002545   SHARDA V N , MANDAL D, DOGRA P (Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-I, Pusa, New Delhi, Email: dmandalcswcrti@gmail.com) : Assessment of cost of soil erosion and energy saving value of soil conservation measures in India. Indian J Soil Conserv 2019, 47(1), 1-6.

As far as adaptation of soil conservation measures is concerned, recent experiences have shown that the traditional or sheer technical ways to express the consequences of erosion are not so convincing to policy planners and decision makers. One possible way of attracting attention of land managers is to express the damage of soil erosion and benefits of soil conservation practices by expressing them in monetary and energetic terms for better understanding of the potential users. In the present study, economic cost of erosion in India was calculated based on the cost of replacing the lost nutrients employing replacement cost principles and in turn the cost of producing fertilizers was estimated in terms of energy spent for replacing the lost nutrients. It is estimated that to compensate for the nutrient losses inflicted by 1 mm loss of soil due to water erosion from one hectare land area, an additional 1642 MJ of energy is expended, which is equivalent to about 91 kg of petrol. Considering 140 million ha (Mha) of net sown area in India, an additional energy requirement worked out to be about 14 million tonnes (Mt) of petrol per year. Based on an average loss of grains or seeds of 8.9 Mt of cereals, 2.8 Mt of oilseeds and 1.7 Mt of pulses, respectively, the calculated amount of energy in the aboveground biomass of these crops is estimated as 557070 tera joules (TJ) of energy, which is equivalent to 29.32 Mt of fuel wood or 12110 mega l of Kerosene. The study further revealed that any soil conservation measure or a combination there of in conjunction with appropriate management practices which can reduce soil erosion by 1 ton has the potential to save 655500 k joules (KJ) of energy, equivalent to 15 kg fuel oil.

1 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

002531   LIU J (Wuhan Univ of Technology, Wuhan- 430 070, China) : Relationship between water pollution and regional economic development: Empirical evidence from Hubei, China. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2019, 18(2), 599-603.

Water pollution affects the regional economic development, but no consensus about the internal relationship between the two exists in literature. To identify the relationship between water pollution and regional economic development, the effects of water pollution on regional economic development were explored by using a multiple regression model and relevant data on Hubei Province in China from 2008 to 2017. Results show that despite the steady and rapid economic development of Hubei, water pollution is alleviated. However, the overall situation remains unoptimistic. A significant inverted U-shape relationship is observed between the industrial wastewater discharge and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and between urban domestic sewage and per capita GDP. At the initial stage, the industrial wastewater discharge and urban domestic sewage are positively correlated with per capita GDP. The industrial wastewater discharge and urban domestic sewage increase with the increase of per capita GDP. When the curve reaches its peak, the two exhibit a negative correlation; that is, with the increase in per capita GDP, the discharge of industrial wastewater and urban domestic sewage decrease. These conclusions provide insights for water environment governance, sustainable economic development, and policy formulation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

002550   ZHANG Z, HE W, AN M, DEGEFU D M, JUQIN S, YUAN L (Hohai Univ, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China) : Multi-game theory analysis of cooperation stability of trans-boundary water pollution governance. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2019, 18(2), 471-8.

The stability of trans-boundary water pollution control alliance is the key to effectively alleviate the problem of water resources shortage. In this research, we use the KMRW reputation model of incomplete information repeated game to analyse the stability of cooperation in trans-boundary water pollution governance, especially, the analysis of the compensation factors influence on cooperation and its mutual restriction of penalty factor. The results of this study suggest that in order to alleviate cooperation opportunism arising from the asymmetric information among parties involved in trans-boundary water pollution governance, the active party should bind cooperation time as long as possible, and the inactive party should input proper signal display. In order to maintain the stability of the alliance in a different situation, we innovatively introduced compensation factor into the reputation model to analyse its impact on cooperative alliances and their mutual restriction with penalty factors and subsidy factors. Hopefully, this paper could give some suggestions to the parties of the trans-boundary water pollution control alliance to make this cooperation more stable.

1 illus, 27 ref

002543   SATHWIKA B, RANI R N, REDDY R G, SREEDEVI P (Extension Education and Communication Management Dep, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Telangana-500 030) : A study on existing livelihood systems and livelihood security of rural women in Telangana state. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 278-81.

Livelihoods can be made up of a range of on-farm and off-farm activities that together provide a variety of procurement strategies for food and cash. Therefore, livelihoods are secure when households have secure ownership of or access to resources. The empowerment and development of rural women and sensitization of research and extension systems about their roles and contributions are important for sustainable growth in agriculture and management of household food security. It is this reason that emphasizes the need to develop understanding about the rural women, their potentials, awareness of household food security management and extent of participation in planning and decisions of different farm and home management works towards livelihood security. The result shows that majority (63.3%) of rural women beneficiaries engaged in non- form activities of livelihood system. Majority (88.3%) of the respondents had medium level of occupational security, educational security (80%), social security (79.2%), health security (76.6%), habitat security (76.2%), than (65%) had medium level of food security.

3 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

002544   SHAH R R, SHAH V A, JHA P J (Rai Univ, Ahmedabad, Gujarat) : A case study at stallion laboratories: identifying and fixing risk events by application of QRM in tablet manufacturing. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 216-23.

It is, in the management science, well known and prominently accepted that “QRM” (Quality Risk Management) is an important component which helps identify risk factors (known and unknown – both) and once identified employs sound efforts either to mitigate or to nullify their devastating effects on operations to be carried out at any stage during the entire execution of a business cycle. In this article, we attempt to show the achievements in the direction through a case study at Stallion Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. which is involved in tablet manufacturing.

3 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

002520   AFFAN K, PHADNIS S, AKTHAR N (Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, Email: affana9@gmail.com) : Cost of illness of malaria in coastal Karnataka, India. J Commun Dis 2019, 53(2), 28-34.

Malaria is one of the major health issues in developing and underdeveloped countries. It is considered to be one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality. This study intends to estimate the cost of illness of malaria at the household level and health service utilisation pattern for malaria treatment in coastal Karnataka. It was a secondary data-based cross-sectional study comprising people suffering from malaria during the period from September to December 2016. The median gross total cost of illness (a single episode of malaria) was 4,000 INR, the median direct medical cost was zero, and the median direct non-medical cost was 100 INR. The majority of individuals (92.2 %) took treatment from public healthcare sectors. The effective implementation of anti-malarial interventions by the District Health Authority, District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, and treatment from public health sectors resulted in negligible direct medical cost which made a remarkable reduction in the cost of illness of malaria.

7 tables, 20 ref

002525   FAKOOR J, MAZHAR S, KARIMI E (Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Zakat management in Afghanistan. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 153-8.

Zakat is a unique economic pillar of Islam. It is the basis of the Islamic economic system. It is obligated by Allah(swt) on the wealthy section of the society a specific amount of their wealth that has reached nisab, for the advantage of the poor and needy people Zakat management in Islam is organized by authorities appointed by the state, or voluntarily Muslim organizations. This paper concentrate on the management of Zakat in Afghanistan. The responsibility of zakat management as belongs to the state was established, as well as the merits of its administration by authorities. The objectives of this study are to study the disbursement of Zakat practices by the people of Afghanistan, to find out the extent to which Zakat management has led to the economic empowerment of the marginalized section of the society and to suggest a plan for efficient and proper management of Zakat for effective result. Therefore, I have conducted online survey through structured questionnaire in which I have considered 120 persons as sample size for my study. As result I have suggested a model through which we can have an effective zakat management which can help in affiliation of poverty.

4 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

002534   OYANI M N, FREDERICK A J (Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Impact of bribery on social development of Afghanistan’s economy. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 144-52.

Bribery is one of the most dangerous and hazardous type corruptions which become one the major obstacle in the economic, social and political environment. Bribery is defined as the act of giving, promising soliciting, or accepting money, gift or other advantageous things with the intention to induce or reward improper performance. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of bribery on social development of Afghanistan’s Economy. For this purpose, an exploratory research method is adopted with a sample population of 120 people from the citizens of Afghanistan which were randomly selected, and Questionnaires distributed for collecting the required data through online survey. Based the collected data, it is found that majority of the respondents were agree that bribery has a very bad effect on the development of business and thus hamper the economic development and growth of the country. The study concluded with suggestion and recombination which are expected to be fruitful and advantageous to reduction of bribery in Afghanistan.

2 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

002528   HUMIARA (Maharishi Univ of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : Nature and scope of development administration development. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 134-40.

It is the end result of (Public) Administration. The paradigm of development is depending on the nature of government and its policies. It may be ideologically driven or ethically motivated. It strips off the orthodox structuralism of public administration as put forward by classical Administrative theorists and attempts to cater the emerging need of a given population upon which the process of administration is going to be taken place. Development Administration is an intellectual enterprise with which defined goals of development can be achieved. Welfare of people, increase in per capita income, empowerment of the marginalised if any, long term projects like implementation of five year plans, strategies to ensure sustainable development, eradication of poverty and mitigation of commoners’ grievances….the list may not be completed and the projects and programmes of government or public authority unquestionably relates to the nature of their administration. Development Administration as a theory and model is an article for developmental design of third world countries. According to Kempe Ronald Hope “Virtually every development plan, administrative reform agenda, political party manifesto, Government action plan and major policy speech has come implicitly or explicitly to suggest a preference for the Development Administration approach to public management”. Unlike the western developed nations third world countries resort a state or public purse centred approach for development initiatives. But we cannot give exclusiveness for development administration as a sole strategy adopted by the third world countries. Kempe Ronald Hope in his article “The Dynamics of Development” and Development Administration has pointed out three reasons for the development of “Development Administration” as a new discipline as well as an approach. They are: a. Role of CAG (The Comparative Administration Group; between 1962-71) headed by FW Riggs and supported by The Ford Foundation of America. The group conducted extensive studies and later published several papers intending to support the third world countries in their social reconstruction. “The administrative problems of developing countries” was the concern of the CAG. b. “Highly Prescriptive” nature of Development Administration. It suggests easy ways to overcome administrative problems on the way of operationalizing administrative tenets. c. As an approach the new tendency of development administration demanded “administered social change.” According to George K. Najjar, (Journal Article: Development Administration and "New" Public Administration: A Convergence of Perspectives?) “The main thrust of development administration has been the study of administrative patterns and behaviour in societies caught in the midst of transition along the path from rural, agricultural, peasant life toward urban, industrial, and more advanced forms; and to devise a set of guidelines potentially helpful in facilitating the process of transition”. Najjar points out the role of Development Administration as an approach to ease the transitional phase of countries which are caught up in between development and underdevelopment. In democratic countries it is the conduct of administration in a political context. One of the landmark events in the history of public administration and comparative public administration was the Conference on Comparative Administration convened in Princeton, New Jersey, during September 1952 by the Public Administration Clearing House. There were thirty scholars, administrative advisers and other executives in the conference. They expressed concern over the changing role of Public Administration across continents. The agenda setting of the conference was “… gave examples of problems that they had confronted about which doctrine and knowledge were lacking, particularly comparatively. Mention was made of the proliferation of government corporations for agricultural, industrial or financial development in underdeveloped countries, without understanding of the conditions for their success or the methods of their control. What were the conditions for success or failure of various devices of parliamentary government? Problems of delegation of authority, of budgetary procedures were said to be pressing”. The conference suggested the need for making comparative studies of administration in different countries. It was the first attempt to analyse public administration on the contest of a country’s special circumstances. The Conference declares that Public.

58 ref

002535   PATANGE C C (Own Business Dep, Precise E Skills, Pune, Maharashtra) : A study on teachers expectations with special reference to engineering colleges in Pandharpur city. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 119-22.

The present study tries to focus on understand requirements of teachers, expectation of teachers from management body of the institute and management readiness to support these expectations. researcher have used descriptive research methodology. Researcher have framed a structured questionnaire to conduct the survey related to understand the teachers perception about teaching and learning, factors responsible for teachers motivation. The study reveals that teachers high expectation factors are Updated and number of Laboratories & amenities, Industry based curriculum, Timely salary given by the institutes & Biased free Performance Appraisal System.

3 tables, 15 ref

002529   ISLAM M S, SAHAJALAL M (Daffodil International Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : An empirical study of GDP, exchange rate, inflation and unemployment in Bangladesh. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 51-3.

The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of GDP growth rate; Inflation rate; Real Exchange rate and Unemployment rate in Bangladesh’s Economy by considering 29 years data. This research is fundamentally quantities in nature. Only secondary data have been used for this study. The EViews 9 and the SPSS version 20 have been used to analyze the dataset. To find out the objectives of this paper by using a different test like, Descriptive statistics, Graph, Simple Regression, Anova. This research also shows that in the Unemployment rate of Bangladesh has influenced by GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth rate, Inflation and Exchange rate. The results of this paper show that Unemployment rate of Bangladesh insignificantly negatively influence by GDP growth rate. Lastly, this paper proves that the Exchange rate and the positively affected on the unemployment rate at significant levels and the inflation rate has negative effect.

1 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

002538   PUNONGBAYAN E J (Batangas State Univ, Nasugbu, Batangas) : English proficiency of the pre-service teachers in one state university in the Philippines. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 24-9.

This study focused on English proficiency of the pre-service teachers in one state university in the Philippines. It determined their profile in terms of age and gender; the results of the respondents’ English Proficiency test; and the significant differences in the English Proficiency test results of male and female pre-service teachers. The study employed the descriptive method to determine their level of proficiency and interview guide questions. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that most of the respondents are in between 18-20 years old with a 43% of the total percentage of respondents. The respondents are 62 in all, broken down as follows: 55 females and 7 males. The respondents are somewhat proficient in English Proficiency Test. It was revealed that there is no significant difference in the English Proficiency test results. The findings negatively imply that most of the respondents are in beginning level.

5 tables, 5 ref

002523   EKETU C A (Management Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, Rivers State, Nigeria) : Contextualizing organisational behaviour in anthropological diversity management for sustainable national development in Nigeria. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 83-6.

This paper elucidates issues in anthropological diversity, as it affect sustainable national development in Nigeria. The paper contextualizes this in behavioural paradigms and adopted interpretivism to construct meanings of social reality. The fundamental assumption of this approach is that social events do not share strict parametric accuracy with matter. Language, ethnicity, religion, economic life, culture, tribe, etc were identified as elements of anthropological diversity in Nigeria. The paper contended that diversity threatens cohesion, but tends to deliver greater opportunities when managed positively. The paper thus suggests 3 series of behaviour modification intervention to encourage sustainable national development in Nigeria.

26 ref

002530   KAUR J (Public Administration Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh) : Urban renewal in India: A critique. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 42-4.

With the growth of cities all over the world urban areas are deteriorating. They are struggling with traffic problems, outworn buildings, new modes of living, and boundary problems like expansion. Therefore there is an immediate need to redress the complex of urban problems to arrest further urban decay, to reduce human sufferings and to renew & reshape the urban areas. Urban Renewal is the response to this urban decay. Various renewal policies and programmes have inevitably been bound with issues like housing standards, municipal laws, allocation of resources, economic conditions of the households. Urban renewal has suffered criticism for the insensitive relocation of the poor and powerless, non-involvement of citizens, lack of financial resources, shortage of personnel, multiplicity of agencies and lack of coordination between various executing agencies.

13 ref

002524   EMEKA N P (Nigeria Police Force, Force headquarters Annex, Kam Salem house, Lagos, Nigeria) : Demographics, agency culture, training and technological application as determinants of commercial crime investigators effectiveness: The Nigeria experience. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 28-34.

This study examined the moderating influence of gender, academic qualification and cadre on the combined and relative contributions of agency culture, training and technology application on professional effectiveness of commercial crime investigators. This study used a descriptive survey design of ex-post-facto type. One thousand and two hundred participants, selected through a combination of purposive and stratified random sampling techniques, were drawn from commercial crime investigating units of the Police, EFCC, Customs and NDLEA in Lagos State. Data were collected using two adopted and three adapted instruments. The reliability coefficients yielded by the instruments were: Agency Culture Inventory, 0.88; Training Effectiveness Scale, 0.73; Technology Application Inventory, 0.91; and Commercial Crime Investigators Effectiveness Scale, 0.81. Three null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance, while data were analyzed using of means, standard deviation and Multiple Regression Analysis. Results indicated that gender, cadre and academic qualification significantly moderated the joint and relative contributions of culture, training, and technological application to commercial crime investigators’ effectiveness. For female crime investigators (R = .417; R² = .173; Adj. R² = .159; F _(5,657) = 21.907; p <.05), it was observed that all the predictor variables accounted for 15.9% variability of commercial crimes investigators’ effectiveness and 23.3% for male crime investigators effectiveness (R = .511; R² = .261; Adj. R² = .233; F _(5,510) = 13.343; p <.05). It was observed that all the predictor variables accounted for 4.9% variability of the commercial crimes effectiveness of senior officers (R = .223; R² = .049; Adj. R² = .049; F _(5,401) = 9.524; p <.05) in commercial crimes investigations, while 10.8% variability was reported for the commercial crimes effectiveness of junior officers (R = .223; R² = .171; Adj. R² = .158; F _(5,401) = 9.524; p <.05). Also, it was observed that all the predictor variables accounted for 12.9% variability of the effectiveness of commercial crime investigators with first degree and above (R = .359; R² = .129; Adj. R² = .129; F _(5,388) = 13.051; p <.05) 14.3% variability for the effectiveness of commercial crime investigators with less than first degree (R = .403; R² = .162; Adj. R² = .143; F _(5,791) = 10.999; p <.05). The study concluded that the findings of this research have shown the predictive power of gender, cadre (hierarchy), and qualification in understanding the influence of culture, training and technological application on commercial crime investigators effectiveness in Nigeria. It was recommended, amongst others, that the agencies for fighting crimes in Nigeria should be strengthened, through constant training, promotion of the right values and state of-the-art technology. Relative autonomy of the agencies would also empower them to deal with commercial crimes more effectively.

3 tables, 32 ref

002526   GNÉNÉMON TUO (Alassane Ouattara Univ, de Bouaké 01 BP V18 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire) : The cashew nut sector of Côte d'Ivoire: Regulation and stabilization of stakeholder interests. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 14-22.

Since the Ivorian socio-political crises (the crisis of 2002 and the post-election crisis of 2010), the cashew nut sector, which is one of the economic opportunities of the far north of Ivory Coast, has been dysfunctional in the application of the rules and regulations. Commercial standards of raw cashew nuts. The goal for us is to understand and explain how the rules, standards and prices ordered by the new regulations of 2013 and modified in 2014 contribute to stabilize the interests of actors in the cashew nut sector. The investigative techniques mobilized are the bibliographic review, the direct observation, the semidirective interview guide, the individual interview, the counting of articles and the listening of recorded media. The results showed that the increase and the respect of the purchase price of raw nuts, the establishment of the Cotton and Cashew Council (CCA), the implementation of the new regulation and its progressive respect constitute among others, factors that gradually recompose the cashew nut sector.

2 tables, 12 ref

002533   MOHOD P, KULKARNI G (Symbiosis Law School, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Perceptive nature of trade facilitation agreement in India: An overview. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 04-7.

Trade is one of the most crucial aspects for the development of the country. The speed and efficiency of development is depending most on the speed and efficacy of the trade. The role of World Trade Organisation is tremendous in the regulation of world class business. The Trade Felicitation Agreement is one of the aspects of that efficacy and speed in the growing worldwide business. The Trade Facilitation Agreement came into force in the year 2017 and was ratified by almost all the member nations of WTO. India was 193rd country to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Trade Facilitation Agreement is an outcome of Bali conference in 2013 and is first of its kind of agreements which aims and focuses to simplify the trade procedures on borders and speed up the process. But in order to understand the provisions of Trade Facilitation Agreement, it is important to know General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. In simple terms, General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs is an older version of Trade Facilitation Agreement has improved and replaced some of the provisions of General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. India’s position in the international market needs to be analysed and then Trade Facilitation Agreement’s role in Indian market can be studied. In the current article, the wide meaning and application of Trade Facilitation Agreement is discussed. In addition to this India’s current trade facilities and laws are discussed. The impact of Trade Facilitation Agreement on India’s trade facilities and procedures is discussed and analysed in detail. After these discussions and the study, the article is concluded with some suggestions.

23 ref

002548   SURYA M, GUPTA S, VERMA M, PATEL P (Extension Dep, Education & Communication Management, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Constraints faced by women in accessibility of facility of Janani Suraksha Yojana. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2003-6.

The Present study entitled “Constraints faced by women in accessibility of facility of Janani Suraksha Yojana” was carried in two blocks of Kanpur District to access the Constraints faced by women in accessibility of Janani Suraksha Yojana. The study was conducted in district Kanpur Nagar during the year 2018-2019, in each block three village were selected randomly in each village 20 beneficiaries were selected in two block of six villages randomly so therefore 120 beneficiaries were selected. Out of total 51.7 per cent of beneficiaries were belong to the age group of 25 to 30 years where as late pregnancy were less. 50 per cent of beneficiaries were belonging to OBC category. It was observed that 92.5 per cent beneficiaries belonged to Hindu religion. 51.7 per cent of beneficiaries have annual income Rs. 50,000 to 1 lac and 25 per cent beneficiaries involved in agriculture and labour while 45 per cent beneficiaries were landless. 80 per cent of beneficiaries were belonged to nuclear family in which 65.8 per cent of beneficiaries have 5 to 8 members in their family and lived in kachcha house with 50.8 per cent of beneficiaries. 58.33 per cent of beneficiaries got information about JSY through ASHA. The beneficiaries were dual role of a house wife and motherhood with faced traditional cultural issues. Lack of money and transportation at the time of delivery were also problems faced by beneficiaries.

5 tables, 6 ref

002536   PATIL L M, MODI D J, VASAVA H M, PATEL M M (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bharuch, Gujarat) : Enhancing black gram profitability in Bharuch district of South Gujarat: Constraints and approach. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1843-5.

The present study was conducted by BAIF Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bharuch during 2016, 2017 and 2018 in the monsoon seasons with field surveys and one hundred fifty cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on black gram across twelve villages of Bharuch district of Gujarat. The results of survey showed that cultivation of VYM susceptible local varieties is the major cause of low yield. The data on demonstrations revealed that farmers could enhance the black gram productivity remarkably by switching over to YVM resistance variety ‘GU-1’. Postponing date of sowing helped farmers to overcome the problem of early maturity in ‘GU-1’ variety. From the CFLDs, it was observed that the black gram variety ‘GU-1’ recorded the higher yield (905 kg/ha) compared to the farmers' practices variety (704 kg/ha). The increase in the demonstration yield over farmer’s practices was 28.55 %. Technology gap and the technology index values were 295 kg/ha and 24.58, respectively.

5 tables, 11 ref

002547   SINGH N (Extension Dep, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agriculture Univ, Bikaner, Rajasthan) : Evaluation of mid-day meal programme on grass root level in India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1039-46.

Mid-day meal programme was launched as a centrally sponsored programme on 15th August 1995. Its objective was to boost universalization of primary education and to improve the nutritional status of children by the food being given to them at the school. The impact of mid-day-meals programme on enrolment and retention of primary school children that parents are more interested to send their children. Due to the introduction mid-day meals percentage of retention has been increased. Mid-day meal programme is helping to supplement nutrients in daily diet of the children. One balanced meal everyday has reduced deficiencies of vital nutrients like vitamins and calcium, making them less susceptible to diseases. This programme has been one of the better programmes for its usefulness and effective implementation. It has also helped to break caste barriers since all the children sit and eat together. The MDM (Mid-Day Meal) in the form of NP-NSPE has become not only a nationwide programme but also a national programme. To improve the mid-day meal programme on grass root level, it is necessary to evaluate the strength and weakness of the programme periodically. In order to attaining the TQM (Total Quality Management) of this national programme, it is very essential to take an active participation of the people, belong to different strata of society. It is also essential to take regular feedback from the personnel, belong to ‘administrative machinery’.

97 ref

002527   HANUMANTHA M, BISANALLI S I, PATIL R S, MANJUNATHA G O (Forestry Dep, UAS, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka) : Utilization pattern of non-timber forest products (NTFPS) in Siddapura taluk of Uttara Kannada district of western Ghat region, Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 901-5.

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are an integral part of development and survival of people living in and around forests. The potential economic value of NTFPs either in terms of utilization or their market value is often underestimated or unknown. The present study was conducted to document NTFPs collected by local people and their usage in Heggarani, Hutgar and Hukli villages of Siddapur taluk by participatory discussion method through the questioner survey. In the present study, a total of 19 NTFP species belonging to 17 families are documented. Among different NTFP species, Garcinia gummigutta (100 %), Garcinia indica (100 %), Artocarpus lacucha (100 %) are the major species harvested in high quantity. The edible fruits (41 %) are the major NTFP products harvested by the farmers followed by bark (14 %), seed (14 %), leaves (9 %), aril (9 %) and roots (9 %). Maximum revenue is obtained from Garcinia gummigutta (Rs. 82,666/annum) followed by Garcinia indica (Rs. 18,540/annum).

6 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

002546   SHILLA K, SEHGAL B, MEHTA M (Family Resource Management Dep, I.C. Coll of Home Science, Hisar, Haryana) : A study on socio economic and personal profile of the floriculture workers. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 763-7.

Floriculture sector attracts considerable attention concerning worker’s profile due to inclusive potential of worker’s employment. The present study was conducted in three districts (i.e. Fatehabaad, Hisar, Panipat) of Haryana state with the objective to study the socio economic and personal profile of the floriculture workers. Two floriculture units were selected from each district using simple random sampling technique and all the workers working in selected floriculture units were selected to study the socio economic and personal profile. Results reveal that women’s participation was more than men in floriculture units. Almost all of the respondents belonged to Hindu religion (97.06 %) and majority (52.94 %) of the respondents belonged to scheduled caste category. Results also showed that the lack of availability of employment for educated people leads them to work as labor class.

1 table, 6 ref

002540   QAYOOM I, AKHTAR M, DAR S A, KHAN S, HUSSAIN N, BHAT B A (SKUAST-K, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir) : A study of socio-economic status of fisher communities in district Baramulla of Jammu & Kashmir. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 583-6.

Present study investigates the socio-economic status of two fisher communities along River Jhelum in Sopore and Baramulla regions of district Baramulla. A total number of 256 fishers were selected randomly around River Jhelum in Sopore (152 fishers) and Baramulla (104). The socio-economic information was collected through personal interview method on a well structured pre-tested schedule developed for the purpose. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using descriptive statistics and chi square (χ2 ) test. The study revealed that most of the people involved in fishing belongs to age group of 41-50 years with a significant difference in literacy rate (p<0.05) in both the communities. In terms of monthly monetary gains, the overall poor economic conditions in both the fisher communities were noticed with highest frequency distribution falling under 10,000 – 15,000 rupees a month. A meagre return from the capture fisheries has enforced them to switch over to other professions of labouring, fruit vending, auto driving, snack and barbeque selling. Besides the problems of illiteracy and poor economic conditions, the problems of credits, taken by them for various purposes was found a hurdle for their upliftment. Among the social problems faced by fishers were caste bias, residential seclusion, inter castes marriages and non- acceptability of being religious or social heads. The overall study revealed that fisher communities of these two areas are poor for which steps need to be taken for their upliftment.

3 tables, 3 ref

002542   REGAR P C, KAMBOJ M L, SAWANT M, OJHA S N, CHOUDHARY M L (MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan)) : Feeding management practices of goats followed by tribal farmers in Rajasthan. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 227-30.

The aim of present study was to assess the feed intake and feeding management practices of tribal farmers in Rajasthan. A total of 120 tribal goat farmers were selected from 12 villages from 6 blocks in 3 tribal dominated districts viz., Banswara, Dungarpur and Udaipur. Ten farmers from each village were selected purposively based on the number of goats. The selected goat farmers were grouped into three categories based on flock size as small (50 goats, N = 24). The data on feed intake and feeding management practices were recorded on-field. A half of goat farmers (51.57 %) were adopting partial grazing followed by complete grazing (48.33 %) and none of the selected farmers was practicing complete stall feeding. About two-thirds of farmer (75 %) sent their goats for grazing for more than 5 hours daily and the remaining 25 per cent farmer sent their animals for grazing for less than 5 hours. The proportion of goat farmers who sent their animals for more than 5 hours was 76.67, 66.67 and 83.33 per cent among small, medium and large farmers respectively. Most of goat farmers (77.5 %) were feeding colostrum after the birth of the kids whereas some of the farmers (22.5 %) were not feeding colostrums at all to kids at all due to the myth of spread of diseases. About a half of the farmers (49.17 %) offered grasses, fodders (berseem, lucerne, bajra, jowar and oats) followed by 34.16 per cent goat farmers feeding tree leaves (ber, neem, babool, khejri) and 16.67 per cent farmers were feeding weeds and grass (stylo, cenchrus spp., crop weeds) and about the same number of farmers (16.66 %) in small, medium and large flock size practiced feeding weeds and grass (stylo, cenchrus spp., crop weeds). It was observed that overall average amount of green fodder offered to milking goats, dry goats, goatlings, kids and breeding buck was 1.33 ± 0.07, 0.85 ± 0.07, 0.45±0.03, 0.37±0.02 and 1.71±0.10 kg/day respectively. The average amount of green fodder offered daily was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of small farmers as compared to medium and large goat farmers in case of milking as well as dry goats and significantly higher in case of breeding bucks in case of large farmers as compared to other categories of farmers. The overall available dry fodders fed to milking goats, dry goats, goatlings, kids and breeding buck was 0.95 ± 0.67, 0.93 ± 0.07, 0.87 ± 0.06, 0.37 ± 0.02 and 1.72 ± 0.11 kg/day respectively. Being significantly (p<0.05) higher in small farmers followed by medium and large goat farmers. Overall average amount of concentrate mixture offered to milking/pregnant goats, dry goats, goatlings, kids and breeding buck was 210.09 ± 14.26, 85.37 ± 6.84, 86.76 ± 5.83, 85.65 ± 5.86 and 246.11 ± 16.89 g/day respectively. Being significantly (p<0.05) higher in small farmers followed by medium and large farmers among milking goats and breeding bucks. A sizable majority of farmers (56 %) were offering fattening ration to their male kids for their higher body weight gain so that they attain early market weight and on an overall average 255.79 ± 7923.12 g of concentrate mixture per buck/day was fed as fattening ration. The overall total DM intake through stall feeding in case of milking goats, dry, goatlings, kids and breeding bucks was 1.16, 0.90, 1.01, 0.52 and 1.38 kg respectively. The total DM intake in different categories of goats was similar among the three flock size categories. It was concluded that feeding management practices were mostly traditional without much regard to scientific recommendations. However, these management practices in general were better in case of small farmers as compared to medium and large farmers.

2 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

002537   PAWARA A, BHANOTRA A, SAWANT M, GHATARE A, SONAWANE N (Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Dep, Bombay Veterinary Coll, Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Decision building pattern of farm women in poultry value chain in Thane district of Maharashtra. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 167-71.

A study was conceptualised on 120 poultry farm women in Thane district of Maharashtra to find out their decision making pattern in poultry value chain. Farm women having minimum 2 poultry birds with 1 to 3 years of experience were selected. Data were collected personally with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedule and analyzed with the help of frequency, mean, standard deviation and percentage. Majority of the farm women were taking decision by self without consulting others regarding feeding, health care and management, marketing and finance, miscellaneous activities etc. However, there was no involvement of farm women in breeding management.

2 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

000042   SINGH R, MATHIRAJAN M (Management Studies Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560 012, Email: rs.singh06@gmail.com) : Investigation of different inputs and a new release policy in the proposed simulation model for wafer fabrication system. Sadhana 2019, 44(2), 41.

This paper investigates the effect of different inputs on selected performance metrics such as cycle time, WIP level and throughput in the processes of semiconductor wafer fab by developing a simulation model of representative but fictitious semiconductor wafer fab. The different inputs include arrival rate, arrival distribution, processing time, maintenance schedule, operator schedule, batch size, dispatching rule and release policy. Simulation results show that the relationship between inputs and system performance metrics, considered in this study, are extremely complex particularly for the inputs maintenance schedule, operator schedule and batch size. An overall result shows that dispatching rule and closed loop release policy can significamtly improve the performance of wafer fabrication system. However; major improvement comes from closed loop release policy. Accordingly, this paper presents a new closed loop release policy called as constant batch machine workload (CONSTBWL) to improve the performance of wafer fab. The behaviour of CONSTBWL is analysed in combination with dispatching rules using the proposed simulation model for wafer fab. Simulation results show that CONSTBWL policy outperformed traditional release policies in terms of the average cycle time, the work in process (WIP) level and the standard deviation of WIP level under a prescribed throughput level. Furthermore, the analysis of the results indicated that a good shop floor performance can be achieved with a right combination of closed loop release policy and simple dispatching rules with respect to the choice of performance metrics.

6 illus, 16 tables, 45 ref

000038   KUMARI D A, DEVI P S (Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: anitha.sms@velsuniv.ac.in) : Broad-spectrum strategies of E – human resource management: Review. Int J Info Computing Sci 2019, 6(2), 105-10.

Modernized world, hour is not secured as a solitary capability. It's an accumulation of extremely targeted talents using precise goals, tasks and wants. At hand, a systematically increasing weight on Human Resource (HR) capability to assist important objectives and to think about esteem as well as performance. Affiliations have comprehended the creating importance of using information Technology (IT) in using their Human Resource (HR) limits. This appears as eHRM (Electronic Human Resource Management). The e-HRM turmoil relies upon bleeding edge data advancement, reaching out from Internet-enabled hour data structures (HRIS) to organization intranets. The most thrusts square measure strengthening competition, have to be compelled to superintend personnel on a worldwide dimension, to reinforce hour profit conveyance and to bring price assets. E-HRM empowers hour pioneers to finish up designers within the advancement of centered gradable social frameworks. This paper audits the exploration work tired the sector of e-HRM. It offers bits of information into a structure of eHRM, aboard blessings and impediments. It talks regarding the influence of e-HRM on hour specialists. It tries to tell apart suggestions for future analysis during this arena.

18 ref

000036   GOLIKATTE R, HEGDE N (MPE Society’s SDM. Arts, Science, Commerce and BBA Coll, Uttra Kannada, Karnataka) : Seasonal variation in the gonads and management issues of Gerres filamentosus, Sharavati estuary, Central west coast of India. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 255-7.

Sharavati estuary is one amongst the four main estuarine systems in Uttara Kannada district. Here Gerres forms a minor but important fishery of considerable significance. Hence, an attempt has been made to study seasonal variation in the annual cycle and management issues of Gerres filamentosus from Sharavati estuary. The seasonal fluctuation in the weight of the gonad in relation to weight of the fish was studied to indicate the spawning season of the fish (Gonado - Somatic Index GSI). The GSI of Gerres filamentosus ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 (1998) and 0.8 to 1.8 (1999) in males and 1.1 to 4.3 (1998) and 1.02 to 4.6 (1999) in females. July is considered as the peak spawning month due to sharp fall of GSI values in females from 4.3 in June to 1 in July during 1998 and 4.6 in June to 1.1 in July during 1999. The fecundity of fish is usually determined from the number of ova of the mature groups in the ovary. The fecundity of the Gerres filamentosus (size range 154 mm to 240 mm) was found to vary from 48,300 to 1, 16, 760 eggs, the average being 67,791 eggs per female. Demand for the fish is high during monsoon period due to suspension of sea fishing that seriously affects the continuation of the species. Hence, an attempt has been made to convince the fishermen not to exploit the mature fishes.

5 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

000040   MANIMEHALAI N, TANVEER M, SIVAKUMAR M, SABANAYAGAM S, JAGAN P (Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries Univ, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu) : Fish descalers: A review. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 89-95.

Removal of fish scale also called as descaling is considered as one of the most important unit operation during pre-processing of fish. Generally, the descaling of fish is performed in a manual operation. This is not only a time consuming operation but also frequently causes harm and wounds to the hands of persons involved in performing the task. Designing of fish de-scaler will pave way for reducing the human drudgery and also hygienic handling of fish. In this context an effort was made to review the information available on the broad topics such as existing fish descaling practices, types of fish scales, morphology of different types of fish scales, commercially available fish de-scalers, patents available etc. Publications describing such studies were obtained from all peer reviewed sources.

4 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

000043   ZULKIFLI D, SUYASA I N, SUHARTI R, MULYONO M, RACHMAD B, SABARIYAH N, ABDILLAH R (Jakarta Fisheries Univ, Jakarta Selatan-12520, Indonesia) : A conflict analysis of management of fishery resources in East coastal of Sumatra, Indonesia. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 75-8.

This research was conducted on the east coast of Sumatra Island including Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra and Lampung Province. From February 6 to May 20, 2017. The objective of the research is to analyze the existence of potential conflicts, types of conflicts and alternative solutions to conflict in the East Coast of Sumatra. The data collection methods are carried out using qualitative methods. The results showed that the potential for fisheries conflicts on the east coast of Sumatra is caused by poor utilization of space and tends to prioritize the economic side compared to the ecological and social side. The type of conflict found is class conflict, ownership conflict and agrarian conflict. The alternative solution of the potential of conflict is increasing the supervision and law enforcement in the sea fisheries, strengthening institutional management of the utilization of fisheries resources and developing the network between fishing communities in the Malacca Strait.

2 illus, 23 ref

000039   LEVASSEUR P (de Economía Aplicada Dep, de Granada Univ, Granada, Spain, Email: pierre.levasseur@u–bordeaux.fr) : Implementing a regression discontinuity design to explore the heterogeneous effects of obesity on labour income: The case of Mexico. J Public Health 2019, 27(1), 89–101.

This study aims to explore within-country heterogeneity in the causal relationship between body mass and labour income. We focus on Mexico, which is an emerging country where overweight is predominant and hunger has become marginal. Based on the working-age population from the Mexican Family Life Survey (2002–2012), we use a regression discontinuity design to test for significant discontinuities along the body mass-income relationship. More specifically, we investigate the presence of income gaps along the body mass distribution. Our findings suggest that the overweight status is not particularly penalised in the Mexican labour market. By contrast, the obesity status decreases hourly wages by about 15 %. Regarding heterogeneity, obesity-related wage penalties are stronger for female than male employees and higher in service employments, urban areas and the latest survey. We conclude on a co-occurrence of pro- and anti-fat social norms in emerging countries. Our results might be generalised to other middle-income economies with similar nutritional patterns where hunger is marginal and overweight predominant.

6 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

000041   SARTI S, BIOLCATI-RINALDI F, VITALINI A (Social and Political Sciences Dep, Milan Univ, 20122 Milan, Italy, Email: simone.sarti@unimi.it) : The role of individual characteristics and municipalities in social inequalities in perceived health (Italy, 2010–2012): A multilevel study. J Public Health 2019, 27(1), 21–8.

The empirical evidence shows discordant results regarding the role of local contexts on individual health. This article considers the role of the municipal socio-economic contexts on self-rated health in Italy, taking into account some individual variables. Multilevel model software (MlwiN) is used to fit multilevel linear regression models of perceived health. Individual data are from the Italian surveys on "Aspects of Daily Life" 2010, 2011 and 2012, collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat). In addition, municipality-level social, demographic and economic characteristics are from the 2011 Census and the database "Atlas of Italian Municipalities" (Istat). The main findings of this study confirm that, controlling for age and gender at the individual level, poor health is influenced by socio-economic positions: lower education, not working or looking for employment and disadvantaged family social class predict higher perceived health. The individual level explains the 70.1 % heterogeneity in self-assessed health, the family level 25.6 % and the municipality level only 4.3 %. The additional influence of the socio-economic context is, conversely, of little substantive importance. Finally, by showing that variability in health relates mainly to individual characteristics, this study suggests that intervention to mitigate social inequalities in health should focus on structural factors, such as education and the labour market.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

000037   KOSYCARZ E A, NOWAKOWSKA B A, MIKOLAJCZYK M M (Warsaw School of Economics, Al. Niepodleglosci 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland, Email: ewa.kosycarz@sgh.waw.pl) : Evaluating opportunities for successful public–private partnership in the healthcare sector in Poland. J Public Health 2019, 27(1), 1–9.

The aim of this study is to analyse and assess barriers and opportunities for the improvement of the condition of public hospitals in Poland by means of public–private partnerships. The study reviews the literature and acts concerning this subject, and undertakes exploratory analyses of data acquired from national health data repositories. The situation of healthcare system in Poland is complex. There are several opportunities for alternative collaboration between private and public sector, such as joint shareholding by private and public partners in a hospital. However, there are significant barriers for developing PPPs, such as short-term contracts with public payers and a very low level of funding for health care services. Examination of different models of PPPs in different countries suggest that several important factors are required for a successful PPP project. The main factors that may affect the success of PPPs in the Polish market are: changes to the contract with the payer for the health care services, stable economic and legal conditions, appropriate allocation of risk, enough experience on both sides, use of a reputable and competent private partner, and sufficient initial capital.

2 tables, 24 ref

026229   RANA D, BHATT A (CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 061, Email: dipikahfri@gmail.com) : Evaluation of socio-economic status of the skilled and unskilled workers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh, India- A case study. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 643 - 7.

In this study, an attempt was made to study the socio-economic status of the workers engaged in organic farming. The various healthy practices under organic farming like compost production, use of bio-pesticides, crop rotations, etc. increases soil health and quality of the food. The organic practices including Homa bhasm, Agnihotra and Biodynamic farming besides promoting healthy agriculture are expected to have seeming effects on behavioral aspects of the farm workers. However, apparently systemic information on social attributes of organic farm is still limited. The socio- economic aspects of an organic farm CSKHPKV, Palampur were documented through structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by the use of indices, ratios and percentages. The various aspects as family structure and size, age distribution, caste structure, literacy level, occupational pattern, economic status behavioral aspects were evaluated. The skilled workers had nuclear family while unskilled workers had joint families, larger portion of workers in the organic farm belonged to younger age group (31 years), literacy index was high (4.32) in case of skilled workers while low (3.23) for unskilled workers. It was observed that in case of skilled workers majority of individuals were positively affected through increased farming knowledge, better wage rate, improved ethical and spiritual thinking while in case of unskilled workers no obvious positive reaction was observed for farming knowledge and wage rate though there was perceptible change in punctuality and spiritual thinking.

1 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

026228   SAIN V, KUNDU K K, MEHTA A, POOJA (Agricultural Economics Dep, Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar - 123 005, Email: 3veersain@gmail.com) : Role of market information system by traders for gram crop in Bhiwani District of Haryana. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 528 - 34.

Cicer arietinum is a suitable crop in Bhiwani district of Haryana covering Siwani and Tosham Blocks were selected purposively on the basis of maximum production under gram crop. Further to study the marketing information and constraints in marketing of gram in Bhiwani, Dadri, Siwani and Tosham markets were selected. For studying the different marketing aspects 40 traders form 4 regulated markets from two blocks of Bhiwani district were randomly selected. From the findings of the research study in Bhiwani district traders, awareness on prices and arrivals in reference/other market and main market were of I-Rank, II-Rank, III-Rank and IV-Rank. Contacts in other markets with fellow traders formed major sources of market information in Bhiwani district. The daily prices were compiled manually and also written on the notices board for the information and use by the farmers visiting the market. The information is disseminated through various media like neighbors, newspapers, relatives etc. About 75 % of the traders in the selected markets also faced difficulty on non-availability of information in required form.

9 tables, 8 ref

026230   THAKUR K, KHANNA M, VAIBHAV S, SHARMA S (Career Point Univ, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, Email: kthakur81@gmail.com) : Tourist's problems in Himachal Pradesh - A study on Dhauladhar and Beas circuit. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2018, 6(1), 72-6.

In Indian economy, tourism sector has vital role for eradicate poverty and generate large employment for people. The importance of tourism in an economy is to be determined by the volume of expenditure incurred bythe visitors. Moreover, expenditure incurred by the visitors contributes in Gross Domestic Product of an Indian economy. Now, days with emergence of marketing tourism have been promoted globally to enhance the level of tourism in the country. Government of different-different state explored the destination and their images are promoted in the national and international level to generate business structural employment for their own people. In the broad term, tourism is unique phenomenon as it defined by the consumption pattern of tourists. Tourists buy all the products and services, which depends supply of goods and services within the country. In other words, total economic and employment impact of tourism motivate researcher to find the impact of tourism in the economy. The advantages carried from tourism research may be measure and compare internationally.

6 tables, 13 ref

029932   DANIEL R, EVANGELINE D (Physiology Dep, SRM Medical Hospital and Research Centre Coll, Tamil Nadu, Email: rachuladaniel@gmail.com) : Impact of simulation-based basic life support training among the medical students. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(12), 1635-40.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the world, and cardiac arrests are on the rise. Sudden cardiac death is a major clinical, and public health problem, and survival remains poor. Simulation-based basic life support (BLS) training gives the right steps to revive somebody who has a cardiac arrest. This involves “Hands-on training” on manikins to enable fast recognition and skilled response to help save lives after cardiac arrest. In this context, it is important for medical students to know, how to provide timely cardiopulmonary resuscitation which forms an integral part of BLS training. We conducted this study to first know about the existing knowledge and skills of BLS among medical students and then evaluated the impact of simulation-based BLS training by conducting written and practical tests. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and psychomotor skills of medical students in providing BLS, after undergoing the simulationbased BLS training. A total of 85 undergraduate students of II and III year MBBS, of both sexes, were included in this experimental study. Each student had a simulation-based “hands-on” BLS training using Laerdal adult and infant mannikins with feedback device, Ambu bag, and automated external defibrillator trainers. They were taught the sequence of the steps of BLS during the “practice-while-watching,” simulation-based teaching, to facilitate better understanding and retention of the sequence of BLS steps. Aself-administered, pre-tested questionnaire was given a pre-test and post-test along with a practical skill assessment. The data were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences version 22.0 - paired t-test and multiple regression analysis. A total of 85, 2^nd and 3^rd-year MBBS students participated in the study, of which 49 were female (57.6 %) and 36 were male (42.4). 45 students (52.9 %) were of the age group between 18 and 21 years and 40 students (47.1 %) were of the age group between 22 and 25 years. There was no significant difference in pre- and post-test scores between males and females. Simulation-based teaching on BLS has an effect on improving the knowledge and skills in BLS. The two variables age (standardized β = 0.236, P = 0.018) and pre-test scores (standardized β = 0.450, P < 0.001) significantly predicted post-test scores. Simulation-based BLS training has an impact on improving the knowledge and skills of the medical students in providing BLS in cardiac arrest.

2 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

029933   SOGBOHOSSOU E O D, ACHIGAN-DAKO E G, ANDEL T V, SCHRANZ M E (Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Email: deedi.sogbohossou@wur.nl) : Drivers of management of Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) across different socio-linguistic groups in Benin and Togo. Econ Bot 2018, 72(4), 411–35.

We investigated the relationships between the cultural importance of spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra), a neglected leafy vegetable in West Africa, and the different management regimes of the species among six socio-linguistic groups in Benin and one in Togo. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 428 respondents. Cultural significance and management indices were used to quantify the importance of the species for each respondent. In addition to food uses, G. gynandra was used to cure 42 different diseases. A regression tree analysis revealed that the cultural importance and level of management of the species were strongly associated with ethnicity, gender, and to a lesser extent to age, education, income, and land tenure. Socio-linguistic groups with similar cultural background had convergent perceptions of the cultural importance of the species and described similar management practices. An analysis of farmers’ willingness to change their current management practices revealed that migration, market opportunities, and external intervention might significantly affect future management decision-making processes. We discuss community-oriented approaches to upscale the species cultivation in the region. Our study highlights how cultural importance influences current and future management intensity and illustrates how ethnobotanical research can guide research for development strategies to enact positive changes in communities’ management of traditional leafy vegetables. 

7 illus, 5 tables, 80 ref

028685   RESHMI B, UNNIKRISHNAN B, NAIR N S, GUDDATTU V (Community Medicine Dep, Kasturba Medical Coll, Karnataka, Email: unnikrishnan.b@manipal.edu) : Factors determining the enrolment in community-based health insurance schemes: A cross sectional study from coastal south India. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(4), 312-5.

Community‑based health insurance (CBHI) has been one of the options of health financing in India for a large number of population from the informal sector constituting about 90 % of the total population. The objective of this study was to find out what are the factors which have influenced the beneficiaries to enroll in the schemes and also compared them to a noninsured group. A cross‑sectional household survey, on 1639 households, was carried out, which had 1108 insured household and 530 noninsured households with a 2:1 ratio. A multivariate analysis was used to find out the determinants of enrolment. The multivariate analysis revealed that household variables such as gender of household head, religion, and family size were determinants of enrolment. The sociodemographic characteristics of the households do influence the acceptability of the CBHI schemes.

2 tables, 13 ref

028680   HADAYE R S, THAMPI J G (Community Medicine Dep, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical and General Hospital Coll, Maharashtra, Email: jerome.tvmc@gmail.com) : Catastrophic health-care expenditure and willingness to pay for health insurance in a metropolitan city: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(4), 307-11.

Health insurance can be a very useful strategy to mitigate the disabling effects of catastrophic health expenditure in India. The aim of the study is to estimate catastrophic health expenditure incurred and the willingness to pay and ability to pay for health insurance among the unsubscribed. A total of 201 principal earning members of households belonging to the 25–45 years age group were interviewed in a community‑based household survey in a conveniently selected ward in Mumbai with the help of a pretested, semi‑structured interview schedule. The proportion of households with catastrophic health expenditure was 22.4 % (total expenditure estimate) and 17.4 % (nonfood expenditure estimate). There was a statistically significant association between socioeconomic class and occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure. The average amount the respondents were willing to pay as premium for health insurance per month was ₹272 and the average amount they were able to pay was ₹259. Catastrophic health expenditure continues to be a disastrous problem in around 20 % of Indian households. Targeted health insurance schemes with different premiums and coverages for different income and employment groups should be considered.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

028683   MENON S (Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi, Email: shaveta_003@yahoo.com) : Street level bureaucracy in tobacco control: A qualitative study of health department in district Jalandhar, Punjab. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(4), 270-3.

The implementers of the tobacco control policy in the field have been neglected by the policymakers. They are the ones who have first‑hand knowledge and their experiences in the field are not being used to bring about changes in the area of tobacco control. The objective of this paper is to critically examine how Michael Lipsky’s concept of street‑level bureaucracy can be used to address tobacco control in the health department in district Jalandhar of Punjab. Semi‑structured interview schedules were used to interview Senior Medical Officers/Nodal Officers and Health Supervisors/Sanitary inspectors in four out of ten Community Health Centers and District hospital in Jalandhar. Data so collected were subjected to the process of inductive analysis and themes developed within the framework given by Lipsky. The street‑level bureaucrats(SLBs) were not given adequate training, and various organizational resources for tobacco control are missing in the district. There are threats and challenges which are faced by them in the field, and they do not exercise decision‑making power to handle these barriers for effective implementation of the tobacco control program. The government needs to be inclusive in the process of policymaking meaning that it can be more accommodative of the suggestions given by the SLBs and provide them with discretionary powers to exercise their role efficiently.

20 ref

028679   GROVER S, SOOD N, CHAUDHARY A (Pathology Dep, Dayanand Medical Coll and Hospital, Punjab, Email: sumitgrover1204@gmail.com) : Student perception of peer teaching and learning in pathology: A qualitative analysis of modified seminars, fishbowls, and interactive classroom activities. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2018, 61(4), 537-44.

Peer‑assisted teaching and learning (PTL) is being experimented in different medical universities worldwide. It is a learner‑centered approach involving students through active learning strategies. To study the student perception of PTL in methods such as group‑led seminars and fishbowls, in classroom through various interactive activities; compare and find out the student acceptability and efficacy of each of these methods in learning conceptual topics such as various types of anemia. Medical students of second‑year professional course were subjected to PTL in classroom during allotted teaching hours for 10 successive sessions using group‑led modified seminars, fishbowls, and different formality‑level interactive activities such as street plays, prop sessions, quiz sessions, to make them understand the clinical features and presentation of different types of anemia through understanding of etio‑pathogenesis. To ascertain the aspects that influenced learning, focus group discussions were conducted in small groups consisting of 14 students and one facilitator in each group. Qualitative thematic analysis was performed on transcripts of the audio recordings by authors. The emerging themes from qualitative analysis of transcripts were pertaining to teacher, student, and organization. We found motivation, interest, and involvement of peer teacher, student behavior and collaboration, contact time between students and facilitator, preparation time, coherence with other curricular activities, group size and composition, suitability of topic for the kind of activity, and availability of material for preparation as few sub‑aspects affecting learning. For PTL to be effective, adequate transfer of knowledge through good peer teacher involvement, learner receptiveness, and adequate contact time is needed. Proper preparation with suitability of topics for the type of activity, alignment of seminars with other activities, and course coherence are prerequisites for the same.

3 tables, 19 ref

028682   KUZNETSOV E V, KHADZHIDI A E, KHILIDI K I, KURTNEZIROV A N (Hydraulics and Agricultural Water Supply Dep, Kuban State Agrarian Univ named after I.T. Trubilin, 350 044, Kalinina str., 13, Russian Federation, Email: dtn-khanna@yandex.ru) : Management of agro-resource potential for agricultural landscape stability increase. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2151-8.

They obtained the resource model of the agrolandscape - an averaged natural-anthropogenic environment based on the integral indicator of risks, which determines the meliorative state of the agrolandscape soil. They developed the methodology to manage the agro-resource potential, and the resource model in the form of a dimensionless integrated risk indicator that provides the control over the sustainable development of agro landscapes. Agro-landscapes are represented as a grid of taxa, the agro-resource potential is represented by the monitoring at the key points of taxa on electronic maps in the Google system. The taxon is determined by a vector in a linear rated space. The model is imitational and resource one, because it combines the indicators of the meliorative state of soils of different nature via dimensionless indicators. An integrated risk indicator can be used in the processing of environment monitoring data, it controls the change of resources and manages the risks of resource components using the risk safety scale. The results of the research are used for the development of technological maps to perform works, for example, to eliminate the flooding of agrolandscapes and to select the reclamation techniques for excess water removal from fields, depending on the type of flooding. The develop standard schemes on computer maps to carry out the works preventing the degradation of agricultural landscapes.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

028681   KUMAR P, SACHAN S, SINGH H L, KUMAR T (Agricultural Economics and Extension Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411, Email: sharad.19461@lpu.co.in) : Regional growth analysis of oilseed production in Uttar Pradesh, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1915-9.

The study in based on the secondary data of area, production and productivity of major oil seeds grown in four regions different agro economic regions of the state. The compound growth rates based on log linear function were worked out to measure the growth in area, production and productivity of oilseeds during Three Phases of thirty years. The study reveals that 1) The oilseed area and production of all major oilseeds have decreased except mustard. 2) The variability is higher in initial phase as compared to later phase showing more stability in the production of oilseeds. 3) The increase in production was majorly due to increase in area rather than increase in productivity.

5 tables, 3 ref

028687   UPADHYAY H, BANIK D, SIDDIQUE A, KUMAR A (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411, Email: hina.18745@lpu.co.in) : Aeromycoflora of fruit and vegetables market environment and their proper management towards a sustainable environment. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1851-4.

Fungal organisms are responsible agent for the weakening and degradation of natural material, diseases in plants, creatures, and individuals. Although the type of mould and degree of infestation will depend upon the particular conditions and available nutrients. Despite the fact that the kind of shape and level of pervasion will rely on the specific conditions and accessible supplements. An aerobiological survey of vegetable and fruit market of Gwalior, India, was led amid January to December, 2012 to decide different fungal pathogens exhibit in the climate utilizing the petriplate introduction technique. A total of 28 types of fungal species belonging to 12 genera were recorded during the present investigation period. The minimum concentration (74 fungal species) was recorded in the month of June and maximum (280 fungal species) in September. The dominant fungal types belong to Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarum, ‘Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Rhizopus nigricans, Penicillium citrinum and several other genera. Day to day and month to month variations in the concentration of these fungal spore types were recorded. Variation were observed both qualitatively and quantitatively during different months. It was discovered that direct temperature, high relative humidity favored parasitic development of diseases. By these observations it is concluded that there is a definite relationship between the fungal spores and the market. So a perfect management of the waste is needed in the market.

2 tables, 15 ref

028686   SAFARANI S, RAEISSI P, RAVAGHI H, MALEKI M (Health Services Management Dep, Iran Medical Sciences Univ, Iran, Email: raeissi2009@yahoo.com) : Managerial challenges of teaching hospital, a review of the existing literature. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2018, 7(43), 4686-92.

Teaching hospitals have three goals including curing, education and research. Providing education along with health care services expands the mission and accountability of these goals and results in more challenges for managerial team of teaching hospitals in comparison with non-teaching hospitals. Therefore, this research aims to review the existing literature regarding the challenges that teaching hospital managers are facing with focus on different dimensions related to their functions. A comprehensive review was performed by searching the existing literature. We used different search strategies including electronic databases, reference checking and experts contact. The key words were combinations of the terms teaching hospitals or university hospitals and managerial/management problems and challenges. 56 studies were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A range of managerial problems have been addressed in the existing literature. The most followed is planning among the problems of managerial dimensions (34 %), and then coordination (25 %), control and evaluation (16 %), leadership (12 %), organizing and organizational structure (10 %), and ultimately creativity, innovation and change dimension (3 %). Also, the mentioned problems in teaching hospitals have different priority but for a complete and correct management to receive all three goals of a teaching hospital, managers should pay attention to all of these dimensions simultaneously. Better identification of these problems facilitates solving these managerial challenges more efficiently.

1 illus, 2 tables, 70 ref

028688   WALI O (Ibn Sina National Medical Coll, Jeddah-22421, Saudi Arabia, Email: owali@ibnsina.edu.sa) : Leadership skills in dental curriculum- A review. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2018, 7(42), 4584-8.

Dental profession is shaped by several forces in an ever-changing environment. Current focus on technical skills alone cannot prepare the student for a career in research, practice or other administrative positions. Leadership skills introduced in the undergraduate curriculum represents the best opportunity to train students to be future leaders. This review focuses on the need and competencies that are required to implement leadership development program in undergraduate curriculum.

2 tables, 33 ref

027455   KHADDA B S, SINGH B, SINGH D V, SINGH S K, SINGH C B (Livestock Production Management Dep, G. B. Pant Agriculture and Technology Univ, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, Email: khadda74@gmail.com) : Economics of goat farming under traditional system of management in Uttarakhand. Indian J Tradit Know 2018, 17(4), 802-6.

A bench mark survey was conducted to collect the base line information from the goat rearers regarding goat production systems and economics of goat farming in field conditions. The data were collected through personal interview using a well-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that 87.59 % investment was made on cost of goats and the overall variable cost contributed 77.89 % to the gross cost. The net income over gross cost per household was observed to be ₹ 7267.89, 18133.40, 31243.90 and 56028.00 in small, medium, semi-large and large flocks, respectively. The overall benefit: cost ratio was observed as 2.24 which were highest in large (2.37) followed by semi-large (2.27), medium (2.24) and small (2.23) flocks.

3 tables, 10 ref

027456   NOMAN M, MU Y T, ZHU Y, MOHSIN M, MEMON A M, SHAH S B H (Ocean Univ of China, Qingdao 266003, China, Email: ytmu@ouc.edu.cn) : Maximum sustainable yield estimation of shellfish fishery in Chinese marine waters by using surplus production modelling approach. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2018, 47(09), 1774-81.

In this study, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of shellfish fishery from Chinese marine waters is estimated through two stock assessment softwares i.e. ASPIC (a surplus production model incorporating covariates) and CEDA (catch and effort data analysis). The initial catch was approximately 90 %; hence, the MSY was estimated with initial proportion (IP) of 0.9 in both softwares. In ASPIC for this IP value, estimated MSY and goodness of fit (R²) parameters for FM were observed as 336100 t and 0.857 while for LM their estimated values remained as 316600 t and 0.856, correspondingly. In CEDA for IP value 0.9, SM and PTM estimated same MSY 213957 t, 322791 t and 266213 t for all the three error assumptions. FM for log and log normal error assumptions estimated MSY as 249382 t and 338355 t and R² = 0.756 and 0.786, respectively. However, gamma error assumption produced minimization failure (MF).

1 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

027457   PRIBADI F, PERMANA I (Management-Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, Email: firmanpribadi@umy.ac.id) : Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs among self paid participant of the Indonesia National Security Service (NSS) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Med Public Health 2018, 8(3), 108-11.

Medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2 is expensive, particularly in the presence of complications. Indeed, in the era of the National Health Security Program the effectiveness and efficiency of medical care provision has been regarded paramount. This study aimed to identify the difference of cost-effectiveness among the prescription of oral anti diabetic therapy, oral and oral, insulin, oral and insulin, and oral, oral, and insulin. This study was a retrospective study utilizing the out patients medical record of self paid participant of NSS in a hospital in Yogyakarta diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. there are three types of anti diabetic drugs which have minus values in the ICER, namely Sulfonylureas, the combination of Biguanides, Sulfonylureas, and Thiazolindinedione, and the combination of Sulfonylureas and Biguanides. the combination of Sulfonylureas and Biguanides, which is a combination of oral and oral anti diabetic therapy, is the most costeffective medication with the ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) values of Rp -170,208.

3 tables, 12 ref