts (44.49 x 103 cfu and 34.89 x 103 cfu g^{-1 soil) were recorded at 4 weeks. Forest vegetation had the highest mean bacterial count (54.24 x 103 cfu g-1 soil), while citrus orchard, poultry farm, residential area, and okra farm had 42.61, 36.83, 28.50 and 41.26 x 103 cfu g-1 soil respectively. Okra farm had the highest mean fungal count (39.76 x 103 cfu g-1 soil), while citrus orchard, forest vegetation, poultry farm, and residential area had 31.29, 28.48, 33.02 and 28.83 x 103 cfu g-1 soil respectively. There were significant differences (p<60>0.05) among the interactions.}

3 illus, 9 tables, 24 ref

009934   Nwakire C (Vidyasagar University, , ) : Impact of gas flaring on the air quality : a case study of Izombe in Eastern Nigeria. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 1-9.

Impact of gas flaring on the air quality using Izombe as a case study was investigated using chemical air pollutants. The chemical pollutants investigated were nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compound, carbon monoxide and suspended particulate matter. Three samples were taken for each of the chemical pollutants at a distance of 100 m, 200 m and 300 m away from the flare stack. Data collected at these distances were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and non-parametric technique. The analysis showed that the mean concentration of these pollutants was 0.83 ppm for NO₂, 1.91 ppm for SO₂, 0.95 ppm for H₂S, 2.96 ppm for VOCs, 1.61 ppm for CO and 7.11 ppm for SPM; all exceeded Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) stipulated standard. The adoption of current reliable and efficient technologies for emission control was recommended.

5 illus, 8 tables, 12 ref

009933   Nayak D;Patel D P;Thakare H S;Satashiya K; Shrivastava P K (Natural Resource Management Dep, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural Unive, Navsari-396 450, Email: nutan.nayak@gmail.com) : Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index of trees. Res Envir Life Sci 2015, 8(1), 7-10.

To develop the usefulness of plants as bio indicators requires an appropriate selection of plant species which entail a highly important for a particular situation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of five different plant species around City area and Navsari Agricultural University campus (Control). Among the trees in the selected area Cassia fistula depicted highest APTI value as compared to other species followed by Saraca asoca and Sizygium cumini and proved to be tolerant variety in the city area as per the APTI value. However, Tectona grandis and Terminalia catapa found to be intermediate sensitivity for the polluted site (City area). Hence, it is recommended to plant S. asoca, S. cumini and C. fistula trees in city / industrial area to cope the environmental problem. The study also suggests that performance index might be very useful in the selection of appropriate species which can be expected to perform well for the development of green environments.

1 table, 28 ref

009932   Mishra A K;Srivastava P;Patil R S (Civil Engineering Dep, Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur-273 010) : Modeling of ambient SO₂ and NOx pollutants around an upcoming International airport. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 73-9.

In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the SO₂ and No_x concentration level in the surrounding areas of an upcoming international airport .Prediction of these pollutants have been done to study the effect of these pollutants in the nearby areas for the future scenario. Air monitoring was carried out at 10 locations considering different landuse patterns and air quality status was evaluated at all locations. Locations of the monitoring stations were decided according to WHO and CPCB guidelines. Predictions of the pollutants were done by using CalRoads View model, developed by Lakes Environmental Software, Canada and predicted values of concentrations were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). It has been observed that concentration level of SO₂ and NO_x were well within the prescribed limit of CPCB. It is estimated that road traffic contributes 60% of air pollution in urban areas. Navi Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra, has been chosen as the study area.

2 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

009931   Lamare R E;Singh O P (Environmental Studies Dep, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing, Shillong-893 022, Email: eugenelmr@gmail.com) : Localised effect of artisanal and small scale mining of limestone on water quality in Meghalaya, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 321-9.

Artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) of limestone rocks in Sohra, Meghalaya has been going on for years. Mining and processing of limestone in this area are carried out mainly for production of calcined lime. Both quicklime and edible lime are produced at small scale level. Mining activity is the source of income and employment for a number of people of the area. However, the processes generate overburdens and lime waste materials that are disposed off in the nearby areas which pose some environmental problems including adverse effect on water. In this paper, we report the result of our study on limestone mining and processing and its effect on water quality of the area. Water samples were analysed from the vicinity of mining and processing area (S3) and also from its upstream (S1) and (S2) and downstream (S4) areas at Mawsmai village, Sohra, Meghalaya during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, 2013. The values of various physicochemical parameters studied show that water samples from S1 location are not polluted and all parameters were found within the permissible limits. However, water at S2 was found slightly affected by the localised activities during the post-monsoon. On contrary, the water in the vicinity of mining and processing area (S3) possessed elevated pH (10.1- 10.8), EC (343.33?747.67 μS cm), TDS (183.33-260 mg/L), TH (126.67-261.33 mg/L), sulphate (304.17-687.50 mg/L) and calcium (44.30-100.08 mg/L) in both the seasons. pH, EC and sulphate values were found remarkably above the standard range of water quality at S3. Using Water Quality Index (WQI), the quality of water at different sites was classified. The highest WQI for both seasons was reported for S3 showing water unfit for human consumption.

5 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

009930   Kumawat S R;Yadav B L;Majumdar S P;Verma R (NO, SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner-303 328, Email: raj80v@gmail.com) : Effect of municipal sewage on build up of heavy metals in soil in the vicinity of Jaipur city of Eastern Rajasthan, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 357-62.

Soil and water samples were collected from the fields irrigated with sewage, dilute sewage and tube well water. The collected samples were analyzed for chemical parameters using standard methods. The sewage water from Aminishah Nala contains higher values of EC, SAR, TDS, BOD, COD, phosphate, nitrate, metallic cation (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr). However, the metallic cations (Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd) were above the maximum recommended concentration. The use of sewage water for irrigation in light textured soil of Jaipur has higher inorganic and organic load Sewage water irrigation caused an increase in the organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus but in its wake resulted in a several fold build up of the metallic cations in the soil, under study call for passing of the sewage water through an effluent treatment plant before being diverted for irrigation.

6 tables, 30 ref

009929   Kothari R;Pathak V V;Chopra A K;Ahmad S; Allen T;Yadav B C (Bioenergy and Wasterwater Treatement Laboratory, Environmental Science, Babasaheb Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kothariricha21@gmail.com) : Developments in bioenergy and sustainable agriculture sectors for climate change mitigation in Indan context: a state of art. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 93-103.

This review article provides the state of art for Indian energy scenario in areas of climate change in respect of various types of biomass available (forest, agricultural and aquatic). Present biomass conversion technologies for commercial and research and development sector with accurate methodologies are also studied. Based on the findings of the available literature, development policies for bioenergy sector incorporation with climate change mitigation and sustainable agriculture provide an induced impact on the environmental sector. The need for proper management among end users of government policies in India through a sustainable framework is highlighted by the authors of this review article.

4 illus, 5 tables, 62 ref

009928   Khatib S;Singh N (Zoology Dep, G.M. Momin Women's College, Bhiwandi, Maharashtra, Email: nandita_syn@yahoo.com) : Assessment of BOD, COD as organic pollution indicator levels of Varhala lake. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 307-10.

Lakes are of great importance both from the natural and economic point of view. Lake water is a source of drinking and domestic water supply for people living in and around the area. The present study was conducted to assess the organic pollution indicators like BOD, COD and DO. The sampling of water was based on human and aquatic activities around the lake. Water from five sampling stations of Varhala Lake was monitored for seasonal variations from May 2011 to April 2012. The BOD was positively correlated with COD of 0.609, as both are the products of oxidation. The correlation between DO and BOD, gave a negative relationship of 0.517 between two variables.

6 illus, 12 ref

009927   Keram K S;Meshram M K;Sharma B L (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur-482 004, Email: keramsoils@gmail.com) : Environmental pollution: a threat to life and its remedies. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 331-6.

Developmental activities such as construction, transportation and manufacturing not only deplete the natural resources but also produce large amount of wastes that leads to pollution of air, water, soil, and oceans; global warming and acid rains. Untreated or improperly treated waste is a major cause of pollution of rivers and environmental degradation causing ill health and loss of crop productivity. Major causes of pollution and their effects are reviewed here.

11 ref

009926   Kaur D;Sidhu M;Bal S;Sandhu P (Family Resource Management Dep, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultral University, Ludhiana, Email: balsharanbir@pau.edu.me) : Awareness of indoor pollution in rural and urban houses of Ludhiana district. Asian J Home Sci 2015, 10(1), 102-7.

Living in a technologically developing society, our lifestyle and attitude have become self-oriented which has added to the menace of household pollution. Environmental awareness is needed to change the mindset of modern society and needs to provide some alternatives which can help the women to save the environment, children, family and society. There is a need to make the public aware about environment, the serious health hazards of environmental pollution and their rights to live in a clean and healthy environment. Study conducted on the awareness of rural and urban homemakers revealed that majority of the rural and urban respondents were aware of different causes of indoor pollution though the awareness was more in urban homemakers. Among the awareness of environmental causes maximum awareness was found to be `dust in abundance' with mean score 2.73, followed by high humidity inside (2.63). Major chemical based factors reported was awareness of `leaking gas pipes or gas cylinder' with mean score 2.68. Majority of the selected respondents (55.83%) were aware of the indoor pollution due to chocked pipes under the category of constructional faults and household articles. Damp and soiled bedding were placed at rank one with mean score 2.75. Other pollution creating causes categorized under `miscellaneous causes' were: stagnated water, fungus and black mould, pet waste, animal dander, cockroaches, lizards, insects and spider's webs. Awareness of stagnated water was considered as one of the most polluting cause by 75.00 per cent respondents.

4 tables, 8 ref

009925   Katiyar K L D;Singh A;Bose P;Dutta V (Environmental Science Dep, BBAU, Lucknow, Email: kumudkatiyar@gmail.com) : Similarities of trihalomethanes formation during chlorination of diluted waste water and Ganga river water at Kanpur. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 289-96.

Disinfection of drinking water reduces the incidence of water borne diseases and protects the population against diseases caused by microorganisms. Chlorine has become the most widely used disinfectant in water treatment because of its plenty of advantages viz., its comparative low cost, residual action, high reactivity. At the same time the excessive use of chlorine in treatment form numerous disinfectant by-products (DBPs). The most common of which are haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). THMs are formed when chlorine and other disinfectant react with naturally occurring organics and other inorganic matters present in water. Due to the carcinogenic nature of the DBPs its regulation is necessary. The broad objective of the current study was to examine the extent of THMs formation in Ganga water at Kanpur and evaluate the nature of DBPs precursors. Based on THMs formation in Ganga water (GW) at various chlorine doses in comparison with THMs formation in diluted waste water (DW). It was concluded that most organic matter present in Ganga River in Kanpur is of anthropogenic (EffOM) and autochthonous origin. The experiment conducted revealed that DBPs precursor removal by coagulation is poor in GW and the formation of THMs on chlorination of this water cannot be effectively controlled by optimizing the coagulation process. Consequently, other methods of DBPs precursor control, i.e., ozonation, biological filtration, etc. must be adopted for effective THMs control in GW.

3 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

009924   Jena S K;Goel S (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: sudhagoel@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in) : E-waste generation in an academic campus: IIT Kharagpur as a case study. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 315-20.

Tremendous growth in the electronics and IT industries in India in the last 2 to 3 decades has led to e-waste becoming the fastest growing waste stream in the country. The objective of this study was to determine e-waste generation rates and disposal practices for three popular electronic products: computers, cell (mobile or tablet) phones and printers. An online primary survey was conducted in IIT Kharagpur in September-October 2013 and 202 responses were received from 100 undergraduate students, 75 faculty members and 27 post-graduate students and staff members. Overall e-waste generation rates in IIT Kharagpur were 0.18 units/capita-y for computers and 0.46 units/capita-y for mobile phones. Results further show that computers are being replaced within 4.8 to 6.5 years, while cell phones are replaced in 1.6 to 3 years. Only 78 respondents were printer owners and their cartridge disposal practices were evaluated in this survey. 55% of these respondents threw used cartridges into the dustbin, 22% stored their cartridges, 14% returned their cartridges to the producer, vendor or other business person, and 9% refilled their cartridges. Further, estimated e-waste generation rates for India were collected from the literature and were obtained from 2003 to 2012. The data were found to best-fit a linear equation which can then be used to predict future e-waste generation rates.

10 tables, 10 ref

009923   Jaywardhan Kumar;Singh A K (NO, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad-826 015) : Quantification of fugitive methane emission from coal mining and handling activities for recent years in India. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 47-52.

Fugitive emissions from coal mining and handling activities are a considerable source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The methane is generated and stored in the coal seam during the coalification process. Methane is liberated during mining as the in situ pressure is disturbed artificially. Quantification of fugitive methane emission from coal mining and handling activities are necessary for regulatory and control purposes in relation to mine safety and environmental protection. Also there is a need for reliable fugitive methane estimates to prepare national emission inventories of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from different source categories. Since India is party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under the category of Non-Annex I party. The 17/CP.8 guidelines of UNFCCC require each Non-Annex I party to furnish information on green-house gases in its national inventory emitted from anthropogenic sources. In the present paper using the methodology suggested by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the fugitive methane emission estimates have been prepared for the year 2008, 2009 and 2010.

5 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

009922   Irfan Z B;Khan M T;Radhakrishnan K (Centre of Excellence in Environmental Economics, Madras School of Econ, , Gandhi Mandapam Road, Chennai-600 025, Email: zarindcy@gmail.com) : Determinants of fuel choice among Indian households: an empirical investigation. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 297-305.

Present research work applies a Multinomial logit model to fuel choices and patterns of cooking fuels in urban and rural Indian households. A large microeconomic dataset is employed to carry out the analysis. Sample survey data collected from Indian households between November 2004 and October 2005. It uses data collected by Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2005 contains information on levels of living, poverty and inequality in Indian households from direct interview questionnaires. This survey was designed and implemented by the University of Maryland in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi. The results show that in addition to income, there are several socio-demographic factors such as education, sex of the head of the household, family size, and household's asset, which are important in determining household fuel choice. In addition, the model performs better when information on the shares of different fuels in total useful cooking energy is included, and this suggests that it is important to incorporate multiple fuel use patterns in modeling fuel choice in the Indian context.

3 illus, 7 tables, 9 ref

009921   Gupta S (Zoology Dep, Bipin Bihari P.G. College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: gbrillient@hotmail.com) : Ecological study of a pond relation of it's bio-productivity at Banda (U.P.) India. Flora Fauna 2015, 21(1), 63-6.

Assessment of hydrobiological features viz. colour, turbidity, water temperature, pH, CO₂, D.O., B.O.D., Chloride, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, total alkalinity, Ammonical nitrogen, Nitrate, Phosphate and plankton (Phyto & Zoo) and fishes of Pragi Talab at Banda were studied during rainy season (July-October). Water samples were taken from four points of the said ponds, having in view to examine entire ecology of the pond. As per the observations following APHA, the productivity of the said pond was not upto the mark, because pond water was used mostly by washerman and vehicle washing. Thus the detergents and petroleum products cause harm to the biota. Apart from this, there was no embankment and trees so the pond requires proper management scientifically for enhancement of bio-productivity. Besides meteorological conditions viz. Photo period, Atmospheric temperature, Rainfall and Relative humidity were also recorded which have direct impact on water bodies. On those guidelines; the other unmanaged lentic water bodies may be properly managed scientifically so that their bio-productivity might be used as an asset for the wellbeing of the society. The parameters results were compared with ISI/WHO standards.

1 table, 6 ref

009920   Gupta A;Gupta G S (Pollution Research Laboratory, Energy and Environemt Dep, Faculty of S, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot-485 780) : Status of ambient air pollution due to stone crusher industries in Bharatkoop Town, district Chitrakoot. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 53-7.

Present study has been carried out in Bharatkoop town, (U.P.). Monitoring of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Sox, Nox, CO and noise level was carried out during winter season at 5 selected sites. The methods used were in accordance with the guidelines laid down by CPCB. The levels for PM10, Sox, Nox and Co were determined at the selected locations. Concentration levels of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were above to their permissible limit while levels of Sox, Nox and CO were within their permissible limit.

4 tables, 16 ref

009919   Fedoseeva E N;Zorin A D;Fedoseev V B; Samsonova L E;Zanozina V F (NO, Institute of Chemstry, Lobacheusky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 603950, Nizhni Novgorod, 23, b.5, Pr. Gagarina, Russia) : Upward transfer of fuel oil from polluted soil to a layer of clean sand. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 247-54.

Ascending spread of fuel oil in a layer of clean sand used for isolation of polluted soil has been studied experimentally. It has been shown that vertical migration of pollutant in a sandy layer may reach a noticeable speed. The essential role of several factors, among which dimensional characteristics and water saturation of the porous media, influence of adhesive interaction of the contacting environments has been demonstrated.

7 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

009918   Faridi S;Satyanarayana T (Microbiology Dep, Delhi Univ South campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110 021, Email: tsnarayana@gmail.com) : Application of carbonic anhydrases in mitigating global warming and development of useful products from CO₂. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 77-92.

Carbonic anhydrase is a biocatalyst which is universally present in all prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells that catalyses the reversible conversion of CO₂ to bicarbonate with a turnover rate (k_cat) ranging between 10^{4 and 106 s-1. Because of the extremely efficient CO₂ conversion catalysed by CAs, their use is gaining considerable attention for applications wherever conversion of CO, or use of bicarbonate is involved. Since CAs are ubiquitous, extensive efforts are being made to survey CAs from various sources including microorganisms. This review focuses on various classes of CAs, their occurrence and possible uses in various environmental applications, in particular sequestration of CO₂ from industrial emissions for mitigating global warming. Mineralization of CO₂ is one field where the captured CO₂ is utilised to generate stable mineral carbonates. Bicarbonates produced after hydration of CO₂ can be utilised further in the production of biofuels and other value added products. CAs can also be used in the development of biosensors and in various medical applications such as in artificial lungs and in blood substitutes.}

3 illus, 1 table, 117 ref

009917   Das N K;Verma V K;Minakshi (Natural Resources and Environment Div, Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, , Ludhiana-141 001, Email: minakshi_kaur@yahoo.com) : Land use and land cover change analysis of Hussainiwala wetland ecosystem using remote sensing and GIS. Indian J Ecol 2015, 42(2), 306-10.

Land use/land cover dynamics was studied for Hussainiwala wetland using IRS-1C/1D LISS-III satellite data for the year 2002 and Cartosat -1 PAN + LISS-IV Mx merged data for the year 2010. The change analysis indicates increase in agricultural land from 6154.09 ha to 6306.87 ha indicating encroachment on the wetland ecosystem. The increased spatial resolution facilitates to identify for the agriculture plantation in year 2010, which comprising of an area of about 2.04 ha. For 2002, area under built up was about 98.44 ha, which increased to 167.16 ha in 2010. Considerable decrease in swampy area from 398.06 ha in 2002 to 64.37 ha in 2010 with scrub/aquatic vegetation has been observed. Significant decrease in vegetation area has been observed through time.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

009916   Chattopadhyay B P;Mukherjee A K;Gangopadhyay P K;Hossain M;Manna S;Roy S K;Chowdhury A;Kundu A;Alam J (Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), (Indian Council of Medi, , Block-DP, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 091) : Evaluation of respiratory function status among the biddi binders in West Bengal. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 31-46.

Biddi industry is one of the country's oldest industries and biddi is being manufactured in different states of India. It is a big unorganised sector and performing the whole procedure at their home. In the study total 394 biddi binders of both sex's (male-233 and female-161) and 95 control subjects (male-30 and female-65) were investigated for pulmonary function tests and total 351 subjects investigated in medical study for biddi binders (male-186, female-165) and control-94 subjects, (male-32, female-62). A detailed history of illness was collected in the prepared proforma and clinical examination was performed following standard procedures. Slow vital capacity (SVC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) was recorded spirometrically and peak expiratory flow rates by Wright's peak flow meter. All other lung volume (FEV₁) and flow rates (FEF_0.2-1.2ml, FEF_25-75% and FEF_75-85%) were calculated from the same tracings. Blood samples were taken from 186 subjects (male-108, female-78) and 51 control subjects (male-15, female-36) for serum IgE and total and differential count of leucocytes. It has been observed that the major complaints, like weakness, giddiness diarrohea, cough, expectoration, breathlessness, headache, pain in neck, joint pain, low back pain were significantly more in exposed workers compared to the control subjects. About 8.0% workers were hypertensive. The lung volumes and flow rates are significantly higher in controls of both sexes. Pulmonary function test (PFT) values of biddi binders are gradually decreased in non-smokers, smokers and ex-smokers and as the duration of work exposure increased. The Hb and total RBC, WBC of the biddi binders of both sexes are within normal range. The mean eosinophil count and IgE level found higher than normal range in control and exposed workers of both sexes. As a whole 23.3% biddi binders have respiratory function impairments of which 31.3% are male and 11.8% female and in controls the figure is 6.6% and 3.0%. The impairments are may be due to their exposure to tobacco dust during the work. Biological monitoring of nicotine and cotinine in urine of biddi binding workers was undertaken. The present study reported mean nicotine levels of 5.15 and 4.34 mg/g creatinine in biddi workers with smoking and non-smoking habits, respectively whereas cotinine level was of 3.70 and 0.91 mg/g creatinine in subjects with or without smoking habits. The nicotine and cotinine levels were significantly higher (p<60>0.01) among subjects with smoking habits than the non-smoking. Similarly the nicotine levels among the biddi workers without smoking habit were found significantly higher (p<60>0.05) than the control subjects without smoking habit. But it is insignificant in case of cotinine levels. The present study indicated that both urinary nicotine and cotinine levels among biddi binders were much higher than the biddi smokers reported in earlier study elsewhere.

4 illus, 8 tables, 9 ref

009915   Chatterjee M;Sengupta P;Mahata H;Dhara P C (Ergonomics and Sports Physiology Div, Human Physiology with Community, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102) : Diurnal variation of noise in different zones of a district Town. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(1), 23-30.

Hazards of noise become a global problem and it is gradually increasing in India especially in urban areas. The present study was conducted to find out the noise levels in different zones, for example silent, commercial and residential, of Midnapore town and it was compared with that of recommended cutoff value of noise intensity. The noise intensity measured by the hand held sound level meter (B and K). The sound pressure levels (L_max) were monitored from morning to evening with an interval of 1 hr. The result showed that the intensity of noise at commercial zone was significantly higher (p<60>0.001) than that of residential and silent zone. In commercial, residential and silent zones the sound pressure levels were recorded as 59 dB, 64 dB, 84 dB, respectively. The recorded sound intensity was compared with that of recommended values and it was noted that the sound intensities were 18% higher in both silent and residential zone and 29% higher than that of recommended values in industrial, residential and commercial zones, respectively. The observed noise level at Midnapore municipal areas are compared with other studies carried out in different parts of India and it was found that, other urban areas also faced the similar trend of noise pollution. It was concluded that the noise level was high in Midnapore municipal areas.

6 tables, 16 ref

009914   Banerjee K;Mitra A (School of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central Univ of Orissa, Landiguda, Koraput-764 021, Email: banerjee.kakoli@yahoo.com) : Impact of salinity on above ground biomass and stored carbon in a common mongrove excoecaria agallocha of Indian sundarbans. Climate Change envir Sustain 2015, 3(2), 125-30.

We undertook an experimental approach to evaluate the biomass and stored carbon in above ground structures in Excoecaria agallocha in Indian Sundarbans for 5 successive years (2005 - 2010) in relation to salinity of the ambient water. The experiment was carried out in two sections of Indian Sundarbans, which has served as test bed for evaluating the role of salinity on mangroves. The biomass and carbon content of the above ground structures (stem, branch and leaf) of the species vary significantly with sectors (p <60> 0.01), the values being more in the high saline central sector on account of higher stem biomass.. The results of the present experiment suggest the growth and stored carbon in E. agallocha as proxy to ambient aquatic salinity.

1 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

009913   Balathandayutham K;Mayilswami C;Tamilmani D (Soil and Water Conservation Dep, Agricultural Engineering Collage &s Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: balathandayutham03@gmail.com) : Climate change impact assessment on hydrological parameters in Walayar Watershed of Parambikulam Aliyar Palar (PAP) Basin, Tamil Nadu. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 457-63.

Groundwater is an important major natural source of freshwater in the world. It is sole source of drinking water in most arid and semi-arid regions. A study was taken up for assessing the groundwater resource parameter in Walayar Watershed of Parambikulam Aliyar Palar (Pap) Basin, Tamil Nadu using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). SWAT model runs on the GIS platform and divides the entire watershed into smaller sub-basins based on the digital elevation map of the study area. Each sub-basin is further divided into many homogenous hydrological response units (HRUs) based on the inputs such as soil, slope and land use to represent the natural hydrologic system. The results of the study indicated that 41.31 % of the Walayar Watershed has more than agricultural fallow land, 31.94 % of the land area has Agricultural crops, 14.32 % of the land area has horticultural area and the remaining area is build-up, scrubland, industrial and forest area cover it. The annual groundwater recharge decreases with -11.6, - 22.9, and - 20.6 % for the PRECIS model, and 50.9, 56.7, and 59.0 % increased for the RegCM3 model, for the near, mid and end centuries respectively.

8 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

009912   Baishya M C;Deka R M;Baruah B K;Misra A K (Chemistry Dep, Barbhag College, Nalbari, Email: rantudeka@redifmail.com) : Comparative study on some physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water in Rangia subdivision, Assam, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 367-9.

Present paper deals with the comparative study on some physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water survey in Rangia subdivision, Assam. During the present investigation the drinking water samples were collected from tube wells, municipality water, deep tube wells and ring wells. The study recorded that the water samples were colour less and odour less and the pH, water temperature was found in the range of 6.70-7.93 and 20.4°c-33°c respectively. Similarly the recorded value of other parameters were as follows, turbidity (1.4-7.5 NTU), Conductance (105.2-1325.2 m mho cm^{-1), Total alkalinity (84-125 mgL-1), iron (0.1-2.3 mgL-1), total hardness (31-198 mgL-1), Calcium (6.3-32.12 mgL-1), Magnesium (3.32-20.75 mgL-1), Chlorine (30.2-205.2 mgL-1) and Fluoride (0.01-1.1 mgL-1). The study also revealed that most of the water samples showed higher concentration of iron and so purification is required before consumption as drinking water. The pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, iron, chlorine, calcium and magnesium value of ring wells water were found high in comparison to other water samples (i.e., -tube wells, municipality water supply, deep tube wells). Therefore the study recommended that the ring well water is not suitable for drinking without proper treatment.}

1 table, 7 ref

009911   Anup Kumar;Goel A;Goyal A;Hooda R S (Science and Technology Dep, Haryana Space Applications Centre, HARSAC, CCS HAU Campus, Hisar-125 004, Email: anup0106@yahoo.com) : Groundwater quality study in Farrukhnagar block, Gurgaon district, Haryana using GIS. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(1), 22-32.

Groundwater is a major source for fulfilling the requirement in different sectors like drinking water, irrigation and industrial uses. The good quality and quantity of groundwater plays vital role in the development of an area. Geographic Information System (GIS) is of tremendous utility in understanding, representing and interpreting the data in spatial and non-spatial forms. In the present study, Arc GIS 9.3 software has been used to assess the groundwater quality of Farrukhnagar Block of Gurgaon District, Haryana. Seven groundwater samples have been collected from different locations during field visit. Ten water quality parameters- pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (Ak), total hardness (TH), iron (Fe), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3), fluoride (F), ammonia (NH3) and free residual chlorine (RC) have been analyzed using field water testing kit prepared by TDWD, Chennai for Post-Monsoon-2013 and Pre-Monsoon-2014 seasons. In GIS environment, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique has been used for interpolation of each parameter. Categorization of parameters has been done as per BIS IS10500:2012 drinking water standards. All the ten parameter layers have been integrated to prepare integrated groundwater quality maps for post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons seperately. The overall groundwater quality falls in three categoriesdesirable, mpermissible and non-potable in the block in both seasons. The findings of the study can be used for planning, development and management of drinking water in the block.

12 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

009910   Ajay Kumar;Gupta A;Sharad Shyam;Tripathi A (Pollution Ecology Research Laboratory, Botany Dep, Hindu College, Moradabad-244 001, Email: anamikambd20@gmail.com) : Estimation of air pollution tolerance index in various plant species in industrial area, Gajraula, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 271-6.

Study describes the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) in different plant species in Gajraula industrial area, western Uttar Pradesh, India. Two sites have been selected viz. Indra Chowk and Town Basti as industrial and control area, respectively for this purpose. Ten tree species, along the roadside were identified for the study. APTI was determined by calculating ascorbic acid content, chlorophyll content, leaf extract pH and relative water content. The highest APTI was recorded in Saraca indica (49.36) and lowest in Tectona grandis (9.68). In the present study, Saraca indica, Alstonia scholaris and Ficus rumphii were found tolerant against pollution and can be planted along the industrial belt while Mangifera indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Tectona grandis and Cassia fistula were found sensitive to pollution and thus can be used as bio-indicator of air pollution.

2 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

009909   Tripathy D P;Dash T R (Mining Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008) : Monitoring of ambient air quality and estimation of air quality through application of aqi for an industrial cluster around Jharsuguda, Odisha, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 381-90.

Rapid and large-scale industrialization, population inflow and urbanization coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions often induce significant degradation of urban environment as well as affect the rural environment near by the industries. In order to assess the environmental impacts on the surrounding village of the industrial cluster of Jharsuguda district, the ambient air quality was monitored at four different locations during January 2012 to December 2012. Collected information was normalized and interpreted with the application of air quality index (AQI). Among the monitored air pollutants PM₁₀ was found to be the dominating pollutant to deteriorate ambient air quality. A segmented linear function with maximum operator concept was used to compute AQI. The results revealed that the concentration of the particulate matter exceeded the NAAQS standard, 2009 at almost all the locations throughout the year and all other parameters were found within the prescribed limits.

5 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

009908   Suraj M A;Manoj K;Praveen T P (Botany and Environment and Water Management Dep, Sree Narayana College, Alathur, Palakkad-678 683, Email: mani.alathur@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of water quality of mangalam river with a special reference to Sabarimala pilgrimage season. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 391-4.

Present study deals with assessment of the water quality of the River Mangalam. Sabarimala is the largest annual pilgrimage in India with an estimated 45-50 million devotees visiting every year. The Mangalam River is a small river not more than 50 kilometers. Pilgrims use the water of Mangalam River for various sanitary purposes. The water quality is also disturbed by various other anthropogenic activities by the population living near the river. The microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed during July2013 - June 2014 using standard procedures. The mid-stream part of the river is selected for the study. The results revealed that the studied site showed more pollution during the pilgrimage season (post monsoon) than the off seasons (monsoon and summer) and also showed fluctuations in microbiological and physicochemical parameters. Pollution of river water can be reduced by providing proper sanitation facility to pilgrims and by providing proper methods for dumping of sewage and wastes.

2 tables, 6 ref

009907   Singh M R;Gupta A (Centre for Biodiversity Studies, Botany Dep, Nagaland University, Lumani-798 627, Email: millow_singh@yahoo.com) : Spatio-temporal variation in physico-chemical properties of sediments from the rivers of Manipur, North-West India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 401-8.

Sediments are important indicators of anthropogenic activity and have a very important role to play in the interaction between the nutrients and water. Bottom sediments in river systems represents `reservoir' or `sinks' for the accumulation of nutrients derived from both natural and man-made resources whose concentration gradually build up on the bottom sediments. Distribution of sediment nutrients in the four rivers of Manipur (Latitude 23.80° N to 25.68°N and Longitude 93.03°E to 94.78°E) viz. the Imphal, Iril, Thoubal and Manipur were studied for a period of one year (April 2008- March 2009) on a seasonal basis. pH, organic carbon, nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium were determined along the bed of the four rivers to assess the trends in sediment nutrients. The pH values ranged from 6.31 to 7.67. Organic carbon recorded fluctuated from 0.09% to 0.54%. Sediment nitrogen varied from 3.59 mg/100g to 5.86 mg/100g. Phosphorus content recorded ranged between 10.42 mg/100g and 16.92 mg/100g. Concentration of potassium registered varied between 11.06 mg/100g to 21.00 mg/100g. Out of the four rivers, site selected from Thoubal river exhibited the maximum nutrients level indicating the pollution status of the river. Statistically analysis revealed significantly spatial and temporal variations in nutrients of sediment along the lotic environment. From the results obtained the various factors which attribute to the distribution of pH, organic carbon, nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium are discussed in the paper.

5 illus, 39 ref

009906   Singh A K;Kumar S R (NO, KVK, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, South Tripura-799 144, Email: singhak30@gmail.com) : Geostatistical analysis of ground water quality index and corrosivity of water supply in Tezpur municipal area using GIS. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 417-24.

Large portion of the drinking water requirements of Tezpur municipal area of Assam (India) is supplied by ground water wells. The quality of this ground water was determined by taking samples from 27 wells within a study area of 22.5 km^{2. The purposes of this investigation were to provide an overview of current ground water quality and to determine spatial distribution of quality parameters in the study area using GIS tools. The thematic maps of each parameter were generated using geostatistical (Kriging) approach. Experimental values were tested for Kriging models to identify the best fitted for the eight water quality parameters (calcium, iron, nitrate, chloride, pH, TDS, total hardness and alkalinity). Concentrations of ground water quality parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian Bureau of Standard (BIS) drinking water guidelines. The thematic maps of eight ground water quality parameters were used for ground water quality index (GWQI) map generation using overlay & index method. Corrosive nature of ground water was examined by using Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) model and Baylis curve procedures. The water quality indices reveal the suitability of ground water quality for drinking purposes.}

8 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

009905   Shaker I M;Elnazer A A (Central Lab for Aquaculture Research, Agricultural Research Center, Li, , Egypt, Email: dr_ibrahim_shaker@yahoo.com) : Interpolation distribution mapping for studying behavior of some heavy metals in lake Borollus North East of Rosetta branch of the river Nile, Egypt. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 465-76.

GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping technique was employed to study the behavior of the seasonal changing in concentration for 5 (Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb) polluting elements in (2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012) in Borollus Lake Northern Coast East of Alexandria, Egypt. The spatial interpolation method of inverse distance weighted (IDW) was applied to obtain the overall patterns of these elements (spatial distribution maps).

6 illus, 1 table, 69 ref

009904   Mondal S;Kundu D J;Haque S;Senapati T;Ghosh A R (Ecotoxicological Lab, Environmental Science Dep, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan-713 104, Email: apurbaghosh2010@gmail.com) : Seasonal variation of zooplankton distribution in sewage-fed East Kolkata wetland, West Bengal, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 477-87.

Relation between zooplankton periodicity and limnological parameters was studied in sewagefed East Kolkata Wetland (EKWL), a Ramsar site for a period of one year. Physicochemical study has shown temperature, pH, conductivity and TDS ranged between 28.9 and 30.3°C, 7.4 and 8.4, 731.00 and 841.04 μS/cm, 518.5 and 595.0 mg/L respectively. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, chloride, ammonianitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, sulphate, phosphate, iron, sodium and potassium concentrations were also studied seasonally. Among these dissolved oxygen concentration in sewage carrying channel (M4) was very less (1.7 mg/L) whereas, ammonia-nitrogen (1.01 to 2.87 mg/L) and nitrate-nitrogen (1.75 to 7.68 mg/L) exceeded the minimum permissible range. Total zooplankton population was correlated with 18 limnological parameters (2 positive, 14 negative and 2 with both positive or negative) in EKWL. Most of the zooplankton species showed negative correlation with pH, temperature, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total hardness etc., and positive correlation with DO and Na. This in depth study on zooplankton distribution of EKWL is able to establish the relationship between its water quality and fish production, i.e., the main source of earning of the core group of people who are solely dependent on this pisciculture. It can strongly be advocated that risk assessment studies should be conducted and it is an urgent need for water quality restoration and management of EKWL.

3 tables, 31 ref

009903   Chowdhury A K;Debsarkar A;Chakrabarty S (Civil Engineering Dep, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, Email: anikc13@yahoo.co.in) : Quantification and characterization of correlation between traffic noise level and concentration of traffic related air pollutant(s) in the curbside open-air micro-environment of Kolkata city, India. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 409-16.

In this study, quantification and characterization of correlation between traffic noise level and concentration of traffic related air pollutant(s) in the curbside open-air/micro-environment of Kolkata city, India were examined. Accordingly traffic volume, A-weighted equivalent continuous sound-pressure level (L_eq), concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and NO₂ were monitored in the curbside open-air/micro-environment of 23 major roads and 52 monitoring sites with a sampling frequency of 4 h (12:00 noon to 04:00 p.m.) covering a period of three months from March'2011 to May'2011. Synchronized data on meteorological variables such as wind speed (WS), air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) were also recorded from a roof-top automated weather monitoring station. Significant variations in traffic volume, concentration of the air pollutants, wind speed, relative humidity and air temperature were observed during the study period. But spatial variation of traffic noise level was accounted poorest. The minimum noise level was also well above the prescribed day time standards of 65 dB(A) for the commercial area for the day time (CPCB India, 2000). 78.85% (41 out of 52) and 40.38% (21 out of 52) of the monitoring sites had their measured concentration of PM_2.5 and NO₂ higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) prescribed by CPCB India, 2009 for industrial residential rural and other area. Statistically significant and moderate positive correlation was accounted in this study between traffic noise level and concentration of PM_2.5. This indicated possibility of correlated exposure to these environmental stressors in the curbside open-air/micro-environment to thousands of hawkers, commuters and pedestrians of the city.

3 tables, 44 ref

009902   Choudri B S;Baawain M;Ahmed M (NO, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Email: bchoudri@squ.edu.om) : Review of water quality and pollution in coastal areas of Oman. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 439-49.

Environmental status of the Omani coastal areas was assessed based on studies conducted in the Sultanate of Oman over the past few years. This review examines all kinds of pollution and impacts over the coastal areas of Oman by reviewing papers and reports in order to provide an overview of the pollution status regarding salinity, heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. This review covers environmental pollution related to groundwater, soil as well as marine and coastal water, their effect on biological systems and marine organisms. Emphasis is placed on salinity and marine pollution, especially on heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbon contaminations. Further, total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were discussed in the biota and coastal sediments studied in the coast of Oman. This review provides information on severity of groundwater and soil salinity particularly along the Al-Batinah region and different concentrations of contaminated coastal areas from metals and oils. Finally, the review concludes with an outline of few sustainable management measures that could be considered for further assessment and evaluation towards the protection of the environment in the coastal areas of Oman.

^iia1 illus, 2 tables, 48 ref

009901   Chakrabarti S;Singh A P;Sumit Kumar (NO, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Email: aps@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in) : Assessment of air quality in Haora river basin. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 425-32.

In this paper Air Quality Indices (AQIs) have been derived to assess the status of ambient air quality along Haora river basin using modified Environmental Protection Agency procedure. Air samples have been collected from 10 sampling stations located along the river. Six air pollutants namely, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter, PM₁₀ and lead were monitored during April to June 2012 continuously for 24 hours. It appears from the analysis that among all six air pollutants, PM₁₀ was found to be the responsible pollutant to deteriorate ambient air quality which ranges from 130.6 μg/m^{3 to 572.14 μg/m3. Suspended particulate matter also exist at a critical level ranging from 142.31 μg/m3 to 684.95 °g/m3. The piecewise linear function with maximum operator as aggregation function was used to compute the AQI scores. The computed AQI value for the selected study region varied from moderately pollution level with the AQI score of 160.80 to the severe pollution level with the AQI score of 484.68 at sampling stations S1 and S8 respectively. The index developed was found suitable to demonstrate spatial variations of ambient air quality.}

1 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

008916   Zaki V H;Abdelkhalek N K;Shakweer M S (Internal Medicine Dep, Infectious and Fish Desease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt) : Environmental conditionsacterial infections relationship and their impact on immune parameters of cultured fenneropenaeus indicus with special refer to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(1), 51-3.

To investigate the relation between bad environmental conditions especially heavy metals contamination in water used for rearing Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) and the enhancement of certain bacterial attack causing heavy mortalities throughout the period from March 2014 to January 2015, about 200 pieces of shrimp tissue samples were collected during grow out stages with the average body weight range from (4.7±1.2 to 22.2±5.2). The clinical, bacteriological, and immunological examinations and the histopathological changes in the intestine of the infected shrimp samples were recorded. Physico-chemical analysis of water samples, in addition to heavy metals concentration in water as well as shrimp tissue associated with such diseases conditions was also documented. Results revealed that Vibrio species especially V. parahaemolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. alginolyticus, V. ordalii, V. harveyi and V. viscosus were the most prevalent species with (82.17%) among all bacterial isolates, followed by equal percent of Salmonella species, Flavobacterium species, Shigella species (3.96%), and Staphylococcus aureus recorded the lowest bacterial isolate with (1.98%). Histopathological examination on the intestinal epithelium of the infected shrimp revealed marked degeneration, vacuolation and mild atrophy of epithelium lining the intestine. Measurement of immune parameters revealed that phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and phagocytic activity were lowered in diseased shrimp when compared to the apparently healthy shrimp. The sensitivity test applied to detect the effective antibiotic treatment to the different bacterial isolates revealed that the ciprofloxacin is the most effective antibiotic.

4 illus, 6 tables, 55 ref

008915   Thomas S;Mohaideen J A (NO, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: sijithomas76@yahoo.com) : Determination of some heavy metals in fish water and sediments from bay of Bengal. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 53-62.

Concentrations of five heavy metals, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were determined in water, sediments and in marine species, the Indo-Pacific king mackerel popularly known as Spotted Seer fish (Scomberomorus Guttus). The samples were collected near the seashore of the Bay of Bengal from five different locations in North Tamilnadu Pulicat, Ennore, Marina, Mahabalipuram and Kalpakkam during the period September-November 2012. The maximum concentrations of heavy metals observed in fish were arsenic (0.382 mg/Kg-Pulicat), cadmium (0.441 mg/Kg-Ennore), chromium (0.711- mg/Kg-Marina), lead (0.673 mg/Kg-Marina), and mercury (0.08 mg/Kg-Kalpakkam). Maximum heavy metal concentrations in water are arsenic (0.03 mg/LKalpakkam), cadmium (0.022 mg/L-Ennore), chromium (0.046 mg/L-Ennore), lead (0.015 mg/L-Pulicat) and mercury (0.016 mg/L-Marina). Highest concentrations of arsenic (2.518 mg/Kg), cadmium (1.815 mg/Kg), chromium (3.082 mg/Kg) and lead (1.273 mg/Kg) in sediment was observed in samples collected from Ennore, while mercury was found in the highest concentration (0.668 mg/Kg) from Marina.

3 illus, 2 table, 20 ref

008914   Sudah R P;Uma R N;Meiaraj C (Civil Engineering Dep, Indus College of Engineering, Coimbatore-101, Tamil Nadu, Email: premi_iasmine@yahoo.co.in) : Adverse impact on soil and groundwater due to solid waste opendump in Coimbatore town panchyats. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 376-88.

Management of solid waste (MSW) is an area of universal concern for both the developed and developing world. It is imperative that efficient, technically sound, and cost effective solid waste management. Preserving a good natural environment is essential for a good health and quality of life. However, at present, the environment is damaged all around the world by several main factors, such as global warming gases emissions, excessive resources extraction or persistent organic pollutants release. Particularly MSW creates special concern among the general public due to its close relationship with the daily life of the lay person. Poor management of solid wastes materials leads to potentially disastrous environmental and health hazards. Polluted water (Leachates) flowing from waste dumps and disposal sites can cause serious pollution of water supplies, ponds and lakes. Solid wastes have potential for causing serious adverse impact on the environment. Open dumping of solid waste is done in low-lying areas and outskirts of the towns and cities. Being comparatively cheaper, this method of disposal is extensively used in India.

4 illus, 10 tables, 11 ref