006051   Goel V;Grad IE;Kumar A;Verma N K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667) : Quanitative study on microbial pollution of river Yamuna at Delhi. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2008, 88(Mar), 56-60.

Traditionally, the river pollution has been extensively studied with regard to physical and chemical characteristics. However, lately microbiological quality of the river has come under greater focus owing to deleterious effects of pollution on human health, especially in the context of Designated Best Use (DBU) of the river waters. With this intent, the paper presents pollutional aspects of river Yamuna at Delhi, the capital of India, during lean the period. Out of large number of microbial parameters linked with human health, some significant contaminating indicators, namely, heterotrophic plate count (total plate count, CPU/ml), total coliform (MPN/lOOml), Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml), pathogenic parasites, namely, Helminths (eggs/1), coliphages/100 ml have been identified and measured along with the related usual parameters, namely, dissolved oxygen (ppm), biochemical oxygen demand (ppm), chemical oxygen demand (ppm), pH, temperature (OC), total dissolved solids (ppm) and turbidity (NTU). Six sampling locations (bridge sites) were selected and total 24 sample sets were collected over a period of four months from March 2004 to June 2004. The high values of microbial indicators and pathogens detected revealed that the microbiological quality of Yamuna waters was poor, unsafe and not acceptable even for the lowest DBU. The results of the study have revealed the need for pollution abatement measures to ensure river water quality as per the requirement of DBU. Further, an attempt has been made for generating the rapid method for estimation of organic pollution and corresponding microbial pollution, during Delhi stretch of Yamuna river, through derived relationships, namely, Chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg/1) and Fecal Coliform (FC, MPN/100ml). The results of Fecal Coliform obtained by laboratory analysiscan be verified by comparing the results obtained from various inter-relationships investigated ' in this study. The duplicate analysis or use of control tubes can be avoided in routine microbial analysis.

4 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

006050   Gagneten A M;Imhof A (Ciencias natruales de Dep, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria - 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina) : Chromium (Cr) accumulation in the freshwater crab, Zilchiopsis collastinensis. J envir Biol 2009, 30(3), 345-8.

Freshwater crab, Zilchiopsis collastinensis was exposed in vivo to determine Cr accumulation in visceral content. After an acclimation period we added Cr (K₂Cr₂O₇) at nominal concentrations of 2 mg l^-1 Cr(VI) and 5 mg l^-1 Cr(VI) and a control (T0) under the same conditions, without Cr. At days 1, 7 and 14, Cr was measured in water, sediments and crabs and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) in relation to water and to sediment were obtained. Considering all samples and all the study period, crabs registered 3 times more Cr than sediments and 18 times more Cr than water. Cr levels in Z. collastinensis tissues were always lower in the control than in T1 and T2; no significant differences among days 1, 7 and 14 were found in the control. In the treatments, no significant increase in Cr levels in tissues were found between days 1 and 7, neither between days 7 and 14 in both concentrations tested. Significant differences were found between the control and T1 and T2 (p<0.001), but not between T1 and T2. The highest BCF obtained for Z. collastinensis were 51.82 and 51.42 in T1 and T2 in water at 14 days of exposure. The study shows the efficiency of freshwater crabs to accumulate Cr from water.

2 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

006049   Eder W (Earth Science Dep, University of Munich, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Muenchen, Germany, Email: w.eder-geo@iaag.geo.uni-muenchen.de) : Geoparks - promotion of earth sciences through geoheritage conservation, education and tourism. J Geol Soc India 2008, 72(2), 149-54.

Geoparks are as such excellent instruments in highlighting Earth sciences; notably those included in the European and/or Global Geoparks Networks, contribute to local or regional socio-economic sustainable development, mainly by geo-tourism and are providing an international platform of cooperation and exchange between experts and practitioners in geological and geomorphological heritage matters. The general goal of Geoparks is to integrate the preservation of geological heritage into a strategy for regional sustainable economic and cultural development, serves ideally the overall objective of the UN "International Year of Planet Earth" (2008) with its subtitle "Earth Sciences for Society".

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

006048   Dubey S P;Krishna Gopal;Bersillon J L (Aquatic Toxicology Div, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.B. No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226 001) : Utility of adsorbents in the purification of drinking water: a reveiw of characterization, efficiency and safety evaluation of various adsorbents. J envir Biol 2009, 30(3), 327-32.

Clean drinking water is one of the implicit requisites for a healthy human population. However, the growing industrialization and extensive use of chemicals for various concerns, has increased the burden of unwanted pollutants in the drinking water of developing countries like India. The entry of potentially hazardous substances into the biota has been magnifying day by day. In the absence of a possible stoppage of these, otherwise, useful chemicals, the only way to maintain safer water bodies is to develop efficient purifying technologies. One such immensely beneficial procedure that has been in use is that of purification of water using `adsorbents'. Indigenous minerals and natural plants products have potential for removing many pollutants viz. fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, heavy metals, pesticides as well as trihalomethanes. Adsorbents which are derived from carbon, alumina, zeolite, clay minerals, iron ores, industrial by products, and natural products viz. parts of the plants, herbs and algal biomass offer promising potential of removal. In the recent years attention has been paid to develop process involving screening / pretreatment / activation / impregnation using alkalies, acids, alum, lime, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride and other chemicals which are found to enhance their adsorbing efficiency. Chemical characterization of these adsorbents recapitulates the mechanism of the process. It is imperative to observe that capacities of the adsorbents may vary depending on the characteristics, chemical modifications and concentration of the individual adsorbent. Removal kinetics is found to be based on the experimental conditions viz. pH, concentration of the adsorbate, quantity of the adsorbent and temperature. It is suggested that isotherm model is suitable tool to assess the adsorption capacities in batch and column modes. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the process/products may be useful to provide guidelines for its sustainable disposal.

^iia6 illus, 53 ref

006047   Datta D;Banerjee P K;Datta S (NO, Chemical engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032) : Analysis of seasonal variation of water quality and bottom sediment parameters of stagnant surface water body. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2008, 88(Mar), 7-13.

Aims at measuring various water quality parameters of a stagnant water body situated within Jadavpur University campus in. south Kolkata, throughout a year. The water sample was collected and tested from various strategic locations of the water body under different climatic condition as well as from different depth from the surface of water body. Analysis of seasonal variations of different water quality parameters is presented in the paper. It was observed that during pre-monsoon season, water quality deteriorates to a great extent but it again revived itself during monsoon season. Along with the water quality parameters, different toxic heavy metal concentration in the bottom sediment of water bodies was also analyzed. Proper identification of the polluting source and adoption of pollution abatement measures may possibly play a great role in improving the water quality to bring out it to reasonably pollution free level throughout the year.

11 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

006046   Chouychai W;Thongkukiatkul A;Upatham S;Lee H;Pokethitiyook P;Kruatrachue M (Biological Science Programe, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi-20131, Thailand) : Plant-enhanced phenanthrene and pyrene biodegradation in acidic soil. J envir Biol 2009, 30(1), 139-44.

Study was undertaken to assess if corn plant (Zea may L.) may be able to enhance the degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene in acidic soil inoculated with a bacterial strain (Pseudomonas putida MUB1) capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Planting with corn, inoculating with MUB1, or a combination of the two were found to promote the degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene in acidic soil at different rates. In the presence of corn plants, the rates of phenanthrene and pyrene removal were 41.7 and 38.8% in the first 10 days, while the rates were 58.8 and 53.6%, respectively, in the treatment which received MUB1 only. After 60 days, the corn + MUB1 treatment led to the greatest reduction in both phenanthrene and pyrene biodegradation (89 and 88.2%, respectively). In control autoclaved soil, the rates of phenanthrene and pyrene removal were 14.2 and 28.7%, respectively, while in non-autoclaved soil, the rates were 68.7 and 53.2%, respectively. These results show that corn, which was previously shown to grow well in PAH-contaminated acidic soil, also can enhance PAH degradation in such soil. Inoculation with a known PAH degrader further enhanced PAH degradation in the presence of corn.

2 illus, 38 ref

006045   Chaudhary S;Sharma Y K (Environmental Science Dep, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007) : Interactive studies of potassium and copper with cadmium on seed germination and early seedling growth in maize (Zea mays L.). J envir Biol 2009, 30(3), 427-32.

Novel approach has been made to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium in maize (Zea mays L. cv. KJ9451) in terms of germination, seedling growth, pigment development and relevant enzyme activity, and the possible remedial approach using potassium and copper to reduce cadmium toxicity. For the investigations maize seeds were sown in petridishes on filter paper in triplicate containing different doses of cadmium viz. 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and1.0 mM and for interactive studies maize seeds sown in 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mM Cd concentration were subjected to 0.50 and 1.00 mM concentration of potassium and copper respectively. At the high cadmium concentrations, germination percentage was decreased. I also showed considerable reduction in plumule length, radicle length and number of lateral roots while the potassium and copper combination with cadmium increased the seedling growth. The calculated values of SVI were found to be decreased with increase in the concentration of cadmium. Decreased GRI values were observed in maize treated with three higher concentrations of cadmium but the combination of potassium and copper showed recovery in GRI values. The fresh weight, dry weight and moisture contents were also found reduced with higher cadmium concentrations but the potassium and copper combination showed recovery when used with higher concentration of cadmium. Declined chlorophyll contents were noticed under the influence of higher cadmium concentrations. Both the combination of potassium and copper used with 0.50, 0.75 and1.00 mM cadmium concentrations resulted in increased chlorophyll and pheophytin contents and decreased in Cu combination respectively. The potassium and copper (both 0.50 and 1.00 mM) with 0.75 and 1.00 mM cadmium increased the carotenoid contents although lone cadmium decreased it. Amylase activity was found to be gradually reduced at all concentrations of cadmium. The 0.50 mM and 1.00 mM potassium combination improved amylase activity. Marked increase in catalase and peroxidase activity by the application of test chemical was observed in different doses of cadmium. The potassium and copper combination used with cadmium concentration reduced catalase activity while peroxidase activity was promoted.

2 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

006044   Bindhya R;Sunny S A;Salom Gnana Thanga V (Environmental Sciences Dep, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram-695 581) : In vitro study on the influence of methyl parathion on soil bacterial activity. J envir Biol 2009, 30(3), 417-19.

Study was conducted to find out the effect of different concentrations of Methyl parathion, an organophosphorus pesticide on soil bacterial population, soil respiratory activity and dehydrogenase activity, under laboratory conditions for a definite time period. The higher concentration (100 ppm) of Methyl parathion application, considerably reduced bacterial count, CO₂ evolution and enzyme activity in soil but the microbial activities seemed to recover several weeks following pesticide application.

3 illus, 10 ref

006043   Bhargava D S;Tyagi B;Gakkhar S (NO, Roorkee Univ, Roorkee, Uttranchal) : Polynomilalization of Bhargava models for DO Sag elements. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2008, 88(Mar), 43-55.

The existing DO sag models of Streeter-Phelps have become obsolete in the present day context of polluted streams in which a part of the BOD removal necessarily takes place through sedimentation which aspect is not accounted for in the Streeter-Phelps models. Bhargava 's theoretically derived models for the DO sag parameters takes account of the almost linear removal of the settleable BOD along with the exponential decay of the non-settleable BOD. However, for the DO sag elements, the Bhargava models have two expressions, one each for times less than or greater than the transition time in which all the settleable BOD is removed. Polynomial zed forms of the Bhargava models for the DO sag elements are developed which are shorter, simpler, single expression equivalent substitute and universally applicable without any regard to the transition time. Unlike the Streeter-Phelps or Bhargava models, the presented polynomial forms of Bhargava models have an additional advantage of evaluating the critical and inflexion dissolved oxygen deficit concentration directly and without first determining the times of occurrence of such concentrations. The material presented would add to the existing literature on the subject.

8 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

006042   Aslim B;Ozturk S (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, Teknikokullar-06500, Ankara, Turkey) : Toxicity of herbicides of cyanobacterial isolates. J envir Biol 2009, 30(3), 381-4.

Herbicides most commonly used in Turkey are trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dini tro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea]. The effects of these three herbicides on the growth of 10 threatened aquatic cyanobacterial isolates were tested by using 9-day exposure experiments at concentrations of 50-200 mg l^-1 for trifluralin and 2,4-D and 0.05-1 mg l^-1 for linuron. Concentrations of herbicides that elicited a 50% growth reduction over 9 days (EC₅₀) were 136-882 mg l^-1 trifluralin, 122-747 mg l^-1 2,4-D, and 0.002-0.714 mg l^-1 linuron. Synechocystis sp. H₆ was more tolerant to the three herbicides than the other isolates of cyanobacteria. Chroococcus sp. S₂₇, Microcystis sp. S₂₇, and Synechococcus sp. S₂₄ were the most sensitive to trifluralin, 2,4-D, and linuron, respectively. There has been increasing awareness about using cyanobacteria as pollution control agents. The study indicated that as the concentrations of the these herbicides were increased, significant changes were recorded in cyanobacterial growth rates. Results obtained from the comparative study allow the choice of suitable herbicides for agricultural practices based on their effects on cyanobacterial growth.

4 tables, 42 ref

005124   Vidyasagar G M;Kotresha D;Sreenivasa N; Karnam R (P.G. Studies and Research in Botany, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106) : Role of endosulfan in mediating stress responses in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 217-20.

Study revealed the importance of endosulfan in mediating stress responses in Sorghum bicolorL. Moench (variety JP-1-1). The seeds treateawith different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) of endosulfan showed a significant decrease in percent germination over control. As the concentration increased, the shoot length, root length and biomass decreased. The amount of chlorophyll-a and protein decreased gradually with the increase in endosulfan concentration, whereas phenol and proline contents increased from 1.08 to 1.57 mg g^{-1 and 0.18 to 0.98 mg g-1, respectively. Chlorophyll-b decreased in 0.2% (0.97 mg g-1) as compared to control and revealed a gradual increase in 0.4% (1.11 mg g-1) and 0.6% (1.13 mg g-1). Endosulfan treatment suppressed the catalase and protease activity, but significantly increased the level of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, SOD and amylase enzymes. Lower dose (0.2%) ofendosulfan stimulated the activity of amylases.}

3 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

005123   Unaldi U K;Toroglu S (Geography Education Dep, Faculty of Education, Gazi Univ, 06500 - Ankara, Turkey, Email: storoglue@ksu.edu.tr) : Antimicrobial activity of pyramidal black pine (Pinus nigra spp. pallasiana var. pyramidata): an endemic plant close to become extinct. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 197-204.

Turkey is one of the richest areas at middle latitudes in terms of plant diversity. One of Turkey's (Anatolia) endemic plants is pyramidal black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana var. pyramidata). But, it was observed that the pyramidal black pine, which is part of Turkey's important biological richness, came close to become extinct. This study was carried out to investigate the drying of the pyramidal black pine in the specific Vakifkoy area having semi arid to humid climatic conditions on the one hand, and the effects of different thermal power plants on drying of the pyramidal black pine on the other hand. In addition, the study was designed to examine the effects of mistletoe on drying this plant and even the antimicrobial activities of this plant. As a result, we can conclude that the negative effects of semi arid climatic conditions, climatic variables, drought, mistletoe, silver factory and thermal power plants are still not clear on the pyramidal black pine trees. However, when the results of this study were compared with ampicillin (10 mcg) and nystatin (30 mcg) standards, it was found that extracts of pyramidal black pine were particularly found to possess stronger antimicrobial activity.

4 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

005122   Srivastava R;Srivastava N (Zoology Dep, Centre for Advanced Studies, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 004, Email: sri_29rama@yahoo.com) : Changes in nutritive value of fish, Channa punctatus after chronic exposure to zinc. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 299-302.

The investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of sublethal concentrations of zinc (0.1 and 0.2 mgl^{-1) on the nutritional value of fish Channapunctatus after exposure for 135 days. The parameters studied were, levels of total proteins, glycogen, total lipids, cholesterol and vitamins (A and D) in the muscle. Total proteins, glycogen, total lipids and vitamin D show highly significant decline from day 90 to 135, while cholesterol and vitamin A, show no significant changes upto 105 days. This study signifies a drastic reduction in the nutritive value of fish, which is compounded by the fact that under natural conditions fish are exposed to these levels of zinc for prolonged periods.}

6 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

005121   Srivastav S K;Bhargav J S;Gupta R K (NO, Central Ground Water Board, Hyderabad) : Ground water quality in Puri town, India-a case study. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2A), 660-75.

Puri is one of the coastal towns of Eastern India and is an important pilgrim center with an enchanting beach. A water quality study was undertaken in Puri based on water quality data of the Network Station at Puri. From the study of about 130 samples. NO₃^- and PO₄^3- were identified as main contaminants. Concentration of NO₃^- and PO₄^3- in most of the samples collected from shallow and deeper aquifers of the old town area was above 100mg/L and 1 mg/L respectively. Some of the samples from dug wells gave positive results for bacteria. The ground slope and general ground water flow direction indicate that the probable source of contamination of the aquifer is the soak pit type sewage disposal system in the residential colonies to the north and northwest of the temple.

9 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

005120   Singh S;Rana A;Chauhan S V S (School of Life Sciences, Botany Dep, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Univ, Khandari Campus, Agra-282 002, Email: svs250@rediffmail.com) : Impact of environmental changes on the reproductive biology in Pyrostegia venusta Presl. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 271-3.

Local environment (temperature and relative humidity) affects reproductive biology in Pyrostegia venusta (Bignoniaceae) growing at Agra and Mysore. At Agra, the species flowers profusely during December to March, but fails to bear fruits. At Mysore, on the other hand it flowers during November to February and produces well developed fruits with winged seeds. This species, growing at two places, exhibited differences in their pollen fertility and in vivo pollen germination. Pollen fertility at Agra and Mysore was 27.55 and 80-90%, respectively. The in vivo pollen germination on stigmatic surface was only 3-4% at Agra, but 85-95% at Mysore. The flowers at Agra also exhibited heterostyly and increased number of stamens and stigmatic lobes. The significantly low and wide ranged temperature (4.5-33.8°C) and between 23-98% RH during the flowering period at Agra could be the cause for reduced in pollen fertility, floral polymorphism and inhibition of pollen germination on the stigmatic surface and fruitlessness. At Mysore, where temperature ranges between 20.2-33.5°C and RH varies from 33-75% profuse fruiting takes place. The study shows a direct control of environment overthe process of reproduction.

1 table, 17 ref

005119   Siddiqui W A;Sharma R R (Applied Sciences and Humanities Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Techno, Central Univ, New Delhi-110 025, Email: drwasidique@yahoo.com) : Assessment of the impact of industrial effluents on groundwater quality in Okhla industrial area, New Delhi, India. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 41-6.

In the study physicochemical parameters like pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride. DO, COD and conductivity of some important heavy metals such as iron, cobalt, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, selenium and arsenic were first analyzed in effluent water of Okhla industrial area phase-II and then groundwater of near by areas. Obtained values of effluent water were compared with ISI standard for effluent water discharge and groundwater values were compared with ISI and WHO drinking water standards. The result shows that discharge of untreated effluents by the industries is leading to contamination of groundwater of the surrounding areas. Lead, mercury, fluoride, TDS, sulphate was above the desirable limit in effluent water (ISI standard for effluent water discharge). Subsequent analysis of groundwater of nearby areas was rated as unacceptable for drinking because of presence of fluoride in all the samples above the desirable limit. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chloride was also detected in many samples.

5 tables, 15 ref

005118   Shiddamallayya N;Pratima M (NO, Regional Research Institute (Ay.), Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar, Bangalore-560 011, Email: siddamallayya_matapati@rediffmail.com) : Impact of domestic sewage on fresh water body. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 303-8.

Various (physico-chemical) factors were assessed over a period of two years (from February 2002 to January 2004) to note the chemistry and quality of tank water in Bhalkitown of Bidar. Physico-chemical factors like pH, dissolved oxygen, magnesium, chlorine, nitrite, sulphates and chemical oxygen demand were found with maximum concentration during summer season. Similarly, during monsoon season free carbon dioxide, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, phosphate, silicon, total solids and biological oxygen demand; and in winter season organic matter were recorded. The concentrations viz., pH, hardness and nitrite were more compared to the potable water standard of WHO. The correlation matrix and dendrogram of physico-chemical factors have been computed and analysed. The positive co-relation coefficient observed between pH and magnesium, dissolved oxygen and hardness, free carbondioxide and calcium, alkalinity and nitrite, alkalinity and phosphate, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand, hardness and calcium, hardness and magnesium, magnesium and chlorine, nitrate and phosphate, nitrite and biological oxygen demand, phosphate and organic matter; and silicon and chemical oxygen demand. The dendrogram confirms chlorine, pH, hardness, silicon, total solids and sulphates are the key factors of the change in the chemistry of water body.

1 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

005117   Sharma R;Capoor A (Ecotoxicology and Environmental Biology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Agra College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rajeev_agracollegeagra@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative analysis of oxygen levels in the lake water of Patna bird sanctuary, Jalesar, Etah (U.P.). Bionotes 2009, 11(3), 94.

^ssc1 table, 6 ref

005116   Shadangi D K;Nath V (Biodiversity and Sustainable Management Div, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur) : Ecotone and climate change. J trop For 2008, 24(3-4), 1-6.

Many evidences have been gathered to depict that climate change is taking place. A changing climate has strong implications for biodiversity changes and impact on the phenology and distribution of species alongwith community composition and ecosystem dynamics. These parameters may be used to find out indicator species to detect the climatic change. Climate related changes in performance may be detected earlier at the boundary of geographic range than at its centre. Shifts in the boundaries between vegetation types, called as ecotone, may be proper site for sensitive indicator. In India, the meeting zone of two major timber species sal and teak, which are totally different in climatic and ecological requirements, in many areas of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh state formed ecotone zone. Although ecological changes will occur everywhere, signals for this will be detected first in ecotone. It is therefore, important to conserve the ecotone areas for native species and for monitoring the climatic changes.

18 ref

005115   Saxena P;Singh S;Malla F A (Zoology School of Life Sciences Dep, Khandari Campus, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Univ, Agra-282 002, Email: saxena.pryanka75@yahoo.co.in) : Assay of haemoglobin of the fish, Channa punctatus, after intoxication of ridomil. Bionotes 2009, 11(3), 99.

1 table, 3 ref

005114   Sanyal A K;Hazra A K (NO, , Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053) : Studies on collembola (Insecta) and mite (Acari) in Schirmacher oasis, east antarctica. Bionotes 2008, 10(4), 118-20.

The two arthropod groups namely collembola (insecta) and mite (acari) were found to occur abundantly in moss turf and soils in sub-antarctic and maritime Antarctic zones. The taxonomic as well as ecological investigations of these arthropods of Schirmacher oasis in east Antarctica were taken up by the scientists of the Indian Expedition team. They collected and recorded 5 collembola and 17 mite species, which included four new species of mite. They also reported two families (Hoplochthonidae and Paratydeidae) of mite and one genus (Calx) of collembola as new record to Antarctica. The families like Cheyletidae, Pygmephoridae and Saproglyphidae and two genera viz., Acarus and Hypoaspis of mite were first recorded from the mainland Antarctica. The ecological study on soil mite in relation to primodial soil factors was done in the Schirmacher oasis and it was observed that these factors greatly influenced the distribution, abundance and fluctuation of soil mite population.

1 illus, 17 ref

005113   Regaldo L;Gagneten A M;Troiani H (Ciencian Naturales Dep, Faculty de Humanidades y Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad, Nacional del Litoral, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina, Email: amgagneten@gmail.com) : Accumulation of chromium and interaction with other elements in Chlorella vulgaris (Cloroficeae) and Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 213-16.

Assays with Chloretla vulgaris Beijerinck Novakova, 1890 and Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 were performed to determine Crand otherelements concentration in tissues of both species by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), after being exposed to 150, 280 and 350 μg l^{-1 Cr (VI). Interaction among Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr were also registered. In the control of C. vulgaris, the amount of Cr was <60> 4 μg g-1; in the treatments with Cr (VI) the values were 4 7, 82 and 100 folds greater than the control for the lowest, intermediate and highest concentrations tested respectively. In the control of D. magna, the amount of Crwas <60> 3 μg g-1, in the treatments with Cr(VI) the values were 14, 13 and 27 folds higher than the control for the lower, intermediate and higher Cr (VI) concentrations respectively, and from 3 to 9 times less than for C. vulgaris These results show that C. vulgaris is very efficient accumulator of Cr (VI) from polluted waters, and in consequence, it is proposed to be used in phytoremediation procedures.}

4 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

005112   Rajendra Prasad D S;Sadashivaiah C;Rangnna G (Civil Engineering Dep, S.I.T., Tumkur-572 103, Email: dsrajendraprasad@yahoo.co.in) : Hydrochemical characteristics and evaluation of groundwater quality of tumkur amanikere lake wastershed, Karnataka, India. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 211-18.

Tumkur amanikere lake watershed, is located 0.5 km away from Tumkur Town on National Highway No.4. The main source of water for this lake is Kallur village tank catchment area. The average rainfall in the area is 965 mm. The submersion area of the lake at MWL is 204 hectares. Groundwater samples were collected from 22 stations covering the area during the year 2008 and were analyzed for physicochemical characters. The type of water that predominated in the study area is Ca-Mg-Cl type, was assessed based on hydrochemical fades. Besides, suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated based on sodium adsorption ratio, percent sodium, and the US salinity diagrams.

6 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

005111   Rajagopalu V;Kanmani S (Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna Univ, Guindy, Chennai-600 025, Email: vassumathy@yahoo.co.in) : Activated sludge process treatability studies on combined tannery and domestic wastewaters. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2008, 40(2), 143-9.

Study an attempt has been made to evaluate the treatability of a combined tannery and domestic wasiewater using lab-scale activated sludge reactor under extended aeration. Studies on the efficiency of the activated sludge reactor were carried out by varying the hydraulic retention time of 15, 20, 25 and 30 h at solids retention time of 8, 12 and 16 days with organic loading rate varying from 1.61 to 3.32 kg COD/m^{3/ day. The results showed that at the end of 30 h HRT at 16 days SRT with a lower F/M ratio of 0.08 kg BOD/kg MLSS, the maximum reduction of COD was observed to be from 2020 to 175 mg/L. This study has clearly shown the potential applicability of aerobic biological process in treating the combined tannery and domestic wastewaters under extended aeration.}

5 illus, 1 table

005110   Prakash K L;Raghavendra K;Somashekar R K (Environmental Sciences Dep, Bangalore Univ, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore-560 056, Email: rksmadhu@rediffmail.com) : Temporal-scale spectral variability analysis of water quality parameters to realize seasonal behaviour of a tropical river system - river Cauvery, India. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 235-40.

Describes the Time series analysis of river water quality with emphasis on variation in parameters as evidenced by statistical approach and mathematical models. The extensive study enabled to differentiate and realize the behaviour of river and catchment's changes induced by human activities. The Time series analysis evaluation indicated trivial variation and movement in the water quality as reflected by the changes in the catchment characteristics. Although the observed trends showed an insignificant human contribution to basin hydrology and river water chemistry, noticeable human activities and unsustainable practices steadily contributed to change in water quality from the existing long term spectral signatures to short term spectral signatures. It is inferred that short term spectral signature exhibited on temporal scale by a monitoring program of this kind reflects an insalubrious river system and long term gradual changes in spectrum is an indication of healthy system. Monitoring and analyses of these decisive changes in water quality parameters over a period could be a powerful tool for assessing general river water quality and management plan.

10 illus, 39 ref

005109   Prabhakar B C;Rudramuniyappa M V;Shareef M; Gireesh R V;Rashmi B N (Geology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056, Email: bcprabhakar@rediffmail.com) : Environmental impact of iron ore mining in the Sandur-Hospet-Bellary belt, Karnataka. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2A), 681-8.

Mineral production is vital for the economic and industrial growth of the country. But in a developing country like India, the impact of mining, especially open-cast mining is causing grave damage to people, society and environment. Though the Indian mineral and environmental regulations have clear-cut and stringent rules to prevent environmental degradation and distress to the local communities, there is a serious lapse in the implementation of the laws, which has resulted in kind of free for all situation especially in recent years, in the wake of the enhanced demand for iron ores, and the consequent steep rise in price. In this paper, we present the severe impact caused on the local community and the environment, in one of the extensively mined iron ore belts of Karnataka i.e. Sandur-Hospet-Bellary Belt where the mining activity has posed a big threat to the entire ecosystem. Here the rainforests have been ravaged by mining. The endless dust pollution has created a trauma on the psyche of the local inhabitants, and the mining related activities have become a nightmare for the larger population of this region. The welfare of the labourers employed in the mining works and their families are hardly looked after, while the mine owners make enormous wealth. If this kind of mining is continued for another 50 years, the area would be reduced to a desert-like region causing irreparable damage to the social, economic and ecological fabric. Several viable remedial measures have been suggested to improve the prevailing situation and to ensure a sustainable mining activity.

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

005108   Peebua P;Kruatrachue M;Pokethitiyook P; Singhakaew S (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Mahidol Univ, Bangkok-10400, Thailand) : Histopathological alterations of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in acute and subchronic alachlor exposure. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 325-31.

Histopathological alterations in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, aged 3 months and subjected to acute and subchronic alachlor exposure were studied by light microscopy. LC₅₀ values of alachlor for 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr and 96 hr were 963.6, 563, 448, and 381.9 μg l^-1, respectively and the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was 350 μg l^-1. Fish were exposed to 381.9 (acute) and 35 μg l^-1 (sub-chronic) of alachlor for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr and 90 days, respectively. Gill lamellae and kidney tubules were the primary target organs for the acute toxic effect of alachlor while in the subchronic exposure, the toxic effect on the gills was less marked than that of the kidneys and liver. Gill alterations included edema of the epithelial cell system, aneurisms with some ruptures, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of epithelial cells. The liver showed hydropic swelling of hepatocytes and vacuolation. Lipid vacuoles were observed in hepatocytes in the second and third month of subchronic exposure. The kidney showed hydropic swelling of tubular cells, lipid vacuole accumulation in many tubules, and nuclear pyknosis. The findings of this study could be used as a guideline for biomonitoring programs on populations of Nile tilapia cultured near alachlor contaminated areas.

5 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

005107   Pandey J (Environmental Sciences Dep, M.L. Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur-313 001, Email: jiten_pandey@rediffmail.com) : Microbial biomass at land water interface and its role in regulating ecosystem properties of a fresh water dry tropical woodland lake. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 333-7.

This study was aimed at determining microbial biomass at land water interface and the role it plays in regulating ecosystem properties of a fresh water dry tropical woodland lake. Four microbial variables namely biomass-C (C_mic), fumigated CO₂-C, substrate induced respiration (SIR) and basal respirafion (BR) were measured in humus samples collected from land water interface over a period of one year. Microbial biomass (C_mic) was maximum during February (718 μg CO₂C g^-1).Similar was the case of fumigated CO₂-C (560 μg CO₂-C g^-1 10 d^-1), SIR (2900 μg CO₂-C g^-1) and SR (480 μg CO₂-C g^-1). Humus- N appeared maximum (1.60 %) during November and phenolics (204 pg g^-1) during December. Gross primary productivity (GPP) was found maximum (3.30 g C m^-2 d^-1) during March. Almost similar trend appeared for chlorophyll and phytoplankton density. Variation in microbial biomass at land water interface can be explained by seasonality and the quality of substrate material. Asynchrony in the peaks of microbial variables with phytoplankton pulsation and GPP suggested that the microbial biomass through nutrient mineralization regulates ecosystem functioning of a fresh water woodland lake. This has relevance for evaluating the nature of anthropogenic perturbations and for maintenance of fresh water lakes void of human disturbances.

4 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

005106   Pal S (NO, Balsi High School (H.S.), Balsi-722 206) : Evaluation of physico-chemical properties of a pesticide contaminated aquaculture pond. J Inld Fish Soc India 2008, 40(1), 50-3.

Seasonal changes in water quality parameters including pesticide residues of a fish pond due to intentional misuse of endosulfan have been studied to assess the suitability of the pond for pisciculture. The mortality of aquatic organisms due to toxicity of endosulfan was recorded which in turn results into the increase of organic matter. Comparatively high level of nitrate and phosphate concentrations observed were due to the decomposition of these organic matters. High value of free carbondioxide (CO₂) in winter coincided with the persistence of endosulfan indicating aquatic pollution. Except total solids, parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and pH were within desirable limits for fish culture for most part of the study period.

1 table, 17 ref

005105   Padmanabha B;Belagali S L (Studies in Environmental Science Dep, Manasagangothri Univ of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Email: padmanabhavb@yahoo.co.in) : Ostracods as indicators of pollution in the lakes of Mysore. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 415-18.

Deals with the role of water quality index on their population diversity and seasonal fluctuations in the four lakes of Mysore city. The present investigation was carried out from July 2004 to June 2005. The study revealed highest water quality index and population density of ostracods during summer and least during winter. Dalvoi lake recorded higher water quality index(125.04), population density (601^{-1) but lower species diversity (2 species) of ostracods, whereas Kamana lake recorded lowest water quality index (63.49), population density (40 l-1) and highest species diversity (6 species) of ostracods. Increase in the water quality index indicates increase in the pollution load. As water quality index (WQI) increases, population density of ostracods increases but species diversity decreases.}

4 tables, 22 ref

005104   Ozcelik R;Gul A U;Merganic J;Merganicova K (Faculty of Forestry, Suleyman Demirel Univ-32260, Cunur, Isparta, Turkey) : Tree species diversity and its relationship to stand parameters and geomorphology features in the eastern black sea region forests of Turkey. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 291-8.

Studied the effects of stand parameters (crown closure, basal area, stand volume, age, mean stand diameter, number of trees, and heterogeneity index) and geomorphology features (elevation, aspect and slope) on tree species diversity in an example of untreated natural mixed forest stands in the eastem black sea region of Turkey. Tree species diversity and basal area heterogeneity in forest ecosystems are quantified using the Shannon-Weaver and Simpson indices. The relationship between tree species diversity, basal area heterogeneity, stand parameters and geomorphology features are examined using regression analysis. Our work revealed that the relationship between tree species diversity and stand parameters is loose with a correlation coefficient between 0.02 and 0.70. The correlation of basal area heterogeneity with stand parameters fluctuated between 0.004 and 0.77 (R^{2). According to our results, stands with higher tree species diversity are characterised by higher mean stand diameter, number of diameter classes, basal area and lower homogeneity index value. Considering the effect of geomorphology features on tree species or basal area heterogeneity, we found that all investigated relationships are loose with R2≤ 0.24. A significant correlation was detected only between tree species diversity and aspect. Future work is required to verify the detected trends in behaviour of tree species diversity if it is to estimate from the usual forest stand parameters and topography characteristics.}

6 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

005103   Nirmal Kumar J I;Viyol S (P.G. Dep of Environmental Science and Technology, Institute of Science Technology for Advanced Studies and Research (IST, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Short term diurnal and temporal measurement of methane emission in relation to organic carbon, phosphate and sulphate content of two rice fields of central Gujarat, India. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 241-6.

Methane emission from two rice fields of Lambhvel village, Anand district, central Gujarat, India, was measured for whole cultivation period during pre-summer season. Along with the methane emission, soil chemistry of the two rice fields (Organic carbon, PO^-2₄ and S0^-2₄) was determined. The methane emission ranged from 105.67 to 720.64 mg m^-2hr¹, having maximum emission during noon period (11 am to 1 pm) of the day at the rice field 1. Besides, at rice field 2, the methane emission ranged between 201.59 to 430.94 mg m^-2hr¹, having maximum peak during same period (11 am to 1 pm) of the day. The results of the current investigation confirm that the methane emission vary substantially between two rice fields, and suggest that soil chemistry and flood water depth might control the methane emission in both the rice fields and suppressed by the phosphate and sulphate concentrations. The greater methane emission was gradually declined from first trip to fourth trip. Correlation analysis, ANOVA and F-test showed that the methane emission from both the sites has positive correlation with organic carbon and negative correlation with sulfate and phosphate content of the soil and the details of these reasons are discussed.

7 illus, 8 tables, 21 ref

005102   Nath K;Dharam Singh;Shyam S;Sharma Y K (Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Botany Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: nathkamlesh@rediffmail.com) : Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb.. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 227-34.

Various dilution levels of treated tannery effluent (T.E.) (10, 25, 50 and 100%) and Cr^{6+ (0.5,2.0,5.0 and 10 3ppm) were used in experiment to know their effect on seed germination, seedling growth, pigments and enzymes content in Black gram (Phaseolus mungo Roxb.). Chromium is known as the main toxic component of tannery effluent so its various concentration were given to know their effects. For the recovery of plant damage, protective value of 10 and 25 ppm of zinc, potassium and iron sulphate were also given with 50 % treated tannery effluent and 10 ppm Cr6+ levels in separate petridishes. The different concentrations of tannery effluent and Cr6+ showed significant reduction in germination percentage, seedling growth (plumule and radicle length, number of lateral roots, fresh and dry weight, and moisture %) and pigments (chlorophyll, pheophytin and carotenoids) with increase in concentrations. The lower doses of tannery effluent (10%) and Cr6+ (0.5,2 and 5 ppm) slightly increases the pigments concentration. The amylase activity and total sugar contents were also significantly decreased while catalase and peroxidase activity showed significant increase with rise in concentrations of treatments. The lower concentrations of tannery effluent (dilution 10 and 25%) and Cr6+ (0.5 and 2 ppm) showed significant increase in total protein contents while decrease at higher concentrations. The zinc, potassium and iron treatments led to recover the damage caused by chromium and tannery effluent in all parameters. In recovery treatments zinc showed highest and significant recovery in maximum parameters. Iron also showed almost similar effect to the zinc while potassium showed minimum recovery.}

4 tables, 46 ref

005101   Nath D;Shrivastava N P;Mondal S (NO, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore-700 120) : Water pollution at river Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. J Inld Fish Soc India 2008, 40(2), 74-7.

^ssc3 tables, 4 ref

005100   Naeem K;Ouyang F (Environmental Science and Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, Email: ouyangfh@hit.edu.cn) : Effect of various additives on photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 422-8.

Photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) assisted by titanium dioxide (TiO2) was investigated in aqueous suspension under irradiation by UV light. The effect of different supporting materials mixed physically with TiO₂ on the photocatalytic degradation of 4-NP has been studied. TiO₂ with all supports exhibits good degradation efficiency of 4-NP and was better than TiO₂ alone. The addition of SiO₂ and ZSM-5 only caused a little change in 4-NP degradation. However, degradation of 4-NP was improved from 34.89% to 60.53% within 120 min photocatalysis in the presence of optimal amount of AC. The degradation was also fairly enhanced in the presence of cheaper rice husk and the activity was closed to AC.

5 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

005099   Mukherjee B;Mukherjee D;Nivedita M (Section of Environmental Biology, P.G. Dep of Zoology, Ranchi College, Ranchi-834 008, Email: bm_ebag@rediffmail.com) : Nutrient cycling in a simulated pond ecosystem. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 313-18.

Mathematical modeling of ecosystems requires a considerable amount of knowledge about the subsystems functioning within the broad framework and the various rate processes and transfer coefficients that control the dynamic aspects. A detailed analysis of the transfer rates and budget of inorganic carbon and nutrients in a simulated pond was conducted for assessment and comparison with aquatic bodies that undergo cultural eutrophication. In these systems the processes are complicated by a variety of inputs. Such inputs interfere with the assessment of lake background conditions and water quality. We used the compartmental model of biogeochemical cycling to calculate transfer rate of inorganic carbon and nutrients through various processes. The major external variables or forcing functions considered were light and temperature, while the state variables included the biotic and the abiotic compartments. The major processes studied were: photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition that play an important part in balancing the nutrient content of the system and maintain a dynamic equilibrium. The study illustrates how computational modeling studies are useful for analysis and management of systems for control and optimization of processes. The system shows a perfect cycling of carbon and the rate of withdrawal is equal to the return keeping the system in balance. About 0.284 m moles /^{-1 is withdrawn from the reservoir for primary production each day and returned back through respiration and decomposition. The concentration of nitrates and phosphates resonate in tune with the utilization of carbon and productivity.}

9 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

005098   Marchese M R;Rodriguez A R;Pave P J; Carignano M R (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (UNL), Ciudad Universitaria (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina, Email: mmarchese@datamarkets.com.ar) : Benthic invertebrates structure in wetlands of a tributary of the middle Parana river (Argentina) affected by hydrologic and anthropogenic disturbances. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 343-8.

The study was aimed at analyzing chromium concentrations in water column and bottom sediments in the main channel of Northern Sa/ado River (tributary of Middle Parana River) and its floodplain. The main changes caused by human activities and hydrological disturbances on benthic invertebrate structure were also analyzed. Sediment concentrations of the reference area varied between 44.2 and 97.1 μg Cr g^{-1 (dw), and in the impacted zone, between 85.5 and 209 μg Cr g-1 (dw) reaching the highest values in the wetland floodplain. Alfa, beta and gamma diversities in the reference section have been 33,9 and 66 species, and in the disturbed section, they have been 37, 8.33 and 74 species, respectively. The species dominant in the disturbed habitats were characterized by a small body size and short life cycles, as the species of oligochaetes Naidinae. The extreme flooding produced a rejuvenation of the area with the consequent physical re-structuration produced by flooding, showing a marked decrease in chromium levels in sediments and in organic matter content, which allowed the colonization of insects (Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera).}

4 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

005097   Manasreh W;Alzaydien A S (Chemistry Dep, Mutah Univ, P.O. Box 7, Jordan, Email: manasreh_w@yahoo.com) : Analysis of treated wastewater produced from Al-lajoun wastewater treatment plant, Jordan. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 287-303.

Assessment of treated wastewater produced from Al-Lajoun collection tanks of the wastewater treatment plant in Karaic province was carried out in term of physical properties, its major ionic composition, heavy metals and general organic content, for both wastewater influent and effluent. Sampling was done in two periods during (2005-2006) summer season and during winter season to detect the impact of climate on treated wastewater quality. Soil samples were collected from Al-Lajoun valley where the treated wastewater drained, to determine the heavy metal and total organic carbon concentrations at same time. The study showed that the treated wastewater was low in its heavy metals contents during both winter and summer seasons, which was attributed to high pH value enhancing their precipitations. Some of the major ions such as Cl^-, Na⁺, HCO₃^--, Mg²⁺ in addition to biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were higher than the recommended Jordanian guidelines for drained water in valleys. The treated wastewater contained some organic compounds of toxic type such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Results showed that the soil was low in its heavy metal contents and total organic carbon with distance from the discharging pond, which attributed to the adsorption of heavy metals, total organic carbon and sedimentation of suspended particulates. Study was concluded that the treated wastewater must be used in situ for production of animal fodder and prohibit its contact with the surface and groundwater resources of the area specially Al-Mujeb dam where it is collected.

7 illus, 7 tables, 30 ref

005096   Mahananda M R;Mohanty B P;Mahananda H B (Environmental Sciences Dep, Sambalpur Univ, Orissa-768 019) : Litter decomposition, CO₂ evolution and dehydrogenase activity in a hillock ecosystem. J Ecobiol 2008, 23(2), 123-34.

The experimental site was a protected forest on a hill named Dehri Hill located inside the campus of Sambalpur University. The leaf litter of PolyoKhia longifolia sp. collected in nylon net bags in the month of July were placed at the three sites i.e. foot hill, slope and top hill of the experimental site by digging small holes (20 cm depth) and covered with surface soil. Attempts were made to study the rate of weight loss, Carbon dioxide evolution during the decomposition of leaf litter and Dehydrogenase activity of soil during different months from July 1999 to January 2000. The rate of weight loss at three sites was observed within a period of six months. The total weight of leaf litter reduced from 15 g to 1.47, 1.67 and 1.92 g in foot hill, slope and top hill site with a cumulative percent loss of 81.3, 80.2 and 80.2 g respectively. Similarly, the rate of carbon dioxide evolution and dehydrogenase activity was found to be maximum in August and gradually declined to minimum values in January. There was significant difference in weight loss, CO₂ evolution between months of the study as well as between study sites. The weight loss was positively correlated with enzymatic activity and CO₂ evolution from June to January may be attributed to the reduction in organic matter as well as changes in environmental parameters like temperature and moisture.

4 illus, 44 ref

005095   Madhu G M;Lourdu Antony Raj M A;Vasantha Kumar Pai K (Chemical Engineering Dep, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore-560 059) : Titamium oxide (TiO₂) assisted photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 259-64.

Aqueous solution of methylene blue (MB) has been subjected to Photocatalytic degradation by UV radiation in presence of TiO₂ photo-catalyst containing different concentrations of H_{O2. The experiments conducted at different dye concentrations (12 and 20 ppm), catalyst loading, pH and H2O2 dosage (1-10 ml I^-1), revealed that the degradation rate is strongly influenced by respective experimental parameters. However the influence of catalyst alone is not predominant in degradation. The decolorization of dye proceed to near completeness when H2O2is used. The best degradation results are observed at 0.1 wt% of catalyst loading at pH 2 tor TiO2/UV system. It has been found that the optimum concentration of H2O2 for 12 ppm and 20 ppm amount of the dye was 2ml I^-1 for UV/H2O22/UV/H2O2 system, indicates enhancement in the degradation rate of the dye compared to that of UV/H2O2 system alone.}

11 illus, 23 ref

005094   Laowansiri S;Vinitnanthara S;Chaiprasert P; Ha S R (Environmental Technology Dep, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's, Technology Univ, honburi, Thungkru, Bangkok-10140, Thailand, Email: sunantha18@yahoo.com) : Anaerobic degradation kinetics of reactive dye with different carbon sources. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 309-14.

The study aims to investigate the anaerobic degradation kinetics of reactive dye, C.I. Reactive Red 141 (Evercion Red H-E7B) by partially granulated anaerobic mixed culture using three carbon sources, namely, modified starch (MS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic size (AS) during batch incubation. There is a first-order kinetics reaction in the decolorization processes using MS and PVA as carbon sources, while a zero-order kinetics relationship describes the decolorization process for the AS carbon source. The k values and color removal rate of decolorization with MS carbon source was higher than those of PVA and AS carbon sources. This is because the MS carbon source was well degraded in comparison to AS and PVA, respectively. This study also found dye reduction could be enhanced through the addition of MS as a carbon source. The decolorizafion rates increased with decrease in dye concentrations of RR 141. In contrast, the decolorization rates increased with increase in COD concentration.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

005093   Korkanc S Y;Ozyuvaci N;Hizal A (Watershed Management Dep, Bartin Faculty of Forestry, Zonguldak Karaelmas Univ, 74100, Bartin, Turkey, Email: yasarselma@yahoo.com) : Impacts of land use conversion on soil properties and soil erodibility. J envir Biol 2008, 29(3), 363-70.

Land use conversion can affect natural ecological processes such as surface runoff and erosion. Therefore, it has potential to change soil stability. To investigate this process in depth, Iskalan creek catchment in the Black sea region, where excessive land use applications and erosion events have often occured, was selected as the study area. The objective was to determine the effects of land use conversion on soil properties, soil erodibility and the relationships among soil properties and some erodibility indices. Duplicate topsoil samples were taken by using steel cylinders at 100 different sampling points from three different land use types; 34 of them are in farmlands, 34 in rangelands and 32 in forestlands. Soil particle size distribution, loss of ignition, pH, electrical conductivity, skeleton percentage and three erodibility indices were determined. Data were analysed by using Pearson correlation analysis (at 95% and 99% significance level), ANOVA and Tukey's test at 95 % significance level. According to study results, land use conversion affects some properties of soils significantly. Loss of ignition of soils in forests was significantly higher than soils in farmlands and rangelands. Soil skeleton percentage in rangelands and farmlands were significantly different. The study results showed that there was significant difference between pH of soils in forests and farmlands (p<60> 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis results showed significant correlations among erodibility indices and certain soil properties such as clay and sand fraction of soils (p <60> 0.05 and p<60> 0.01). Topsoils of the study area were sensitive to erosion according to all three erodibility indices. The most sensitive soils were in farmlands.

4 illus, 5 tables, 37 ref

005092   Kharat S J;Pagar S (P.G. Dep of Chemistry, HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-422 005, Email: ksanjeevan@dataone.in) : Determination of phosphate in water samples of Nashik district (Maharashtra state, India) rivers by UV-visible spectroscopy. E J Chem 2009, 6(S1), 515-21.

Major rivers of Nashik District (Maharashtra State, India) are Godavari, Kaoawa, Girna, Punad and Mosam. The major water pollutant of Nashik District Rivers is Phosphate. The amount of phosphate has been determined by the molybdenum blue phosphorous method in conjugation with UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The data has been analyzed by least square method. The more phosphate polluted river in Nashik district is Godavari. The least phosphate polluted river in Nashik District is Punad.

1 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

005091   Kavita;Singh C K (Human Development and Family Studies Dep, College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Awareness about environmental pollution in rural children. Himachal J agric Res 2008, 34(2), 103-6.

Study was conducted in rural area of Hisar district of Haryana. A sample of 120 children of primary and middle grade from four schools of two villages was taken for the present study. To find out the existing level of awareness of selected young children regarding environmental pollution questionnaire cum interview schedule was prepared. Majority of the parents of the respondents were illiterate and were engaged in labouring activities and having monthly income below Rs. 5000. Most of the families were having inadequate house and public facilities and had less religious beliefs and the influence of media was also less. The obtained data showed that the awareness of the respondents regarding air, water, soil, noise, flora and fauna was higher after existing level of awareness of the respondent regarding environment pollution was less. They were less aware about air, soil, flora and fauna and noise pollution but their awareness was better in case of water pollution.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

005090   Kariyanna H (Chinmayee, , Opposite Govt. Well, Upparahalli Extension, Tumkur, Karnataka) : Bioremedial techniques to minimise toxic metal pollution. J appl Geochem 2008, 10(2A), 676-80.

Importance of bioremedial techniques to minimize toxic waste metal pollution due to rapid industrialization and unprotected anthropogenic activities are described.

18 ref

005089   Joshi P C;Swami A (Zoology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Gurukul Kangri Univ, Haridwar-249 404, Email: Prakash127@yahoo.com) : Air pollution induced changes in the photosynthetic pigments of selected plant species. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 295-8.

Changes in the concentration of different photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll and carotenoids) were determined in the leaves of six tree species exposed to air pollution due to vehicular emissions. The six tree species, which are all economically important because of their being fruit bearers, used for timber, fodder and as road side trees on the basis of their air pollution tolerance index. These included Mangifera indica L., Tectona grandis Linn. f., Shorea robusta Gaertn.f., Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch, Eucalyptus citridora Hook. Syn. and Mallotus philippinensis Muell-Arg. Reduction in chlorophyll 'a', 'b' and carotenoid was recorded in the leaf samples collected from polluted areas when compared with samples from control areas. The highest reduction in total chlorophyll was observed in Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) (48.73%) Planch whereas, the lowest reduction (17.84 %) was recorded in Mallotus philippinensis Muell-Arg, Similarly in case of carotenoid contents, highest reduction (43.02 %) was observed in Eucalyptus citridora, and lowest in Mallotus philippinensis Muell-Arg (19.31 %). The data obtained were further analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a significant change was recorded in the studied parameters. These studies clearly indicate that the vehicular induced air pollution reduces the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in the trees exposed to road side pollution.

2 tables, 40 ref

005088   Jo Q;Choy E J;Kang C K;Moon H B;Lee S J;Kim D H;Lee J H (NO, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangwan-210-861, Korea, Email: qtjo@nfrdi.re.kr) : Effects of the coastal sediment elutriates containing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on early reproductive outputs of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J envir Biol 2008, 29(4), 507-12.

Embryonic development of the bivalve species was highly vulnerable to xenobiotic chemicals, damaging the coastal ecosystem integrity. To further assess their potential damage to ecosystem, the xenobiotic composition of the sediment elutriates from two representative industrislized Korean coasts, Pohang and Ulsan, were determined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The presumed critical dilution of the elutriate was then exposed to early life stages of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), embryonic development and metamorphic stage to first spat, at which they were believably more vulnerable by the chemical exposure. The early life damage by the xenobiotic exposure was apparently significant by the significant degree of pollution. Here, we indicated their potential damages to the Pacific oyster.

3 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

005087   Jimenez-Contreras J;Sarma S S S; Merino-Ibarra M;Nandini S (Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Research and Postgraduate Studies Dep, National Autonomous Univ of Mexico, Campus Iztacala Av. de Los Barrios No. 1, AP 314, CP 54090, Los Reyes, Tlalnepantla State of Mexico, Mexico, Email: ssssarma@gmail.com) : Seasonal changes in the rotifer (Rotifera) diversity from a tropical high altitude reservoir (Valle de Bravo, Mexico). J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 191-5.

Studied the zooplankton community composition at different depths (2, 4, 8, 12 and 20 m) of Valle de Bravo, a drinking water reservoir in central Mexico during December 2005 to November 2006. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and chlorophyll a were measured simultaneously. While physicochemical values were similar to those found in previous studies, total zooplankton abundance was higher (mean 847 ind. l^{-1), doubling the mean abundance found in the previous year. Nevertheless, Zooplankton remained dominated by the rotifer genera Keratella, Polyarthra and Trichocerca, which constituted nearly 80% of the total numerical abundances. We encountered 23 rotifer species of which 5 of them (Lepadella rhomboides, Cephalodella catellina, Trichocerca elongata, T. porcellus and Dicranophorus forcipatus) were recorded for the first time from this reservoir. Shannon Wiener diversity index showed that the annual mean species diversity index was similar at depths of 2, 4 and 8 m, but were reduced at 12 and 20 m. Regardless of depth, the highest diversity value of 1.82 was observed during January, while the lowest (0.07) during March. Principal component analysis showed that temperature, dissolved oxygen, water column depth and chlorophyll a have combined effects on the abundance of dominant rotifer species. The highest rotifer density was observed in April (<62> 1600 individuals I-1), while the lowest was recorded during January (<60>50 ind. l-1). During the study period, the most abundant rotifer species were Keratelia chochlearis, Polyarthra vulgaris, Trichocecra elongata and Anuraeopsis fissa.}

4 illus, 23 ref

005086   Jaiprakash N;Kumara V;Puttaiah E T (P G Studies and Research in Environmental Science Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shankaraghatta-577 451) : Nitrate contamination in ground waters of Magadi taluk, near Bangalore. J Ecobiol 2008, 23(2), 197-200.

Nitrate contamination of the ground water of Magadi taluk, near Bangalore has been analysed during August 2005. Taking into consideration of the nitrogenous fertilizer, 15 water samples from 15 different locations were collected and analysed for nitrate concentration. The data was analysed with reference to Bureau Indian Standards (BIS). In six sampling locations namely Someswarapaiya (45.4 mg/l), Hombalammanapet (46.3 mg/l), Hospet (46.4 mg/l), Tirumale (49.2 mg/l), Agalakote (47.5 mg/l) and Sathanur (45.6 mg/l) the nitrate values are higher than the BIS standards prescribed for drinking water (i.e., 45 mg/l). Higher concentrations of nitrate in above sampling locations may be due to excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers.

1 table, 7 ref

005085   Handique G K;Handique A K (Botany Dep, Nalbari College, Nalbari-781 335, Email: akhandique@gmail.com) : Proline accumulation in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.) due to heavy metal stress. J envir Biol 2009, 30(2), 299-302.

Toxic heavy metals viz. lead, mercury and cadmium induced differential accumulation of proline in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.) grown in soil amended with 50, 100,200,350 and 500 mg kg^{-1 of the metals have been studied. Proline accumulation was found to be metal specific, organ specific and linear dose dependant. Further, proline accumulation following short term exposure (two months after transplantation) was higherthan long term exposure (nine months after transplantation). Proline accumulation following short term exposure was 2.032 to 3.839 μmoles g-1 for cadmium (50 -200 mg kg-1); the corresponding range for mercury was 1.968 to 5.670 μ moles g-1 and 0.830 to 4.567 μ moles g-1 for lead (50-500 mg kg-1 for mercury and lead). Proline accumulation was consistently higher in young tender leaf than old leaf, irrespective of the metal or duration of exposure. For cadmium treatment proline level was 2.032 to 3.839 μ moles g-1 for young leaves while the corresponding value for old leaf was 1.728 to 2.396 μ moles g-1 following short term exposure. The same trend was observed for the other two metals and duration of exposure. For control set proline accumulation in root was 0.425 μ moles g-1 as against 0.805 and 0.533 μ moles g-1 in young and old leaves respectively indicating that proline accumulation in root are lower than leaves, under both normal and stressed condition.}

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref