015078   Sharma J (Chemistry Dep, R.R. College, Alwar, Rajasthan) : Germination trend of Cicer-arietinum gram with dairy effluent. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect C 2008, 27(2), 107-110.

Effluent from dairy farming was choosen to assess the germination activity of Cicer-arietinum gram seeds. The effect of different concentration of dairy effluent on seed germination of Cicer-areitinum revealed that the seed germination was delayed during early hours (24 hours of sowing). The dilution experiment showed that at early concentrations the effluent showed inhibitory activity, however this effect was overcome at 50% concentration. Further increased concentration inhibited seed germination.

2 tables, 7 ref

015077   Sharief S M V;Eldho T F;Rastogi A K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay) : Optimal pumping policy for aquifer decontamination by pump and treat method using genetic algorithm. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2008, 14(2), 1-17.

Groundwater pollution is a major problem in many countries. Pump and treat is one of the commonly used remediation technique for the decontamination of the polluted aquifer system. Study a simulation optimization model to obtain the optimal pumping rates to cleanup a confined aquifer. A coupled finite element method (FEM) based model has been developed for flow and solute transport simulation, which is embedded with the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model to assess the optimal pumping pattern for different scenarios for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. Using the FEM-GA model, the optimal pumping pattern for the abstraction wells is obtained to minimize the total lift costs of groundwater along with the treatment cost. The model is applied to determine the minimum pumping rates to remediate an existing contaminant plume. The proposed model has been applied for the decontamination of a hypothetical confined aquifer to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique considered presently. Through the study, it was found that an optimal pumping policy for aquifer remediation can be established using the pump and treat method by applying the present FEM-GA model.

8 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

015076   Sharad Kumar;Khan J;Pathak B J (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Conservation Monitoring Centre,, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sancharnet.in) : Propulation structure, home range and food habits of Hanuman Langr in Gir Lion Sanctuary and National Park, India. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 165-73.

Aspects of ecology of Hanuman langur Presbytis entellus entellus were studied from January 2002 to March 2002. Langur troops were located through systematic surveys and by monitoring of road and foot transects. Visual counts were carried out and troops were classified into different age and sex categories. Data on food habits were collected by direct observations. Adhoria and Pilipat troops were followed from dawn to dusk in order to determine the winter home ranges of both troops. Troop size ranged from 45 to 15 individuals and average troop size was 19. Sex ratio, biased in favour of female, was 1 : 3.02. Langurs utilised 41 plant species in the study area. The size of the winter home range of Adhoria and Pilipat langur troop was 0.28 km² and 0.44 km², respectively. The findings of this study are discussed in the light of result obtained in other studies carried out on Hanuman langur in India.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

015075   Sharad Kumar;Khan J A;Khan A;Musavi A;Malik P K;Kushwaha S P S;Khati D S;Sarin G D (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Conservation Monitoring Centre, W, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sancharnet.in) : Ecological study in the buffer zone of the Corbett Tiger Reserve: tiger abundance and cattle depredation. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 133-40.

Studies the problem of livestock depredation by tigers in and around buffer zone of the Corbett Tiger Reserve. Data were collected on all cases of livestock kills by large carnivores in and around buffer zone from October 2002 to September 2003. Secondary data on livestock kills and abundance of tigers were collected from the forest Department. Data were analyzed by standard statistical procedures and using GIS software Arc GIS (8.3). Block wise calculation of tiger abundance based on censuses conducted in 1999,2001 and 2003 showed that the blocks in south and south east zone of buffer zone had highest concentration of tigers accounting for 36.5%, 43.5% and 44.7% of tiger population. The tiger abundance was positively correlated with ungulate densities. A total of 311 cases of livestock kills and injuries were recorded. A total of 61 % livestock kills and 18.6% injuries were by tigers alone in and around buffer zone. The magnitude of livestock kills and injuries showed close resemblance with past pattern documented in 2001 and 2002. While 30.5% of livestock kills were recorded inside the buffer zone boundary, 69.5% livestock kills were recorded from outside the buffer zone. Most of the livestock kills were documented on south and southeast portion of buffers zone where maximum concentration of tigers was recorded in last three censuses. The number of livestock kills showed substantial increase in rainy season as compared to winter and summer. Tigers killed Significantly higher number of cows than buffalo in buffer zone. The distribution of livestock kills showed significant differences in terms of sex of prey species, weight categories, vegetation types, topography, tree and shrub cover, distance to water and human settlements. The analysis of 38 tiger scats collected from inside the buffer zone showed that chital and sambar contributed 47.9% and 14.6%, respectively to the tiger diet in buffer zone. The observed dietary pattern based on scat analysis showed a very low contribution of livestock species to the tiger diet which is in contrast with the high level of livestock depredation by the tigers in and around buffer zone of CTR.

3 illus, 4 tables, 2 ref

015074   Salas-Luevano M A;Manzanares-Acuna E; Letechipia-De Leon C;Vega-Carrillo H R (Unidad Academica de Agronomia, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Apdo. Postal 336, 98000 Zacatecas, Zac. Mexico, Email: masalas@uaz.edu.mx) : Tolerant and hyperaccumulators autochthonous plant species from mine tailing disposal sites. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 27-32.

Mining activity in Zacatecas Mexico has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination especially lead. The phytoremediation is a user-friendly technology or the cleanup of contaminated environments. A crucial aspect for the practical use of this technique is the selection of adequate native plant species with high tolerance and capacity to accumulate the metals. The aim of this study was to identify autochthonous plant species that have potential capability for remediation of soil contaminated with lead. Seventeen different families of endemic plant species were identified in a polluted area showing large differences in the shoot's lead accumulation. The highest shoot Pb concentrations were found in Amaranthus hybridus (2208μg/g). However, the lead bioconcentration factor for this plant is less than 1. Only for Buddleja scordioides (Buddlejaceae) and Cerdia congestiflora (Caryophilaceae) the Pb bioconcentration factors are 1.31 and 1.05, respectively, which classifies them as lead-tolerant species.

2 tables, 24 ref

015073   Renganathan S;Shankar K;Dharmendhira Kumar M;Velan M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Biosorption of Congo red dye using Tamarindus indica fruit shell: batch studies. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 1028-33.

Sorption of Congo red dye from an aqueous solution was studied by the Tamarindus indica fruit shell in batch studies at different sorbent dosage (0.2 to 0.6 g/100 mL), pH (1 to 6) and initial dye concentration (20 to 120 mg/L). The results showed that the equilibrium uptake capacity was found to be increased with decrease in biomass dosage. The equilibrium uptake capacity was influenced by the initial dye concentration. The pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetic models were used to analyse for the sorption results. From the result, it was observed that the kinetic data fitted very well with the pseudo second order rate equation when compared to the pseudo first order rate equation. The equilibrium data was analysed with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The equilibrium data was found to be fitted very well with the Freundlich isotherm model when compared to the Langmuir isotherm model.

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

015072   Radha Krishnan A;Kanmani S (Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozonation on textile wastewater treatment. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 979-84.

Textile industry is one of the major industries consuming large amount of water for its various uses and also discharging the coloured wastewater in large quantities. To control the pollution, photocatalysis and ozonation have emerged as promising techniques. In the study, the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozoriation on treatment of simulated textile dyeing wastewaters of 2 samples having COD concentration of 180 mg/L was investigated. The operating variables (namely catalyst dosage, pH and contact time) were optimized for photocatalysis, ozonation as well as photocatalytic ozonation processes. In photocatalysis, maximum colour removal of 48% and COD reduction of 10-15% was observed at 90 min for a pH of 6 and catalyst dosage of 4g/L. In ozonation, maximum colour removal of 83-84% and COD removal of 25-30% was observed at 14 min for a pH of 10. Whereas in photocatalytic ozonation, an enhanced decolourisation/degradation effect was observed at pH 8. The photocatalytic ozonation results in 99% colour removal and 40-50% COD removal even with low catalyst dosage of 2g/L and low contact time of 8 min. The study clearly shows that combining photocatalysis and ozonation has resulted in a synergistic effect in the treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters and it could be considered as an appropriate alternative treatment method.

11 illus, 12 ref

015071   Prakash A;Gurdeep Singh;Singh K B (NO, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Reserch, Dhanbad, ) : Appraisal of carbon monoxide emission at surface due to long standing underground fires in Jharia coalfield, India. J envir Sci Engng 2009, 51(2), 107-10.

Several locations of Jharia coalfield are affected by fire, and carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of active fires in coal mines. Deals with the investigation on emission of CO concentration at surface due to long standing fire at Lodna and Kusunda areas of Jharia coalfield. CO level was high at the point of emission from the surface (>> l000 ppm). CO concentration was confined within the smoke at the areas where only smoke was existing. The lateral spreading of the CO concentration was high all around the outcrop of fire.

5 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

015070   Patil K L;Sawant C P (Post Graduate Research Dep of Chemistry, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar-425 412) : Physico-chemical study of dyeing and printing industrial effluents of GIDC, Surat. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 973-8.

Describes a case study carried out for evaluation of dyeing and printing effluents at Pandesara, Kadodara and Sachin GIDC area in Surat. Ten samples were collected from dyeing and printing industries for study. The samples were analysed to assess the effluent level with reference to different physico-chemical parameters, like pH, conductivity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, bicarbonate, carbonª dioxide, BOD, COD, kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus, sulphate, choride, hardness, calcium, magnesium, etc. On careful examination of collected data, it revealed that the values of pH, conductivity, total solids, total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, carbon dioxide, BOD, COD, nitrate, chloride, hardness, calcium and magnesium exceed the permissible limit. In the case of sulphate it found within permissible limit.

2 tables, 8 ref

015069   Nandkumar P (Applied Chemistry Dep, M.P. Christian College of Engineering and Technology, Bhilai-490 026) : Pollution load from the effluent generated during the pulping process. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 1003-6.

Environmental pollution has become a cause for great concern as it continues to increases rapidly day by day. One of the major toxic pollutants comes through paper industry. It directly or indirectly in one form or other pollutes the environment. Pulping additives, such as quinone-based additives have been used in the experimental work for the alkaline pulping of Ipomoea Carnea Jacq (Beshram). A thorough study has been done on the chemical analysis of the effluent from different storms, pollution load of the soda extraction stage effluent and pulp washer effluent was analyzed and studied. This pollution load affects the environment creating a wreak havoc on the surrounding eco system.

7 tables

015068   Mustafa G;Kashmiri M A;Shahzad A;Mumtaz M W; Arshad M (Chemistry Dep, Government College, University of Lahore, Pakistan, Email: waseem_pk56@yahoo.com) : Estimation of pollution load at critical points in stream water using various analytical methods. Int J appl envir Sci 2008, 3(1), 97-105.

In Pakistan, particularly in Punjab province, River Ravi pollution has been greatly increased due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Large quantities of untreated industrial effluents and domestic sewage are discharged daily into the rivers without knowing their ill-effects on the aquatic habitats and consequently on human health. Most wastewater contains pollutants, which may deteriorate the quality of receiving water bodies and harm associated aquatic life. The study monitored the built up of pollution at critical points in Nallah Deg (a tributary of River Ravi). Water samples from the selected station were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. To evaluate pollution status the parameters determined are Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Oil & grease, DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, TS, chlorides, nitrates, Sulphate, Phosphate, Cyanide and Carbonyl compounds. Further, heavy & toxic metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, Cd, Ni, As etc.) were determined using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (model 669 SONAR).

2 tables, 21 ref

015067   Mishra M;Jain S K (Zool Dep, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar-470 003, Email: subjain@gmail.com) : Effect of natural ion exchanger chabazite for remediation of lead toxicity : an experimental study kin teleost fish Heteropneustes fossilis. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 39-44.

Zeolites are synthetic and naturally occurring sodium/calcium aluminosilicate minerals having unique adsorption, cation-exchange, dehydration-rehydration, and catalytic properties. They are used for the removal of ammonia, phosphates and heavy metals, and also as dietary supplement in animal diets in pet litters and as ammonia filters in kidney-dialysis unit. In the present investigation, toxicity of lead nitrate with reference to protein contents in fish tissue and the role of natural zeolite chabazite over it, has been studied. The experimental teleost fish Heteropneustes fossilis divided in to four equal groups. Group I worked as control while group II, ill and IV exposed to sublethal concentration of lead nitrate, lead nitrate + chabazite and only chabazite respectively. Fish were dissected after 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of exposure, their tissue brain, liver, kidney and gills removed and processed for the estimation of protein contents. The data thus obtained was statistically evaluated by applying student 't' test. It has been observed that lead nitrate cause deleterious effects in all the tissue with reference to protein contents. When chabazite added with lead nitrate, protein contents improved towards normal. In fish of group IV, exposed to chabazite only, the protein contents further improved in comparison to control. The data thus obtained is statistically significant. The observations of the study indicate the specificity of chabazite for lead adsorption and an inexpensive mean for its removal from exposure water. Also, chabazite may be useful as feed additive to improve quality of fish by increasing protein contents.

1 table, 48 ref

015066   Mengesha G;Bekele A (NO, Wendo Genet College of Forestry, P.O. box 128, Shashemene, Ethiopia, Email: afeworkbekele@hotmail.com) : Diversity and relative abundance of birds of Alatish National Park, North Gondar, Ethiopia. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 215-22.

The diversity and relative abundance of birds were investigated in Alatish during the wet and dry seasons. Based on topographic map, satellite image and preliminary survey, four habitat types were identified comprising 37 blocks in 100 km² Eleven blocks were randomly selected based on the type of vegetation. Transects of 10 km length and width of 0.2 km or less were randomly selected to cover 20% of the area. One hundred forty three species of birds including endangered, rare and vulnerable species were recorded. Sixty five species of birds were residents during both seasons. A total of 122 species of birds was recorded during the wet season and 86 during the dry season. The relative abundance of birds was determined using encounter rates that give ordinal scale. This resulted in 97 species of birds as rare, 20 uncommon, 19 frequent, four common and three abundant. The wet season survey showed highest species diversity in the wooded grassland habitat owing to the presence of resources. The dry season survey showed the highest avian species diversity, evenness and richness in the riverine woodland habitat" due to the availability of water. Most species of birds in Alatish were locally rare as a result of habitat degradation. This hindered the establishment of species distribution pattern especially during the dry season. Availability of food, water and cover were the major factors determining the diversity and abundance of birds. Habitat destruction by the nomadic Falata community with their livestock, poaching and forest fire contributed to the deterioration in the diversity and number of birds. Urgent conservation measures are needed to conserve the biological diversity of Alatish.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

015065   Mehra R;Surinder Singh;Sandeep Kumar (Physics Dep, Dr. BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab) : Measurement of indoor radon levels in dwellings of Sirsa district, Haryana and estimation of average annual dose. J envir Sci Engng 2009, 51(2), 103-6.

Indoor radon studies have been carried out in the environs of some areas of Sirsa district, Haryana, India using LR-115 type II plastic track detectors. LR-115 Type II films in the bare mode were exposed for one year on quarterly basis to cover all the four seasons for the measurement of indoor radon levels. The work has been undertaken for the health risk assessments. The annual average indoor radon value in the study area varies from 64 Bq m^-3 to 120 Bq m^-3 with an average value of 91 Bq m^-3. These values are 2 to 3 times more than the world average of 40 Bq m^-3. The average radon concentration in dwellings in most of the villages falls in the action level (200-600 Bq m^-3) recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection. The radon values in some of the dwellings exceed the action level and may be unsafe from the health hazard point of view. The variation due to the ventilation conditions and contribution of building materials to the indoor radon in dwellings are also discussed.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

015064   Malik D S;Umesh Bharti (Zoology and Environmental Science Dep, Gurukula Kangri University, Hardwar-249 404, Email: dr.d.s.malik@gmail.com) : Biogas production from sludge of sewage treatment plant at Haridwar (Uttarakhand). Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 95-8.

Biogas, a source of non-conventional energy is produced by fermentation of sludges. The sewage have collected through sewage pumping stations and treated in the primary and secondary treatment steps in sewage treatment plant at Jagjitpur, Hardwar. The Sewage Treatment Plant receives approximately 40 mld sewage from different pumping stations and 18 mld sewage is used for treatment at sewage treatment plant. Raw sewage consists of organic and inorganic solids in dissolved and suspended form with 90-99.9% of water. After treatment, huge amount of solid waste remains as sludge left with the treated water. Around 96X10^{5 liters liquid sludge is being collected per day. In this process, the organic fraction of the waste is segregated and fed into a closed container, called biogas digester. Segregated waste undergoes biodegradation in the presence of methanogenic bacteria produce methane-rich biogas known as Biomethanation. Sludge from the anaerobic digestion can be used as a soil conditioner or composting. The present study was focused on biogas production from 1kg of sludge received 0.6 m3 volume on calculating value. The maximum biogas production was observed in volume 84952.34 m3 during summer and minimum volume of gas production was observed during winter as 76252.81 m₃ in 2008. The biogas is used as energy source for running the all devices of treatment plant and others as lighting, laboratory works etc.}

3 tables, 10 ref

015063   Madhavakrishnan S;Manickavasagam K;Mohanraj R;Kadirvelu K;Pattabhi S (Environmental Science Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 014) : Removal of mercury (II) from aqueious solution by adsorption on to Ricinus Communis Pericarp activated carbon. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 967-72.

Activated carbon prepared from Ricinus Communis Pericarp was investigated for removal of mercury (II) from aqueous solution by adsorption technique. Batch mode adsorption studies were carried out under varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent bent dose, and pH. Adsorption equilibrium was obtained in 100 min for all the concentrations of mercury studied. Adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The percent removal increased with increase in pH from 2 to 6 and remains static from pH 6 to 10. The percent removal increased with increases in agitaªtion time, adsorbent dosage and decreases in metal ions concentration. Desorption studies was performed with dilute hydrochloric acid solution. Ricinus Communis Pericarp carbon was found to be effective in removal of Hg (II) from aqueous solution and economically viable.

8 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

015062   Khan J;Sharad Kumar;Khan A;Musavi A;Malik P; Kushwaha S P S;Khati D S;Sarin G D (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Wildlife Sciences Dep, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sancharnet.in) : Ecological study in the buffer zone of the Corbett Tiger Reserve: prey abundance and habitat conditions. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 121-31.

Studies prey abundance and habitat conditions in the buffer zone of the Corbett Tiger Reserve using a combination of sampling techniques based on direct and indirect evidences. langur (Presbytes entellus) and chi tal (Aris axis) were found to be the most abundant prey species in the buffer zone. The total prey biomass was estimated to be 2847 kg/km² and chital and sambar (Cervus unicolor) contributed 84% of it. Block-wise abundance of prey species based on the Forest Department data showed that 80% of the forest blocks had low prey biomass and these blocks were distributed in north. The density of chital estimated by line transect method appeared to be very high and was clearly an overestimate. The findings suggested that chital, nilgai and wild pig utilized areas with moderate to high levels of disturbance whereas sambar and barking deer showed clear avoidance for such areas. The forest in buffer zone was dominated by Shorea robusta with an IVI value of 98.2. The mean tree density was 279.7 trees/ha and it was highest in North Jashpur forest block. The highest shrub density was recorded in Nalkatta forest block. The estimates of mean density, diversity, richness and evenness for tree, shrub, grass and herb layers differed significantly between transects. The levels of disturbance factors especially, cutting, lopping, grazing and overall biotic pressure were found to range between low to high. There were 9 blocks in low, 10 in medium and 7 blocks under high levels of biotic pressure. While attributes of tree and shrub layers showed no significant relationship with various disturbance factors except the proliferation of Lantana camara and other weed species in shrub layer, the attributes of grass and herb layer showed significant negative impact of disturbance factors in terms of reduction in grass and herb diversity, richness and evenness.

2 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

015061   Kasherwani D;Lodhi H S;Tiwari K J;Shukla S; Sharma U D (Prawn Research Centre, Zoology Dep, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007, Email: sanjiveshukla@gmail.com) : Cadmium toxicity to freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 149-56.

Static bioassay tests were carried out in order to evaluate LC₅₀ value of Cadmium chloride for freshwater stinging cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis as well as to observe behavioural alterations posed by Cadmium. The LC₅₀ value for 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h were found 434.74, 409.88, 401.31 and 392.92 mg/l, respectively. The major behavioural alterations observed during the experiments were erratic swimming, restlessness, muscle spasm, profuse mucous secretion, discolouration of the integument and cutaneous ulcerations in exposed animals. Overall increase in opercular beats in exposed fishes was also recorded throughout the experiments.

1 illus, 2 tables, 71 ref

015060   Kannan N;Vijayakumar A (Chemistry Dep, ANJA College (Autonomous), Sivakasi-626 124) : Comparative study on the removal of red industrial dye using groundnut shell and coconut shell carbon. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 1034-40.

Activated carbons prepared from coconut shell (CSC) and groundnut shell (GNSC) were used to study adsorption of red industrial dye under various experimental conditions. Effect of various experimental parameters, such as initial concentration of dye, adsorbent dosage, particle size, contact time and pH of solution was studied. Batch adsorption studies were carried out at room temperature (30±1°C). Adsorption parameters were modeled by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Adsorption data were fitted with the Natarajan and Khalaf and Lagergren and Bhattacharya and Venkobachar equations. The adsorption process follows first order kinetics, with intraparticle diffusion as one of the rate limiting steps.

5 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

015059   Kanchanabhan T E;Srinivasan;Sundaram L K; Abbas Mohaideen J (NO, Mamallan Institute of Technology, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu) : Optimum routing of waste collection for Tambaram municipality in south Chennai using GIS. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 1007-18.

Population outburst coupled with rapidly changing lifestyle in urban and rural areas had resulted in a substantial increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the country over the last few years. Open dumping was the method followed by the local bodies for disposal of waste. There had to be appropriate planning for proper waste management by means of analysis of the waste situation of the area. Optimization of the routing system for collection and transport of solid waste thus constitute an important component of an effective solid waste management system. Therefore, an attempt had been made to design and develop an appropriate storage, collection and routing for the Tambaram Municipal Corporation, Tamilnadu. The suggestions for amendments in the system through GIS based model would reduce the waste management workload to some extent and exhibit remedies for some of the waste management problem. The waste management issues were focused to provide allocation of Dumper placer bins and route network (primary and secondary collection) analysis using ARC GIS.

5 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

015058   Joshi R;Rana K S (Environmental Research Lab., Agra College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of tobacco as fumigant on lungs and intestine of Rattus rattus. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 185-8.

After treatment of tobacco fumes for 1, 3 and 6 months, the histological examination of the vital parts of Rattus rattus i.e. body-lungs, stomach and intestine, reveals few changes such as the loss of lung tissues with signs of emphysema, bronchoconstriction in the lungs. The body weight increases and the lung weight were significantly suppressed. The lungs showed decreased wall thickness. The stomach showed ulcer margin hyperemia and some animals showed apoptotic cells in the mucus layer. Intestinal mucosa showed drastically stimulated area and was devoid of villi. In large intestine, no significant change was observed.

3 illus, 12 ref

015057   Jiterndra Singh;Agrawal D K;Panwar S (NO, , , Email: singh_jkenergy79@yahoo.co.in) : Seasonal variations in different physico-chemical characteristics of Yamuna river water quality in proposed Lakhwar hydropower project influence area. Int J appl envir Sci 2008, 3(1), 107-17.

Study shows with seasonal variations in physical- chemical parameters of Yamuna river (Proposed Lakhwar hydropower project study site) Deheradun. The river water is mainly used for irrigation drinking and domestic purpose. Few of the parameter are studied to asses the quality of water. The higher concentration of some parameters is probably due to road construction near by the river as a large amount of silt and rock salt (applied to road) generated due to road construction is washed to the nearby river water. The maximum EC level has been recorded during rainy season because the rainwater carried wastewater from various sources. The pH and hardness levels indicate the moderate quality of water. The average value of DO and COD levels indicate the absence of organic pollution sources. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source. Population density spread over sparsely located villages definitely contributes towards fecal coliform and E-coli presence as excreta of the villagers is dispersed over the hills due to lack of toilets in their houses. The study concludes that river water was not polluted, all results are within permissible limit when compared with National River water quality standards and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The water from present or flowing in project study area is good for drinking. Some parameters like, Mg are found slightly higher than the limit, which require continuous monitoring and treatment process if the water is to be used for drinking purposes.

3 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

015056   Iwegbue C M A;Nwajei G E;Eguavoen O (Chemistry Dep, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeraia, Email: maxipriestley@yahoo.com) : Metal distribution in some brands of cigarette ash in Nigeria. J envir Sci Engng 2009, 51(2), 93-6.

Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn in cigarette ash after acid digestion were determined by graphite furnaces atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations (mgkg^-1) of the metals in cigarette range from 0.013 - 2.64 for Cd; 0.013 - 0.013 for Co, 5.45 - 28.10 for Cu, 0.013 -0.013 for Cr; 0.013 -7.88 for Pb; 0.013 - 2.63 for Ni and 6.10- 32.34 for Zn. There is significant variation in the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the different brands. Results of the study revealed that ash of different brands of cigarette sold in Nigeria market contained elevated levels of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn. Cigarette ash represents a potential source of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn to the environment. Inhalation of cigarette ash containing elevated levels of metals constitutes serious health hazards.

2 tables, 9 ref

015055   Ilyas O (Wildlife Sciences Dep, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: Orus16@gmail.com) : Conservation status and habitat use of musk deer in Govind Pashu Vihar wild life Sanctuary and National Park, Uttarkashi, India. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 67-74.

Among the four species of musk deer, Moschus chrysogator is the only species present in the Indian Himalayan region. Data on abundance and habitat use of musk deer were collected using direct and indirect methods. Monitoring of the existing forest trails passing through different forest was done at dawn and dusk. Abundance estimation of musk deer was also done by pellet group counts. About 63 plots, each of 10m radius, were established along transect. Pellet group density (pellet group/ha) was also calculated for different season on different transects. Mean and standard error was calculated and Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOYA was used to test the significant difference between the pellet group density and different habitat parameters. Principal component axis was used on available and utilised plots. There were significant differences in mean values of habitat attributes between available and utilized plots and musk deer preferred area with high shrub density, diversity and shrub cover with the high tree cover area but low grass cover. The conservation implications of the results are discussed.

2 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

015054   Ghosh D;Deb A;Sengupta R;Mitra S;Roy S;Datta S (Physics Dep, Nuclear and Particle Physics Research Centre, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032) : Water quality assessment including alpha radioactivity in water body around an industrial area of West Bengal. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 992-6.

Water for consumptive use is divided into surface and ground water sources. Water quality depends on the constituents dissolved or contained within the water. It is often thought that the chemical composition is the only factor involved. However, other conditions, such as biological, physical, and radiological factors should be considered when mentioning water quality. In the study, analysed water samples collected from different ponds in the vicinity of a few dying and bleaching factories, at South 24 Parganas in West Bengal to assess chemical and alpha radioactivity level present in those samples. The study reveals high alpha activity level (145-280 Bq/L) and high alkalinity (132-165 ppm) in the collected water samples.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

015053   Gandhimathi R;Ramesh S T;Vinoth M (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620 015) : Use of limestone powder as low cost, environmentally friendly alternative to activated carbon for the removal of COD from domestic wastewater. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 997-1002.

Removal efficiency of limestone powder in removal of COD from domestic wastewater was investigated. Batch studies were carried out to find the adsorption capacity of limestone powder. Effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, on the removal of COD was studied. Kinetic study reveals the removal efficiency was 35% which was achieved in the contact time of 120 min. The rate kinetics was found to be fit with pseudo-1st order kinetic model and their constants were evaluated. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were satisfactorily fits to equilibrium data and maximum adsorption capacity 7.117 mg/g was observed.

7 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

015052   Gadgil K;Leela Kaur;Sharma S (Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Simulated studies on lead uptake by Lemna minor with varying lead concentrations in different alkaline range. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 961-6.

Lemna minor plant has wide spread availability and some of the species can be found in almost all climates except entirely waterless deserts and perhaps in the tundra. This can accumulate high concentration of heavy metal ions. Toxic effects of lead have been reported by various workers. Uptake of lead by Lemna minor was studied through simulated experiments in three pH different (8-10) with lead concentration varying between 1 to 20 mg/L. The results of the study has been detailed.

12 illus, 12 ref

015051   Farooquee N A;Budal T K;Maikhuri R K;Singh S P (NO, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Garhwal, Srinagar-246 174, Email: nafarooquee@rediffmail.com) : Contribution of pack animals in reducing CO₂ emission in Central Himalaya, India. Curr Sci 2008, 95(1), 59-63.

Study was undertaken in the six major valleys of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand to understand and quantify the contribution of pack animals in reducing CO₂ emission in Indian Central Himalaya. The study has demonstrated that horses and mules provide direct and indirect services to the society and country. The direct services include communication services in far-flung and remote areas not connected with the road network, where they transport essential commodities and also human beings to the religious shrines of Kedarnath, Hem Kund, Gangotri and Yamunotri. The indirect services include reduction in CO₂ emission.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

015050   Ezeh H N;Anike O L;Egboka C E (Geology and Exploration Geophysics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria, Email: hilez2002@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of heavy metals pollution of soils around the derelict Enyigba Mines and their sources. Int J appl envir Sci 2008, 3(1), 1-10.

Concepts of pollution indices (PI) and enrichment index (EI) were used to evaluate the heavy metals pollution status of soils in areas around the derelict Enyigba Mines. Further to this the possible sources of metals in soils is discussed. The enrichment index of Cu is generally low and is only higher than 1 in Ameka. Cu toxicity in the area is not significant. It can be suggested that there is Cu deficiency in soils in most other areas where the P.I. lies between 0.12 and 0.08. The enrichment index of Pb is high in all sampled soils. This ranges from 12.2 to 155.1 in Enyigba, 1.15 to 1.26 in Ameka. The enrichment index of Zn in the area is generally below 1 except in few samples from Ameka where it ranges from 1.56 to 6.20. The enrichment index of Cd is higher than 1 in over 90% of the soil samples. P.I. for soils in the area is critical in Ameka (1.3 - 18.7), Enyigba (2.68 - 6.38). These show that most of the soils around the derelict Enyigba mines are polluted by heavy metals especially by Pb, Zn, and Cd. Intensive agriculture and manufacturing industry is not developed in the area. The source of metal enrichment in soils in the area is earth materials. These include the Asu River Shales, the mineralised veins and mine tailings. These as the sources of metal in soil is further demonstrated by the proximity of the anomalies to areas of known mineralisation and the trends of the anomalies which show strong relationship to established trend of geologic structures.

7 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

015049   Dwivedi A K;Pandey S;Shashi (Pollution and Environmental Assay Research Laboratory, Botany Dep, D.D.U. Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009) : Hospital waste. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(2), 10-14.

Due to increasing health consciousness, the amount of hospital Hvaste being generated is increasing geometrically day by day. In the different types of hospital waste generated and the present pattern of its disposal have been discussed. Its consequences and the proposed safe disposal methods have also been discussed in brief. The ultimate results of hospital waste on air, water and land have also been highlighted.

2 ref

015048   Deribe E;Bekele A;Balakrishnan M (Biology Dep, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box No. 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Email: balak212@yahoo.com) : Population status and diurnal activity patterns of the common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 91-2.

The population, age and sex category and diurnal activity patterns of the common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) were studied in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia during wet and dry seasons. Both total and sample counts were made to study the population size. Focal animal sampling method was used, focussing on one animal, pair or group at a time, to study the activity pattern. Data were analyzed using SPSS computer software package and compared using one-way ANOVA and Hest for independent sample of groups. There were a total of 576 warthogs in the study area. The male: female ratio of adults and sub-adults together was 1.00: 1.63. Over 57 % of the population constituted young, showing increasing population trend. Major activities of the species were feeding and resting/lying down. The time spent on each activity by Group 1 (an adult male) and Group II (one female withª her two hoglets) was not significantly different except in feeding. -Feeding activity reached its peak in the early morning and late afternoon hours. Resting/lying down was more pronounced during the mid-day. The activity patterns of warthogs were more or less similar to those of the other diurnal ungulates in the Bale Mountains National Park, characterized by morning and evening activity peaks with a period of rest during mid-day.

3 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

015047   Das D;Santra S C (Environmental Science Dep, Kalyani University, Nadia) : Screening of plant species for urban air pollution abatement. Indian Biol 2008, 40(1), 11-18.

Study was performed in some polluted places of Kolkata, West Bengal with different degree of air pollution in order to evaluate the response of air pollution on some road side plants. Emphasis was given to the changes of plant's biochemical parameters such as ascorbic acid concentration, peroxidase activity, catalase activity, relative leaf tissue water content, cell sap pH and total chlorophyll content. These factors are often used as early indicators of air pollution stress. For sampling of leaves, eight common road side plant species were made from three distinct locations of the city with increasing degrees of pollution and comparison also made with a less polluted site (as reference control). From the study, it appears that plants showed decrease amount of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content, phenolic compounds, lower catalase activity, higher peroxidase activity in polluted sites with respect to reference control site. From the above experimental data, it was possible to screen air pollution tolerant plants through measuring "Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI)" values. The overall suggestion of plantation of such plants can be attempted in polluted sites as a mitigatory option to abate air pollution.

1 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

015046   Dar T;Habib B;Khan J;Kushwaha S O S; Mendiratta N (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Conservation Monitoring Centre, W, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sancharnet.in) : Population structure, habitat use and conservation of ungulates in mosaic landscapes of Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 83-9.

Studies the population structure, habitat use and conservation problems of three sympatric ungulate species namely muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), goral (Nemorhaedus goral) and sambar (Cervus unicolor) in mosaic landscapes of Garhwal Himalayas. The average group size of goral and muntjac was 1.61±O.15 and 1.73±O.l8, respectively. Mean group size was higher in winter followed by summer and monsoon. Sex ratio in all three species was female biased. Encounter rate of goral and muntjac was 0.336/km and 0.3/km, respectively. The encounter rate between seasons was not significantly different. The mean pellet group density of muntjac differed Significantly between seasons (F=9.059, P<0.003), however, no such significant seasonal difference was found in mean pellet group densities of goral (F=0.312, P>0.577) and sambar (F=0.432, P>0.432). The mean pellet densities differed significantly between different habitats for muntjac (F=2.7, P<0.001), goral (F= 2.7, P<0.001) and sambar (F= 1.5, P<0.001). All three species showed positive correlation with altitude and overlapped maximum in oak forest above 160001. Water limitation and habitat destruction are the key issues for the conservation of the ungulates in the study area.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

015045   Dar T A;Khan J A;Habib B;Kushwaha S P S; Mendiratta N (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Conservation Monitoring Centre, W, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sancharnet.in) : Assessment of herpetofaunal assemblage in Phakot and Pathri Rao Watershed areas, Uttarakhand, India. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 207-13.

Studies reptiles and amphibians in Phakot and Pathri Rao Watershed Areas falling in middle Himalayas and Shiwalik, respectively. Adaptive Cluster Sampling Method was used for forest floor reptile and stream transect for stream reptiles and amphibians. 10 and 12 species of reptiles were recorded in Phakot and Pathri Rao watershed areas, respectively. Similarly 4 species of amphibians were recorded in Phakot and 9 species in Pathri Rao. In total 16 species of reptiles were recorded and 9 species of amphibians. Forest floor density of reptiles in Phakot and Pathri Rao was 46.26 ha^-1 and 86.9 ha^-1, respectively. Reptilian diversity of Pathri Rao and Phakot was 0.825 and 0.692, respectively. Reptilian richness was higher in Pathri Rao (2.37) compared to Phakot (1.79). Amphibian density, diversity and richness were 15.6 ha^-1, 0.47 and 0.77 in Phakot respectively. Amphibian density in Pathri Rao was 22.6 ha^-1. The diversity and richness values were 0.57 and 1.29, respectively. Comparison showed Pathri Rao Watershed to be more rich and diverse than Phakot because of undisturbed habitat, broad and slow stream and more forest litter.

2 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

015044   Dar T A;Habib B;Khan J A;Kushwaha S P S; Mendiratta N (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Conservation Monitoring Centre, W, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sanchernet.in) : Bird community structure in Phakot and Pathri Rao Watershed areas in Uttarakhand, India. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 193-205.

Sumpled bird communities in two watershed areas namely Phakot and Pathri Rao, located in Garhwal Himalaya, using Point Count and Species Listing Method from 2005 to 2007. We sampled 109 and 116 bird species from Phakot and Pathri Rao Watersheds, respectively. Chao 1 overestimated species number for Phakot whereas all four estimators were within 95% confidence limits for Pathri Rao. In terms of bird diversity, Pathri Rao was more diverse as compared to Phakot. Bird density was highest in Phakot (30.48 individuals ha^-1±1.77) than in Pathri Rao (16.82 individuals ha^-1±1.60) Bird density varied significantly across different seasons (F_2.6 = 14.87, P<0.0005) but not across different habitats in Phakot watershed area whereas no significant difference was found across seasons (F_1.6, = 0.57, P>0.47) and across different habitat types in Pathri Rao. Bird density, diversity and richness showed U type pattern in Phakot whereas in Pathri Rao it showed steep decline along the altitudinal gradient. Based on guild structure, Phakot bird community was more complex as compared to Pathri Rao watershed area because of variation in altitude and complex vegetation structure.

12 illus, 6 tables, 62 ref

015043   Chanakya V;Jeevan Rao K (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, College of Agriculture, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: rao_jeevan@yahoo.com) : Fractionation of metals in soils of Kattedan industrial area of Hyderabad (India). J envir Sci Engng 2009, 51(2), 115-26.

Heavy metals tend to accumulate in soils as a result of disposal of industrial effluents on soils. The values of all soil parameters in Kattedan industrial area were found higher than the control soil. Except clay, pH, and CEC, the values of all other parameters decreased with increasing depth in Kattedan industrial area soils. Fractionation study of micronutrients and heavy metals indicated relatively higher build up of Cd in easily bioavailable fractions, i.e. exchangeable and water soluble fractions, while all other elements resided mostly in residual fractions. The order of potential mobility and bioavailability of micronutrients and heavy metals was found different for different soils studied and non-significant correlation observed between different soil parameters and different fractions of micronutrients and heavy metals in Kattedan industrial area. The soils were contaminated and in most of the soils of Kattedan industrial area, except Fe, Mn and Co, all other metals were found within the permissible limits.

9 tables, 28 ref

015042   Cairns J (Biological Sciences Dep, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA) : Klimakatastrophes (Climate disasters). Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 275-83.

Humankind has entered an era of mutually interacting disasters due to overconsumption, resource scarcity, overpopulation, and greenhouse gas emissions that exceed Earth's assimilative capacity. If assimilative capacity for carbon dioxide is exceeded, the gas will accumulate in the atmosphere and produce an alien planet that differs markedly from the climate in which humankind developed and flourished. Other life forms that collectively comprise the biospheric life support system have already been impoverished (nearly one-third of biodiversity is already lost) with catastrophic consequences. Resources are already being used well beyond Earth's regenerative capacity, which is being reduced by rapid climate change. The comucopian perception of Earth, which has never really been justified, is no longer viable on a finite planet with finite resources that will diminish in an era of klimakatastrophe. hnmediate action on greenhouse gas emissions is urgently needed since the rate of climate change greatly exceeds initial predictions because the effects of positive feedbacks are now better understood. At present, nation-states are unable to protect their citizens from klimakatastrophes because they have no robust global goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to match Earth's assimilative capacity for them. Inevitably, the situation will worsen until greenhouse gas emissions and assimilative capacity are brought into balance.

^iia30 ref

015041   Bihari Singh;Tiwari B;Manoj Kumar;Shahi B (Environmental Sciences Dep, A.N. College, (Magadh Univ), Patna, Bihar) : Ground water provinces of India: a study. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect C 2008, 27(2), 119-27.

As groundwater is the only major source of water for agricultural and drinking purposes of the country, it is important to know the effect of geological formations and agricultural activities on groundwater chemistry. The results indicate that the major-ion chemistry of the groundwater varies with respect to space. Groundwater occurring near the River basins has a high concentration of major ions except calcium, due to the absence of heavy recharge from the river. The major-ion chemistry of the region is controlled by both mineral dissolution and anthropogenic activities. The relative contributions of mineral dissolution and anthropogenic contamination are estimated by a stoichiometric approach, which suggests that mineral dissolution is the dominant process in both the formations. The relation between water level fluctuations and major-ion chemistry indicates that major-ion chemistiy is also greatly influenced by the water level fluctuations in different geological formations. Thus, the major-ion chemistry of groundwater in the region is greatly influenced by mineral dissolution, anthropogenic activities and water level fluctuations in different geological formations.

1 illus, 15 ref

015040   Bhargava R N;Ram Chandra;Singh S K (Environmental Microbiology Sect, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001) : Characterization of phenolic metabolites from post methanated distillery effluent (PMDE) after degradation with bacterial consortium. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 1019-27.

Study deals with the characterization of phenolic metabolites from post methanated distillery effluent (PMDE) after degradation by bacterial consortium of Bacillus thuringiensis (MTCC 4714) and Alcaligene faecalis (AJ 880765) in 168 hr incubation time. During the degradation of PMDE the reduction of colour and other pollution parameters were observed in 168 hr incubation time. The biotransformed phenolic metabolites from biodegraded PMDE were isolated through TLC by using silica gel pre-coated chromatographic plate (120 mesh) column (75x3.2cm) by using solvent system comprising acetic acid: chloroform: methanol: water (10:9:9: 1 0 v/v). The purity of isolated metabolite was checked by UV absorption spectrometry giving the absorption maxima and a single sharp peak at 280 nm. It indicated the presence of aromatic ring conjugated with ketonic group. Moreover, the infrared (lR) analysis showed signals for the presence of hydroxyl group (-OH), conjugated ketone (= C = O) and carbon-carbon double bond (C = C) while the mass spectroscopic analysis has indicated the molecular weight of metabolite, that is 178. In addition, the C/H microanalysis also showed a close similarity between the calculated percentage and found values for phenolic metabolite suggesting the empirical formula as C₁₀H₁₀O₁₀ with molecular weight 178. This revealed that the parent phenolic compound (A) was biotransformed into "3, 4-dihydroxy-1-tetralone" by developed bacterial consortium.

5 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

015039   Bhadane B S;Shrivastava V S;Chauhan H P S (P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry Dep, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar-425 412) : Detection and identification of metals and organics in dairy wastewater by ICP-AES and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Indian J envir Prot 2008, 28(11), 985-91.

Attempt has been made to determine the concentration of metals in HNO₃-HCl extract by ICP-AES. The concentration of barium and silicon were found to be below the detection limit. The organics were detected and identified in CH₂-Cl₂ extracted mass by FTIR and GC-MS techniques. The several organics and metals in dairy wastewater affect the quality of soil and soil and ground water adversely.

4 illus, 4 tabels, 11 ref

015038   Benarjee G;Narayana Rao B;Srikanth K;Ramu G (Fisheries Research Laboratory, Zoolog Dep, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal-506 009, Email: gbgsss@yahoo.co.in) : Some preliminary observations on the toxicity of rayon factory effluents on aquatic fauna. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 235-9.

The aquatic fauna, Fish, Unio, Crab and Snail were exposed to various concentrations of Rayon Factory Effluents at different time intervals with a view to check the percentage of mortality which is induced by the effluents. Among the aquatic fauna used for toxicity evaluation it is observed that the Unio are more susceptible followed by Snail, Crab and Fish which have almost equal tolerance. By the observations made in the present study suggest that the Rayon Factory Effluents are toxic, therefore these, effluents should not be released directly out side with out treatment.

4 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

015037   Banerjee K;Mukhopadhyay N;Ghosh R;Abhijit Mitra;Gangopadhyay A (Marine Science Dep, Calcutta Univ, 35B.C. Road, Kolkata-700 019) : Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the marine and esturine environment. Indian Sci Cruiser 2008, 22(2), 18-22.

In the last few decades, several scientific studies have revealed that the marine and estuarine environment is vulnerable towards various endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs are structurally diverse group of compounds that may damage the health of humans, wildlife, fisheries and their progeny by the interaction with the endocrine system. EDCs encompass a wide spectrum of chemicals like pesticides (such as DDT, lindane and vinclozolin) and industrial chemicals (such as phthalates, bisphenol A and alkylphenols). These groups of chemicals have considerably adverse effect not only on the individual species, but also on the marine and estuarine biotic community. Several EDCs also bioaccumulate and biomagnify through food chain posing a great risk (mostly reproductive failure) to the top level members of the trophic level.

1 table, 24 ref

015036   Arora K;Sharma S (Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, , Email: kalps.arora@gmail.com) : Toxic metal (Cd) removal from soil by AM fungi inoculated sorghum. Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 341-8.

Health hazards posed by the accumulation of toxic metals in the environment accompanied by the high cost of removal and replacement of metal polluted soil have prompted efforts to develop bioremediation strategies. This green house study was carried out with 'Jowar' (Sorghum vulgare) aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) colonization on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) from artificially contaminated soil. Plants of S. vulgare were grown in AM and non AM inoculated substrate and subjected five soil- [Cd] concentrations (0.1 %,0.2%,1.0%,2.0% and 5.0%). The inoculation of AM Fungi resulted in significantly better absorption and accumulation of Cd by Sorghum. Compared to non-AM inculated treatments the percent increase in Cd accumulation was 47.1 %,45.2%,35.7%,33.9% and 23.5% for 0.1 %, 0.2%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 5.0% respectively after 80 days of treatment. As for growth parameters were studied, there were significant differences between treatments. Soil pH was significantly lower in non-AM than AM treatments at the highest soil- [Cd]. The results indicated possible exploitation of AM colonization for better metal accumulation in plant for phytoremediaation purpose.

^ssc4 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

015035   Al Harthi L S;Robinson M D;Mahgoub O (Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, , PO Box 246, PC 113, Muscat, IOman, Email: samad002000@yahoo.com) : Diets and resource sharing among livestock on the Saiq plateau, Jebel Akhdar Mountains, Oman. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 113-20.

A standard method of fecal plant cuticle analysis was used to determine the diets of goats, sheep and feral donkeys on the Saiq Plateau of Oman during a year of below average rainfall. Feces were collected monthly from 8 localities. Twenty-three thousand four hundred digital cuticle images of the feces and the plant reference collection were stored in a Microsoft Accessc database. This computer-assisted system greatly increased the speed and efficiency of plant identification, data manipulation and analysis. Goats, sheep and donkeys consumed 37, 32 and 30 species respectively, consisting mostly of plants that have high to moderate coverage in the community (Helianthemum lippii, Sideraxylon mascatense, Cymbopogon sp., Olea europaea, Teucrium mascatense, Juniperus excelsa). A few species with low coverage had a moderate occurrence in the diets (Farsetia sp., Eragrostris barrelieri, Cenehrus ciliaris). Goats and sheep ate more species of dicots than monocots, but donkeys consumed them in equal proportions. No notable seasonal changes occurred in the diets during the brief dry period. Diet overlap among goats, sheep and donkeys was high (median O_jk = 0.836) and asymmetrical; a moderate number of plant species eaten by donkeys are also eaten by goats and sheep (O_jk = 0.63), but most plants consumed by goats and sheep are also eaten by donkeys (O_jk = 0.85 and 0.82, respectively). Depending on stocking levels, this high degree of diet overlap may be decreasing the productivity and reproduction of the food plants as well as that of the goats and sheep, which commonly require supplemental feeding. Juniperus excelsa, a threatened tree, was moderately common in the diet of goats and sheep. Several possible impacts of domestic animals on wild species are discussed. Range productivity and stocking levels need to be quantified as a first step toward developing a sustainable animal industry on the Saiq Plateau.

2 illus, 6 tables, 24 ref

015034   Ahmed K;Khan J A (Conservation Ecology Research Group, Conservation Monitoring Centre, D, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: wsi@sancharnet.in) : Status, population structure and conservation of swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) in Dudhwa tiger reserve, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2008, 34(2), 75-82.

Studies status, distribution, social organization and the conservation problems faced by endangered swamp deer (Cervus duvuaceli duvuaceli) in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (DTR). Estimates total population to be 1016 (578 in Dudhwa National Park (DNP) and 438 in Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS)). The mean group size in DNP and KWS was 21.40±1.71 and 11.89±1.72, respectively. Overall mean group size in DTR was 18.37±1.71 animals/group. Group size showed significant difference across difference habitat types (F = 28.3, d.f. = 2, P<0.01). Adult females formed major share of population in the study area. The male: female: fawn ratio in DNP and KWS was 57: 100:28 and 62: 100: 19, respectively. Overall sex ratio in DTR was 58: 100:26. All male groups were larger than female groups but the group size was highest for mixed groups. The major threat to swamp deer conservation throughout DTR is the destruction of its habitat and illegal poaching. As a result, it has become locally extinct from many areas. Recommens restriction on grass cutting in Satiana area, creation of some artificial taals (swamp) for wallowing, protection of taals for aquatic vegetation, relocation of Ghola and Ghajrola villages and intensive patrolling of these areas during monsoons.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

015033   Afaq S;Rana K S (Zoology Dep, Agra Collage, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, Email: afiqamar_12@rediffmail.com) : Impact of leather dyes on total protein of fresh water teleost, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.). Asian J expl Sci 2009, 23(1), 299-302.

Investigation shows that the serum total protein activity shows decreasing trend on exposure to Bismarck brown and Acid leather brown at different time intervals (24 hrs, 48 hrs, 96 hrs and I week) and at all three concentrations (0.6 mg/l, 0.7 mg/l, 0.8 mg/l, 8 mg/l, 9 mg/l and 10 mg/l). However the effect was more with acid leather brown than Bismarck brown. The decrement in total protein may be due to total protein treatment in attribute to abnormalities in fat deposit cell of serum and this disturbing the protein metabolism.

2 tables, 11 ref

013940   Zehra Kucukbay F (Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Analytical Chemistry Div, Faculty o, Inonu Univ, 44280 Malatya-Turkey) : Investigation of some chemical and physical parameters in water and sediment samples of Karakaya dam lake (Malatya-Turkey). Int J pure appl Chem 2007, 2(3), 303-8.

Water and sediment samples taken from Karakaya dam lake have been analysed for chemical and physical parameters during the four seasons. Different metal ions such as Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, Ca, various parameters such as NO₂^--N, NH₃-N, PO₄^3-, organic substance and total filterable residues were determined using standard reagents kits by HACH DR 2010 spectrophotometer. The obtained results have been within the acceptable limits of pollution according to Turkish standards except for nitrite-nitrogen, BOD levels for all of sampling sites, and pH values in sampling site III.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

013939   Yogish S N (Studies in Economics Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shankarghatta-577 451) : Glabalisation and urban environmental issues and challenges. Int J Envir Dev 2008, 5(1), 125-30.

5 ref

013938   Shirzadian S;Uniyal P L (Botany Dep, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran 19395, Iran, Email: uniyalpl@rediffmail.com) : Biodeteriorative impacts on bridges over zayand-e-rood river (Iran): role of mosses and their control measures. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(5), 377-80.

Study presents role of mosses in biodeterioration of Zayand-e-Rood bridges as well as their elimination/control methods. mosses provide a suitable habitat for small organisms and a base for proliferation and invasion of higher plants that accelerate deterioration due to penetration of their roots. Environmental factors in biodeterioration (pH, water, relative humidity and temperature) were determined and chemical analyses of moss specimens were carried out.

2 tables, 11 ref

013937   Seetha P;Karmegam K;Ismail M Y;Sapuan M Y; Ismail N;Tamil Moli L (Mechanical and Manufacturing Dep, Putra Univ, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: megam76@gmail.com) : Effects to teaching environment of noise level in school classrooms. J scient ind Res 2008, 67(9), 659-64.

Study determines noise level in school classrooms during school hours and identifies the effects of noise to environment in classrooms using a Sound Level Meter (SLM) and a questionnaire survey on 44 teachers and 150 sludents. Data analyses, using t-test, one sample t-test and one-way ANOVA (Tukey's HSD Post Hoc test), indicates that noise level in school classroom during school hours exceeded WHO guideline value. This noise affects teachers and students in term of leaching and learning process and human health.

5 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref