020226   Jumaah M A;Othman M R;Zakaria Z (School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia, Email: majd.ahmed88@yahoo.com) : Fabrication of selected metal powder composite electrode for landfill leachate treatment using electrochemical method. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(2), 943-54.

Landfill leachate is a major source of pollution caused by the wastewater generated from solid waste buried underground. Electrochemical oxidation processes, is one of the environmental friendly technologies in landfill leachate treatment processes. In this research, several composite electrodes of metal powder (Fe, Pt, Ni, Co, Cu, Al, Ag) with PVC were used by mixing together a weighed portion of metal powder and PVC in THF as a solvent. The mixture were then swirled until the suspension was homogeneous and drying the suspension in an oven at 100°C for 3 hr. The dry sample was then placed in a 1 cm diameter stainless steel mould and pressed at 10 ton/cm². The ready composite electrodes were then used as a working electrode to treat a leachate samples using electrolysis method with stainless steel as the counter electrode. The results showed a composition of Pt₈₅-PVC₁₅ was the best electrode, which gavethe removal percentage of color, COD and NH₃-N are 99, 98 and 91%, respectively. The optimum operating conditions were sodium chloride concentration of 1.2% (w/v) as a supporting electrolyte, applied voltage of 10 V and operating time of 90 min.

6 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

020225   Jana D;Rout S K;Trivedi R K;Das B K;Behera L (Aquatic Environment Management Dep, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, 5-Budherhat Road, Panchasayar, WBUAFS, Kolkata-700 094) : Impact of sewage on plankton production. J Inld Fish Soc India 2016, 48(1), 21-5.

Waste water particularly the sewage water is a readily available biodegradable nutrient rich resource and reuse of the effluent can enhance the water productivity through plankton production. A study was carried out to assess the abundance and fluctuations of plankton and productivity in different concentration (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of sewage water. Selected relevant water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved- oxygen (DO), alkalinity, hardness, ammonia -nitrogen (NH₃-N), phosphate- phosphorous (PO₄-P), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (TS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) in sewage effluent in different treatments were monitored along with certain biological parameters viz. plankton production and primary productivity. The primary productivity and plankton production were observed to be significantly higher (P<60>0.05) in 100% concentrated sewage water than the other treatments.

2 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

020224   Jahangirpuria H D;Makwana S A;Patel C G (Chemistry Dep, K.K.S.J Maninagar Science College, Ahmedabad, Email: satyan.mak@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical analysis of drinking water of Sanand district villages. Int J pure appl Chem 2015, 10(1), 15-17.

Physico-chemical analysis such as temperature, pH, dissolved Oxygen, TDS, Chloride, Total Alkalinity, Calcium and Magnesium hardness, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate and fluoride of borewells, wells and lacks drinking water has been carried of fifteen villages of Sanand District of Gujarat area during January 2015 in order to assess water quality index.

2 tables, 14 ref

020223   Hossainey M R H;Khanum H;Mahmud J H;Islam M S (Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Div, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Email: hamida_khanum@yahoo.com) : Public health risk associated with sewage contaminated flood run-off water. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 269-74.

The study was conducted during May 2013 and February 2014 in Dhaka city of Bangladesh consisting of three different localities namely Shantinagar, Razarbagh and Paltan during rainy and dry season. A total of 60 samples were collected during the study period comprising 42 sewage runoff water samples of rainy season, 14 from each locality and 18 sewage samples of dry season, 6 from each locality. Samples were examined to Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B, Dhaka. Out of nine species, the infestation of Giardia lamblia showed higher prevalence (64.28%) than Entamoeba histolytica (35.71%). The egg of Hymenolepis nana was found highest (85.71%). In rainy and dry seasons, highest prevalence of egg of Hymenolepis nana was recorded.

5 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

020222   Gupta S (Biosciences and Biotechnology Dep, Bansthali Univ, Tonk-304 002) : Physico-chemical study of ground and municipal water of Newai tehsil, district- Tonk, (Rajasthan), India. J nat Resour Dev 2015, 10(1), 25-8.

This paper show the physico-chemical study of ground & municipal water of outer region (Newai) of Tonk district. Three different ground water samples from Newai Bazar (NB), Newai Morah (NM.), Banasthali Railway-crossing(BR) and one municipal water sample from Banasthali village (B.V.) during Jan 2013-June 2013 and analysed. The values obtained were compared with standards prescribed by WHO & ISI1050091. In the present study three water samples were within the limit. One water sample showed high T.D.S., TH, Cl, TA, F and low DO values indicating poor water quality, The significance of the results is further discussed.

2 tables, 11 ref

020221   Gupta P;Nayak T R;Choudhary M K (M. Tech. Scholar, National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Email: priyanka009.gupta@gmail.com) : GIS based water balance study for estimation of runoff in a small river watershed. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(3), 26-33.

With the increasing demand and decreasing supplies of water, the water crisis is growing critically. Thus a shortage of water in future is inevitable unless we look for some technical ways of using water more efficiently. It is must to have an idea about the water availability and water requirements. So, water balance studies on river basins are important because it provides quantitative information on water availability and water requirements. In the present study an attempt has been made to compute the water balance of Bina river watershed, a major tributary of Betwa river in Madhya Pradesh using the Thornthwaite and Mather's model. The land use, soil texture, and other watershed parameters required as input to the model have been generated with the help of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The observed values of rainfall and runoff for the year 2007-2010 have been utilized for evaluation of the model. The results show that the yearly potential evapotranspiration in the watershed is 1229.31 mm. The actual evapotranspiration depends on the available soil moisture, viz. the duration and quantity of rainfall. The annual runoff in the basin is estimated to be 45.5% of the annual rainfall, which is high due to rocky & hilly terrain. The study reveals that the streams are generally dry in the months of November to June. Groundwater recharge (Soil moisture. storage) takes place during July, however July, August, September & October months are the period of water surplus.

5 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

020220   Gupta M K;Sharma S D (Forest Soil & Land Reclamation Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun-248 006, Email: guptamk@icfre.org) : Carbon sequestration in the soils under different plantations in Haryana state, India. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 919-26.

Tree plantation has definite effect on soil properties and dynamics of carbon store in soil. Enhanced sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ in the soil, ultimately as stable soil organic matter, provides a more lasting solution than sequestering CO₂ in standing biomass. Plantations are good sink of carbon to facilitate carbon store in the soil as well as in biomass. Accurate quantification of soil carbon is necessary for detection and prediction of changes in response to changing global climate. This study was therefore, undertaken to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in block plantations in the state of Haryana, India by following IPCC guidelines. Maximum SOC stock was found under Azadirachta indica (39.79 t ha^-1) followed by Acacia catechu (35.32 t ha^-1), Tectona grandis (35.23 t ha^-1), Eucalyptus tereticornis (35.17 t ha^-1), Populus deltoids (33.09 t ha^-1), Ailanthus excelsa (29.32 t ha^-1), Dalbergia sissoo (26.57 t ha^-1), mixed plantation(24.52 t ha^-1), Haloptelia integrifolia (19.14 t ha^-1) and the SOC stock was minimum under Pongamia pinnata (17.60 t ha^-1). The SOC stock under different plantations was significantly different (Variance ratio, F = 6.014; p = <60> 0.05). SOC stock under A. indica was significantly different with the SOC stock under Ailanthus excelsa, Dalbergia sissoo, mixed plantation, Haloptelia integrifolia and Pongamia pinnata. SOC stock under T.grandis was statistically significantly different with SOC stock under D.sissoo, mixed plantation, H. integrifolia and P. pinnata. The mitigation potential of soils under A. indica, A. catechu, T. grandis and E. tereticornis was between 2.00 and 2.26 than that of the soils under P. pinnata. The soils under P. deltoides, A. excelsa and D. sissoo can mitigate 1.5 to 2.0 times higher carbon whereas the soils supporting mixed plantation can mitigate 1.4 times higher carbon in comparison to the soils under P. pinnata.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

020219   Goyal B;Sharma R;Mehta P (NO, SKITM, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh) : Treatment of toxic pollutants from waste water using novel technique. Curr Res pharm Sci 2015, 5(1), 1-11.

The toxic pollutant of water from a wide range of toxic derivatives, in particular heavy metals, aromatic molecules and dyes, is a serious environmental problem owing to their potential human toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can remove toxic pollutants found in wastewaters. Among all the treatments proposed, adsorption is one of the more popular methods for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater. Adsorption is a procedure of choice for treating industrial effluents, and a useful tool for protecting the environment. In particular, adsorption on natural polymers and their derivatives are known to remove pollutants from water. The increasing number of publications on adsorption of toxic compounds by bioadsobent shows that there is a recent increasing interest in the natural of new low-cost adsorbents used in wastewater treatment. The present review shows the recent developments in the natural of adsorbents New natural based-materials are described and their advantages for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater discussed. The main objective of this review is to provide recent information about the most important features of these polymeric materials and to show the advantages gained from the use of adsorbents in waste water treatment.

3 tables, 71 ref

020218   Gopal Krishan;Lapworth D J;Rao M S;Mac Donald A M;Sudhir Kumar;Garg P (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Impact of groundwater exploitation in Bist-Doab Punjab. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(1), 77-80.

The present study was undertaken with an aim to understand the response of groundwater resources in Bist-Doab catchment of Punjab in Northwest India to sustained abstraction for irrigation and forecast likely future trajectories. The groundwater samples were taken randomly from 19 sites for deeper and shallow aquifers and the nitrate may have breakthrough from the shallow groundwater to depth which is likely to be enhanced in the future if the current increases in pumping from the shallow and deep aquifers continue. The. naturally occurring contaminants arsenic and fluoride were present at concentrations below WHO guideline drinking water limits for all sites and median concentrations were below 10 μg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. This has implications for future contamination of deep sources of drinking water from other anthropogenic contaminants such as pesticides.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

020217   Fischer P;Unger D;Palit A;Einsporn M H;Lara R J (Leibniz-Center for Tropical Marine Ecology GmbH, Fahrenheitstrabe 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, Email: peter_fischer@online.de) : Dissolved inorganic nutrients, organic matter and stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of human impact in two contrasting estuaries in West Bengal, India, during winter monsoon. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 16-28.

The study consists of the analyses of dissolved inorganic nutrients (NH₄⁺, NCV₃^-, NO₂^-, PO₄^3-, Si(OH)₄), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), particulate nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, amino acids and δ¹⁵N of particulate nitrogen and NO₃^- from Hooghly and Matla estuary. Hooghly estuary was sampled at 2 stations, at Kolkata and ca. 60 km downstream. Mangrove dominated Matla estuary was investigated along a N-S transect. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, PO₄^3- and DON concentrations were low, especially for the Hooghly site at Kolkata. Human influence, however, was revealed by the more labile nature and elevated concentrations of amino acids in Kolkata. Release of nutrients from particulate matter during estuarine transport resulted in higher NO₃^- PO₄^3- concentrations downstream Kolkata. In Matla estuary no human influence was detected and nitrogen fixation was observed.

7 illus, 1 table, 62 ref

020216   Faisal B M R;Majumder R K;Uddin M J;Deeba F; Paul D;Haydar M A;Ali M I (Environmental Sciences Dep, Jahangirnagar Univ, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh, Email: ratankm@yahoo.com) : Assessment of heavy metals pollution and natural radioactivity in topsoil of Savar industrial area, Bangladesh. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 964-79.

A total number of twenty topsoil samples were analyzed for heavy metals using X-ray Fluorescence System where as radioactivity levels of seven samples were determined by High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The average concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cr, Co and Cu were 584.68, 213.04, 190.33, 164.63 and 100.18 mg/kg respectively in topsoil, which were much above the recommended level as well as higher than their corresponding background values thus indicating environmental pollution. The order of average heavy metal contents was Mn<62>Zn<62>Cr<62>Co<62>Cu<62>As<62>Pb in topsoil. Soil pollution assessment was carried out by using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I_geo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (C_d) and pollution load index (PLI). The soil shows moderate enrichment of Cu and minimal enrichment with Zn, Pb, Cr, As, and Co. Whereas I_geo and CF exhibit moderate to high contamination for Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Co. The results of PLI of analyzed heavy metals indicate that the study area is contaminated with heavy metals like Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Co. Multivariate statistical analyses, principal component and cluster analysis shows significant anthropogenic intrusions of Cr, Mn, As, Pb, Co and Cu in the topsoil of the study area. The calculated average activity concentrations of radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in topsoil were 30.56 Bq.kg^-1, 60.45 Bq.kg^-1 and 706.00 Bq.kg^-1 respectively. The estimated average Absorbed Dose Rate (D) and the Outdoor Annual Effective Dose (E) and the External Hazard Index (H_ex) are 79.54 nGyh^-1, 0.10mSvy^-1 and 0.46 Bq. kg^-1 respectively. The result of Pearson linear correlation coefficient between heavy metals and the observed radionuclides shows negative or negligible correlation which means that the radioactivity level are not associated with heavy metal concentration. But significant positive correlation between 40K and Mn strongly suggests that these elements may arise from clay minerals and/or agricultural inputs in this area.

3 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

020215   Ezhiljasmine R (Commerce Dep, Sarah Tucker College, Tirunelvelil-7, Tamilnadu) : E-Waste management in India. Int J Envir Dev 2015, 12(1), 57-70.

E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams around the world today, fuelled by exponential growth of electronic industry and by the rapid rate of obsolescence. India generates 1,46,000 tonnes of e-waste annually. The rate of obsolescence of computers in India is 2 per cent per week. Rapid obsolescence compounded by dumping of e-waste from developed countries has brought the e-waste problem in India to an acute crisis. The recycling of e-waste is done by adopting unscientific and rudimentary techniques, releasing toxic fumes of substances like lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, barium, beryllium etc. Exposure to these substances on a regular basis would damage the brain, nervous system, lungs, kidney and the reproductive system. Most of the recycling happens in the unorganized sector in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Chennai. Besides, there are no scientific landfills in India. There are only dumping grounds and these are already beyond their carrying capacity, ready to explode. The environment regulations in India do not specifically cover e-waste. This study attempts to analyze the management of e-waste in India and gives a few suggestions for tackling the problem.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

020214   Ezhil Kumar M R;Karthikeyan S (Civil Engineering Dep, Anna Univ, Centre for Environmental Studies, College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai-600 025) : Vertical profiling of particulates in ambient air, exposure assessment of inhabitants in high rise buildings and assessment of AQI, in Chennai city. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 395-406.

Vertical profiling of fine particles (PM_2.5) and coarser particles (PM₁₀) in ambient air was assessed at various heights of 2 high rise buildings in Chennai - A State capital of India. The exposure to these particulates by residents of various floors of the high rise buildings was assessed in terms of air quality index and health risk factors. It was found that the concentration of PM_2.5 was increasing upto certain height and then decreased. However, the concentration of PM₁₀ was high at lower level and significantly reduced with height of the buildings. The results of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio is different in both locations which mainly depends on the proximity of the location from the near expressway were the pollutants are transported through inflow wind. The health risk caused by PM_2.5 pollutants will be to the people living at the range of 40-45 m height and peoples residing at lower level are potential to the health risk caused by PM₁₀ pollutant. The AQI for PM₁₀ pollutant showed satisfactory range at both locations were as for PM_2.5 pollutant the AQI was in range of poor and very poor, the results of AQI for both pollutants claims the necessity of enhancing the vegetative cover around the location.

6 illus, 10 tables, 11 ref

020213   El-Sorogy A;Abdel-Wahab M;Ziko A;Shehata W (Geology and Geophysics Dep, College of Science, King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: asmohamed@ksu.edu.sa) : Impact of some trace metals on bryozoan occurrences, Red sea coast, Egypt. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 86-99.

79 bryozoan species have been identified from the recent sediments of 5 stations along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Thirty sediment samples were selected to chemical analysis of Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, and Cd. The analysis indicated that sediments of El-Hamrawen, Hurghada and El Fanader areas recorded the highest concentrations of almost trace metals in comparison with those of Makadi bay and Al Qweh area. Bryozoan colonies showed high frequency and diversity in Makadi bay and Al Qweh area in comparison with El-Hamrawen, Hurghada and El Fanader lagoon. Differences in frequency and diversity of bryozoans among studied areas are attributed to anthropogenic pollutants resulted from diving and snorkeling activities, as well as phosphate dust, especially in El-Hamrawen area.

6 illus, 4 tables, 46 ref

020212   Dixit S K;Tiwari A K;Chaturvedi S K (Deendayal Research Institute, JRD Tata Foundation for Research in Ayurveda and Yoga Science, Ayurveda Sadan, Argyadham, Chitrakoot-485 331) : Physico-chemical analysis of underground water of Karwi tehsil of Chitrakoot district. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 520-8.

Ground water samples were collected from different villages of Karwi Tehsil of Chitrakoot district, Uttar Pradesh. These water samples from 20 sampling points of Karwi Tehsil were analyzed for their physico-chemical characteristics. Laboratory tests were performed for the analysis of samples for pH, hardness, chloride, alkalinity, TDS, etc. On comparing the results against drinking water: quality standards laid by Indian standard (IS: 10500) and World Health Organization (WHO), it is found that some of the water samples are non-potable for human being due to high concentration of one or the other parameter. The usefulness of these parameters in predicting ground water quality characteristics were discussed. Thus an attempt has been made to find the quality of ground water in and around Karwi Tehsil, suitable for drinking purposes or not.

7 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

020211   Desai V K;Patel U;Rathi S K;Wagle S;Desai H S (Urban Health and Climate Resilience Centre, Municipal School No. 160, Opp. Maharaja Agrasen Bhawan, Gate No. 3, City Light Area, Surat-395 007) : Temperature and humidity variability for Surat (coastal) city, India. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 935-46.

Climate czars have brought up an ascent in mean surface temperature of 2° above preindustrial levels will put the Earth in unsafe, uncharted region. Heat is less regarded as highly appreciable hazard for Indian Cities. Surat (coastal) city is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its ecological background and geographical location This paper reports summer (March to May) variability analysis of temperature and humidity for Surat city from 1985-2014 in general and 2010-2014 in particular. Data of Temperature and humidity for Surat city for the period of 2010-2014 (summer) were analyzed through SPSS version (16.0). Descriptive statistics and statistical difference using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey's multiple comparisons test were performed. Significance was set at P<60> 0.05. There were more frequent maximum temperature spikes identified in the last decade (2005-2014) as compared to previous two decades (1985-1994 and 1995-2004). Humidity increased from 54.9% to 60.4%. Maximum summer temperature increased to 1.6° from 2011 to 2014. There were 37 hot days with the maximum temperature ≥40°C. Of 425, 384 are heat risk days having HI more than 41°. Year 2010 had significantly higher mean summer temperature (F = 4.545, p 0.001) and HI (F = 18.243, p<60>0.0001) than the summer mean temperature and HI for the year 2011-2014 respectively. This analysis of temperature and humidity indicates that dangerous periods of extreme heat with more frequent maximum temperature spikes and rising humidity are likely to occur more frequently and suggesting the need for measures to reduce population vulnerability including health. This analysis will also useful in developing climate change adaptation strategy for Surat.

6 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

020210   Dash A K;Barik R N;Tiwari T N (Chemistry Dep, Padmanava College of Engineering, Rourkela-769 002) : Suitability of groundwater for irrigation in the areas adjoining zinc smelter effluent stream in Mirzapur. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 495-500.

Lack of treatment and improper modes of disposal of industrial effluents to the water bodies from several metallurgical units put a heavy impact on their water quality. The statistical cluster analysis was carried out for evaluating the impact on ground water quality of effluents discharge from the surroundings of zinc smelter units. Based on the analytical data of 18 hydrological parameters of 9 different groundwater samples from the areas adjoining to zinc smelter effluent stream in Mirzapur city of Uttar Pradesh the Ward's clustering method and Euclidean distance were used to monitor the sampling points into spatial homogeneous groups through dendrogram. Areawise cluster analysis was used to discriminate the areas with similar hydrological behaviour to make the periodic monitoring more easily and conveniently and also to find the suitability of contaminated water for irrigation in the surrounding areas by determining certain special characteristics, such as electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and boron, like toxic elements.

5 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

020209   Das I;Hazra S;Bhattacharya S B;Das S;Giri S (School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur Univ, 188, Raja S.C. Mallik Road, Kolkata-700 032) : Seasonal change in feeding habit, health status and reproductive biology of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta, cuvier) in coastal water of West Bengal. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 254-60.

In this study, seasonal change in feeding habit, health status and breeding season of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta, Cuvier) have been observed in the coastal water of West Bengal. Gut contents were analyzed to check its feeding habit Exponential value, condition factor and breeding habits were also examined. Study on feeding habit establishes Indian mackerel to be a selective plankton feeder. During pre-monsoon season; diatoms, copepods, rotifers and green algae were dominant, while blue green algae (BGA) and dinoflagellates had highest percentage of occurrence during the monsoon season. Feeding habit study of Indian mackerel in long term basis may further help in determining its trophic level position and locating its probable fishing ground.

9 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

020208   Chaudhary A N (Chemistry Dep, Rajandra Mishra College, Saharsa, Bihar, Email: amarnath.chaudhary05@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical analysis of soil collected from Mahishi, dist. Saharsa (Bihar). Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(2), 1034-8.

The present work has been undertaken to evaluate seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters of soil samples collected from 'MAHISHI', Thana-Mahishi, Dist. Saharsa (Bihar). The soil characterization was carried out for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total chloride, total alkalinity, sulphate, bulk density, moisture, content, organic matter, calcium, magneshium, sodium and potassium. During the course of study period, fluctuation in the various parameters were recorded.. The variety of values was observed in the different parameters due to the soil quality in different places.

1 table, 7 ref

020207   Chaudhary A N (Chemistry Dep, R. M. College, Saharsa, Bihar, Email: amarnath.chaudhary05@gmail.com) : Qualitative analysis of ground water of Saharsa area (Bihar). Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1479-84.

Collected fifteen water samples from different sources at different locality of Saharsa area during Feb. 2013. Studied the physico-chemical behaviour of water. Different physical-chemical parameter. pH, EC, alkalinity, TDS, turbidity, total hardness and content of fluorid, sulphate chloride were studied and compared with the standard values prescribed by WHO and APHA. In this analysis, it was observed that the water was not safe for drinking purpose and not suitable for domestic use. The people of this region suffer from severe water pollution, which is a threat to human health and survival of aquatic life. The present investigation revealed that the some of the water sample of Kosi Project are not suitable for domestic use and they need proper treatment before use.

1 table, 12 ref

020206   Chattopadhyay A (NO, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong, Meghalaya) : Several factors affect agricultural environment of a coast: a case study of ramnagar-II block of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 181-5.

The agricultural environment of Kanthi coastal plain of Purba Medinipur district has been changing dramatically over time. A large portion of fertile agricultural lands have been reduced on the vast littoral track of this plain due to incursion of tidal saline water into fresh alluvium soil over a course of time. Man made interventions in the natural processes has increased complexity in the hydro-geomorphic processes. Moreover, Livelihood and the way of thinking of the economic societies interested in resource use have been opening new possibilities of hazards and disasters in the coast. Cartographic techniques and methods are adopted for better analytical, purposes. Agricultural based societies belonging to the coast have different meaning to their unique environment. Therefore, an attempt will be made in this research paper to examine how several factors affect the agricultural environment of the study area over time.

4 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

020205   Chattopadhyay A (NO, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong, Meghalaya) : Urbanization and its impact on ground water in Jangipur-Raghunathganj town of Murshidabad district, W.B.. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 126-30.

The impact of urbanization on groundwater supply includes changes in impervious cover, sources of recharge, surface-water runoff, evapotranspiration, and municipal water demand. Urbanization in Jangipur- Raghunathganj town is analyzed through remotely sensed high-to moderate resolution datasets, population censuses, administrative boundary maps, and highway construction statistics. Maps and photographs are the two main tools used by the field investigators. Field investigation methods were adopted, field techniques are therefore, based in direct observation, recording of data and mapping photographs gave been used to supplement the data. It is evident from the investigation that there is a prominent seasonal variability in the arsenic, chloride and ammonium concentration in different wells in three different seasons. There is an inverse relationship is found between the rainfall intensity and arsenic, chloride, ammonium and arsenic concentration. Therefore, an attempt has been made to find out the impact of urbanization on the ground water aquifer in the study area.

2 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

020204   Chattopadhyay A (NO, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong. Meghalaya) : Environmental consequences of Sagardighi thermal power plant in Murshidabad district, W.B.. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 106-10.

West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited (WBPDCL), a generation company established by Government of West Bengal in 1985, is in the process of implementation of 2 x 300 MW Thermal Power Plant at Sagardighi in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. Thermal Power Plant always has its impacts on the atmosphere, ground water and edaphic environment over time. Despite all the well-documented negative impacts of the thermal power generation plant, the Indian central / state governments are unfortunately bent on going forward with more and more in complete disregard of the impacts. Huge amounts of ash rich in toxic trace elements and radioactive elements or radionuclide, are disposed off in large ponds and on open grounds surrounding the power plant, thus contaminating the topsoil and the subsurface aquifer. Impacts will be analyzed with the help of modern cartographic techniques. Therefore, an attempt will be made in this research paper to find out the possible environmental consequences of Sagardighi Thermal Power Plant Project.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

020203   Brindha K;Elango L (International Water Management Institute, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Email: elango34@hotmail.com) : Application of groundwater modelling for sustainable management: Few case studies from India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 111-6.

Few case studies on groundwater models applied to understand the flow and solute transport in parts of southern India are presented. These examples showcase the ability of mathematical models to aid in decision making processes towards sustainable management of groundwater resources.

4 illus, 16 ref

020202   Bhargava D S (NO, , Bhargava Lane, Haridwar-249 401) : Pollution control strategies appropriately for Rajasthan lake. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 505-13.

114 ref

020201   Behera S;Tripathy B;Sivakumar K;Choudhury B C (Odisha Biodiversity Board, Regional Plant Resource Centre Campus, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar-15) : Beach dynamics and impact of armouring on olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) nesting at Gahirmatha rookery of Odisha coast, India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 233-8.

Gahirmatha arribada beach are most dynamic and eroding at a faster rate over the years from 2008-09 to 2010-11, especially during the turtles breeding seasons. Impact of armouring cement tetrapod on olive ridley sea turtle nesting beach at Gahirmatha rookery of Odisha coast has also been reported in this study. This study documented the area of nesting beach has reduced from 0.07 km to 0.06 km. Due to a constraint of nesting space, turtles were forced to nest in the gap of cement tetrapods adjacent to the arribada beach and get entangled there, resulting into either injury or death. A total of 209 and 24 turtles were reported to be injured and dead due to placement of cement tetrapods in their nesting beach during 2008-09 and 2010-11 respectively. Olive ridley turtles in Odisha are now exposed to many problems other than fishing related casualty and precautionary measures need to be taken by the wildlife and forest authorities to safeguard the Olive ridleys and their nesting habitat at Gahirmatha.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020200   Bamwerinde W;Bashaasha B;Ssembajjwe W;Place F (NO, Forestry Research Resources Institute of the National Agricultural Res, P.O. Box 311, Kabale, Uganda) : Puzzle of idle land in the densely populated Kigezi highlands of Southwestern Uganda. Int J Envir Dev 2015, 12(1), 1-13.

Authors characterize land use at the household level and identify two types of long-term uncultivated lands - those that are intentional fallows and those that are neglected or abandoned. We then use a multinominal logit model to examine the determinants of plot abandonment and long fallows in order to propose policy interventions that lead to optimal and sustainable management of land use systems in Kigezi highlands. Household factors such as age, and formal education positively influenced farmers' decision to abandon plots.. However, farm size and household type had no significant influence on abandonment of plots. Plot variables such as slope and distance between the homestead and the plot had the expected positive signs while soil fertility had a significant negative sign as predicted. From the analysis different typologies of uncultivated lands were defined depending on their inherent characteristics and distance to the homestead. Farmers then provided technological and policy options as to how these types of plots could be made more productive.

3 tables, 12 ref

020199   Bahrawi J A;Elhag M (Hydrology and Water Resources Management Dep, Faculty of Meterology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz Univ, P.O. Box 80208 Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia) : Simulation of sea level rise and its impacts on the Western coastal area of Saudi arabia. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 54-61.

Climate change has always been one of the most detailed issues of the environment and will remain so in the coming decades. Among the impacts of the climate change are the global warming that will lead to increased temperature and Sea Level Rise. Rising sea level inundates low relief coastal areas, causes server damages including shorelines erosion, and increases the salinity of shallow bays. Mediterranean countries are principally exposed to sea level rise due to their long offshore lines. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most vulnerable country with large coastal in the region. Sea Level Rise is one of the most perceptible changes induced by the global wanning and climate change. Coastal areas and islands are always sensitive to the climatic changes variation especially in arid and semi-arid environments where temperature is the keystone element of sea level rising. Western coast of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia contains mountainous relief at the southern part and plain relief at the northern part considering city of Jeddah the midpoint. Northern coastal areas characterized by plain and low relief are considered to be extremely endangered in response to sea level rise. Potential Sea Level Rise hazards are numerous and involves both of human populations and natural resources. Results achieved during the current study expressed that the designated study area is extremely sensitive to sea level variations.

9 illus, 4 tables, 46 ref

020198   Ataguba G A;Kamble M T;Okayi G R;Chavan B R (Aquaculture and Aquatic Resource Management(AARM), Food, Agriculture and Bio-System Cluste (FABS), School of Environment, Resource and Development(SERD), Asian Institute of Tec) : Overview and assessment of two wetlands in Eastern Thailand: Kung Krabaen bay and Welu wetlands in Chanthaburi province. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2015, 8(1), 205-13.

Climate change as occasioned by environmental degradation has led to innovative thought on how to preserve natural resources while also deriving benefits. Mangrove destruction, saline water intrusion, decline in fish stock and reduced livelihoods were factors that led to the establishment of Kung Krabaen Bay development study centre and the Welu wetland both in Chanthaburi province. The two wetlands provide important benefits to the people that live around it as well as tourists. Through the absorption and processing of wastes, these wetlands help maintain environmental quality and safety while also maintaining a biological balance of carbon IV oxide and other green house gases. Shrimp farm waste is treated in Kung Krabaen bay. A synthesis of Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural and Supportive benefits of the two wetlands is presented. Management regime involves integrated approach (Kung Krabaen Bay) and a co-management approach (Welu wetland). Direct and indirect drivers of change are analysed with management capacity to effectively manage these drivers being examined. The rational use of the resources provided by wetlands is a key factor in their conservation. Recovery from overexploitation may take time but these wetlands are showing resilience and there is need to improve management regimes via international cooperation.

1 table, 23 ref

020197   Arunvivek G K;Maheswaran G;Senthil Kumar S (Civil Engineering Dep, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Email: arunvivekgk@siet.ac.in) : Study on mitigating the impacts of highly alkaline hazardous washout water on marine environment by reutilization in concrete for geomarine pollution control. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 180-2.

Present study presents an overview of current state of knowledge about the reuse of hazardous wash out water in concrete. On the basis of identified knowledge, an initial laboratory investigation was conducted and from the test results it is identified that the performance and properties of concrete is not affected by the reuse of this hazardous washout water.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

020196   Aravind Kumar (NO, India Water Foundation, 201, South Ex. Plaza I, NDSE Part-II, New Delhi-110 049) : Civil society and water conservation in corporate sector. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(2), 339-43.

The corporate sector is the second consumer of water after agriculture and water conservation mesures to be adhered to by this segment of the economy can vastly contribute to meet the water scarcity as well as keeping up the momentum of economic growth without any let up the process. The formula of 3Rs (Reduce, Recycle and Re-use) is a sine qua non for water conservation with pivotal role for civil society.

020195   Annapoorani A;Murugesan A;Ramu A;Renganathan N G (Chemistry Dep, Sriram Engineering College, Perumalpattu, Chennai-602 024) : Assessment of seawater intrusion in Chennai- A case study. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 450-62.

Assessments of seawater intrusion in the Chennai aquifer are presented in this paper. 150 water samples were collected from wells at 35 places ranging from Ponneri in northern Chennai to Kuppuswamy Nagar in southern Chennai in January 2011. The groundwater quality assessment concluded that the Chennai city aquifer's groundwater is brackish. The chloride concentration was found to exceed those of sulphate and carbonate, whereas the concentration of sodium exceeds those of calcium and magnesium, leading to a classification of the Chennai groundwater as being of type III and IV. The representation of the Chennai groundwater characteristics in a Piper diagram confirmed the contamination of the aquifer's water with seawater, judged by the preponderance of chloride and sodium ions detected in water samples. Other indicators of seawater intrusion into the Chennai city aquifer are the magnesium/calcium ratio and total dissolved solid enriched with chloride.

7 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

020194   Al-Aidaroos A M;El-Sherbiny M M;Mantha G (Marine Biology Dep, Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: gkmantha@gmail.com) : Spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton abundance and diversity in the Saudi coastal waters of the Southern red sea. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 70-85.

Zooplankton distribution, abundance and diversity were studied at 50 stations from 3 different locations along the southern coast of Saudi Red Sea between 16° 31' N and 20° 16' N. Zooplankton standing crop fluctuated between 1,058 and 25.787 individuals m"3 with an average of 5230 ind. m^-3. Zooplankton community was dominated by holoplanktonic forms representing 80.95% of the total zooplankton, while meroplanktonic forms constituted 19.05%. Zooplankton was generally dominated by copepods which contributed about 69.66%. A total of 100 copepods species were recorded in the study area. Copepod diversity decreased northward (94, 69 and 62 species at Farasan, Al-Quonfidah and Al-Lith, respectively). Adult cyclopoid copepods dominated the zooplankton community in term of abundance and species number (19.55%, 65 species) with a dominance of Oncaea media, Oithona similis and Farranula carinata.

8 illus, 3 tables, 74 ref

020193   Akiladevi A R;Dhinagaran G;Renganathan T; Sudarvizhi R (Civil Engineering Dep, Veltech Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai) : Evolution of water quality index for Thamirabarani river using fuzzy logic. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 469-76.

The river Thamirabarani is one of the perennial river in India, which flows through 2 major districts of Tamil Nadu. Due to urbanisation practices, irrigation, industrial and livestock activities along the river habitations increase water pollution. This study was carried out to assess the water quality of the river and to create the water quality index using Fuzzy logic. Now-a-days uncertainty and subjectivity of environmental problems have been solved by using computation methods based on artificial intelligence. In this study, a methodology based on Fuzzy inference system (FIS) was used. Fuzzy logic is a best method, compare to the other conventional method, because of which addresses complex environmental issues and also which can deal with undefined data. Various physico-chemical and biological parameters were analysed at 6 sampling locations of Thamirabarani river. These water quality values were given as an input for Fuzzy logic. The results were fuzzified by using membership function and the existing data were defuzzified to achieve the index value between 0-100 by centroid method. The performance of the Fuzzy based index was assessed through a comparison with National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF WQI), which is one of the conventional method. Based on the result, the quality of the river was assessed.

9 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

020192   Agarwal P K (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667, Uttarkhand, Email: pushp@nih.ernet.in) : Review of Ganga river pollution-reasons and remedies. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(3), 46-52.

Water quality deterioration has serious implications for the supply of water for drinking, irrigation, industrial use, and is important determinant of public health. The Ganga River, largest river in India, occupies nearly one-third of the geographical area of India, has been considered as the most sacred river of India. Having an extraordinary religious importance for Hindus, the river Ganga is affected from increasing level of pollution from urban and industrial areas. The level of natural contaminants such as fluoride and arsenic, and chemical pollutants specially pesticides and insecticides and industrial pollutants is high and rising at several places in Ganga River. Today, Ganga has been considered as sixth most polluted river in the world. The problem has arisen largely due to the discharge of untreated urban wastes and industrial effluents, crimination of dead bodies on the river bank etc., from the cascade of large and medium cities located along the course of Ganga and its tributaries. The use of poor water quality of Ganga River causes dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, as well as severe diarrhea which continue to be one of the leading causes of death of children in India. A number of initiatives have been undertaken to clean the river including Ganga action plan, Yamuna action plan, and constitution of National River Ganga Basin Authority etc. Recently Namami Ganga Project has been initiated by the Government of India to clean the Ganga River.

3 illus, 11 ref

020191   Agarwal P;Jan R;Mashih J;Taneja A (NO, Chemistry Dep, Institute of Basic Science, Khandari Campus, Agra-282 002) : Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air at gasoline filling station. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 407-15.

Present study investigates air samples at gas service station (petrol pump) in Agra to evaluate the health risks following inhalation exposure. PM₁₀ samples (particulate matter <60> 10 μm) were collected by RDS APM 460 DX. The PAHs in PM₁₀ were extracted using toluene in an ultrasonic bath and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with FID detector. Sixteen PAHs were detected and quantified and their concentration ranged from 13.09-23.42 ng/m³ with a mean value of 19.22 ng/m³. The dominant PAHs were BaP, Chr, DahA and BghiP accounting for 78% of total PAHs. Potential sources of PAHs in PM₁₀ were identified by using molecular diagnostic ratios which indicates that the major sources of PAHs in the studied area were gasoline engines followed by diesel engines and coal combustion. Atmospheric concentration of these classes of compounds is of interest because they include potential mutagens and carcinogens.

4 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

019139   Ziarati P;Kermanshah A;Moslehishad M (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Pharmacy Faculty, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad Univ (I, Tehran, Iran, Email: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir) : Adsorption heavy metal from contaminated water by modified shell of wild endemic almonds: Amygdalus lycioides and Amygdalus wendelboi. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2451-7.

Heavy Metals in Water resources is one of the most important environmental problems of countries. Up to now various methods of removing of these metals is considered, which is including using of low prices materials. In this study the potential of two wild endemic almond: Amygdalus lycioides and Amygdalus wendelboi shells was assessed for adsorption of heavy metal ions such as Ni²⁺, Cr⁶⁺ and Cr³⁺ from aqueous solution. A. lycioides and A. wendelboi fruits were collected in June 2013 from Sirmand Mountains near Hadji-Abad County, Hormozgan Province and the mountains in Gnow protected area, Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan Province in Iran respectively. The analyzing for Ni and Cr (III) and Cr (VI) concentrations using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Adsorption capacity of Cr( VI), Cr(III) and Ni onto modified almond shells by Phosphoric acid was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentrations, pH, temperature, absorbent dose and particle size. The adsorption was pH solution dependent and the maximum adsorption was observed at solution pH of 3.2. The amounts of Cr(VI) adsorbed increased significantly with increase in dose of A. wendelboi adsorbent (p<60>0.02) and their contact time (p<60>0.05). The results of this study revealed that A. lycioides and A. wendelboi can accumulate high level of Chrome (VI) and (III) in a short time and their uptake rate by plant is significantly affected by their concentrations in the contaminated water (p<60>0.005). A contact time of 48 by both almond shells was found to be optimum and 83.6% Cr(VI), 90.2% Cr(III)and 94.1% Ni was removed. Experimental results show low cost biosorbent was effective for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution.

4 illus, 33 ref

019138   Ziarati P;Asgarpanah J;Makki F M (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir) : Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water using potential Caspian sea wetland plant: Nymphaeaceae. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2467-73.

Aquatic plant communities are good candidates for treating groundwater contamination systems due to large surface area, ease of culture and high organic uptake potential. We investigated the potential of the Nymphaeaceae high-biomass Ni hyperaccumulator to phytoextract Cr and Ni from artificial metalliferous media. Nymphaeaceae was collected from area located in Anzali lagoon (Iran) where is full of Nymphaeaceae's. Plants were treated with 100-600 μ M of Chromium and Nickel solutions for 10 days. Cr was introduced independently at two speciations as Cr (III) and Cr (VI), which are known for their diverse physicochemical properties and different influence on living organisms. None-parametric Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney U tests were applied to compare differences between objects. Non-parametric multiple comparison test (Dunn's test) was performed to determine statistical significance of results at a = 0.05. Results indicate significant differences in Cr distribution in both groups of Cr-treated plants and in the plants exposed to Cr (III) and Cr (VI). The amount of Cr deposited in leaves in both Cr-treated plants differed significantly. As expected the heavy metals uptake rate by this plant is significantly affected by number of plant cultivated as for Nickel uptake (p<60>0.03) while for chrome the p-value was less than 0.01. The results of this research concluded that Nymphaeaceae in the contaminated water had suitable ability for phytoremediation by method and transmitting more Chrome and Nickel in pH ≤ 7 after 10 days of growth of Nymphaeaceae spices. Plant accumulation of all metals from single-element substrates indicate that the bioaccumulation coefficient increases as total metal concentrations increase.

4 illus, 40 ref

019137   Zhang L;Wen X;Zhang J;Chen A;He X (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China Univ of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, Email: haoizmei77@163.com) : Adsorption/desorption of ammonium and phosphorus on four substrates in constructed wetland. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(7), 2477-81.

Gravel, clinoptilolite, limestone and lytag are widely used in constructed wetland in China. The results of adsorption kinetic study showed that the adsorption rate of ammonium on these four substrates was in the order: clinoptilolite <62> lytag <62> gravel <62> limestone, and the adsorption rate of phosphorus was: clinoptilolite <62> lytag <62> limestone <62> gravel. Meanwhile, pH value played an important role on removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus on four substrates. Clinoptilolite displayed the largest adsorption capacity of ammonium (average 0.289 mg/g) when pH was 6-8, and decreased obviously with increasing of pH until 9. When pH increased from 6 to 9, adsorption capacity of phosphorus on clinoptilolite significantly increased to 0.141 mg/g, while the value on lytag decreased from 0.138 to 0.092 mg/g. Both Freundilch and Langmuir model could well describe the adsorption behaviour of ammonium and phosphorus on the four substrates. Clinoptilolite and lytag demonstrated best removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus, respectively. Desorption experiments showed that gravel had the largest desorption ratio of both ammonium (27.6265%) and phosphorus (41.7143%). More importantly, the ammonium desorbed from lytag (35.2439 mg/L) could lead to ammonium secondary pollution, while all of the four substrates would result in phosphorus secondary pollution.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

019136   Trifonova T A;Roschina S I;Shirkin L A; Selivanov O G;Ilina M E (NO, Vladimir State Univ by NG and AG Stoletovs, 600000, Vladimir, Gorkogo str., 87, Russia) : Integrated innovative technology for the treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2481-8.

The paper proposes an integrated innovative technology for the treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate, containing organic impurities resistant to oxidation and other toxic compounds. The developed process flow chart combines an advanced membrane technology with efficient developments of conventional wastewater treatment methods. In view of the complex multicomponent composition of municipal solid waste landfill leachate, it is proposed to use a modular approach to creating a process flow chart, which makes it possible to develop a leachate treatment technology for a specific MSW landfill, having the leachate with a specific qualitative composition. The development of this technology will make it possible to obtain purified water with characteristics, complying with the maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) for fishery water bodies.

5 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

019135   Tirkey P;Bhattacharya T;Chakraborty S (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesera, Ranchi-835 215, Email: tbhattacharya@bitmesra.ac.in) : Arsenic and other metals in the groundwater samples of Ranchi city, Jharkhand, India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(1), 76-80.

This study was aimed to monitor and quantify the metals present in the groundwater of Ranchi city, state capital of Jharkhand, India. Samples were collected from 44 locations during three seasons. The results show that arsenic concentration ranged from 0 to 0.2 and 0 to 0.015 mg/l in monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons respectively, but was below detection limit in the post-monsoon season. Manganese varied from 0 to 4.199, Nickel from 0 to 0.077, Selenium from 0 to 0.14, and Fe varied from 0 to 0.047 mg/l. Presence of toxic metals, especially arsenic, above acceptable limits is alarming and needs immediate attention.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

019134   Tamboli R A (Botany Dep, D.P. Bhosale College, Koregaon, Dist.-Satara-415 501) : Effect of vehicular air pollution of leaf structure of Ficus glomerata L. (Sacred tree) of Satara tahsil. Adv Pl Sci 2015, 28(2), 229-31.

In this paper anatomical changes induced by vehicle fuel gases air pollutants in Ficus glomerata L (Moraceae) were followed. This plant species is able to absorb, detoxify and tolerate high level of vehicles fuel gases air pollutants, utilize more carbon dioxide and secret ergastic substance cystolith. The tolerance degree which occus in, size of cystolith (calcium carbonate) dark deposits of phenolic compounds within mesophyll, xylem vessels, pith, collenchymas are observed. The plant species from highly air polluted sites (P) and normal non air polluted site (H) were investigated by light microscope, cuticle, dark deposition of smoke, fly ash, particulates, cystolith and Tannin could be observed. Reports of histological modifications like dark deposits (phenolic compounds) within pith, palisade, spongy cells and increase in size of cystolith (calcium carbonate) within leaf cross section is very interesting, used as a biological marker of vehicles air pollution presence.

13 ref

019133   Tahboub A (Water Resources and Environmental Management Dep, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa' Applied Univ, Al-Salt 19117 Jordan, Email: a_tahboub@hotmail.com) : Impact of global warming on groundwater water resources of Jordan. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2201-7.

Global warming directly affects the temperature and rainfall average. There were many studies discussing global climate changes in the Middle East. These studies show the ranges of increase in temperature were between 1.8° and 6.4° by the end of the 21st century. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of global warming on groundwater resources in Jordan and to perform adaptation measures and management practices. Eighteen weather stations in Jordan were selected for the study. Accordingly, groundwater recharge was investigated under 16 different scenarios. In each of these scenarios temperature was raised by 2, 4 and 6 degrees and Precipitation was decreased by 10%, 20% and 30% interchangeably. The study concluded that the global climate change would have severe impact on available groundwater resources in Jordan. The predicted increase in temperature would cause increase in evapotranspiration as much as 9% in the worst scenario. The increase of temperature alone of 2, 4, and 6 C° without any decrease in precipitation resulted in reduction of groundwater recharge by 21%, 37%, and 50% respectively. However, the reduction in precipitation by 10%, 20%, and 30%, would cause reduction of groundwater recharge of 25%, 48%, and 61% respectively.

9 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

019132   Sinha N C (Chemistry Dep, Sarat Centenary College, Dhaniakhali, Hooghly, West Bengal, Pin-712 302, Email: sinha.nitai1234@gmail.com) : Carbon trading, clean development mechanism and sustainable development: A tangible solution to global climate change. Sci Cult 2015, 81(7-8), 187-91.

Anthropogenic activities such as energy genration from fossil fuel, deforestation etc, since industrial revolution, have been raising the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) beyond their natural level. The resulting greenhouse problems threaten to challenge the earth's climate in a unprecedented manner. The IPCC and UNFCCC gave support to the environmental efforts to address this unprecedented problem. The efforts to solve the solution of global climate change had gone all the while and in 1997 Kyoto Protocol was adopted. This protocol proposed several mechanisms that are designed to meet their emission reduction commitments with reduced economic impact and also supposed to contribute sustainable development in developing countries.

21 ref

019131   Shi Y;Qi X;Gao Q (NO, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, P.R. China, Email: shiyan@ncwu.edu.cn) : Removal of heavy metals by bacteria in bio-ceramsite and their toxicity to bacteria. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(7), 2463-7.

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the global environmental pollution problems of concern. Bio-ceramsite technology is one of the most effective technologies in pretreatment of drinking water. This technology can be employed to remove heavy metals and organic pollutants from water. In this paper, Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption by the bio-ceramsite with Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) immobilization was studied. The findings of the current study suggest that the bio-ceramites showed biosorption abilities for Cd(II) and Pb(II) and the removal efficiency for Pb(II) is lower than Cd(II). The adsorption mechanism can be attributed to electrostatic attraction and covalent bond. The morphology of the cells changed after the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) due to the dissociation of the assembly of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. The fluorescence polarization has shown a significant decrease in membrane fluidity and the increase of permeability of cell membrane. The spectral profile of C. freundii suggests the alteration of carbonyl, amide and phosphonic group on the cell membrane.

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

019130   Pragati (Botany Dep, M.S. College, Sharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.pragatishivach@yahoo.com) : Microbial analysis of water for Salmonella bacteria. Adv Pl Sci 2015, 28(2), 221-2.

The purpose of microbial testing of product and water is the microbial contamination in drugs, because if product and water are contaminated by microorganisms these are harmful to human beings and animals. It pathogen contamination is present in drugs, these pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in consumer while we know that these products are used to inhibit the causative agents so microbial testing is most important for drugs, products and water.

2 tables, 6 ref

019129   Pospelova O A;Mandra Y A;Stepanenko E E; Okrut S V;Zelenskaya T G (NO, Stavropol State Agrarian Univ, 12, Zootechnicheskiy Line, Stavropol, Russia 355017) : Identification of Technogenic disturbances of urban ecosystems using the methods of bioindication and biotesting. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2241-51.

The research was aimed at identifying disturbances of urban ecosystems components using the methods of bioindication and biotesting. Soil phytotoxicity, fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula, complex of traits in Pinus sylvestris in functional areas of the city located in various geomorphological conditions were studied. The integral coefficient of preservation has been calculated for the studied territories. The greatest degree of ecosystems degradation caused by anthropogenic loads was identified in the major industrial area and in residential neighborhoods located on the slopes of the river valley, with relatively low degree of vehicle load and complete absence of industrial enterprises. This type of landscapes is downslope. Such landscapes are characterized by inflow of chemical elements with lateral solid and liquid runoff. Elements are removed not only with the seepage water in vertical water exchange, but also along the slope with surface and groundwater, circulating water, falling and slipping down soil and rocks. The research has identified a considerable increase in soils phytotoxicity, changes in the fluctuating asymmetry on the slopes of river valleys. The obtained data indicate the fact that the manifestation of non-directional asymmetry of leaves may depend not only on the atmospheric transport of pollutants, but also on their migration with surface runoff, which therefore requires additional studies, including chemical analysis of soils.

2 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

019128   Okonov M M;Dedova E B (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional, Kalmyk State Univ, 1, Pushkin Street, Elista, Russia, 358000) : Assessment of the current state of meliorative regime of natural and anthropogenic complexes in Kalmykia. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2441-9.

The article shows the results of long-term studies aimed at assessing the formation of ameliorative regime of natural-anthropogenic complexes in Kalmykia. Initial parameters have been presented for models of forming the water-salt regime of the irrigated agricultural landscapes with their comprehensive amelioration in semi-desert and desert areas of Kalmykia. The influence of water-salt regime of soils on the productivity of saltmarsh bluegrass and alfalfa has been studied, and the threshold of salt tolerance for these crops has been defined. The technology of recovering re-salinized irrigated land with the use of reclaimer crops has been developed, which makes it possible not only to rehabilitate the soils that are adverse due to re-salinization, but to obtain extra quality forage as well.

1 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

019127   Lazareva V G;Bananova V A (NO, Ukhta state technical Univ, Russia, Republic Komi, Ukhta City, 169300, Pervomayskaya street 13) : Stability of droughty ground of European Russia to the processes of desertification. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2475-80.

The article gives the results of long-term researches regarding the processes of desertification of droughty European grounds - Russian Caspian areas. The fact that the authors consider desertification as unification, which leads to degradation of all arid ecosystems components, makes the approach particular. It was determined that the eco-dynamic species of vegetation subclass had the largest indicator value enabling to trace sequence of degradation, allocate the criteria of the evaluation, and stages (classes) of desertification. They make the main content of biological conception of desertification developed by the authors. Cartographic materials prove convertibility of this process in the conditions of semiarid zone of European continent under influence of natural and natural-anthropogenic factors.

1 table, 20 ref

019126   Khobragrade K S;Pawar V B (Environmental Sciences Dep, S.B.E.S. College of Science, Aurangabad) : Physico-chemical studies of Lonar lake, Maharashtra, India. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2B), 405-7.

An attempt was made during present investigation to evaluate physicochemical qualities of water from Lonar Lake. For this purpose the water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical qualities, from 2012 to 2013 to find out seasonal variation. The results obtained revealed that, the water was alkaline (pH 10.5) characterized by high Alkalinity (5786 mg/liter), Sulphate (67 mg/liter), Magnesium (1043 mg/liter), Chloride (2816 mg/liter) and Dissolved Oxygen (0.03 mg/liter). The alkalinity increased in monsoon and postmonsoon seasons while it decreased in pre-monsoon season. Like wise the chloride and salinity increased in pre monsoon season while decreased in monsoon and post-monsoon season.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref