020276   Yildiz I;Feyzioglu A M (Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Karadeniz Technical Univ, 61580 Trabzon, Turkey, Email: ilknurk@ktu.edu.tr) : Distribution of mesozooplankton to anatolian coast in black sea over autumn period. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 269-76.

Distribution pattern was studied and community analyses of mesozooplankton were made at ten stations in the Turkish coastal waters of Black Sea. During the sampling period, totally 4 holoplanktonic major taxa, which Copepoda, Cladocera Appendicularia and Chaetognatha, were identified. At all stations copepod dominated the assemblages. Copepod species Acartia clausi, Calanus euxinus, Paracalanus parvus, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Oithona similis and Appendicularia species Oikopleura dioica were important components of the zooplankton community in this study. Although similarity between holoplanktonic community of the stations were higher than 70 %, three different community structure which fits the Black Sea general current regime were observed during the sampling period. This study includes 3 meroplanktonic taxa, which Bivalvia, Cirripedia, Polychaeta, was identified. Bivalvia larvae (max. 12.215 ind. m^-3) dominated the meroplankton (97%), followed by larvae of cirripeds (2%), and polychaetes (1%). Bivalvia larvae were observed more intense in the western Black Sea. Similarity between meroplanktonic communities of the stations was higher than 50%.

7 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

020275   Xu T;You X (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Univ, Tianjin-300 072, China, Email: youxycn123@163.com) : Simulation of morphological changes induced by large-scale coastal engineering using a 3D wave-current interaction model. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 215-23.

Present study used a three-dimensional numerical model of multi-fraction sediment transport based on the coupling of a modified code model of environmental fluid dynamics and a model simulating nearshore waves to predict the estuarine morphological changes under the combined action of wind, waves, and current. Wave-current interaction played a remarkable role in increasing the sediment concentration. Distribution of the sediment concentration is better simulated and agreed with the measured data when using the coupled model compared to only considering the currents. Morphological changes predicted by the coupled model are basically coincident with the measured topographic map, and the model's error is within plus or minus 10 percentage points.

10 illus, 40 ref

020274   Wu-Chou Y;Yi-Ching F;Shu-Lung K (Environ. Engineering & Science Dep, National Pingtung Univ of Science and Technology, 1, Xuefu Road, Neipu Township, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan, Email: singsuey@ms28.hinet.net) : Feasibility of applying aviation remote sensing for studying carbon sequestration of mangroves in Pingtung County, Taiwan. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2015, 5(4), 622-31.

The various methods currently available for reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas (CO₂) may not be economically feasible to be implemented by industries or adopted by nations in environmental policies. Taiwan is surrounded by sea with abundant wetland suitable for mangrove growth on the surrounding seashore. If the wetland can be effectively renovated to grow mangrove, the adversely impact caused by CO₂ and CH₄ can be significant alleviated. This alternative is a worthwhile investment on reducing CO₂ emission for Taiwan that is facing a yearly decreasing inland forestry. In this research, aviation remote sensing images were processed using the ERDAS and ArcGIS software so that the classification of land coverage can be obtained using the Maximum Likelihood Method. Additionally, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) has also been applied to estimate the quantity of carbon sequestration capability for the Avicennia marina (Forsk.) mangrove growing in the Pingtung region. The results show that the Pingtong region mangrove has NDVI values between 0.258 and 0.283, which are comparable to the NDVI values between 0.20 and 0.465 as published in literature. The observation indicates the reliability and validity of the aviation remote sensing with high resolution and with near red spectrum experimented in this research for estimating the the Avicennia marina (Forsk.) mangrove growing in this region. The estimated quantity of carbon sequestrated by the mangrove is about 1,461.77 ton. The capacity of the Avicennia marina (Forsk.) mangrove growing in Pingtung region to sequestrate carbon has a great potential of development and implementation. The results obtained in this research can be used as a basis for policy makers, urban and regional planners, and researchers to deal with future development of cities and their surroundings in regions of highly ecological and environmental sensitivity.

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

020273   Wang X Y;Zhou P J;Feng K;Zhang X (School of Resource and Environmental Science, HB Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Lab, Wuhan Univ, Wuhan-430 079, China) : Emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from fuel combustion, industrial processes, agriculturakl and waste treatment sectors in Yangtze river valley region, China, 1990-2010. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 239-53.

This paper presents a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory in the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) region for the period from 1990 to 2010. IPCC guidelines methods accounting emissions of three main GHG (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) from four sectors (fuel combustion, industrial processes, agricultural and waste treatment sectors) were utilised in this study. According to present study the total GHG emissions in the region continued to increase. Energy sector is the largest emissions source in the region. Waste treatment sector is the smallest emissions source. However, the sector has the highest annual growth rate. Economic structure and level of development seem to be the key reasons leading to spatial heterogeneity of GHG emissions. GHG emission intensity continued to reduce in this region, but per capita emissions continued to rise in the region. Implementations of strategies to reduce future GHG emissions are urgently needed, in particular, from fuel consumption and waste treatment sectors.

3 illus, 12 tables, 62 ref

020272   Vinoth Kumar R;Muthuchamy I (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Dep, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: kumar.nanthu@gmail.com) : Temporatl variation of rainfall trends in Parambikulam Aliyar sub basin, Tamil Nadu. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2015, 8(1), 37-48.

Identification of temporal variation of rainfall trends provides useful information for sustainable planning and management of water resources in a river basin particularly during flood and drought periods. The present study was conducted to determine trends in the annual and seasonal total rainfall over Parambikulam Aliyar sub basin of Tamil Nadu using 30 years (1982-2012) monthly rainfall data at eight rain-gauge stations. The procedure is based on the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test for the trend and the nonparametric Sen's method for the magnitude of the trend. The maximum increase in rainfall was found at Chinnakallar with an annual rainfall of 90.51 mm/year and the maximum reduction in rainfall of -8.60 mm/year was found at Topslip during South West monsoon. Significant positive trend were observed at Weaverly station during North East monsoon rainfall series and significant negative trend has been noticed in the South West monsoon of Topslip.

9 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

020271   Verma S S (Physics Dep, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur-148 106) : Stubble: Burning to earning. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 424-7.

Specific gravity plays an important role in the operation of high concentration flyash slurry disposal system, an environment-friendly, low water consumption technology, which is used for disposal of flyash. Moreover, flyash has many notable geotechnical applications and for which specific gravity plays a predominant role. So a one-step deduction of specific gravity is requisite for routine analysis. This paper discusses a practical, robust and an alternative analytical method with good reproducibility for the determination of specific gravity and slurry density of flyash sample. The results are compared with the existing Indian standard IS: 1727 -1967 method.

3 illus

020270   Varsani A;Kapila Manoj (Aquatic Biology Dep, Veer Narmad South Gujarat Univ, Surat-395 007, Email: alpamanoj87@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical assessment of water quality of industrial creeks fo Surat, Gujarat. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 337-9.

The present study is focused on impact of effluent discharged through industrial wastes and sewage on water quality of industrial creek in Surat city. Some selected physico-chemical parameters viz. DO, BOD, COD, H₂S and oil and grease were monitored during Oct-2012 to Mar-2013 from three different sites. In daily routine, it is observed that dumping of industrial effluent and sewage directly into the fresh and marine water bodies creates adverse impact on the quality of water and aquatic ecosystem. With reference to that study was carried out and as a result it is concluded that DO was found nil at all the sites. BOD, COD, H₂S were estimated as higher magnitude as compared to standard prescribed by CPCB. Observed condition showed that still there is a great need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programme for improvement in the industrial waste water and sewage treatment methods and its discharges. This study will be helpful during development strategies to protect the ecosystem from long term pollution load.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

020269   Tyor A K;Parmila Devi (Fish and Fisheries Laboratory Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: tyoranil@yahoo.com) : Effect of canal linking on water quality indices in Bhakra - Yamuna link canals in Haryana. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 347-51.

The present study was intended to analyse Water quality of Bhakra-Yamuna link canals in Narwana region, Haryana in order to see the effect of canal interlinking on water quality. Weighted Arithmetic Mean index method was used for the calculation of WQI on the basis of various physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity; total dissolved solid, total alkanity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand. The result revealed that in Sirsa branch of Western Yamuna Canal (Site S₁), water quality was poor throughout the year whereas, in Barwala link canal of Bhakra Main canal (Site S₂), water quality was good and safe for human consumption. After interlinking of canal, water quality was good at Sirsa branch of western Yamuna canal (Site S₃) in the absence water from S₁ and becomes poor when water is released through S₁.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

020268   Tilekova Z T;Oshakbayev M T;Yerubayeva G K (Applied Ecology Dep, K.I. Satpayev Kazakh National Technical Univ, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Email: tilek_zhanna@mail.ru) : Assessment of norms of admissible impact on water objects of trans-Balkhash area. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1495-1510.

Calculations of norms of admissible impact on water objects help to establish levels of pollutants in surface water. The norms of acceptable impact (NAI) on water objects are developed and approved according to hydrographic or water management zoning of a water body for the purpose of preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems; minimizing effects of anthropogenic impact that creates risk of irreversible negative changes in aquatic ecosystem; ensuring sustainable and safe water use in the course of social and economic development of the territory. Identification of NAI was carried out on the basis of Methodical instructions on development of the norms of admissible impact on water objects approved by the order of the Ministry of natural resources of Russia of 12.12.2007 No. 328, and by the analysis of social and economic situation, usage and diagnostics of quality of water resources. At the studied territory calculations of norms of admissible impact were counted on two indicators : NAI_chem and NAI_w. To determine the current anthropogenic impact, comparison of the actual mass of pollutants export (diffusion drain from residential areas, industrial sites and agricultural grounds, etc.) with the values of NAI_chem. obtained from design water-resources region (WRR), was carried out. Results of comparative analysis show that the anthropogenic contribution to water bodies of Trans-Balkhash area is insignificant (about 10%). Exceeding of the established standards for import of chemical and suspended mineral substances was recorded at no WRR. Calculations of NAI for withdrawal of water resources from water bodies of Trans-Balkhash area, have shown that water objects of the considered region provide consumers with water resources completely. Deficit of drain was noted at neither of considered section line.

2 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

020267   Tepe Y;Suer N (Biology Dep, Giresun Univ, Faculty of Science and Arts, Giresun Univ, 28200, Giresun, Turkey, Email: yalcintepe@hotmail.com) : Levels of heavy metals in the mediterranean mussel (My tilus galloprovincialis lamarck, 1819); Example of giresun coasts of the black sea, Turkey. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 283-9.

Heavy metal accumulation levels in the soft tissue of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) individuals, collected from eight stations along the 122 km long Giresun coast, were investigated. Heavy metal levels (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Se) were determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometer (ICP MS). Results were given as μg/g in wet weight mean ± SE; Cr; 0.56 ± 0.03, Mn; 6.23 ± 0.38, Ni; 12.70 ± 1.01, Zn; 69.06 ± 4.20, Co; 1.97 ± 0.07, Cu; 2.65 ± 0.18, Fe; 161.08 ± 15.89, Pb; 3.16 ± 0.08, As; 3.16 ± 0.11, and Se; 0.62 ± 0.05. Metal concentrations in descending order were as follow; Fe <62> Zn <62> Ni <62> Mn<62> As <62> Pb <62> Cu <62> Co <62> Se<62> Cr, respectively. Length and weight distribution of mussel samples were significantly different between some stations (p<60>0.05). The mean Pb and Zn concentrations were higher than the acceptable limit proposed by International Turkish standards.

1 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

020266   Sudarsana Raju G (Geology Dep, Yogi Vemana Univ, Kadapa-516 003) : Determination of fluoride in groundwater of Rayachoty town, Kadapa district. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 501-4.

In the present study determination of fluoride from groundwater was evaluated in the Rayachoty town, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. The physico-chemical analysis of ground-water sample from 24 locations in and around town of Rayachoty were done. The analysis of different parameters, namely nitrate, pH, specific conductance and fluoride were carried out as per standard methods. The fluoride concentration in the study area varies from 0.04 to 2.74 mg/L. Granite gneisses and associated secondary vein filling minerals may be the source of high fluoride in groundwater. Further arid climate of the region and long residence time of groundwater in aquifer are also responsible for the concentration of fluoride.

1 table, 8 ref

020265   Subhashini S;Juliet A V (NO, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai-600 119) : Review on environmental CO₂ gas sensing technologies. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 389-94.

A major hazardous gas present in the atmosphere and whose rapid increase in volume creates various adverse effects to human and environment is carbon dioxide (CO₂). CO₂ is an invisible, odourless gaseous component in the earth's atmosphere and measurement of C0₂ gas using CO₂ sensor will help to monitor its presence and indicate us above dangerous limits to prevent adversities. These sensors should have high selectivity, sensitivity, reversibility at low cost, so as to measure minute quantities at ppm or ppb levels by extracting CO₂ molecules from the mixture of gas molecules in the environment and this is where the sensing technologies come to play vitally. Hence the various sensing technologies starting with the conventional non-dispersive infra red (NDIR) and chemical CO₂ gas sensing to the MEMS and NEMS gas sensing technologies available are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages are analysed to get an enhanced CO₂ sensor. Few important characteristics of the sensor are dealt within this paper.

^iia2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

020264   Srivastava S;Singhvi R (Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, Udaipur-313 001) : Indoor air quality and health hazards of rural women. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 416-19.

Air quality is generally described as a combination of the physical and chemical that make air a healthful resource for man, animals and plants. It enables man to continue his domestic, social, industrial and recreational activities. The physical and chemical characteristic of air is constantly changing. Natural forces are responsible for physical changes, while chemical changes are caused mainly by the human activities. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. Indoor air quality can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile), particulates, microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), or any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions. Women spend the majority of their time indoors, where they face significant health risks due to repeated exposure to air pollutants in their homes. Exposure to these pollutants can lead to numerous immediate and long-term health problems. Common pollutants include respirable particles, chemical emissions, mold spores, animal allergens, radon, combustion gases, environmental tobacco smoke and pesticides.

9 ref

020263   Sonatakke V N;Keshav Kamath;Katre S (NO, NJS Engineers India Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai) : Environment- friendly project for reuse of 130 MLD treated sewage as cooling water for Maharashtra state power generation Co. Ltd. at Koradi. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(2), 367-74.

The paper describes a case study for the environment friendly project for Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Ltd. (MAHAGENCO), Koradi where 130 MLD sewage is sourced from Nagpur Municipal Corporation and treated in a tertiary treatment plant for reuse as cooling water for the Koradi Power Station with an additional capacity of 3 units with 660MW capacity each. The project achieves pollution abatement in the Nag River and conserves use of drinking water from Pend dam for the power station.

5 illus, 6 tables, 2 ref

020262   Singh V V;Sharma A;Joshi P C (Groundwater Hydrology Div, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Downscaling of climatic data using statistical techniques in coastal Saurashtra, Gujarat. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(3), 1-13.

Downscaling of Global Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs is important to assess regional climate change impacts. Coarse resolution of GCMs presents averaged weather conditions. GCMs outputs cannot be used directly and are usually downscaled to transfer GCM-derived climate outputs into station-based values. Precipitation and temperature are two important climate variables that are used as inputs in hydrologic models in many water resources studies. In this study, a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) is utilized for generating daily future climatic outputs in a semi-arid coastal river basin in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Predictors from Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3) experiment are used for simulation of climatic data under two IPCC SRES scenarios A2 and B2. The model is calibrated and validated using daily station precipitation and temperature data and gridded data obtained from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) re-analysis data set. Model accuracy is evaluated through standard indices. The results show that the downscaling model is capable of reproducing the daily temperature series at local scale in the study region with much higher degree as compared to precipitation.

8 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

020261   Singh P K;Panigraphy B P;Tiwari A K (Environment Science and Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004) : Hydrograph analysis for groundwater recharge potential of Jharia coalfield, Jharkhand. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 441-9.

This paper presents a data conservative approach, in which quantitative groundwater recharge estimation in a shallow unconfined aquifer is interpreted in details by the analysis of observed precipitation and water level fluctuations records. Hydrograph analysis is the most widely used method of analyzing surface runoff. Such analysis is conducted to study the precipitation-stream flow processes. The groundwater level variation follows a pattern similar to recharge fluctuation, with a time delay that depends on the characteristics of aquifer, recharge pattern as well as the distance between the recharge and observation locations. The water-table fluctuation method may be the most widely used technique for estimating recharge; it requires knowledge of specific yield and changes in water levels over time using water-table monitoring data ground water hydrographs were classified into 6 typical groups. Then, to estimate groundwater recharge, a modified water-table fluctuation (WTF) method was developed from the relation between WTF and corresponding precipitation records. Monthly groundwater fluctuation data collected from 45 sites is used for the study. The study shows that groundwater scarcity in 60% area is an every year phenomenon in the region. Analysis of groundwater hydrographs and rainfall time-series reveals that ever increasing groundwater extraction for irrigation in the dry season and recurrent droughts are the causes of groundwater level drop in the region.

10 illus, 17 ref

020260   Singh C;Chaudhary R (School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya Univ, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rubina_chaudhary@yahoo.com) : Performance study of CETP for small scale industrial wastewater management. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(2), 359-68.

Distribution of velocity is one of the basic aspects in channel flow. The knowledge of velocity distribution helps to know the velocity magnitude at each point of cross section in channel flow. The Experimentation has been done on steady flow of sediment-laden water with different flow depths on sand size (d₅₀=0.418mm). Instantaneous three dimensional velocities were sampled using an Acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Based on experimentation, a comparative analysis has been done to various velocity predictors. The dip phenomena observed in channel flow can not be described by classical log law as devised by Prandtl (1932) and Vanoni (1941). However, these two equations are easy to implement and gives the same value of Von-Karman coefficient observed as 0.37 less than universal value (0.41). Results also concludes that different values of constant parameter were achieved due to modification of models by various researchers.

7 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

020259   Shukla R K;Gupta G S (Energy and Environment Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Faculty of Science and Environment, Chitrakoot-485 334, Satna) : Monitoring of water and sediment of river Mandakini in Chitrakoot stretch with respect to heavy metal- A case study: II. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 490-4.

The pollution in aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious problem due to their toxicity and accumulative behaviour. This paper deals with the measurements of some priority heavy metals, namely Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Hg. Grab samples of water and sediments for summer June 2013 water collected from 6 sampling sites following the standard methods. Water and sediments of river Mandakini were processed and analyzed for heavy metals using AAS. The range observed for Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg in the river water was 9.00-21.8, 000-3.23, 000-8.88, 000-3.10, 000-2.00 ppm, respectively. Similarly in sediments in range of : Fe (1349-2926 μg/gm), Cd (0.16-1.14 μg/gm), Pb (8.83-26.83 μg/gm), Cr(6.14-23.12), Hg (000-0.28 μg/gm). As was found absent both in water and sediment samples. Some physico-chemical parameters, namely pH, temperature, TDS, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total hardness, Cl and NO₃ were also estimated as they have direct or indirect influence on incidence, transport and speciation of the heavy metals.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

020258   Sharma S;Sharma R C;Shashi Kant (Environmental Sciences Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu and Kashmir-180 006, Email: sansharman@rediffmail.com) : Domestic fuel consumption in Birhun watershed of Udhampur, J&K. Int J Envir Dev 2015, 12(2), 135-55.

The study was conducted in Birhun watershed of Udhampur district of J&K. The watershed was divided in to three zones according to distance of Villages from the forests. Zone I and Zone II which represent urban and peri-urban set up have better socio economic status. The fuel wood consumption was found in all the zones but Zone III has the highest proportion of fuel wood in the total house hold energy consumption. The use of commercial energy in the form of LPG is only found in Zone I having 56 percent share in total fuel consumption, followed by Zone II with around 23 percent share. The use of other fuels like kerosene, crop residue, Cow dung cakes is not so popular. The total fuel wood consumption for the study area and availability from non forest sources was estimated to the tune of 17954.86 tonnes per annum and 2441.18 tonnes showing a deficit of 15513.68 tonnes. This deficit in the fuel wood availability is met by extraction of wood from the forests and Rakhs. The degradation of the forests is due to over exploitation of forests for fuel wood, fodder, timber, which is a matter of concern in the study area.

9 tables, 51 ref

020257   Sharma S;Reddy A S;Dalwani R R (NO, Thapar Univ, School of Energy and Environment, Patiala-147 004) : Ecological water quality index development and evaluation of water quality of the Satluj river. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 477-89.

In this study, the use specific water quality index for ecological use (WQI_E) has been developed. The selected parameters grouped into 3 sub-indices categories: General parameters (S_gp), heavy metals (S_hm) and pesticides and other toxic organic compounds (Sl_ptoc). Relative importance assigned to the general parameters through expert opinion analysis by Pairwise comparison technique and sub-index (SI_gp) was calculated through aggregated weighted root sum function. Transformation curves were established for each of the parameter to assess the variation in water quality levels, which were based on the water quality standards and criteria used by several countries. In case of the heavy metals and the pesticides, flexibility of using open ended lists of parameters has been introduced where values of parameters were first transformed into concentration ratios by division with corresponding prescribed water quality standards and maximum operator sub-indices were used. Overall WQI_E has been obtained by geometric mean of all the 3 sub-indices. The river water quality was considered as excellent when the WQI_E was 92-100, as good when 70-92, as moderate when 30-70, as poor when 8-30 and as worst when <60>8. In addition, WQI_E used for analyzing temporal and spatial water quality of the river Satluj.

4 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

020256   Sharma S;Chhipa R C (Chemistry and Centre for Air & Water Modalling Dep, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Jaipur-302 025, Email: ellwil@yahoo.com) : Statistical regression analysis of under ground water and quality of South-West area of Jaipur city and its agglomerates. Int J pure appl Chem 2015, 10(2-3), 101-5.

In this study, the statistical regression analysis methods is applied to twelve water quality data sets obtained from the South-West area of Jaipur city and agglomerates in dry season (April 2010 to May 2010). Total seven physico-chemical characteristics (Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Chloride, Nitrate, Electrical conductivity, Sodium, and Fluoride) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard(IS). WQI value in this area shows poor water quality due to high value of TDS and EC. Systematic correlation and regression study showed significant linear relationship between TDS & EC (.996). It can be concluded that the Total dissolved solids and Electrical Conductivity are important physicochemical of drinking water quality parameters, because they are correlated with most of the water parameters.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

020255   Saravana;Yuvaraj E;Dharanirajan K (Disaster Management Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Andaman, Email: saravanarangat@gmail.com) : Quantitative estimation of shoreline change using remote sensing and GIS for South Andaman Island, India. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2015, 5(4), 632-9.

Shoreline is a most important linear feature on the Earth surface and it presents dynamic in nature. South Andaman Coastal region has geomorphologically complex processes, such as erosion-accretion, landslides, subsidence and tidal inundation hazard. Multiyear shoreline mapping is considered a valuable task for coastal monitoring and assessment. This paper presents detection of shoreline change and estimation of erosion and accretion along the eastern coast of the South Andaman. The SOI toposheet 1979, IRS 1D 1998 and IRS P6 2009 satellite pictures were used to delineate the shoreline changes. The results revealed that there is a greatest value of erosion over 30 years of studying. In order to obtain detail study the result was divided into two sections. In the year 1979-1998 the erosion was estimated about 706.2 ha in the both section and the accretion was estimated about 43.6 ha. During 1998-2009 the total erosion was observed 175.99 ha and the accretion is about 190.59 ha. In this period of eleven years the accretion is taken more than the erosion.

2 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

020254   Santosh P;Ram Kumar R S;Gopalakrishnan K M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode-638 052, Email: psantoshsciencetechnology@gmail.com) : Treatment of textile dye wastewater using photocatalytic reactor. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1450-8.

This work was planned to investigate experimentally the removal of organic compounds from textile industrial wastewater by immobilized photocatalytic treatment, for its reuse in the same industry or for domestic purpose and irrigation. Now a days immobilized photocatalytic technique is used for the treatment of textile wastewater. Due to high photocatalytic activity and stability of titanium dioxide, it is generally used as a photocatalyst for the removal of organic compound. TiO² was immobilized by dip-coating technique. When dip-coating technique is applied, the operating region shifted from UV to visible. Sol-gel technique has been taken as one of the adaptable methods for the preparation of metal dipped nanocrystaline TiO₂. In this technique, the wavelength of the UV light and the amount of immobilized TiQh were negligible. Photocatalytic oxidation of the combined UV/TiO₂ catalyst excites the particles from the valance band to the conduction band having a forbidden energy zone value of 3.3 eV. The free hydroxyl radicals produced due to this excitation removes the organic compounds present in the dye wastewater by degradation. In the present work, we investigate in the operating conditions of catalyst concentration 100 mg/L, pH of 7 and at room temperature. Under these conditions, the degradation of about 80.5% of Congo red dye and 77.4% of T.blue SBL dye were achievable in 480 mins.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

020253   Sankar R K;Chadha N K;Dam Roy S;Sawant P B; Saharan N;Krishnan P (NO, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 101, Email: rkirubasankar@gmail.com) : Marine sponges as biological indicator of oligotrophic Andaman waters. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 338-41.

Surveys on marine sponges conducted vide SCUBA at South Andaman (North Bay, Chidiyatapu, Havelock and Neil Island) at three different depth zones (5, 10 and 15m) using randomly placed quadrants(1x1m²). Marine sponge recorded in the surveys showed Carteriospongia foliascens, a phototrophic species, which mainly relies on the translocation of nutrients from their symbiotic cyanobacteria was observed in all depths and is well known as biological indicator of oligotrophic waters.

1 table, 17 ref

020252   Rasappan K;Kumar A;Santhosh P (NO, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-461 021, Email: psantoshsciencetechology@gmail.com) : Studies on sugarcane pressmud and distillery waste as a biofertilizer through composting. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1333-44.

Composting is a biological process in which organic material is decomposed by a mixed microbial population in warm, moist and aerobic environment. During this process, the degradable organic substrate undergoes chemical and physical transformation to give a stable and humidified end product. The product is of value in agriculture both as an organic fertilizer and soil improver. The present study deals with the sources, treatment and strategies for future management of biomass. In this study, the quantification, characterization and leachate analysis of the biomass from Sakthi Sugars Limited has been done and developed a procedure for conversion of compost from biomass using simple and inexpensive equipment of the type commonly available in the urban and rural households. Further, a lab scale windrows of specified design is made by using the mixed feed stock and the performance analysis of the biomass is done. During this study, necessary convention techniques and analysis of the wastes had been undertaken.

8 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

020251   Ranjan Kumar S (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Centre for Flood Management Studies Walmi Complex, Fulwari Sharif, Patna-801 505) : Effect of arsenic in the groundwater in Bihar. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(1), 71-6.

Arsenic occurs naturally in the earth's crust and is widely distributed in the environment. The presence of arsenic in exceeding limits and its related problems of drinking water prevailing in many parts of the world is well documented. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water can cause cancer in the skin, lungs, bladder and kidney. The symptoms and signs of arsenic poisoning may be reduced through the improvement of drinking water quality. Arsenic free water or decrease in arsenic level in the drinking water source is essential for overall development. This paper therefore, generally highlights the toxic effects of arsenic impact on human health.

4 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

020250   Rajpoot P S;Kumar A (Geology Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Faculty of Science and Enviromental Science, Chitrakoot-485 780) : Spatial distribution of ground water potential zones based on hydrogeomorphology of Mahoba district. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 514-19.

Mahoba is district of Uttar Pradesh and falls in Bundelkhand region. In the past decades due to depletion of ground water table, water scarcity is a major problem of this area. Geology, hydrogeomorphology, structures, slope and landuse/land cover are the factors which govern the availability of ground water and used for the preparation of ground water prospecting map of study area. Ground water prospecting map showing the ground water potential zones as very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor and covers area 118.81, 845.18, 708.07, 110.68, 1068.62 km, respectively. About to 60 % area falls in very good to moderate zone and rest of 40 % area in poor to very poor. From the results it is suggested that, proper rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge methods should be implemented in the- poor to very poor potential zones to overcome the water scarcity problem.

8 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

020249   Potter C (CASA Systems 2100 Los Gatos, CA 95030, USA, Email: christopher@casa2100.com) : Estimating the loss of perennial woody vegetation to cropland in California using 20 years of landsat image analysis. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 947-55.

The progressive loss of perennial woody vegetation to cultivated land use throughout California has the potential to compromise native wildlife habitats and natural bio-control agents for cropland pests. In this study, satellite image products from the NASA Landsat sensor were compared from 1992 to 2012 to map the full spatial extent and the detailed geographic patterns of woody vegetation loss in all valley growing regions of the state. Counties the highest woody cover area converted to cropland were led by Riverside and Imperial in southern-most California and Siskiyou in northern-most California. On a statewide basis, the most common crop types into which woody cover was converted were alfalfa and hay, fallow, grapes, wheat, and almonds. Spatial autocorrelation analysis carried out within a 15-km diameter circular buffer zone centered on selected growing areas showed strongly clustered patterns of converted woody cover, indicating that entire woodland and shrubland corridors and connectors have been lost to cultivated land uses over the past two decades.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

020248   Popuri A K;Guttikonda P (NO, VFSTR Univ, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: akpopuri@gmail.com) : Treatment of textile dyeing industry effluent using activated carbon. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1430-6.

Methods for treating textile dye wastewaters consist of various chemical, physical and biological processes. Among many decolourisation procedures the adsorption technique gives good results because it can be used for the removal of various types of colored matter. Commercial systems use mostly activated carbon as the sorbent for decolourisation of wastewaters because of its excellent adsorption ability. Although activated carbon has ah advantage as a sorbent, its massive employment is restricted due to its high price. To reduce the treatment costs, cheap alternative adsorbents are being sought. In this study activated carbon is used to treat two different textile dyeing industry effluents and studied the effect of parameters like adsorbent dosage¹, RPM, pH and time.

8 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

020247   Paul S;Chakraborty S;Ali M N;Ray D P (IRDM Faculty Centre, RKMVU, Kolkata-700 103, Email: som_pau@yahoo.com) : Arsenic distribution in environment and its bioremediation. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2015, 8(1), 189-204.

Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring toxic metalloid which is introduced into the environment through natural geochemical processes and several anthropogenic actions. Since it is a carcinogen, there is an urgent need to efficiently remove As from contaminated soil and water. This review elaborates the chemistry and environmental distribution of As along with several bioremediation approaches to alleviate As pollution.

^iia2 tables, 147 ref

020246   Panda S P (Geography Dep, Utkal Univ, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Email: pandasivaprasad@gmail.com) : Climate change and heavy rainfall events in the Baitarani basin, Odisha. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 23-31.

The study of varying frequency, intensity and duration on heavy weather events on the climatic change of scenario from local to global scales is significant due to its consequential socio-economic effects. Rainfall is a major climatic parameter that has been investigated thoroughly by "climatologists"all over the world because of their direct influences on human society. In the present paper an attempt has been made to investigate various characteristics of heavy rainfall over the Baitarani Basin in Odisha. The annual highest one day rainfall data of 28 C.D. Blocks from the Baitarani Basin for the period from 1984 to 2010 has been analysed to detect the trend and spatio-temporal variability of heavy rainfall events over the basin showing variability regarding space and time. The contribution of heavy rainfall events in the seasonal (Monsoon) as well as in the annual rainfall totals has been verified. Average frequency of occurrences of the different categories of heavy rainfall events in the basin has been calculated and co-related with the frequencies of same categories of rainfall events during the Monsoon months (Jun-Sept). The change in heavy rainfall events with respect to time has been checked. The occurrences of heavy rainfall events over the basin show increasing trend over the time span of thirty years. The average annual rainy days show declining trend whereas the average annual rainfall of the basin is decreasing at a slow rate. It is therefore, suggested that the contribution of heavy rainfall events to the annual rainfall totaling has increased significantly.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

020245   Ozseker K;Eruz C (Karadeniz Technical Univ, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, 61080, Center-Trabzon/Turkey, Email: koray_ozseker@mynet.com) : Ecological pathways of heavy metal pollution in solakli river basin (River bed, Uzungol lake lake and estuary) sediment of southeastern black sea region, Turkey. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(1), 62-9.

In this shady, the natural and anthropogenic heavy metal (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and As) pollution in Solakli river basin (river bed, Uzungol lake and estuary) investigated spatially and temporally. The highest metal concentrations were measured in the section influenced by estuary of Solakli. Highest metal concentrations were observed in winter. Metal concentrations were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Based upon the result of this study and according to Sediment Enrichment Factor (SEF), Pollution Load Index (PL1) and Geoaccumulation Index (I_GEO AND SQG (Sediment Quality Guideline), Cu and As are the major contributor to toxicity in the Solakli river basin.

2 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

020244   Nihal G;Singh R N (School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya Univ, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Email: gujre_nihal@rediffmail.com) : Effect of noise on human being and eco-friendly measures for control. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 910-8.

As we march ahead in 21st era, it has indeed become difficult to escape the effects of urbanization, industrialization etc. With growing population, our planet has been exposed to various kinds of pollutions viz. air, water, soil, noise etc. Out of all these, Noise pollution remains the most neglected one. Sound remains an important part of human life; however it becomes unwanted when it starts leading to disturbance & trauma. The deluge of noise could lead to a poor psychological & physical health. Children & old people are worst hit by its devastating consequences. In this paper, effort has been made to analyze various sources of noise pollution & their detrimental effects on human with eco-friendly measure (Green Roof) to keep noise free society.

^iia1 illus, 33 ref

020243   Nazir K;Yongtong M;Hussain K;Kalhoro M A; Mohsin M;Hyder S;Kartika S;Zhaoqun S;Na A N (College of Fisheries, Ocean Univ of China, Qingdao-266 003, P.R. China) : Bio indicators (Mussels) are at danger along Karachi coast affecting economy in Pakistan. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 230-2.

In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate economic importance of mussels (Perna viridis) and discussed major problems responsible for their mortality. Mollusks are good source of protein intake in the world and they have economic importance in the seafood industries of several countries. Perna viridis occurs in the Asia-Pacific region used as bio indicator of pollution. Perna viridis are abundantly found along Karachi Coast but due to environmental problems this specie is at danger. Marine economy of Pakistan could lead in the international seafood market if proper strategies applied to protect this worthy creature.

1 illus, 18 ref

020242   Nazia A;Sanil R (Zoology and Wildlife Biology Dep, Government Arts College, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India-643 002, Email: sanilravi@live.in) : Micro-arthropod diversity with special emphasis to collembolans in Eucalyptus plantations of the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 927-34.

Soil micro-arthropod diversity with special importance to collembolans in relation to various soil parameters of Eucalyptus plantations are discussed in this paper with the objective of understanding its role in litter decomposition. Eucalyptus is one of the head and major exotic species introduced in the Indian forests by the British settlers. The study assesses the micro-arthropod diversity in two different aspects, one in the Eucalyptus leaf litter soil and the other in the leaf litter less soil. The study of soil samples were carried out in the months of winter (2012) and summer (2013) in order to analyse the variation. Berlese-Tullgren funnel light trap method was adopted for separating the soil microarthropods and soil physical and chemical parameters by standard protocols. Study reveals that the soil micro-arthropod fauna are rich in soil samples having Eucalyptus leaf litter. Collembolan species like Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, Sminthuridae and Onychiuridae were found in the Eucalyptus litters. The former three micro-arthropods were observed rich in litter soil and later one found high in litter less soil. Micro-arthropods like mites and bugs were observed in the litter soil and absent from litter less soil, the case is vice versa for Symphyla and others. The physical and chemical parameters show substantial variation among litter and litter less soil. It is recommended that the leaf litter of Eucalyptus plantation may be left as such as the minerals from the leaf penetrate into the soil which reflects on the number and diversity of micro-arthropods.

3 tables, 24 ref

020241   Naresh Kumar;Arora M;Rakesh Kumar;Malhotra J (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Correlations between discharge and meteorological parameters in a large glacierized basin in Himalayas. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(1), 36-43.

Streamflow represents the integrated response of a water-shed to climatic variables, particularly precipitation and air temperature. In this study relationships between discharge and hydro meteorological parameters near the snout of Gangotri Glacier were investigated. The auto correlations and multi day influence of temperature and rainfall on discharge can provide valuable information about the Glacier response which can be helpful for estimating discharge in data scarce regions. The data for eight continuous ablation seasons (2000 - 2007) was used investigating correlations, lag cross correlations and multivariate regression analysis between daily mean discharge, daily mean temperature and daily rainfall, whereas four years data (2008 - 2011) was used to simulate the daily discharge from the established relations. Snowmelt discharge varies during the rise in the annual temperature cycle in response to the combination of temperature variation and the amount of water held in the evolving snowpack. The discharge and temperature is highly auto correlated. It was found that discharge of a particular day (Qi) is well represented by the regression equation having Qi-1, Ti, and Ri. Such developed regression equation can be used for computing discharge once its input variables are available. The regression equation developed using the eight year data i.e. Qi = 2.962 + 1.011Q1-1 -0.422Ti 0.203R1 is used for forecasting of discharge. For all the years discharge was computed with high accuracy (R2 = 0.93).

6 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

020240   Mondal T;Gupta S (Environmental Science Dep, The Univ of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, Email: srimantagupta@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of morphometric parameters of drainage networks derived from topographic map and digital elevation model using remote sensing and GIS. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2015, 5(4), 655-64.

This study aims to define the drainage morphometry and the comparison the drainage parameter in between topographic map and SRTM DEM of Usri River, Jharkhand and by using satellite image to evaluate the drainage condition of this river with the help of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing. Drainage networks for the basin were derived from topographical map (1:1, 00,000) and 10m resolution Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data used for preparing elevation, slope and aspect maps. The study reveals that SRTM DEM and GIS-based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on drainage characteristics. Morphometric parameters were applied to the two types of drainage networks one is derived from topographic map which represent upto 4th order streams and the second is derived from SRTM DEM which represents the upto 5th order streams. Low Drainage Density (D_d) value is 1.8 and 3.54 km.km^-2 for the two drainage networks topographic map and DEM respectively) provide Usri basin high permeability and very little water is available for surface runoff. A topographic map shows the Stream Frequency (F_s) value is 3.47 and the DEM shows 9.19. Having relatively high value of DEM is related to impermeable sub-surface material, low infiltration capacity. Bifurcation ratio (R_b) in toposheet map is 1.3 and DEM is 2.59. In this case DEM shows higher value that the Usri river basin is situated on low erodible metamorphic rock. 47 sub basins present periphery of the main basin which will help in further watershed management study.

6 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

020239   Mishra A K;Srivastava P (Civil Engineering Dep, Madan Mohan Malviya Univ of Technology, Gorakhpur-273 010) : Performance evaluation of air quality models for predicting PM₁₀ concentration around an upcoming internation airport- Part II. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 383-8.

Rapid urbanization, industrialization and growth of motor vehicles impose a serious effect on human life and its environment. Many of the Indian cities are suffering from high level of air pollution. Transport sector play an important role in environmental pollution (about 60%). The contribution of the transport sector to the particulate pollution is almost less than 3-5%. Most of the particulate matters are generated due to the re-suspension of dust out of which PM₁₀ is most prominent air pollutant. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the impact of PM₁₀ at different locations around an upcoming international airport at Navi Mumbai. Air monitoring was carried out at 10 locations considering different landuse patterns and air quality status was evaluated at all locations. Predictions of the PM₁₀ pollutants were done by using CALRoads View model and ISC-AIRMOD model. Predicted values of concentrations were compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). It is observed that predicted concentration of PM₁₀ from CALRoads View model are more closer to the observed values. Navi Mumbai in the State of Maharashtra, has been chosen as the study area.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

020238   Mishra A K;Srivastava P (Civil Engineering Dep, Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ of Technology, Gorakhpur-273 010) : Performance evaluation of traffic noise models: A case study of an Indian city- Part I. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 375-82.

Road traffic noise is a major problem for communities living in the vicinity of the road network in urban areas. The present study was carried out to investigate the performance of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CORTN) model for prediction of road traffic noise. Noise measurements were carried out at 12 locations within the radius of 10 km from the ARP (Airport Reference Point) of the upcoming airport. Noise monitoring was carried out at all locations for 24 hr (Leq) in residential, commercial. Industrial and silence zone located in the surrounding areas of Navi Mumbai airport during pre monsoon season 2009. Various links passing through the selected locations around the airport were considered for the prediction of noise levels. FHWA and CORTN models were used for the prediction of noise levels for future scenarios and results were compared with the guidelines prescribed by CPCB. Agreement diagrams were also plotted for both the models. It was found that predicted values of noise level obtained from CORTN model were higher than the predicted values from FHWA model.

2 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

020237   Mishra A K;Acharya B C;Behera R K (Chemistry Dep, Municipal College, Rourkela-769 012) : Sources of air pollution and ambient air quality status of Rajganpur-Kalunga sponge iron industrial area of Sundargarh district. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 353-66.

Rourkela-Rajgangpur zone in Sundargarh district of Odisha is one of the indentified hot spots of industrial pollution in India. During the last decade due to availability of raw materials 20 numbers of sponge iron industries (Slls) have been established in Rajgangpur-Kalunga area of the district, which includes both township and villages. These Slls have a capacity of 4150 tonne of sponge iron per day. Sll emit lots of dust, black smokes and others gaseous matters which are dispersed into the surrounding area affecting severely the adjoining colonies, villages, township, forest, agricultural fields, roads and water resources. Air pollution is most significant in the area. The air pollutants are total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), suphur dioxide (SO₂) and oxide of nitrogen (NO_x. The SPM contains some heavy metals, such as hexavalent Cr, Ni, Cd, etc., in traces. Analysis of average concentration of TSPM and RSPM indicates higher values than the prescribed standards laid down by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India (2009) in all the monitoring locations throughout the year. This study also reveals that with installation of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) the concentration of TSPM is reduced by 80-90% which indicates the usefulness of ESP in reducing the air pollution in sponge iron industry.

7 illus, 10 tables, 12 ref

020236   Meena M L (Geography Dep, Faculty of Science Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: muraree.meena@gmail.com) : "Traditional wisdom of water rights in federal governance regime of Rajasthan". Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 11-15.

Water is fundamental to life and pre-requisite for sustainable development. Yet, water is a finite natural resource. Competition over limited availability of water for multiple uses in agriculture, industry, recreation and consumption for human society is becoming more intense. Lacks of proper water resource management and increasing environmental degradation have reduced access to safe water supply for the society. The gap between demand and supply of water is increasing rapidly. It has to be viewed in the contexts of growing population, over consumption and unequal accuse which is making it imperative to review the methods used by the various stakeholders to exercise their water rights. Paper tries to understand the concepts of customary water rights and natural rights in the federal governance regime or the British Indian period. It looks into how accurse of people over water resources declined during the British colonial period. It also suggests recommendations for managing water scarcity situation in current scenario of legislative efforts for water managements in the Indian sovereign state.

10 ref

020235   Manish Kumar (Scientist, Environment and Sustainability Dep, CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar-751 013, Email: manish@immt.res.in) : Remote sensing and GIS based sea level rise inundation assessment of Bhitarkanika forest and adjacent eco-fragile area, Odisha. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2015, 5(4), 674-86.

Remote sensing and GIS approach were utilized for inundation assessment mainly based on accurate digital elevation map (DEM) and land cover (Level II classification) prepared using high spatial resolution (2.5 m) stereo pair CARTOSAT-1 image and LISS III image of respectively. ERDAS-LPS 9.3 software along with Arc Map 10.0 was utilized for generating DEM which was overlaid on land cover for inundation assessment. In terms of area, the total forest land cover (16909.1 hectare) was classified into four major forest classes i.e. littoral mangrove forest (16234 hectare, 96%) <62> scrub forest (442.3 hectare, 2.6%) <62> evergreen nonmangrove forest (215.6 hectare, 1.3%) <62> deciduous open forest (17.2 hectare, 0.1%). The other ecologically fragile land covers like water bodies (unlined canals/drains, perennial lakes/ponds, dry river streams, perennial river streams, wetlands (inland natural and coastal wetlands) and wastelands (open scrubland, dense scrubland and sandy coastal area) occupied 6480 hectare, 2070.1 hectare and 1118.9 hectare respectively. Based on elevation, land cover area were classified into five inundation sensitive zones viz. very high (up to 0.5 m elevation), high (0.5 -1.5 m), medium (1.5 -2.5 m), low (2.5 - 3.5 m) and very low (<62> 3.5 m) sensitive zone. For littoral mangrove forest, scrub forest and evergreen non-mangrove forest 10% (1544.5 hectare), 7% (36.6 hectare) and 12% (25.1 hectare) of their total area were in very high sensitive zone. In both the inland and coastal wetland, the maximum area was under high sensitive zone (0.5 -1.5 m elevation) i.e. 517.7 hectare and 489.5 hectares respectively. The present work has delineated vulnerable land cover and its findings will help in planning adaptation measures to minimize the risk due to SLR.

9 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

020234   Lubis D P;Widhiastuti R;Syahrin A (NO, Univ of North Sumatera, Indonesia) : Management of model green open space towards the construction of the green city: case study in medan, Indonesia. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(5), 428-33.

Legislation structuring space (UUPR) no. 26 in 2007 explicitly mandated 30% of the city area takes the form of green open space, 20% green open space public and 10% of green open space private. Broad area space woke up in Medan city will continue to grow in line with the development of the city. Land cover change of land cover in green open space. 2001 green open space has an area of,53 Ha 11.354, while 2010 turns into 9.250 4 Ha research results indicate that temperature classification in Medan consisting of 3 classes, namely between 26-28°C, 28,1-30°C, 30,1-32°C. Temperature 28,1-30°C, dan 30,1-32°C are the northern city of Medan that Kecamatan Medan Belawan which is located on the coast. Almost the entire town in the city of Medan have a temperature range between 26-28°C. Almost the entire town in the city of Medan have a temperature range between 26-28°C. An attempt to reach the green open space of 30% required management that involves stakeholders in the management of efforts to green the city. Model AHP analysis results showed that the main actors in the management of green open space towards the construction of a green city in medan is the government in this case local government with a total weight of 0.39. The community is a great actor with second priority with weights 0.30 and college is the third priority with weights 0,19. Private parties and NGOS have a relatively smaII weight of the respective weighting of 0.8 and 0.4.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

020233   Kushwaha R;Rai O P;Mishra P (NO, Government Autonomous P.G. College, Satna) : Study on surface water quality of selected villages around steel and power plant, Raipur. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(6), 463-8.

The physical, chemical parameters and heavy metals were analysed from samples of selected surface water bodies during monsoon, post-monsoon, winter and pre-monsoon season in year 2011-12 and 2012-13. The studied ponds situated near about an integrated steel and power plant at Mandir Hasoud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The colour, odour, turbidity, TDS, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, calcium and magnesium and all the heavy metals were found well within the prescribed norm. The fluoride concentration in the site SW-1, SW-2 and SW-4 was found slightly higher than desired limit but under permissible limit of BIS. Iron concentration was found higher than permissible limit in all the samples. The higher concentration of iron may be due to deposition of suspended particulate matter from atmosphere to surface, that is emitted from nearest an integrated steel and power plant.

22 illus, 17 ref

020232   Kishor Kumar;Joshi P C;Joshi R;Arya M (NO, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu-175 126, Email: kishorkkothari5@gmail.com) : Seasonal variation in density and biomass of insects in Nanda Devi biosphere reserve, India. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 289-96.

The present study deals with the density, biomass and trophic composition of the insects in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, a world Heritage site in the West Himalaya, India. A total of 91 insect species belonging to 7 orders of 24 families were recorded during 2000-2002. The high density and biomass of insects was recorded during the rainy season, which may be due to the suitable weather conditions and maximum availability of food plants. Low density and biomass of insect was recorded during the winter season, which may be due the adverse climatic conditions (low temperature and snowfall) and scarcity of food plants in the high altitude biosphere reserve. Herbivorous insect species were the most abundant, followed by predators, parasites and saprophagous. The number of insects generally increases with rise in temperature.

7 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

020231   Khan A S;Ramachandran A;Palanivelu K;Selvam V (Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation Research, Anna Univ, C.E.G. Campus, Chennai-600 025, Email: asaleemkhan.cc@gmail.com) : Climate change induced sea-level rise projections for the Pichavaram mangrove region of the Tamil Nadu coast, India: A way forward for framing time-based adaptation strategies. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 296-303.

Climate change induced sea-level rise poses serious threats to valuable coastal ecosystems like mangroves. However, projections of sea level rise at local level under different scenarios and for different time scale set forth greatest challenges to climate modelers. Further, information on location specific sea-level rise projections at local level are seldom available and rarely in the possession for the coastal managers and adaptation planners to frame suitable adaptation strategies to sea-level rise. In this context, this paper endeavors to provide local level sea-level rise projection for the Pichavaram mangrove region of the Tamil Nadu coast, India. A climate simulator model based on IPCC AR4 (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) has been used to project the sea-level rise at local level under different scenarios. The results revealed that the study area may experience sea-level rise ranging from 22.40 to 53.70 cm by 2100. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide hands on information to facilitate coastal manager and adaptation planners to frame location specific and time based mangrove adaptation strategies to sea-level rise.

4 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

020230   Khadse G;Awadhesh Kumar;Labhasetwar P (NO, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Email: gk_khadse@neeri.res) : Removal of select heavy metals from polluted water. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(4), 491-502.

Removal of select heavy metals viz. chromium, copper, manganese and zinc from synthetic wastewater with economically feasible materials with adsorption was investigated. Adsorption isotherms are obtained for select heavy metal from batch experiments. Experiments were also carried out in fixed beds using and as adsorbent for the different solutes. Solutions of varying concentrations of selected heavy metals of chromium and copper (2-20 ppm), manganese (2-10 ppm) and zinc 15-85 ppm were prepared and passed through sand filter. Leachate samples were analyzed for concentration of these elements by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The removal efficiency of heavy metals increased with increasing pH while it decreased with increasing metals concentration and injection rate. The removal efficiency was quite high for chromium 99.4-95%, followed by copper 98.6-94.8%, manganese 74.3-64.6%, and zinc 97.1-78.1%. The proposed method is efficient and cost effective and can successfully be used for heavy metal removal from water and wastewater.

2 tables, 13 ref

020229   Katyal P;Sahota P P;Singh D;Sikka R (Microbiology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 001, Email: drpkatyal@pau.edu) : Prevalence of heavy metal resistant bacteria in samples from sewage treatment plants and common effluents treatment plants. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 533-8.

A total of twenty one morphologically distinct bacterial strains were isolated from selected-28 samples from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and one untreated sample from common effluent treatment plant located in Ludhiana district. Tolerance of the isolates against six heavy metals: Ni, Hg, As, W, Cr and Pb were tested. The isolated strains were characterised phenotypically. Samples procured from CETP (common effluent treatment plant) was also tested for the elemental profile by using Inductively coupled Argon Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICAP-AES) and data revealed a very high level of Cu (52.91 ppm) and Ni (152 ppm). Detailed analysis of bacterial isolates in heavy metals contaminated sites revealed the presence of a variety of pigmented strains. Morphological characterization of the isolates have shown the prevalence of a number of Gram -ve strains which after biochemical characterization has been found to belong to genera Proteus, Vibrio, Klebsiella and Enterobacter as revealed by their biochemical analysis.

5 tables, 24 ref

020228   Kapoor R T (NO, Amity Univ, Noida-201 313) : Aquatic weeds: problems and solution. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(1), 102-5.

Water is precious resource because life can not exist without it. Anthropogenic activities, industrialization and immense agricultural practices are adversely affecting the water bodies. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) is a perennial aquatic herb which belongs to the family Pontedericeae. Its rate of proliferation is extremely rapid and it can spread to cause infestations over large areas of water. It grows and forms mats up to 2 meters thick which can reduce light and oxygen, change water chemistry, affect flora and fauna of aquatic system and cause significant increase in water loss due to evapotranspiration. It is now considered a serious threat to biodiversity. Aquatic weeds contain approximately 95% water and protein content and can be used for various applications. Water hyacinth can be used for water purification from sewage systems as it absorbs heavy metals. Water hyacinth can be used as a green manure or as compost. The compost increases soil fertility and crop yield and improves the quality of the soil. The use of water hyacinth for animal feed can solve the nutritional problems. Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) is also a troublesome weed because it invades both land and water. Alligator weed forms stands of dense, interwoven stems which block irrigation ditches and infrastructure. It can replace the native vegetation and interferes with crops and pastures in low-lying, poorly drained areas and impede fishing and boating. For the management of aquatic weeds many technical solutions are available but there is a need to identify such eco - friendly strategies for the management and proper utilization of these aquatic weeds.

5 ref

020227   Kandavel D;Sekar S (Botany Dep, Periyar EVR College (A), Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, Email: kandavel1976@gmail.com ) : Narrowing study areas for phytosociological research using Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. as a model target plant. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 904-9.

Many of the recent studies involving plants do not have a component investigating the various factors associated and influencing them in their natural habitats. Even in the laboratory oriented research, a comprehensive understanding of the natural habitat and the influencing factors will add value and increase understanding of the outcome. These studies were often not carried out due to extensive and laborious field studies involved in arriving at any discernible conclusion. In this paper, we have attempted a novel approach to arrive at small number of study areas for a target plant using soil series and its related parameters. Tiruchirappalli district was chosen as the land division and three revenue villages were shortlisted based on the developed analyses and field studies were carried out for the abundance of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. using quadrat studies. This method will facilitate the selection of minimal yet rational study areas which will help to carry out field based habitat analyses in small areas but having ramifications in broader perspectives.

1 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref