004020   Balsaraf V M;Kunde G B (NO, Dattta Meghe College of Engineering, Airoli, Sec-3, Navi Mumbai-400 708) : Physico-chemical studies of pollutant in waste water of Nashik express highway, Thane region. J Ind Pollut Control 2008, 24(2), 183-5.

Physico-chemical studies of pollutants in waste water samples of Nashik express highway was carried out analyzing three samples of Majiwada (Thane) region. Different parameters like pH, Chloride, Sulphates, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, heavy metals were determined by standard analytical methods. The results observed indicate the waste water is extensively polluted. Such water without proper treatment if allowed to mix with other water sources will create more pollution. Hence discharge should be effectively followed by treatment.

1 table, 9 ref

004019   Aruna Devi P S;Nagarajan K (PG and Research Dep of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode-638 316, Email: jcdrkn@gmail.com) : Designing an integrated waste management strategy for dairy industry. J expl Zool 2008, 11(2), 291-4.

Dairy industry in India has grown from an unorganized into a vastly complex organized industry of a large magnitude in the past 50 years with an annual production of over 40 metric tonnes; India continues to rank third amongst milk producing countries. However, this glorious growth also brings its step sister - the pollution. Dairy industry is known to contribute significantly to pollution. It contributes both soil and water pollution by offloading tonnes of solid wastes and millions of liters of effluent. Analysis of these reveals the pollutant has heavy organic load and resulted in high BOD and COD. An integrated approach is designed to attack this monster. A two pronged strategy to degrade the sludge and the effluent has been initiated. To downgrade the solid wastes instead of using readymade solution of inoculating with known bacterial population, in the study, the native microbes were isolated; they were cultured in situ and reintroduced in to the sludge. The degradation in this case has accelerated significantly. This degraded sludge is further converted into vermicompost by culturing the earthworm, African night crawler Eudrilus eugeniae. This makes what is called an incorrigible curse (the sludge) into an interesting commodity (vermicompost). To cope up with the heavily loaded organic effluent, it is subjected to two stages high rated granular sludge bed reactor which results in better methane gas production. This integrated management of Dairy industry waste will be effective and would fulfill the objective of this investigation "from waste to wealth".

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

004018   Anju Singh;Gautam R;Sharma R (Industrial Safety and Environment Management Group, National Institute of Industrial Engineering(NITIE), Vihar Lake, Mumbai-400 087, Email: dranjusingh@gmail.com) : Performance evaluation of a common effluent treatment plant (CETP) treating textile wastewaters in India. J Ind Pollut Control 2008, 24(2), 111-21.

Several small scale industries have formed cooperatives and established Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) to treat wastewater in India. The wastewaters are subjected to primary treatment in the industry and thereafter discharged to be further treated at the CETPs. The management and treatment costs are shared by the member industries. The CETP under study is situated in North Western part of Rajasthan in Pali district. Pali has about 989 synthetic and cotton textile printing and dyeing units. The member industries generate wastewater containing a variety of chemicals, dyes, acids, alkalis besides other toxic heavy metals. Studies performance of a CETP of capacity 1.5 Million Gallons per day wastewater from synthetic textile mills was evaluated. Four criteria viz. design, operation, maintenance and administration was deployed to evaluate the overall performance of CETP. Design data was collected from each unit operation of the CETP and adequacy of design was assessed using a scoring method. Actual operational efficiency of the CETP was evaluated by collecting samples (16 in all) at each stage of treatment. All samples were analyzed for 16 physico-chemical parameters. Administraªtion capability and adequacy of maintenance systems were evaluated using questionnaires and by conducting staff interviews. The overall performance of the CETP was evaluated considering all the dimensions and accordingly recommendations were made for improving the performance.

3 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

004017   Anand R;Renga Ramanujam J;Kulothungan S; Sharanya V;Murugalakshmi C N;Bhuvaneswari K (P.G. and Research Microbiology Dep, Dr. N.G.P. College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 048, Email: anand_ramus@rediffmail.com) : Plastic waste - a hazardous chemical nuisance to environment: a focus and remedy. J Ind Pollut Control 2008, 24(2), 129-32.

Plastics are low molecular weight organic materials, that are non degradable in the natural environment. Generation of plastic waste constitutes a major part of Municipal Solid Waste. This creates a lot of environment pollution, which in turn affects ecosystem and human 'heath. The solution to tackle this dreadful situation lies in following 3R namely Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Waste plastics can be recycled and used in several ways including construction of roads. The current scenario focuses much on degradable biopolymers, an ecofriendly concept to protect the environment.

10 ref

003012   Vikas C (NO, Central Ground Water Board, KR, Kedaram Complex, Kesavadasapuram, Pattom P.O., Trivandrum-4, Email: vikascgwb2003@yahoo.co.in) : Geochemistry of groundwater - an overview of sporadic nitrate contamination in parts of Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2), 166-72.

The problem of high nitrate concentration in groundwater has now become one of the most important health related geoenvironmental issues in India and plays an important role in assessing the suitability of water for potable purpose. A detailed study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality in parts of Jaipur district, Rajasthan. Hydrochemical data revealed that the groundwater in parts of Jaipur district is highly mineralized with high concentrations of nitrate. In the study area, nitrate content varies from 4 ppm to 4500 ppm with shallow aquifer samples showing higher values than deeper aquifer. Excessive utilization of organic and chemical fertilizers, decaying organic matter and sewage wastes contribute to nitrate in groundwater. Present water shortage has resulted in increased pressure to use such high nitrate waters for domestic and irrigational purposes. Excess concentration of nitrate above permissible limit causes methaemoglobinemia and gastric carcinomas. The occurrence of nitrate in the study area, its source, health effects and their mitigation are discussed-in this paper.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

003011   Venkateswara Sarma V (NO, , G1 Ganpath Villa, 67, Padmavathy Nagar, Virugambakkam, Chennai-600 092, Email: sarmavv@yahoo.com) : Future models of green technologies for sustainable development. Curr Sci 2008, 95(10), 1403-4.

There has been a lot of talk about global warming and climate change, and the requirement of preventive measures. There is a lot that man could learn from nature itself. Here a few suggestive measures in the form of cost-effective future models of green technologies for sustainable development are made.

^iia11 ref

003010   Vahabi J;Mahdian M H (NO, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center, P.O. Box 13445-1136, Tehran, Iran, Email: vahabi82@yahoo.com) : Rainfall simulation for the study of the effects of efficient factors on run-off rate. Curr Sci 2008, 95(10), 1439-45.

Depending upon the watershed characteristics and weather conditions, a substantial part of the precipitation may be changed into run-off. Knowledge about the discharge and volume of the run-off generated by rainfall, especially in ungauged catchments, plays an important role in water resources management planning. In the absence of sufficient data recorded from the real rainfall events, use of rainfall simulators in the field and laboratory may be recommended to simulate runoff in different conditions of soil, vegetation cover, slope and rainfall. In this study, a rainfall simulator (a portable non-pressurized type) was used to examine the effects of slope steepness, vegetation cover, clay, sand, silt and antecedent soil moisture content on run-off amount. Two sets of simulated rainfall events with 24.5 and 32 mm/h intensity were applied on 145 experimental plots with dimensions 1.2 m X 0.89 m in Taleghan watershed, Iran, and the relevant run-off amounts were measured in each experimental plot. Based on the results obtained from the correlation matrix, the most influential factors on run-off were vegetation cover, antecedent soil moisture content, clay, sand, silt and slope, for rainfall intensity of 24.5 mm/h. While for the rainfall intensity of 32 mm/h, vegetation cover, sand, antecedent soil moisture content, silt, clay and slope were the most influential factors. Two regression equations were also developed for predicting surface run-off with different field and rainfall conditions.

4 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

003009   Spicer R A (Earth and Environmental Sciences Dep, Centre for Earth Planetary Space, The Open Univ, Milton Keynes, MK 7 6AA, United Kingdom, Email: r.a.spicer@open.ac.uk) : Deep time climate change : a fossil plant perspective. J Bot Soc Bengal 2008, 62(2), 3-16.

Global climate change is an international research priority and is likely to remain so for decades, if not centuries, to come. Many of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions rely on climate models derived from models developed for weather forecasting. Testing climate models against past greenhouse climates is essential to evaluate their ability to simulate correctly global climates when the global mean surface temperature (GMST) was, and will be, significantly higher than now. To do this requires the development of quantitative palaeoclimate proxies relevant to those areas where current warming is most pronounced at high latitudes and in continental interiors. Plant fossils provide such proxies yielding information on air temperatures and precipitation. Traditional Nearest Living Relative techniques are limited by evolutionary change to the Neogene and Quaternary when the GMST was only marginally higher, and often cooler, then now. Proxies based on plant architecture are more robust for "Deep Time" warm climates, but because plant architecture is the result of multiple and often conflicting environmental constraints, a multivariate approach is required to decode plant characteristics in terms of their climate signals. A widely used proxy based on the physiognomy of leaves produced by woody dicots is the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP). CLAMP results for the Late Cretaceous continental interior of Siberia yield climate data that is consistent with overall Late Cretaceous plant biodiversity in the region and clay mineralogy. However, this climate cannot be simulated by even the most advanced climate model despite using a range of boundary conditions relevant to the Late Cretaceous such as different palaeogeographies, atmospheric compositions and orbital configurations. The model performance is inherently conservative in that it attempts to reproduce the present in the past. This suggests that the same behaviour is likely for future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios as used in the IPCC reports with the result that the IPCC predictions are likely to underestimate seriously the degree of future climate change for any given emissions scenario.

6 illus, 56 ref

003008   Singh A;Singh P (Chemistry Dep, JSS Academy of Technical Education, C-20/1, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : Colour removal of distillery effluent by physical and chemical treatment and effect of distillery effluent on wheat crop. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(1), 63-71.

The effluent discharged from distillery industries has extermely high amounts of organic matter with dark colour and foul odour.Untreated effluent pollutes water and land when discharged into water bodies and on land. Physico-chemical analysis (pH, CU, COD and BOD) of the effluent showed that most of the parameters beyond the permissible limit. Chemical treatment by KMnO₄, C₆H₁₂O₆, CaOCl₂, K₂O₇ and CaCO₃ significantly reduce colour, COD and BOD in distillery effluent. Maximum reduction was observed at application rate of 5 g/ltr. for colour (72.07%) COD (96.78%) and BOD (93.16%).Increase concentration of effluent in wheat is showed lower seed germination and decrease concentration of effluent in wheat exhibit maximum seed germination. Changes hi shoot length, root length, total seeding fresh weight and total seeding dry weight of wheat were also observed with various concentration of effluent.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

003007   Shukla S K;Vivek Kumar;Bansal M C (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Indian paper industryl Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanism. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 101-5.

Climate change represents the most widespread and pressing environmental concern of our time. Current climate models predict a global warming of about 1.4 5.8 °C between 1990 and 2100 [5]. These projections are based on wide range of assumptions about the main forces driving future but do not assume any climate change policies for reducing emissions. The pulp and paper industry is a significant emitter of green house gases. Despite the proportion of industrial plantations devoted to pulp production, plantations do not appear to be offsetting emissions from energy use or landfills. Production, consumption and disposal of paper products are estimated to contribute a net addition of about 450 million tons in carbon dioxide equivalent units each year. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) is the foundation of global efforts to combat global warming. Adopted in 1992, the UNFCC sets out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations for greenhouse gases to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. India has signed Kyoto protocol in December 1997, ratified in August 2002 & established DNA in December 2003. The CDM is based on the emission reducing projects located in developing countries, selling carbon credits to buyers in industrialized countries. Reviews the UNFCCC methodologies for CDM projects in pulp and paper industries and identifies specific opportunities pertaining to Indian pulp and paper industry. Also reviews the various implemented and ongoing CDM projects in Indian pulp and paper industry.

4 tables, 21 ref

003006   Sharma A;Massey D D;Taneja A (School of Chemical Sciences, Chemistry Dep, St John's College, Agra-282 002, Email: amsharma_13@yahoo.co.in) : Horizontal gradients of traffic related air pollutants near a major highway in Agra, India. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2009, 38(6), 338-46.

Horizontal gradients of airborne particles and gases were observed perpendicular to the national highway (NH-2) in Agra, India. A negative association was found between distance (from the highway) and ambient concentrations of pollutants. Gradients suggest that the major impact of traffic flow on the pollutants concentration lies within 250 m distance. Over the total measured distance (0-500 m), the maximum percent decrease in concentrations was observed for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀), sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃) and carbon monoxide (CO) within 0-250 m distance range. However, no significant decrease in concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) was obtained. Correlations between all of the pollutants considered in this study are positive with many of them being highly correlated and significant, which shows that their sources are almost similar. On comparing the pollutants concentrations with available standards of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), SO₂, CO, NO₂ and O₃ concentrations were found within the permissible limits, whereas PM₁₀ concentration was found higher. This study generates data which can be useful for Asian city planners for planning residential colonies so as to cause minimum exposure to the residents.

003005   Saritha V;K Swapna Vahini;M Sumanth Kumar (Environmental Studies Dep, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 040, Email: Saritha_environ@yahoo.com) : Status of environmental awareness in slum dwelling children of selected areas of Visakhapatnam. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(1), 151-6.

Environmental awareness is a growing area of concern in the people. We conducted a study investigating the effectiveness and current status of urban children regarding the subject of environmental awareness in two selected slums of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The program focused on many issues of concern like knowledge on environment, its pollution, effects, plants, waste and consumption and the resulting environmental impacts. Activities included data collection, analysis and group discussion. The study comprise of 150 respondents. The data showed that about 70% of the parents of the respondents were illiterate; nearly 60% serve as labours with less than Rs.5000/- as their monthly income. Around 70% of the respondents reported of inadequate housing and public facilities. Nearly 60% of the respondents had less religious belief and less effect of media. The result depict that the awareness of the respondents regarding air, water, soil, noise was low but they had a medium level awareness on flora and fauna. Thus they were strongly anthropocentric and held strong utilitarian views of the environment.

14 ref

003004   Pereira N (C/o D. Abhijit Mazumder, NCAOR, Headland Sada, Goa-403 804, Email: neelam.pereira@gmail.com) : Phenomenon of 'green sahara'. Curr Sci 2008, 95(9), 1114.

9 ref

003003   Ojha G D;Bhargav J S (Central Ground Water Board, Southern Region, GSI Post, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad-500 068) : Ground water quality in Andhra Pradesh - a retrospection. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2), 173-91.

Ground water is an integral part of socio economic system and needs to be properly managed in developing countries like India. Presently, more than 85% of rural and 50% of urban water needs and 50% water requirement for irrigation is being met from ground water resources. Central Ground Water Board, being an apex organisation annually monitors quality of ground water, in Andhra Pradesh through a network of about 620 wells. The main constituents analysed in all the collected samples are pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride, Arsenic and Iron. From the results obtained, two types of contaminations, Geogenic and Anthropogenic in the ground water are identified. Fluoride and iron of mostly geogenic in origin and nitrate of anthropogenic origin have been observed beyond the permissible limit in many of the districts. Salinity has been observed both in the coastal tracts as well as in the inlands. Trace metals such as Copper, Cadmium, Iron, Chromium and Manganese are found in excess of concentrations beyond the BIS maximum permissible limits, in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam industrial and Urban waste dumping areas, mainly due to the industrial effluents and leachates from the urban domestic dumping sites. Organo chlorine pesticides such as DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, BHC and its isomers and metabolites are found in the ground water in Guntur, Karimnagar and Adilabad districts. These pesticides had mainly leached down or directly got mixed with the ground water through the agricultural run off. Ground water quality once deteriorated is almost impossible to be restored to its original quality and hence emphasis has to be laid in adapting appropriate measures to prevent its contamination and subsequently develop the treatment technologies.

7 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

003002   Nath G;Deb U K (NO, Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Jaykaypur-765 017) : Vermicomposting-an effective technique for paper mill solid waste utilisation and value addition. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 127-35.

A mixture of different papermill solid wastes was used to prepare vermicompost using locally available earthworms. Precomposting of raw materials without worms was found to be essential to prevent later temperature rise above 35 °C, which would be fatal for the worms. Ideal conditions were, temperature below 35 °C, pH around 7.0 and moisture content of bed 50%. Good aeration was found necessary. Vermicompost was produced in 60 days. It proved to be very useful for the growth of flowers like Marigold and Dahlia and vegetables like Ladies' Finger. The vermicompost accelerated growth, initiated early flowering and increased the number and size of flowers compared to standard cow dung-urea mixtures. Thus, various waste materials from the paper industry including sludge from effluent treatment could be converted to useful and value added vermicompost by an environmentally friendly technique. The study showed that plant and animal life could actually thrive in a vermicompost prepared from such wastes. The process is simple and effective for solid waste disposal and would be especially useful for rural and less developed areas where most of the paper mills are located. Vermicomposting could become a source of income for the rural folk and reduce environmental pollution at the same time.

6 illus, 12 tables, 8 ref

003001   Mondal M E A (Geology Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: emondal2002@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in parts of Hindon river (Tributary of River Yamuna) basin in the western part of Ganga plain, India: evidence from geochemistry of floodplain sediment. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2), 192-200.

Sediment samples collected from Ghaziabad and surrounding areas from the Hindon river floodplain lying in the interfluves of Ganga and Yamuna rivers were analyzed for heavy metals to determine background values and enrichment. Geomorphologically, the study area was divided into two surfaces, T₀ and T₁ T₀ is the active floodplain occupied by the river channel and constitutes the lowermost surface of the floodplain. whereas T₁ surface is located a few meters higher than the active floodplain T₀ All sediment samples have been collected from T₀ and T₁ surfaces. Mean anthropogenic enrichment over background of < 63 im size fraction of sediments is found to be 1.3 X for Sc, Cr and Ni, 1.4 X for V, Cu and Zn, 1.6 X for Co, 2.1 X for Cs and 1.8 X for Pb. No point sources could be discerned in the study area. Diffuse sources are considered responsible for the metal enrichment. Anthropogenic input for different elements in the floodplain sediments have been calculated to be 21 % for Sc, 35% for V, 20% for Cr, Ni and Zn, 38% for Co, 22% for Cu, 50% for Sc and 40% for Pb. This result reveals that any study concerning the modeling of weathering and/or provenance characterization for the detritus should take into account the anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals, especially for floodplains where uncontrolled growth of industries and city centers have taken place.

6 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

003000   Masoud M S;El-Sarraf W M;Harfoush A A; El-Said G F (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Alexandria Univ, Egypt) : Behavior of fluoride and some physicochemical parameters in coral reef and coastal water of Red Sea, Egypt. Int J pure appl Chem 2008, 3(4), 291-301.

Red sea coastal water of Egypt receives large amounts of discharged waters containing industrial wastes (from fertilizer plant, textiles, slaughter house, Attaqa Power Station, Oil Processing Company, El Nasr Petrolum Company, etc.), sewage, garbage, waste effluents oil refineries, wastes discharged from ships and oil pollution. The data indicated that the surface seawater content of the coastal area is affected by the amount of the discharged water and its chemical composition. The fluoride content and its chlorinity ratio were ranged between 3.3 and 7.8 mg/1 and 14.21 and 35.82 x 10^{-5 determined at Suez and Hurghada during Winter 2001 and Autumn 2000, respectively. Meanwhile, its content in the coral reefs is ranged between 4.33 and 4.96 mg/g for Acropora valida, Favia speciosa and Tubipora musica, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis for the Red Sea water is highly significant and the model is very fruitful, where the observed and calculated values are mostly concordant, indicating the effect of the discharged water on the chemical composition of the coastal water of Red Sea. Calcium chloride is used successfully for defluoridation of some seawater samples.}

6 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

002999   Gupta A K;Sharma N (Environmental Research Lab, Zoology Dep, S.S.V. (PG) College, Hapur) : Combined effect of sugar mill effluents and municipal sewage of planktons of Kali Nadi. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(1), 73-80.

Combined effect of sugar mill effluents and municipal sewage on Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons and Physicochemical characteristics of Kali Nadi at Bulandshahr were studied at six sampling stations. The study was made in both the seasons i.e. in winters when sugar mill is functioning, and in summers when sugar mill is not functioning. Seasonal variation has been found and great extent of pollution was noticed during winters. The Phytoplankton reported in river water were Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Myxophyceae, Euglinineae whereas Zooplanktons were Protozoans, Rotifera, Ostracoda, Cladocera. Sugar mill effluents were nil in Phytoplanktons and Zooplanktons. Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Myxophyceae, Euglinineae among Phytoplanktons were also dominant in municipal sewage effluents but in Zooplanktons, Rotifera and Helminthes were dominant. During winter very few planktons were present in river and hi sewage.

4 tables, 21 ref

002998   Gupta A K;Naresh Kumar (Environmental Research Laboratory, Zology Dep, S.S.V. (P.G.) College, Hapur-245 101, Email: naresh_cbrs@rediffmail.com) : Alterations in the population of leucocytes in the blood of a freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Magur) due to intoxication of two anionic synthetic detergents. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(1), 145-50.

The effects of two sub-lethal concentrations i.e. V1/4th and 1/8th fraction of 96 hr LC₅₀ of Detergent-A and Detergent-B (anionic synthetic detergents) were studied on leucocytic population in a freshwater fish Glorias batrachus. Percentage of thrombocytes and small lymphocytes was found increased while large lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils were found decreased at sub-lethal concentrations of both detergents on all exposure periods. However, the changes were more significant in the blood of fishes when exposed to sublethal concentrations of Detergent-B than those of Detergent-A.

3 tables, 12 ref

001984   Wu G;Fu H;Yu D;Zhang L;Wang Y;Wang H;Shao H (NO, State Kay Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, P.R. China, Email: shaohongbochu@126.com) : Measurement of ecological capital of the ecosystem based on remote sensing data. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 85.

Comprehensive evaluation on the conditions of ecosystem is important to protect regional eco-environment. Mainly based on the data set of remote sensing and climate factor to calculate the ecological capital of ecosystem in Yunnan province. The results showed that ecological capital of the province from 2005 to 2008 was 225.02 billon yuan RMB, 207.78 billon yuan RMB, 191.11 billon yuan RMB and 195.48 billon yuan RMB respectively. Total and unit ecological capital showed a decreasing trend. The spatial distribution of ecological capital per area took on a pattern that the west was higher than the east and the south was higher than the north, ecological capital of forest, shrub and grassland, which constituted the main body of ecological capital took up a percentage of 79.94%, 80.52%, 81.44% and 80.48% respectively to the total in the province from 2005 to 2008.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

001983   Vijaya Chandran M;Byragi Reddy T;Pappu K K (Environmental Sciences Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam) : Floral diversity of protected areas in Visakhapatnam.. Ecotech 2009, 1(1), 25-32.

Documentation, conservation and finding enhancement strategies of biodiversity is considered to be one of the important challenges in present day conservation biology research and policy making process. Their importance is continuously being shown as they arc found to be keystone for the sustainability of biosphere (Swaminathan, M.S., 1992). Biodiversity is expressed at different levels-genetic, species and land scape level. Though biodiversity is generally appreciated at the species level (M.S.R Murthy et al 2007). Keeping in mind the every need for documenting the plant biodiversity at species level an attempt was made in recording the plant biodiversity at The Indira Gandhi zoological park (IGZP) and Kambala konda nature park, Visakhapatnam, India.

1 table, 9 ref

001982   Vijay Chandran M;Pappu K K (Environmental Sciences Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam) : Effect of vehicular pollution on health of auto men in Visakhapatnam city. Ecotech 2009, 1(1), 15-17.

Asurvey was conducted at major traffic points in Visakhapatnam city to investigate the effect of vehicular emissions on the health of 63 auto men. It was found that these personnel were directly exposed to vehicular emissions for nearly 10 hours per day. The main symptoms observed were cough 90%, eye irritation 80%, throat irritation 80%, breathlessness 20%, headache and dizziness 40% and passage of black sputum in the morning 5%. We conducted pulmonary function test (PET) on Auto drivers. Some of them exhibited normal pulmonary function test. About 70% showed mild to moderate obstruction, out of which 55% were non-smokers 45% were smokers. Incase of 30% of smokers the obstruction was severe. It may be concluded that auto men are suffering from respiratory disorders due to exposure to vehicular pollution.

3 tables, 10 ref

001981   Vala Anjana K (Physics Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 022, Email: anjana_vala@yahoo.co.in) : Asperigillus niger and heavy metal removal : a perception. Res J Biotechnol 2009, 4(1), 75-9.

Heavy metal pollution has been a pressing problem. Application of biosorbents can be a promising alternative to combat the problem. In this review, Aspergillus niger as a biosorbent has been discussed. An outline of advantages of using A. niger, types of metals removed and percentage removal of different metals by A. niger has been presented. A comparison of A. niger with a few other bio materials has been made. Analytical techniques used and mechanisms of metal removal have also been briefly discussed.

^iia3 tables, 47 ref

001980   Sunakar P;Sumita P (Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, P.G. Dep of Chemistry, Berhampur Univ, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur-7, Email: sunakar_bu@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of lead ion on the stability of lipid-protein organization of photosynthetic organell. Res J Biotechnol 2009, 4(1), 57-62.

Lead in its various ionic and molecular forms causes serious environmental hazards. The lead ion (Pb^{2+) influences the stability of lipid-protein organisation of isolated chloroplasts. Although the metal ion induces thylakoid membrane lipid peroxidation, it prevents the loss of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and loss of protein. Such changes bring about a drastic modification of the structural organisation and photochemical reactions of photo synthetic assembly. The cation induced enhancement in membrane lipid peroxidation is attributed to formation of cation -calmodulin complex which activates the enzyme phospholipase - A, leading to deesterification of membrane lipids. The liberated polyunsaturated fatty acids are readily exposed to reactive oxygen species and get peroxidised. The cation induced retardation in pigment and protein loss is explained in terms of metal ion binding to lipid protein complex through carboxylic acid group of lipids and sulfhydryl group of protein. The metal binding is evident from changes in absorption characteristics of organell.}

6 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

001979   Sumathi K M S;Mahimairaja S (Environmental Sciences Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: rajasmahimai@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of adsorption potential of reed bed substrates for chromium(III) removal from tannery effluent: a batch study. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 59-65.

The adsorption capacity of riverbed sand, sawdust, vermiculite and soil for Cr(III) ions from tannery effluent has been investigated in detail in order to evaluate their possible application as filter material in reed bed treatment system. The adsorption isotherm was determined along with the effect of contact time, initial Cr concentration and pH on the efficiency of Cr removal. It was concluded that the maximum adsorption of Cr (> 90 per cent) was achieved by vermiculite and soil within 24 h. The equilibrium isotherm data for vermiculite was found to follow the Freundlich and Langmuir equations and a separation factor was used to judge the favourable adsorption. Vermiculite exhibited a higher adsorption capacity (Xm -100 mg g^{-1), followed by sand, sawdust and soil (Xm=20 mg g-1). The Cr retention capacity of adsorbents at different pH was calculated on the basis of the distribution coefficient (Kd) and the highest Kd value was achieved by vermiculite (61.1) at pH 5.0.}

4 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

001978   Srikanth K;Ramu G;Radhakrishna M;Narasimha Ramulu K (Zoology Dep, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal-506 009, Email: ramu_gundu@rediffmail.com) : Impact of deforestation on bio-diversity of eturunagaram wild life sancturary. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(2), 201-211.

Biodiversity is a contraction of biological diversity; it reflects the number variety and variability of living organisms. The management of wildlife biodiversity is an essential component in the natural resources potential. Understanding wildlife biodiversity is beyond the comprehension of our theoretical knowledge about habitat level, community level and trophic level biodiversity and necessitates the need for human approach in safeguarding the various wildlife fauna existing as endangered categories due to deforestation.

2 illus, 14 ref

001977   Singh R K;Pramod Ranjan (P.G. Zoology, J.P. Univ, Research Scholar) : Change in ecological parameters due to pollution in sikandarpur lake Muzaffaarpur (Bihar).. Ecotech 2009, 1(1), 37-8.

"Pollution" is beared from all the nooks and Corners of the globe and pollution has became a major threat to the very existence of mankind on this earth. It is the major challenge of time. The Pollution of various resources has gone to such an extent that we are unable to breath fresh air and drink fresh water. On one hand, the advancements of Science and technology have added to the human comforts by giving us automobile, suptersonic jets, space Grafts, electrical appliances, better medicines, better chemicals to control harmful insets and other pests, but on the other hand they have also given us a very serious problem to face the pollution. Hydrogen ion concentration was always alkaline. Dissolved oxygen was very low due to polluted water. Phosphate concentration was nil or neglisible. Total Alkalinity varies in between 128 to 148 ppm. Chloride concentration was also low in comparision to fresh water obly due to the pollution in Sikanderpur lake Muzaffarpur (Bihar).

1 table, 5 ref

001976   Singh L N;Singh S K;Ram Gopal;Gupta D;Radhe Shyam (Geological Survey of India, Western Region, Jaipur-302 004, Email: lns_gsi@yahoo.com) : Significance of borehole geophysics and measurement of physical properties of core samples in Sawar belt, Rajasthan. Indian Miner 2008, 61-2(3-4,1-4), 123-34.

The Proterozoic Sawar metasedimentary belt in the eastern part of Ajmer district, Rajasthan contains several small moderate-grade lead-zinc deposits Borehole logging carried out in southern part of this belt has identified the mineralised zones intersected by drilling. It has also indicated some additional conductive zones which may indicate the presence of sulphides in close proximity of the boreholes where the body might have been missed by drilling. Electrical logging in corroboration with magnetic susceptibility values from drill cores is more diagnostic of the mineralised zones particularly due to association of pyrrhotite with other economic sulphides. The measurement of physical properties namely chargeability, resistivity and density of drill core samples is very helpful in identifying the mineralized zones in boreholes and its correlation with ground geophysical responses.

8 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

001975   Sheena S;Nordin Andrew B;Tang C G;Sung-Kun K (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, Baylor Univ, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, USA) : Phytoremediation for arsenic contamination: arsenate reductase. Res J Biotechnol 2009, 4(1), 26-31.

Arsenic is a toxic pollutant present in the environment that causes serious health issues. Phytoremediation would be a solution to mitigate arsenic contamination in soil or water. Two forms of arsenic mainly exist in the environment, arsenite, [As(III)] and arsenate, [As(V)]. In plant mechanisms, arsenate reductase reduces arsenate to arsenite with the help of thioredoxins or glutaredoxins, which serve as electron donors. Subsequently, arsenite can be stored in the plant vacuole. For example, the Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plant contains bacterial arsenate reductase and glutamylcysteine synthase, which enhance its ability to store two to three times more arsenic per gram of tissue than the non-transgenic plant. Further investigation of the mechanism of arsenic uptake in plants is needed to provide a foundation to develop better transgenic arsenic hyper accumulators.

4 illus, 19 ref

001974   Sharma I;Goyal D (Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Thapar Univ, Patiala-147 004, Email: dineshgoyal163@gmail.com) : Removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solution by pretreated microbial waste biomass. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(2), 29-33.

Removal of chromium (HI) from aqueous solution was studied by two pretreated microbial waste biomass obtained as byproduct of pharmaceutical industry involving fermentative production of certain antibiotics by Aspergillus sp. (MB1) and Streptomyces sp. (MB2). Percentage Cr(III) removal efficiency was improved by pretreatment of native biomass MB 1 with certain chemicals in the order of sodium hydroxide (96.21%) > sulfuric acid (70.92%) > acetone (68.006%) > methanol (64.13%)> chloroform (63.01l%)> hydrochloric acid (62.02%) > diethylether (54.28%), whereas by MB2 biomass it was in the order of hydrochloric acid (77.72%) > sodium hydroxide (76.647%) > sulfuric acid (75.82%) > diethylether (74.49%) chloroform (69.06%) > methanol (58.98%). Both alkali and acid treatment showed significant removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solution than the organic solvent. This indicates that such waste microbial biomass could be used as an alternative source for Cr removal from industrial effluent and its pretreatment with dilute alkali or acid can significantly enhance the metal removal efficiency.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

001973   Sharda A K (NO, , JK Paper Ltd, Unit : J.K. Paper Mill Forest, Organization, ayagad-765 001) : Improving rural livelihood through carbon sequestration (CDM A/R) project : JK's path breaking initiative on CDM. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 133-6.

JK Paper has developed a project under the COM (Clean Development Mechanism.) of the Kyoto Protocol for linking small and marginal farmers taking up plantations and linking it with the Global Carbon market. It is first of its kind in Southeast Asia under LULUCF (Land Use & Land Use Change & Forestry) Project to sell emission reductions earned through carbon sequestration by the plantations. This project will enable small & marginal farmers to earn additional revenues through linkage with the global carbon market by afforesting their degraded lands; the project covers 3500 Hectares in 3 districts of Orissa and 3 districts of Andhra Pradesh. Being a path-breaking project and the stringent requirements of the CDM Board and the Bio-Carbon Fund of the World Bank it has been a herculean task for JKPL to bring this project through. The farmer earns additional revenue for every ton of carbon sequestrated apart from the revenue received by sale of wood, which encourages them to go for plantation bringing about environmental benefits like preventing soil erosion and protection of vital water resources through sustainable land management practices. The project has enormous value of replicating on large scale, thus putting India on the global carbon market so far A/R project is concerned. While it plays vital role to combat Global Wanning, the aspect of improving livelihood in the backward region gives it a special status under CDM project.

001972   Sarma N;Chakravarty H (NO, , Nagaon Paper Mill, Kagajnagar-782 413) : Environmental management at nagaon paper mill : enhancing competitiveness. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 79-85.

Pulp and Paper industry has been considered as one of the major polluting industries in the world. At the same time, stringent environmental legislations has forced the industry to look for drastic measures to recycle natural resources by adopting eco-friendly practices, so that they can be used as raw material to other processes inside the plant or outside. Nagaon Paper Mill (NPM) has already initiated and implemented many schemes since inception of the mill to fight with the pollution potentials in and around mill premises for betterment of the local inhabitants not only for its survival but also as a social obligation, which is considered to be a major step in to-day's competitive scenario. NPM is marching towards continual improvement of environmental performances as per EMS because of which many time targeted action plans of eco-friendly nature have been implemented and many are under implementation. Total recycle concept has already been implemented in processes to reduce consumption and wastage. A already achieved target in some of the areas like reduction in wastewater discharge, reduction in total pollution load and reduction in consumption of some natural resources like water, coal, bamboo, etc. The use of treated effluent, all along the disposal route to a stretch of 25 km is remarkable. Regular monitoring of effluent, ground water & air quality have shown very encouraging results since last couple of decades. The Mill is going for modernization and technological upgradation of its processes including Pulp Mill, which will further improve the quality of product as well as quality of out going emissions. To conserve Forest, NPM has adopted a Farm Forestry scheme, which was introduced in 2001 and is progressing well. The tissue culture laboratory of NPM, for mass production of bamboo plantlets is considered to be a noble step towards conservation of forests in NE states that may also be considered as a break through in this field for global competition.

8 illus, 4 ref

001971   Renjith K R;Chandramohanakumar N (Chemical Oceanography Dep, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin Univ of Science and technology, Kochi-682 016, Email: renjithaqua@gmail.com) : Distribution of heavy metals in the surficial sediments of a complex micro-tidal Estuarine system in Southwest India. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(2), 34-44.

Seasonal and spatial variations of heavy metals along with the mineralogy in the surficial sediments of the Panangad region in the southern arm of Cochin estuary were analysed to identify the factors governing their geochemical distribution. Finer sediment fractions were rich in clay mineral like illite, kaolinite + chlorite, smectite and gibbsite where as quartz and feldspar dominated in coarser fractions. Mineralogical composition of the sediments represents hinterland flux. Higher amount of minerals resulted in characteristic enrichment of trace elements, particularly in the fine fractions of the sediments. Quartz and feldspar have inverse effect on the sedimentary heavy metal distribution. The order of metal abundance also signals to the chemical weathering in the catchment area. Seasonal variations were not observed in the heavy metals distribution, while their spatial variations could be related to the granulometry. Highly significant interrelations between heavy metals propose a common origin. Sediment enrichment factor analysis pointed towards anthropogenic contamination for Ni and Pb. Principal component analysis was employed to find the major geochemical processes leading to the distribution of heavy metals in this estuary.

1 illus, 8 tables, 52 ref

001970   Ramana S;Biswas A K;Ajay;Subba Rao A (NO, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Nerasia Road, Bhopal-462 038, Email: sramana@iiss.ernet.in) : Phytoextraction of lead by marigold and chrysanthemum. Indian J Pl Physiol 2008, 13(3), 297-9.

Chrysanthemum and marigold were grown in the pots at five levels of lead (0,100,150,200,250 and 500 ppm). At lower levels, the applied Pb promoted growth of the plants but at the highest level suppressed the growth. The concentration of Pb in the tissues followed the order: root>stem>leaf>flower. Chrysanthemum recorded higher concentration of Pb in root (649 μg g^{-1 dw) at 500 ppm of applied Pb than marigold (587 μg g-1 dw) at the same level of Pb. Marigold because of its high biomass recorded higher total Pb uptake than chrysanthemum. Therefore, marigold could have a great prospective as a phyremediator of soils contaminated with moderate to relatively high levels of Pb.}

^ssc5 illus, 11 ref

001969   Piska R S;Vidyasager G;Ramana Devi Ch V;Rama Krishna C V (Zoology Dep, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 07) : Health profiles in flouride effected areas in two villages of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(2), 359-64.

The work was carried out in Nemmani and Edavally villages, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh. The main aspect was focused in the present studies is the health conditions of residents in these villages. Epidemiological surveys were conducted to know the health condition of residents, especiallyj1uorosis. 350 residents from these two villages were selected at randomly for epidemiological survey. A questionnaire was prepared for this purpose and data was collected. The residents of Nemmani and Edavally villages were effected with fluorosis mainly of 3 forms- dental, skeletal and non- skeletal fluorosis. 241 individuals were observed with dental fluorosis out of 350 persons (61.14%). Out of 214 individuals 162 children (below 20 years) were suffering with this disease (71.70%). Skeletal fluorosis is characterized by severe pain and stiffuess in the neck, backbone and joints. The survey was conducted to fmd out the details of habits of residents. Out of 350 members 247 were using aluminum vessels for cooking (70.57%), 326 members were taking tea (93.14%), 331 people were using tamarind (94.50%), 326 members were taking milk and milk products (93.14%) and: 14 people were using fluoride tooth paste (04%). The usage of aluminum vessels and fluoride tooth paste aggravate fluorosis. Use of tamarind, tea and milk and its products is good. The amount of vitamin C and calcium will increase and useful to fluorosis patients.

2 tables, 21 ref

001968   Payam N;Hassan T S;Amini H (Soil and Water Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad Univ, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Isfahan, P.O. 81595-158, Iran, Email: payam.najafi@gmail.com) : Effect of sugar beet industrial wastewater toward soil hydraulic properties. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 37-43.

Objective of the research was the assessment of sugar beet industrial wastewater (SIW) which could affect soil hydraulic property. A completely randomized design (CRT) was employed with three irrigation treatments and three replications in a plant located in the east of Isfahan during summer 2008. The treatments were normal water (T1), 50% normal water plus 50% SIW (T2) and 100% SIW (T3). The 21 columns used were made by Poly Vinil chloride (PVC) with a diameter of 110 millimeter (mm) and a height of 400 mm. The most important properties of soil hydraulic such as infiltration rate, soil basic infiltration rate and saturation hydraulic conductivity were measured. Some other parameters, EC, SAR and organic matter (OM) were also determined since they potentially affect the soil hydraulic properties. The irrigation water was added to the soil columns through surface irrigation by a constant volume and period during 12 irrigation events. The result shows that the soil basic infiltration rates after the 12 irrigation events increased as follows: 3.5, 5 and 54 percent in comparison with initial condition for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. At the end of the period, the soil hydraulic conductivity values changed to 0.77, 0.73 and 1.1 m/day. An explanation for this trend would be due to the increment of soil organic matter (OM) within the above period. The EC and SAR values did not significantly increase during that period. It was concluded that applicability of SIW values could enhance soil hydraulic properties of fields to some extent.

10 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

001967   Patil A K;Shrivastava V S (Center for P.G. Research in Chemistry, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar-425 412, Email: akpatildnm@yahoo.co.in) : Removal of Cr (VI) by a low cost adsorbent prepared from Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) nicols plant material. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(2), 47-56.

The Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) Nicols plant material (ABPM) were used as low cost, easily available and renewable adsorbent for the removal Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies demonstrate that the adsorbent prepared from Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) Nicols plant material (ABPM) has a significant capacity for adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The parameters investigated in this study include pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial Cr(VI) concentration. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is highly pH dependent and the results indicate that the optimum pHfor the removal was found to be 2. Cr(VI) removal efficiency was found to be 98.8% at initial Cr (VI) concentration of 10 mg/L in 2 hours contact time. An adsorbent dose of 4 g/L was sufficient for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. The adsorption process of Cr (VI) is tested with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption isotherm followed Freundlich better than Langmuir isotherms. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on the adsorbent was evaluated for the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models respectively. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was found to correlate the experimental data well.

15 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

001966   Pandey S N;Agnihotri M;Rajeev Singh (Botany Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007) : Effect of chromium on uptake and translocation of Cr, Cu, Zn and some biomolecules in linseed plant. J appl Biosci 2008, 34(2), 185-8.

The alluvial soil earlier irrigated with Hewit's nutrient solution (containing 1 μM ZnSO₄ and 1 μM CuSO₄) was used to grow linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds up to 40 days; after which it was re-irrigated with graded Cr (0.0, 0.02, 0.2, 2.0 and 5.0 ppm) to investigate the uptake and translocation of Cr, Cu and Zn and their effects on biomolecule contents in test plants. The uptake of Cr, Cu and Zn was more in root than in shoot, indicating their slow translocation. The order of uptake and translocation was Cr>Cu>Zn. The tissue concentration of Cr increased with increase in its concentration in the irrigated solution. Cr inhibited the uptake and translocation of Zn more than Cu. Maximum accumulation of biomolecule (proline, protein and sugar) contents was observed at tissue concentration of Cr, 24.2; Cu, 11.1 and Zn 4.4 μg g^-1 dry weight in linseed leaves. Excess supply of Cr (2.0 and 5.0 ppm) increased the uptake of Cr and Cu and reduced the biomolecule (proline, protein and sugar) contents in linseed plants.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

001965   Ojha N K;Pandey M K (NO, , LMV Hafizpur, Baniapur, Saran) : Limno-chemical studies on wetlands in rural Chapra (Baniapur) Saran, Bihar. Ecotech 2009, 1(1), 81-2.

Wetlands are regarded as a life existing system of millions of people in diverse way. Increased human activities over time have significantly affected to the deterioration of these wetlands. Gandak river basin has treasured various ponds, puddles, swamps / paddy fields with varying use potential. The lowland of these wetlands are highly valuable due to continuous water availability and suitability of land for paddy cultivation and fish farming. These wetland are presently under intense human activities due to which destruction of fish founa and aquatic life is taking place rapidly. The present study was carried out to access TDS pH electrical conductivity DO, calcium, magnesium hardness alkalinity, sodium, potassium, chloride phosphate and nitrate in different water bodies.

1 table, 10 ref

001964   Narendra Ram;Reddy K R G;Ghosh A K (NO, CIMFR, Dhanbad) : Approach to estimate the sociatal cost for air pollution by mining sectors. Indian Min Engng J 2008, 47(8), 11-14.

Air pollution continues to increase by mining industries with the consequences affecting growing numbers of people and ultimately the global environment. The effects of pollution manifest themselves in deteriorating air quality around the mining areas, resulting in increased cases of respiratory illness and rain and the increasing global threat of climate change. Four methods of valuating the cost by pollution imposes on society are presented here. 'Market valuation' demonstrates to what extent pollution has caused a decrease in the market value of the resource, or another item with the marker value that is impacted by environmental pollution .'Damage Cost Avoided' estimate the values ecosystem services based on either the cost of avoiding damages due to lost services, the cost of replacing ecosystem services, or the cost -of providing substitute services. 'Dose-response' provides a type of impact assessment by estimating the cost of the impact of environmental pollution on ecosystems and human health. 'Contingent valuation' estimates society's 'willingness -to-pay' for the reduction of environmental pollution. This paper discussed the approach that could be used to help identify, design, and evaluating cost of environmental pollution on society.

6 ref

001963   Mohanty S (Lab of Eco-Toxicology, Berhampur Univ, Berhampur, Orissa, Email: shukla_20028@rediffmail.com) : Impact of cadmium chloride on FAA and protein content of phasolus seedlings under laboratory controlled conditions. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 99-101.

Toxicological effects of a on a crop plant Phaseolus Mungo, L. were studied. At 3 ppm of cadmium chloride 94.28% depletion of protein content in root was observed. Protein content in leaf (76.92%) and shoot (94.28%) decreased significantly with increase in toxicant concentration in exposed phaseolus seedlings when compared to control in 144hrs old seedlings in petriplate culture. In case of FAA content no significant trend was marked in 144 hrs of exposure in petriplate culture. Variation in toxicity was only due to the concentration of the toxicant.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

001962   Maheshwari R;Beena Rani;Bhaskar N S (Chemistry Dep, SBDTC, Lakshman Garh, Sikar, Rajasthan-332 311, Email: binaraj_2005@rediffmail.com) : Arsenic contaminated groundwater and its health hazards: prevention & mitigation strategies for sustainable era. Ecotech 2009, 1(1), 1-10.

Arsenic, a metalloid clement occurs in hydrological environment in mainly two inorganic forms viz. arsenite and arsenate. It is proven fact that arsenic (As) has deleterious (acute & chronic both) effects on almost all living beings including human. Clinical manifestations of arsenic poisoning begin with various forms of skin diseases (viz. melanosis & keratosis) and proceed via damage to internal organs, and eventually lead to kidney infection, reproductive inefficiency and disturbances of cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous functions. Toxicity Scale: arsine > inorganic - As (III) > Organic As (III) > inorganic As - (V) > arsonium compounds and elemental - As. The symptoms of chronic As - poisoning may take place between 5 and 15 yrs to reveal themselves. The All India standard for As in potable water is 0.05 mg/l (0.05 ppm). This standard was based on WHO advice at the time when the As regulations were drafted in 1993. WHO lowered their guideline value for As to 0.01 mg/l. The arsenic contamination of groundwater in West Bengal and Bangla Desh has affected millions and has been called the largest mass poisoning (As- calamity) in history. Arsenic pyrite has been primarily recognized as the main source of arsenic pollution in India. The increasing concern over human exposure to arsenic toxicity in Indian subcontinent and its neighbouring countries has necessitated the development of Eco-friendly and cost effective technologies for the determination of trace levels of arsenic in water. The objective of this study is to critically discuss the various aspects of the removal of arsenic from contaminated water and set forth the future directions for successful implementation and adaptation of current technologies to rural population.

15 ref

001961   Kirankumar Pappu;Raju D V S N;Manjulatha C; Sumanth Kuma Mr;Praveen M (Zoology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: kiranpappu1543@yahoo.co.in) : Environmental amd its beneficial awareness in developed and slum areas, a comparative study in Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India.. Ecotech 2009, 1(1), 11-14.

Environmental awareness and conservation has started gaining importance through out the world and has now become a worldwide phenomenon. The studies were conducted to investigate and ventilate the environmental awareness, benefits and its current status among the people of developed and slum areas of Srikakulam which lies on 83.54ø longitude and 18.12ø latitude. The studies were further focused on the part taken by the mass media in creating the awareness among the public. Based on the data collected through a continuous field surveys, literature collection and secondary information it is clear that environmental awareness is in low levels and the beneficial environment is nil. This paper makes a modest attempt to assess the levels of awareness among the people. The results depict that the awareness among the respondents regarding environment and its benefits is meager.

10 ref

001960   Gupta A K;Virender Kumar (Environmental Research Laboratory, Zoology Dep, S S V (PG) College, Hapuyr-245 101, Email: jayent_1980@yahoo.co.in) : Pesticides induced changes in activity of acidphosphatase in worker bees of Indian honeybee Apis cerena indica under laboratory conditions. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(2), 221-7.

The effect of Y4 and 12 fractions of LC_50> (96 hrs.) of three pesticides (dimethoate, quinalphos and endosulfan) on the activity of enzyme Acidphosphatase in 5, 15 and 25 days old worker bees of Apis cerena indica was" studied. In control, the activity of Acidphosphatase was found less in 5 days old bees and maximum in foragers (25 days old worker bees) and i.e. the activity of the enzyme increases with the age of the bees. On other hand, the data obtained from treated groups of worker bees revealed that all the pesticides reduced the activity of Acidphosphatase in all age groups but maximum reduction was found in foragers. The results obtained from this investigation suggested that organophosphates (dimethoate and quinalphos) had more inhibitory action on Acidphosphatase activity than organochlorines (Endosulfan).

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

001959   Geeta rani;Sharma R K (Botnay Dep, S S V (PG) College, Hapur-245 101) : Distillery effluent responses on stomata and chlorophyll content of Lawsonia inermis L. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(2), 353-7.

Effects of distillery effluent on Lawsonia inermis L. have been studied with reference to stomata and chlorophyll content. In control, anomocytic stomata are irregularly distributed on both surfaces of the mature leaf. The effluent affected the shape and size of epidermal cells variously. Stomatal frequency is increased in all concentration. In the treated plant, the number of epidermal cells increased due to their smaller size. The effect was maximum in 100 concentration. Stomatal frequency also upsurged with increase in concentration of the effluent: The stomatal index did not show any significant variation because the frequency of both the epidermal cells and the stomata increased. The abnormalities such as juxtaposed contiguous and superimposed stomata are found in treated plants.

3 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

001958   Gautam R;Gautam R K (Zoology Dep, St John's College, Agra-282 002) : Variation in physicochemical characteristics in Sursarovar. J Nat Conserv 2008, 20(2), 343-8.

More than 106 species of migratory are resident birds are known to have their resting habitats at Sursarovar, With variety of fishes and water birds, this place eminate tranquility and a eavenly impression. The Sursarovar lake is surrounded by wide variety of crops and plants. e industrial effluents and raw water from Agra canal originating from okhla barrage also discharges toxicants in the lake water of Sursarovar which can alter normal standards of water. e parameters such as water temperature, pH, TDS, colour, odour, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolve oxygen, biological oxygen demand were studied. The nuisance odour, pale our, and much less dissolve oxygen was noticed in the month of March and April 2008.

8 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

001957   Das S;Santra S C (Botany Dep, Charuchandra College, Kolkata-700 029) : Characterization of simultaneous bio-accumulation and bioreduction of hexavalent chromium by an Aspergillus flavus isolate (EST_F-241). J mycopathol Res 2008, 46(1), 77-80.

Environmental pollution arising out of tannery wastewater effluent is a significant problem and a matter of great concern to these industries even as stricter pollution norms are re-introduced in recent years. Tannery industries generate huge amount of effluent with very high organic load. As the leather tanning industries commonly use the chrome-tanning method, the effluent contains very high amount of toxic chromate salts. In eastern Kolkata area there are more than 500 small to large tanneries, most of which use chrome-liquor for leather tanning. As a result the effluent generated contain haxavalent chromate compounds in huge amount, higher than the Pollution Control Board norms. Effluent containing high amount of toxic hexavalent chromate [Cr (VI)] salts leads to high toxicity when fed to plants as well as in animals. For bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater, different types of interactions like biotransformation, bio-absorption and binding of heavy metals with extracellular or intracellular organeiles are effectively used. After initial screening, simultaneous bio-accumulation and bio-reduction of Cr(VI) by a chromium resistant environmental isolate of Aspergillus flavus EST_F-241 was studied under different cultural conditions. In batch-culture of chromium supplemented media, effects of different parameters like pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration and additional nutrients were studied. Neutral to slightly alkaline pH was found to be best for bio-accumulation while pH 8.0 was best for reduction to Cr(III). Temperature did not seem to have any significant impact on chromium removal in range of 26-34°C. The candidate strain was more efficient when applied in lower concentrations (25-50 ppm) of chromium in absence of other metal ions. Additional nutrients like peptone or sucrose promoted bio-absorption as well as bio-reduction to remove more than 99% hexavalent chromium. Even with cheaper source like sugarcane-molasses, 95% removal was possible.

1 table, 9 ref

001956   Choudhury P;Banerjee D (Environmental & Water Management Dep, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol, West Bengal, Email: profdibyendu@rediffmail.com) : Biomonitoring of air quality in the industrial town of Asansol using the ai pollution tolerance index approach. Res J Chem Envir 2009, 13(1), 46-51.

Asansol city is an industrial urban area which is also part of the Raniganj Coalfield area and is located in the Burdwan district of West Bengal. Over the last five years there was hectic development in the area in terms of industries, vehicles and infrastructures. These have resulted in significant rise of the air pollutants over the city atmosphere; which is affecting human population, other animals and also the plant community. Although vegetation can absorb paniculate and other gaseous pollutants into their system, but they also have some limitation and tend to show symptoms of damages after prolonged exposure. Based on this absorbing power and tolerance limit, vegetations can be classified as Highly Tolerant, Moderately Tolerant and Sensitive. This has been incorporated by scientists into a quantitative value of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI), depending on the score of the plant physiology indicators, namely Leaf Extract pH, Relative Water Content, Ascorbic Acid and Chlorophyll Content. The vegetation monitoring in terms of its APTI acts as a 'Bioindicator' of air pollution and can be incorporated into assessment studies. A total of thirty plant species (trees, herbs & shrubs) available in the area were screened; sampled in polythene bags; tagged, brought to the laboratory and analyzed for pH, Relative Water Content, Ascorbic Acid and Chlorophyll content. The results were used to calculate the APTI for each plant and then their tolerance/sensitivity was assessed. The APTI score of <10 is considered 'sensitive'; value within 10-16 is considered as 'intermediate' and >17 is 'tolerant'. The pH value ranged between 5.53 (Psidium guajava) and 7.60 (Osimum sanctum); Total Chlorophyll content varied between 7.4 and 14.3 mg/g. The Ascorbic Acid content ranged between 2.89 to 9.1 mg/g, where as the Relative Water Content varied between 35% and 91.5%. Based on the APTI score, which ranged between 4.50 and 18.5, it is observed that about 55 % of the studied species of plants are 'Sensitive' to air pollution. Among them Thevetia peruviana and Rosa cinensis showed lowest APTI values and can be used as 'Bioindicator'. Plant species like Mangifera, Azadirachta, Ficus, Psidum, Eucalyptus, Alstoni and Delonix were in the intermediate to tolerant zone of the index. Based on the investigation a green belt development plan for the polluted zoned of the city has been suggested.

1 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

001955   Choudhary M P;Sharma S (Public health Engineering Dep, Government of Rajasthan, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur) : Water hyacinth-a complete solution to wastewater treatment reclamation and environmental protection. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2008, 89(Sept), 52-4.

The treatment and disposal of wastewaters is becoming more and more important as ever increasing population and urbanization threaten existing potable water supplies in many areas of the world. Over the years, conventional treatment systems have been in practice throughout the world for the treatment c wastewaters. These systems are cost and energy intensive and require trained manpower for operation an, maintenance. Aquatic macrophyte, especially the water hyacinth, has been identified as a decontaminating device. It is understood that systems employing this waterweed will not only relieve the wastewater of toxic constituents but also recover the cost of treatment. In this paper, a brief review is made of the work already done at various laboratories throughout the world as well as available in the literature. It is observed that water hyacinth growth can be utilized as a primary treatment method for reducing BOD, COD, pH suspended solids, total solids and trace metals found in the wastewaters. Hence, wastewaters can be reclaimed for reuse and at the same time environmental protection can be ensured.

4 tables, 4 ref

001954   Choudhari C V;Wavre V S (Chemistry Dep, Science College, Nanded-431 605) : Effect of some environmental conditions on activity of homicides. Bioinfolet 2009, 6(4), 298-9.

Homicides are used for control of pests. Work deals with study on effect of different environmental conditions viz temperature and sunlight exposure on activity and effectiveness of Laxman Rekha and A One Brands on cockroaches. Result showed increased insecticidal activity after exposure to heat and sunlight than at room temperature. In both cases samples heated to 100°C showed effective insecticidal activity and caused absolute mortality of cockroaches (Periplanata americana) within short period.

2 illus, 7 ref