039024   AGRAWAL R, NEGI R, KAUSHAL S K, MISRA S K (Community Medicine Dep, S.N. Medical Coll, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rudreshnegi@gmail.com) : Out of pocket expenditure and its associated factors in neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of tertiary care government hospital of Agra district, Uttar Pradesh. Ind J Pub Health 2020, 64(1), 60-5.

Neonatal health remains a thrust area of public health, and an increased out‑of‑pocket expenditure (OOPE) may hamper efforts toward universal health coverage. Public spending on health remains low and insurance schemes few, thereby forcing impoverishment upon individuals already close to poverty line. To determine catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in neonates admitted to the government neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and factors associated with of out‑of‑pocket expenditure. This cross‑sectional study was conducted in a governmental NICU at Agra from May 2017 to April 2018. A sample of 450 neonatal admissions was studied. Respondents were interviewed for required data. OOPE included costs at NICU, intervening health facilities, and transport as well. SPSS version (23.0 Trial) and Epi Info wereused for analysis. Of the 450 neonates analyzed, the median total OOPE was Rs. 3000. CHE was found among 55.8 % of cases with 22 % spending more than their household monthly income. On binary logistic regression, a higher total OOPE of Rs. 3000 or more was found to be significantly associated with higher odds of residing outside Agra (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.829), delay in first cry (AOR = 1.623), referral points ≥3 (AOR = 3.449), private sector as first referral (AOR = 2.476), and when treatment was accorded during transport (AOR = 1.972).OOPE on neonates amounts to a substantial figure and is more than the country average. This needs to be addressed sufficiently and comprehensively through government schemes, private enterprises, and public–private partnerships.

3 tables, 33 ref

039021   TITORIA R, UPADHYAY M, CHATURVEDI S (British Columbia Univ, BC, Canada, Email: drreenat@gmail.com) : Quality of routine immunization service: Perception of clients. Ind J Pub Health 2020, 64(1), 44-9.

Immunization prevents over 2–3 million deaths each year worldwide. In India, even though vaccines are offered free of costat public health facilities the coverage remains low. Limited scrutiny has been conducted at health service and client interface for routine immunization (RI) services, which may have been affecting the acceptance of vaccines. This emphasizes the importance of assessing the level of satisfaction and perceived quality of clients regarding RI services. This study aimed to assess the perceived quality and level of overall general satisfaction with RI services of clients. In addition, determine the association of factors influencing clients perceived quality and overall general satisfaction with RI services. A community‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted in an urbanized village of Delhi from November 2015 to April 2017. A total of 279 RI visits were covered in the study, and the clients were interviewed at their residence using a pretested tool. The dissatisfaction toward the domains of perceived quality of RI services was reported to be 3.2 % for vaccine availability, 9.7 % for vaccine information, 3.2 % for staff behavior, 6.1 % for doctor behavior, and 7.5 % for infrastructure. Multivariable‑regression analysis indicated that distance to health facility, literacy and age of the client, doctor behavior, staff behavior, and infrastructure had an effect on overall general satisfaction of client toward RI services. The client’s perception is multidimensional; improvement in one domain is likely to strengthen the other. By understanding the client’s perspective toward quality of RI service, the healthcare managers may improve the level of overall satisfaction.

4 tables, 18 ref

039017   KUMAR G, GUPTA S (National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi- 67, Email: gaurav_ucms@yahoo.co.in) : Assessment of cold chain equipments and their management in government health facilities in a district of Delhi: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Ind J Pub Health 2020, 64(1), 22-6.

Cold chain equipments (CCEs) at health facilities (HFs) are an essential part of the immunization supply chain (ISC). The CCEsin government HFs of Delhi were never assessed using the World Health Organization‑United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO‑UNICEF)Effective Vaccine Management (EVM) tool except that of state vaccine store during National EVM assessment 2013. Theobjective of the study was to assess the CCEs and their management in government HFs using the WHO‑UNICEF EVM tool in a districtof Delhi. The assessment was done during December 2017–March 2018 in one randomly selected district of Delhi. Sample sizeand site selection were done using the WHO EVM site selection tool. A total of 29 HFs were assessed along with District Vaccine Store.Questions on CCEs in EVM tool 1.0.9 were used for data collection. Out of 56 electrical CCEs, 8.9 % were nonfunctional, 48.2 %were noncompliant with WHO standards, 5.4 % were not chlorofluorocarbon free, 4.7 % did not have temperature monitoring device, and18.8 % did not have stabilizer. Eighty‑six percent of passive containers were compliant with the WHO standards. The storage capacity ofelectrical vaccine storage equipment was insufficient in 3.4 %, passive container capacity in 65.5 %, and ice packs preparation and storagecapacity in 24.1 % of HFs. There was no planned preventive maintenance of CCEs and no standard operating procedures for emergencyevent management. There was a shortage of vaccine storage, ice packs preparation and storage, and passive container capacity.Many CCEs used in ISC of assessed sites were noncompliant to the WHO standards. There was no PPM of CCEs and no guidelines foremergency event management.

2 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

002522   COUISSI T, MAAQILI M E L, MAAQILI M M E L (Geography Dep, Ibn Tofail Univ, B.P 401, Kenitra, Morocco) : The impact of rural-solidarity tourism on the local development: The rural community of Oum Rabia as a case study (Khénifra Province, Morocco). Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 34-40.

This article is a part of the thesis that is being prepared. Its main objective is to investigate the impacts of rural-solidarity tourism on the local development of the rural community of Oum Rabia at the socio-economic, socio-cultural and environmental levels. To achieve this aim, we conducted a fieldwork survey in different « douars » of this rural community. It was spread over a period of twenty-seven days from 10 th to 31st August 2016 and from 24th to 30th April, 2017. The fieldwork was carried out through a number of samplings that targeted the local population of six douars benefiting from the tourism activity. According to the results obtained, we note that among the 190 households interviewed a significant number of 162 people benefit from a tourism activity. These results show that the product of rural-solidarity tourism plays an important role in the economic, socio-cultural and environmental development of this community.

10 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

006305   MAGABLEH M N, ALSHAIKHDEEB B (Business Administration Dep, Lincoln Univ, California- 94612, Email: Moadalmagableh@gmail.com) : A comparative study of encryption methods for cloud query processing. J Comput Sci 2019, 15(11), 1585-94.

Query cloud process is an interested research study that caught many researchers’ attentions. Several studies have presented different types of encryption in order to encrypt the data prior to being migrated over the cloud. However, there is an essential demand to balance between the time consumption and encryption security. This paper presented a comparative study of encryption methods for query execution over the cloud. Three common encryption methods have been used including Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest–Shamir– Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). A benchmark dataset of queries has been used in the experiments. Based on the time of encryption and decryption along with the secrecy measure, the three methods have been evaluated. Results showed that RSA has the most competitive performance in terms of encryption and decryption time, meanwhile, it has a competitive secrecy measure values. It achieved an average encryption time of 0.57, 1.41 and 0.59 for Delete, Add and Select queries, as well as, it achieved an average decryption time of 2.31, 4.24 and 1.79 for Delete, Add and Select queries. Finally, RSA obtained an average secrecy of 1.10, 1.10 and 1.15 for Delete, Add and Select queries. This emphasis the usefulness of using RSA to maintain both efficiency and security of encryption.

10 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

006306   SAXENA N, SINGH P, MISHRA A (Economics Dep, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: f13nityas@iimidr.ac.in) : A qualitative comparative analysis of healthcare supply–demand side barriers under the publicly funded health insurance scheme in India. Indian J Public Health 2019, 63(4), 318-23.

India recently launched Ayushman Bharat – National Health Protection Mission – an upgraded version of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY), which is projected as world’s largest public insurance scheme by numbers. The new scheme can certainly draw learning from the former (RSBY) to ensure better reach and success. RSBY has been extensively analyzed for supply-side barriers but sparsely for demand and supply-side barriers simultaneously. Through this study, authors intend to determine causality as well as configurations(pathways) of demand and supply barriers that make beneficiary vulnerable even under the scheme. The study explores the interaction of barriers that lead to patient dis/satisfaction, overcharging for a medical procedure and high disease severity among beneficiaries. The study uses RSBY insurance claim records from 2013 to 2015 backed up by posthospitalization survey of the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It employs a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to determine causality and configuration (path‑way) of parameters leading to the outcome. Provision of medicine emerges as a necessary condition for patient satisfaction. Waiting time did not appear as a necessary parameter of satisfaction. Overcharging the cashless card in case of minor surgical procedures is observed irrespective of beneficiaries’ education and occupation status. Urban male and rural female appear to bear high disease severity.  Results have implication for policymakers and implementors to recognize the segment that remains vulnerable under the scheme and gain insights on the parameters of patient satisfaction.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

006307   SIVANARAYANA G (Regional Agricultural Research Station, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) : Adoption dynamics of farmers towards soil health cards in Prakasam District. Andhra Agric J 2019, 66(4), 664-7.

The study revealed that majority of farmers were middle aged, high school education, farming as occupation, more than 20 years of farming experience, less annual income, and more than 3 ha of land holding, high category of source of information, nuclear families with a family size of 5 members and high extension contact, high perception and low adoption to SHC recommendations.

3 tables, 4 ref

006304   LALHMINGHLUI, PAUL K S R, DEVI K U, RAO V S, BABU G R (Agricultural Economics Dep, Agricultural Coll, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh) : An economic analysis of cost and returns of Jhum paddy cultivation in Mizoram State. Andhra Agric J 2019, 66(4), 660-3.

A study entitled economic analysis of cost and returns of Jhum Paddy cultivation in Mizoram State was conducted.Two stage sampling method was used in selection of sample. In Mizoram state,three districts viz. Aizawl, Kolasib and Serchhip and four villages from each district and ten farmers from each village were selected to make a sample of 120. A pre-tested and well-structured schedule was used to collect cost and returns of Jhum paddy pertaining to the agricultural year 2017-2018. The total variable cost and fixed cost for Jhum paddy cultivation were Rs. 42677 and Rs. 5010 respectively. Using cost concepts, the per hectare cost A, cost B₁ , cost B₂ , cost C₁ and C₂ were worked out to be Rs. 8232, Rs. 8687, Rs. 13187, Rs. 43187 and Rs. 47687 respectively. The profitability analysis indicates that the per hectare gross income, farm business income, family labour income, net income and farm investment income were Rs. 65170, Rs. 56937, Rs. 51982, Rs. 17482 and Rs. 22437respectively. The benefit cost ratio was 1.37. It can be concluded that there existed heavy dependency on family labour for farming operations. Weeding and jungle cutting/slashing were found to be the most labour demanding operations.

4 tables, 4 ref

006302   JHANSI Y, SUNANDA N, RADHA Y, RAO V S (Agricultural Economics Dep, Agricultural Coll, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh) : Factors affecting the viability of tenant farmers and tenant farm households in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Agric J 2019, 66(4), 654-6.

The present study is conducted in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh with the objective of factors affecting the viability of tenant farmers and tenant farm households. In the sample of 120 farmers, there are 37 viable farmers and 83 non-viable farmers, the classification is based on the Tendulkar committee criteria i.e, the net income of the farmers is above 51,600 is considered as below poverty line. The farmers whose net income per farm is above 51,600 was come under non viable class and above is taken as viable farmers. The average net income per farm of the 120 tenant farmers is Rs 6,607 which is very low.Off- farm income,farm expenditure, farm size and domestic expenditure was the major significant factorseffecting the viability of tenant farmers and tenant farm households. Education, family size, farming experience, Debt outstanding and access to credit are the non significant factors.

3 tables, 8 ref

006303   KRISHNA U H, KUMARI R V, SUHASINI K (Agriculture Economics Dep, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, Email: krishna.hkrishna.hari562@gmail.com) : Impact of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) on maize farming in Mahaboobnagar District of Telangana. Agric Sci Dig 2019, 39(4), 316-9.

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) serves as an effective institutional mechanism to cope with production risks. The study has assessed the impact of NAIS on maize farming in Mahaboobnagar district of Telangana. It has a special influence on the utilization of high value inputs, which in turn has contributed towards enhancing returns from farming. It can be observed that insured farmers have invested more on hired human, machine and bullock labour, seeds, manures, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, etc. than non-insured farmers mainly because of guaranteed compensation from NAIS.

7 ref

006301   BURAGOHIN R, BORA P P, HAZARIKA J P, DEKA N (Agricultural Economics Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat- 785 013, Assam, Email: ndeka1@rediffmail.com) : Optimum crop planning for better resource use efficiency, sustainability and maximizing farm net income in Assam. Agric Sci Dig 2019, 39(4), 268-73.

In Assam, most of the crops are grown with productivity that is lower than the potential yield. Potential utilization of irrigation is not much encouraging in the state. Besides, most of the farmers are marginal and small farmers leading to low mechanization in Assam agriculture. Therefore, a proper crop planning is needed that would help the farmers to select crops for mechanization under assured irrigation that will give them higher profit. The study has been under taken with the objective to develop optimum crop planing for better resource use efficiency, sustainability and maximizing farm net income across production environments by using linear programming (LP) through GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System). The resulted optimum crop model showed that, the areas under almost all the major crops grown in Assam have the scope to be increased under the land constraint of the state both in existing and improved irrigated situation and to contribute more in farm income. From the result of the study, it can be concluded that, besides rice, crops like maize, sugarcane, jute, mustard, pea and vegetables like tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, chilies etc can be seen as potential crops in a profitable crop plan for the state.

9 ref

005063   SIDIN I, ARIFAH N, MAHMUDA R (Hospital Management Dep, Hasanuddin Univ, Makassar, Indonesia) : Organizational climate enhance service quality through enhancing OCB in Public hospital. Biomed Res 2019, 30(5), 738-46.

For years, research has focused on organizational culture though the organizational climate (OC) is a multidimensional construct. Hospital is a unique organization having unique climate, special for public hospital. This research was a quantitative study, a cross-sectional approach. The sample selected from 150 the employee of public hospitals in Makassar. The data was analyzed by structural equation model (SEM) to test the model of relationship among OC, OCB and SQ. The hypotheses were: 1) There was a relationship of OC to OCB; 2) There was a relationship between OCB and Service quality (SQ); 3) There was a relationship between OC and SQ.  The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) test presented the loading factor of managerial tools<0,5 means invalid indicator. The goodness of fit indicators showed the RMSEA 0,061 (fit). The model was accepted to be continued with structural model analysis. However, all hypotheses was rejected, P values>>0,005. The conclusion is OC did not have role in increasing OCB and SQ in public hospital, Makassar. The structural model have to be modified. The sample size was less than 200 and some indicators were invalid. Further research was supposed to apply other dimension of organizational climate and increase the sample size. The low OCB did not influence employee on providing service quality in public hospital in Indonesia since providing service quality is a mandatory from government.

4 illus, 6 tables, 54 ref

005059   NEMCHENKO A S, NAZARKINA V N, KURYLENKO Y Y (Organization and Economic of Pharmacy Dep, National Univ of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukrain, Email: asnemchenko@ukr.net) : The pharmacoeconomic analysis of the treatment regimens of patients having cardiovascular diseases with drugs of the antithrombotic action. Asian J Pharm 2019, 13(3), 179-83.

The aim of our study is to conduct the pharmacoeconomic analysis of the treatment regimens of patients having cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with antithrombotic drugs, namely clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid, in Ukraine. The results of a randomized, blind Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Event study (clopidogrel, n = 9599 and acetylsalicylic acid, n = 9588) and materials of unified clinical protocols in the specialty “Cardiology” and data of the “Available medicines” reimbursement program in Ukraine were used in the work. Based on available clinical studies of the effectiveness of using drugs with the antithrombotic action in patients with CVD, the direct and indirect costs for further analysis of the total cost of the disease were calculated. It was found that the direct cost of the treatment with clopidogrel was 2.16 times higher than the cost of the treatment with acetylsalicylic acid. The total cost of the treatment of one patient with clopidogrel was 20.35 % higher than with acetylsalicylic acid. The analysis by the “cost-effectiveness” method showed that the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) for acetylsalicylic acid was 13837.33 UAH/529.76 USD and for clopidogrel was 17366.66 UAH/664.88 USD. The cost of an incremental CER additional unit per one saved life when treating with clopidogrel is 5788.71 UAH/221.62 USD. Summing up the results of the study conducted, it has been found that the therapy with clopidogrel is more expensive; however, this drug is included in the reimbursement program in Ukraine, and therefore, the state partially compensates the patient for the expenses of it. Despite the fact that the therapy with acetylsalicylic acid should be carried out on a permanent basis in patients with CVD, it is necessary to include it in the “Available medicines” reimbursement program. The inclusion of drugs with acetylsalicylic acid in the list of reimbursed drugs will improve the health of patients with CVD and will help to save public funds that may be lost due to disability of the patient.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

005046   ANBU D (Shri Venkateshwara Univ, Greater Noida- 201 308, Email: sarath.mb@gmail.com) : The role of leaders and managers in business organisations. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 225-8.

Modern business organizations should be managed with a new attitude to manager’s work. A modern manager should be a leader who is capable to enable employees and jointly collaborate in a team. It is stated that these strivings leads the leader to possess managerial skills and competences. Leaders have specific attitudes, capabilities and professional characteristics to overcome managerial challenges in modern organizations. Managers are those who perform the assigned management task. It is thought that they achieve the desired goals through the functions of planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, problem solving and controlling. On the other hand, leaders focus and set a direction, align people, motivate and inspire. A leader has the passion and the creativity, while a manager has the mind, the rational and the persistence. A leader is flexible, innovative, inspiring, courageous and independent. But a manager has a nature of consulting, analytical, deliberate, authoritative and stabilizing. This review paper discusses on the basic roles of manager in business organizations, concepts of leadership and management, differences between managers and leaders, comparison of managers and leaders, conditions for good and efficient management.

13 ref

005054   JHA S (Apeejay School of Management, Dwarka, New Delhi, Email: shwetajha.asm@gmail.com) : Transformational leadership as predictor of employee engagement. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 222-4.

Transformational leaders consistently motivate their followers to realize their full potentials and distinguish themselves by way of extra-ordinary accomplishments which they can legitimately own even in an organizational context. This in turn works as a cementing force for emotional connect between the leaders and their followers. As a result of profound emotional connects, the employees not only identify themselves with their leaders but also map their personal vision-mission with that of the organization and thus go all out to achieve the strategic objectives set by top management. It is therefore assumed that transformational leadership serves as predictor of employee engagement. While there are factors such as compensation, organizational culture and climate, training and development opportunities, challenging assignments, etc. which augment employee engagement, transformational leadership is the single most important factor that unlocks the hidden potentials of the employees and inspires them to write success stories in a way that they can claim as their own. This article examines how transformational leaders catalyse engagement of their team members in contemporary organizations.

1 table, 9 ref

005056   KODI R, BOADI B O, DONKOR N, BOAFO S A (Education Univ, IEDE-Winneba, Ghana, Email: bontrow@yahoo.co.uk) : Assessing the validity and reliability of selection tools: A case study of selected Higher Education Institutions (HEIS) in Ghana. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 208-21.

Selection tools are of great importance to every organization since they are the main instruments used in employees’ selection process. Hence, this research work assessed the validity and reliability of selection tools of  selected Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Ghana. All Nations University College and Koforidua Polytechnic was selected as case studies for the research. The study was intended to find out the selection tools of both institutions, how valid and reliable these selection tools (assessment methods) are in employees’ selection, the challenges with those selection tools and ways to help improve their use. A simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select a sample size of 250 employees (staff) from both institutions. The study hence obtained data from the respondents through the use of questionnaires. The data gathered from the respondents were then analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software. The results indicated that, seven main selections tools are used by All Nations University College and Koforidua Polytechnic in their employees’ selection process. It was also realized that all the seven selection tools are valid and highly reliable, resulting in hiring competent staff for these two institutions. However, the study also showed three main factors as challenges to the use of selection tools at both institutions. These challenges were; high cost of administering selection tools, difficulty in designing selection tools and rigidity of selection tools due to their over standardization. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that All Nations University College and Koforidua Polytechnic must develop implementation plans to guide the use of selection tools, and must also conduct effective validation studies on their selection tools to demonstrate the tools relationship with job performance.

4 tables, 82 ref

005048   DIXIT S, NARENDRAN R (Academy of HRD, Ahmedabad- 380 059, Email: sanjeev.dixit3@gmail.com) : Impact of organisational values elements and employee engagement outcomes on business performance indicators. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 190-202.

In the VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) environment, Business Sustainability across companies and industries is driven by Business Value Creation. Conventionally Business Value creation is linked to quantifiable and tangible periodic achievement of top line and bottom-line targets. According to Great Place to Work Institute, UK, there is no correlation between an organization's publicized values and financial performance but there is a link between a culture of strong values as perceived by employees and organizational performance. Therefore, values need to be ‘lived’ throughout the organization. (2014). Glynis A. Fitzgerald and Nancy M. Desjardins (2004): Organizational Values and Their Relation to Organizational Performance Outcomes, Atlantic Journal of Communication, 12: 3, 121–145 discusses how values are defined and different ways that values can be communicated to acquire improved organizational outcomes. The construct, employee engagement emanates from two concepts that have won academic recognition and have been the subjects of empirical research-Commitment and Organizational Citizen Behavior (OCB) (Robinson, Perryman and Hayday, 2004; Rafferty et al., 2005). Gallup organization defines employee engagement as the involvement with and enthusiasm for work. Gallup as cited by Dernovsek (2008) likens employee engagement to a positive employees’ emotional attachment and employees’ commitment. As per Hewitt, Employee Engagement describes the state of Emotional and Intellectual Involvement or Commitment an Employee has to an organization. Hewitt research and experience show strong evidence that higher levels of Engagement combined with appropriate capability produce stronger business results and sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, by identifying those factors which have the most impact on an employee's level of Engagement, organizations can develop strategies and take actions to increase Engagement and therefore business results. Perrin's Global Workforce Study (2003) uses the definition “employees’ willingness and ability to help their company succeed, largely by providing discretionary effort on a sustainable basis.” According to the study, engagement is affected by many factors which involve both emotional and rational factors relating to work and the overall work experience. Great Place to Work Institute UK, 2014 research shows that a strong values-driven culture is critical to the success of high-performance organizations. Organizations with a culture of strong values are more likely to have better financial results than their peers. It is believed that organizations need to put values back at the core of their business. This is not only as a reaction to the various scandals and crises that have affected business in the last few years, but also as a tool to help minimize the risk of falling victim to future scandals and crises. Strong values help build organizational resilience. In line with above citation, the Key objective of this research is to establish systematic qualitative and quantitative linkages between Organizational Values and Employee Engagement on Business Performance Indicators, which is a very important construct from the context of organizational sustainability. During the business review in the targeted industries within India, the above-mentionedlinkages need to be strategically assessed. It is business imperative to leverage the Organizational values for enhancing employee engagement, commitment and trust for impacting Individual and team's performance which will further impact Business Value variables like revenue, profitability, market share and growth. In order to achieve the objective of the research it is important to study the linkage and correlation of Organisational Values deployment and survey findings with Employee Engagement of the company and its further linkage with Key Business Performance indicators.

39 ref

005062   SHETTENNAVAR S, VITHAYATHIL A (Industrial Engineering and Management Dep, R V Coll of Engineering, Bengaluru- 560 059, Karnataka, Email: sanketshettennavar.im15@rvce.edu.in) : Exploratory study of biomedical waste management– An IoT perspective. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 181-9.

Healthcare is necessary for our well-being and survival, but healthcare activities produce a large amount of infectious and hazardous waste which poses a large threat to its environment. There is a need for proper management of these wastes. There are rules, regulations and guidelines put in place for management of biomedical waste by government and regulatory bodies, yet gaps exist between statutory requirements and the waste management systems in practice.  With large number of hospitals and clinics opening up, it creates a challenge for management of biomedical waste. An exploratory survey was conducted to identify the problems and pain points in biomedical waste management and study the market perception of IoT enabled waste management solutions for biomedical waste. The study highlighted that biomedical waste is not being collected on time and the space for storing biomedical waste before disposal is insufficient in clinics and small hospitals. The study also showed that there was a lack of awareness of IoT enabled solutions, yet the interest for such solutions was positive.

13 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

005050   GULHANE N M, MADANKAR G E, AGASHE A, BAND G (Shri Ramdeobaba Coll of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Email: gayathriswapnil@gmail.com) : Measuring service quality and its relationship with customer loyalty in automobile sector in Nagpur region. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 176-80.

The present research attempts to find out the service quality and its relationship with customer loyalty in automobile sector in Nagpur region of Maharashtra, India. The objective of the study was to study the satisfaction level of customer regarding service provided by the automobile companies and to study the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. Primary data was collected with the help of questionnaire and google forms from 153 respondents from different area of Nagpur (63 % Urban, 37 % Rural). From the analysis of SERVQUAL Model for the four companies i.e. Tata, Honda, Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai we had derived that the customer is more satisfied, more loyal, more intend to buy the Tata products followed by Honda, Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai.

21 ref

005047   CHOWDHURY D (Cosmos Kunja, Dhaka- 1207, Email: cdebodip@gmail.com) : Role of E-learning on education: A review of literature. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 273-8.

Despite the importance of e-learning on education it is not properly addressed in academic literature. This study thus endeavors to fill the gap by integrating different aspects of e-learning and education. A good number of prior studies are reviewed in order to prepare this study. The study explores the crucial role of e-learning on education. E-learning is combining education with information and communication technology (ICT) to make it more convenient to the learners. By the 90s, many online courses became available and eventually, in the 2000s many firms introduced e-learning in training their employees. Since then it has been acknowledged by both educators and trainers as a way for providing the learners with a better quality of education. Particularly e-learning exists as three types: asynchronous training, synchronous training and blended training. All of these forms of e-learning are reliable and their use depends on the learners’ needs. Learners, educators and trainers find e-learning more accessible, more affordable, more cost effective compared to traditional learning. After judging the advantages, it is indubitable that e-learning has the potentials to improve the quality of education in Bangladesh greatly. Recently Government of Bangladesh along with some non-governmental organizations has taken initiative to amalgamate ICT into its education sector, which if successfully implemented can meet many of the challenges faced by the education sector of Bangladesh. The study extends a direction for new research specifically in the context of developing countries like Bangladesh and suggests using e-learning for the development of education sector.

1 table, 13 ref

005055   JNANESWAR K (Engineering Coll, Trivandrum, Email: jnaneswar@gmail.com) : Is quality of work life a predictor of organizational commitment? Empirical evidence from healthcare industry. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 255-62.

Quality of work life indicate the degree to which members of a work organization are able to satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organization. This concept has been gaining attention from both industry and academics. Organizational commitment reflect employees attitude towards their organization. It denotes the strength of an employee’s involvement in and identification with the organization. It can produce many desirable outcomes in organizations. Present study attempts to find out the relationship between quality of work life and organizational commitment among nurses working in Kerala. Data were collected from 204 nurses working in Kerala using a two stage sampling procedure. Quality of work life was measured by using the scale developed by Richard E Walton (1975) and organizational commitment was assessed by using the scale developed by Allen and Meyer (1990). Results revealed a significant correlation between the two variables and found a positive relationship between the two. The study while assessing the impact of quality of work life on organizational commitment found that quality of work life is exerting a significant influence on organizational commitment. The study established no significant difference in quality of work life and organizational commitment with respect to various demographic factors such as gender, marital status, age and experience. The outcome of the study reiterate the necessity of organizations to establish prudent HR policies and practices for its employees for getting their commitment.

11 tables, 48 ref

005060   PRIYA DEEPA M, RAMASUBBIAN H (Business Administration Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore- 641 043, Email: priyadeepamohan@gmail.com) : A comparative study on performance of equity mutual funds. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 229-31.

The better returns makes out better investment the mutual funds provides out with various fields and has given out the higher level of performance for the past few years the mutual funds has been growing at faster rate and none the small investor can make investment and save for the future. The main objective of this study is find out the maximum returns gained by the top most companies and the result shows that the maximum level of returns and minimum level of risk is in Smallcap funds and next to that midcap funds stands with good returns. The tools used for analysis is annual return.

2 tables, 10 ref

005057   MEHTA K, DAVID N (Institute of Management, Bengaluru- 560 029, Email: kaveri.mehta@mba.christuniversity.in) : A study on cross correlation among India vix, oil price and gold price: Evidence from India. Asian J Manag 2019, 10(3), 161-6.

This paper attempts to examine the cross correlation among India VIX, crude oil price and gold price. Daily data are analysed for the period March 2008 till July 2017 to discover the relationship among the three variables. The empirical results show that gold has a negative impact and crude oil has been witnessed to have a positive impact on India VIX. Nonetheless, the intensity of the impact is miniscule. The major finding is that volatility of India VIX is persistent in nature. As past events have been taken into consideration to justify the results, the model is reasonably robust in nature.

3 tables, 40 ref

005061   SHARMA S, SHIVALINGESH K K, THAKAR S, SHARMA S, CHAUDHARY A, DHANKER K, SHARMA M (Public Health Dentistry Dep, Sharda Univ, Greater Noida-201 306, Uttar Pradesh) : Teaching innovation in the dental curriculum: Student feedback and future aspects. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2019, 12(4), 225-9.

Education is a constant and evolving field. With changing times, there is a need to change the teaching methodologies to involve the students in the learning process through different approaches. To assess the feedback of dental students on introducing newer teaching innovations i.e. crossword puzzles and spinwheel games. The study included 112 dental students and 75 dental intern through convenience sampling in a dental college of Greater Noida who were involved in interactive sessions viz crosswords and spinwheel games in the subject of Public Health Dentistry. The students were the asked to fill a feedback form which was both open ended and close ended in nature. The questionnaire was prevalidated and pre-tested. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0 and the Chi-square test was applied to find out statistical differences, if any. The sample consisted of 27 (14.4%) BDS third year, 85 (45.5%) BDS final year students and 75 (40.1%) dental interns. The entire study population had a strong female predilection (126, 67.4%). A majority of the students 165 (88.2%) statistically favored the teaching innovation (p<.05) and responded positively to conducting such activities in the future. The students, in particular girls favoured these teaching methodologies more as compared to males. Students preferred that use of such innovative techniques for learning as it was an interactive and informative session. We suggest the inclusion of such methodologies in the teaching curriculum.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

005051   HARISHA N, TULSIRAM J, JOSHI A T (Agricultural Extension Dep, Agricultural Coll, Bapatla- 522 101, Email: harishnmuni@gmail.com) : Techno-economic analysis of vegetable production under protected cultivation in Kolar district of Karnataka. Agric Sci Dig 2019, 39(3), 224-7.

Vegetable cultivation is an awesome business in India, however it is difficult to judge how they are safe for human consumption as farmers spray large amount of  pesticides which not only increases the cost of cultivation but also leaves residual toxicity in  vegetables. To address these challenges, protected cultivation technology i.e., poly   house, shade net, micro tunnel etc., have been globally accepted in horticultural sector and there is a scope for economic viability of tomato and capsicum under shade net for profitable agriculture. The present study was conducted during 2016-17 to analyse the economic viability of vegetable production under protected cultivation the Kolar, Malur and Mulbagal taluks of  Kolar district of Karnataka by involving 80 vegetable growers. The viability of investment in the Shade net for cultivation of capsicum and tomato were analyzed by using project analysis parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PBP).The Cash flow analysis was calculated based on estimated expenditure and returns for both capsicum and tomato crops  over the 15 years for analyzing the economic viability. The study highlighted that Investment on shade net for capsicum (BCR=1.69:1) cultivation is more profitable than tomato (BCR=1.48:1). The fixed costs for cultivation of both the crops capsicum and tomato under shade net were found to be same. The labour cost for capsicum (Rs.59, 493) cultivation was nearly equal to tomato (Rs.59, 181) cultivation under shade net in an one acre area. The variation in gross income and net income of both the crops was mainly due to stable price in market for capsicum as compared to tomato. Finally concluded that capsicum crop is more economical than tomato under shade net which create pathway for continues profitability as well as sustainability of agriculture.

5 ref

005058   MEZGEBO A, TEFERI A, TEKLAY S, HAGOS G (Agricultural Economics Dep, Adigrat Univ, Adigrat, Ethiopia, Email: adeway12@gmail.com) : Efficiency, yield gaps, and profitability of potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Kombolcha district, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Agric Sci Dig 2019, 39(3), 184-9.

The study assessed potato production efficiency using the stochastic frontier production function. The study also used descriptive statistics to analyze the data. A sample of 120 potato farmers was selected using multistage random sampling techniques. The results showed that farmers used inputs like land, labor, seed, NPS (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur) and Urea fertilizers to produce potato. On average, these farmers were not economically efficient in producing the crop. The average technical, economic and allocative efficiencies were 91 %, 46 % and 51 %, which meant that the average inefficiency appeared 9 %, 54 %, and 49 % respectively. The result also showed that 18.14 quintals per hectare of yields was lost due to inefficiency. Socio-economic and institutional factors determined efficiency scores. The results suggested that policy maker needs to consider these factors affecting efficiency scores.

26 ref

005053   JANGID M K, SHARMA L, MEENA G L (Agricultural Economics and Management Dep, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: jangidmkindia2007@gmail.com) : Economic performance and optimum cropping pattern based on alternative price scenarios in arid-western plain zone of Rajasthan State. Agric Sci Dig 2019, 39(3), 169-76.

The present investigation was undertaken to work out the economic performance and optimum cropping pattern based on alternative price scenarios in Arid-Western Plain Zone of Rajasthan state. In the present study, the unit-level cost of cultivation data of various crops for the triennium ending year 2013-14 which were collected from “Comprehensive Scheme to Study the Cost of Cultivation of Principal Crops in Rajasthan state. The performance of different crops was assessed by calculating net returns under three alternative price scenarios i.e. (i) Market prices (MP) (ii) Economic prices (EP) and (iii) Net income based on natural resource valuation technique (NRV). This study has considered subsidy as a cost to society. Similarly green house gas emissions from the crops have been taken as cost to the society and nitrogen fixation by leguminous crops have been taken as gain to the society. Results from the study shows that groundnut-barley combination of crop sequence was found the most remunerative in economic return generated over the year of ₹ 59418 per hectare followed by groundnut-vegetables (₹ 53930/ha) and groundnut-gram (₹ 52879/ha) combinations. Net gain to the farmers based on the alternative price scenarios viz. market, economic and natural resource valuation prices were estimated as ₹ 114.38 lakh, ₹ 114.45 lakh and ₹ 138.82 lakh, respectively. The overall gain to society has increased at economic prices by ₹ 49.39 lakh whereas it was decreased by ₹ 93.24 lakh at natural resource valuation due to the lack of cultivation of legume crops. The optimal plan is suggested that more area under cultivation of legume crops like groundnut, clusterbean and gram because of they are less water intensive and more environment friendly and thus have a positive impact on natural resource valuation with the existing water availability.

19 ref

003802   IHEMEZIE E J, ONUNKA C N, UMARU I I (Nigeria Univ, Nsukka- 410 002, Email: cynthia.onunka@unn.edu.ng) : The implication of agricultural land-use change on food security in Benue state, Nigeria. J Trop Agric 2019, 57(2), 105-13.

This study employed geo-physical Land Use Land Cover (LULC) satellite data and crop yield data to examine the trend of agricultural land-use change and how it affected food security in the Nigerian state of Benue. Satellite imageries were downloaded for the years 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website, while crop yield data from 1980 to 2015 were obtained from the Benue State Ministry of Agriculture. Satellite image datasets were analyzed using remote sensing and GIS techniques, and data extracted for a quantitative analysis while crop yield data and data on percentage changes in cropland/vegetation were analyzed using regression analysis. The results of the study showed that the trend of agricultural land-use change in Benue state, Nigeria is tending towards reduction in agricultural lands. While this negative trend was found to reduce the output of some crops (e.g. yam, maize and groundnut), it seemed to have also spurred an increase in the production of other crops with more economic value (e.g. rice and cassava) due to intensification. The study recommends that appropriate landuse policies should be put in place to prevent unguarded loss of agricultural lands so as to forestall looming food security crisis.

3 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

003806   MAJUMDER S H, GOGOI P B, DEKA N (Agricultural Economics Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat-785 013, Email: shmajumder@aau.ac.in) : System of rice intensification (SRI): An innovative and remunerative method of rice cultivation in Tripura, India. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 504-7.

System of rice intensification (SRI) has been gaining momentum over the years in Tripura, one of the eastern states of India. To meet the growing rice demand, a rapid increase in paddy production is needed. Considering the growing importance of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in the state, the need for such a study was felt and accordingly the present study was conducted in Sepahijala district of Tripura on the basis of highest area coverage under SRI among all districts of the State. SRI offers an interesting alternative to improve rice productivity. The present study was carried out to examine the comparative economics of SRI and conventional methods of rice cultivation in Tripura, India during the year 2016-17. For the study 120 sample farmers were selected by using multistage random sampling. The cost concepts were used are Cost A, Cost B and Cost C. This paper has compared the economics of SRI and the conventional methods of rice cultivation. It has shown that gross return and net return were much higher for SRI (Rs. 129000.50), (Rs. 67050.50) than conventional (Rs. 78444.00), (Rs. 27168.00), respectively. Similarly, the return over cost was higher for SRI (2.08) than conventional (1.52) methods. The present study concludes that SRI has a tremendous potential to increase the production of rice. Moreover, adoption of this technique by the farmers would give them higher yields which in turn will help them to earn more and improve their socio-economic situation. It has proved to serve as an alternative method for rice cultivation.

2 tables, 15 ref

003809   PATIL R, BHURKE V (L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai- 400 019, Email: rachana.patil@welingkar.org) : Impact of rural entrepreneurship on migration- A case study of Dahanu (Maharashtra), India. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 500-3.

A society’s prosperity critically depends upon the level of success, prosperity and growth opportunities available to its people. Entrepreneurs serve as the catalyst in the economy’s engine, triggering and stimulating all economic activity. The present study is based on primary and secondary data collected from various sources and primary data collected from Dahanu district of the Indian state of Maharashtra India during 2017-18. Qualitative data collected from different stakeholders including rural entrepreneurs concluded that agriculture is predominant occupation in Dahanu district of Maharashtra. Seasonal migration is common due to seasonal nature of rice farming, leading to high rate of school dropouts. Entrepreneurial ventures available in Dahanu categorized into two categories viz. Agriculture based and non-agriculture based ventures. Prospective entrepreneurial ventures in the study area are warli painting, poultry farm, clothes, handicrafts and handlooms, floriculture and perfumery, rice processing unit, ice factory, Sapota processing unit, Bidi making which can operate on commercial basis. There is scope to scale up existing ventures as well. Entrepreneurship helped certain individuals to reduce migration and to continue the education of their children. Hence, rural entrepreneurship can help in mitigating the complex challenges caused by migration.

7 ref

003808   MURTAZA, BISWAL P (Air Force Station, Bidar, Karnataka, Email: docmurtu@rediffmail.com) : Cas/Medevac in field area: An experience and lessons drawn. Indian J Aerospace Med 2019, 63(1), 33-8.

Success of Cas/Medevac missions depends on effective coordination between all agencies involved. The focus by medical authorities on the treatment and medical care at time leads to avoidable procedural complexity. Certain lessons are drawn from the United Nations (UNs) field areas for Cas/Medevac missions/laid down procedures and recommendations made for streamlining our own procedures. The data pertaining to Cas/Medevac details from IFH Level-II Malakal (UN Mission in South Sudan [UNMISS]) for January 2017 - February 2018 were collected and analyzed. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) followed in the UN field areas for Cas/Medevac missions were also studied and analyzed.  A  total of 19  cases were air evacuated from IFH Level-II UNMISS to higher medical establishments and 11  cases from periphery to IFH Level-II in 1  year plus period. Aeromedical issues involved are discussed here with emphasis on Medevac of patient with suspicion of hollow viscus perforation/pancreatitis. Procedures and documentation followed in the UN Medevac missions are discussed and suggestions made for improving Cas/ Medevac procedures in field areas. A sample of Cas/Medevac incremental information form is also suggested. Timely evacuation of a casualty to an appropriate medical establishment can reduce mortality and morbidity significantly. Experience of Cas/Medevac missions in the UN field area is presented in this paper along with analysis and discussion on SOPs followed in the UN mission areas. Suggestions are made to refine and streamline our own Cas/Medevac procedures in field areas and theaters of conflict.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

003812   SACHDEVA R C, MONDKAR J, SHANBHAG S, SINHA M M, KHAN A, DASGUPTA R (Neonatology Dep, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai- 400 022, Email: jayashreemondkar@rediffmail.com) : A landscape analysis of human milk banks in India. Indian Pediatr 2019, 56(8), 663-8.

To evaluate the existing status of human milk banks in India with reference to infrastructure, human resources, funding mechanisms, operating procedures and quality assurance. A pretested questionnaire was administered to 16 out of 22 human milk banks across India, operational for more than one year prior to commencing the study. 11 (69 %) milk banks were in government or charitable hospitals; only 2 (12.5 %) were established with government funding. 8 (50 %) had a dedicated technician and only 1(6 %) had more than five lactation counsellors. Milk was collected predominantly from mothers of sick babies and in postnatal care wards followed by pediatric outpatient departments, camps, satellite centers, and homes. 10 (63 %) reported gaps between donor milk demand and supply. 12 (75 %) used shaker water bath pasteurizer and cooled the milk manually without monitoring temperature, and 4 (25 %) pooled milk under the laminar airflow. 10 (63 %) tracked donor to recipient and almost all did not collect data on early initiation, exclusive breastfeeding or human milk feeding. Our study reports the gaps of milk banking practices in India, which need to be addressed for strengthening them. Gaps include suboptimal financial support from the government, shortage of key human resources, processes and data gaps, and demand supply gap of donor human milk.

2 tables, 17 ref

003811   PRIYA V, KUMAR A, SHARMA P (Shoolini Univ of Business and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Email: vishalpriyak@gmail.com) : Cracking of cellulose from ignorant source - animal waste-biomass conversion and utilization: A review. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2019, 7(2), 29-41.

Waste-biomass consumption is a serious issue of concerning in developing countries. This review shows a comprehensive introduction to the biomass concept, covering the main biomass resources utilized commonly throughout the world under a category i.e. animal waste. Use as a simple illustration of potential sources of energy from biomass, including trees, agricultural crops, animal manure, the waste-biomass has been proved be fieldharvested, preprocessed and transported to bio-refineries for treatment and processing. It has been converted to bio-fuel for transportation, industrial chemicals or power plants to supply electrical power for public consumption. From animal waste biomass cellulose is one of the abundant polysaccharide polymer which has been extracted and functionalized with many organic reaction. This present review explores cellulose history, structure, worldwide production, and extraction of cellulose from waste biomass mainly focused on animal dung. Present status of converting them into value-added products has been established. The materials based on cellulose and its derivatives have been used for a wide variety of applications, paper manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, or other chemical engineering uses, such as chromatography, paints, and explosives.

7 illus, 3 tables, 49 ref

003813   SEBASTIAN J, PRAVEEN K V (Agricultural Economics Dep, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa- 110 012, Email: sebastianjobin77@gmail.com) : Performance and prospects of spice trade in India: An economic analysis. J Crop Weed 2019, 15(2), 1-8.

This paper is an attempt to analyse the international trade potential of Indian spices along with its constraints in the global markets. Spice exports from India experience high growth rate along with significant instability. The results of the revealed symmetric comparative advantage indicate that India is having unique comparative advantage in exports of turmeric, cardamom and seed spices. Decomposition analysis of the value of Indian spice exports suggested the contribution of change in mean export quantity to be highest for pepper (1152 %), chilli (231 %), ginger (95 %) and cardamom (63 %); however for crops like turmeric, nutmeg and seed spices, it was contributed by the change in mean export unit value. SPS measures were also studied by finding import detentions from USFDA. During 2017, out of 448 import detentions, a lion share of 232 was found to be in spice lots. The major cause for these detentions are adulteration, misbranding, filthy and presence of unsafe additives and colours. Indian spice exports face significant challenges including poor post-harvest handling, inadequate legal provisions, insufficient quantity of legal spices and loss of indigenous products.

8 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

003800   ARCHANA K, KUNDU K K (Agricutlural Economics Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar- 125 004, Email: kundu.dr@gmail.com) : Economics of Bt cotton in Haryana vis-a-vis Tamil Nadu. J Cotton Res Dev 2019, 33(2), 324-34.

The present study was conducted to study the economics of Bt cotton in Haryana vis-a-vis Tamil Nadu. The primary data were collected from 120 farmers i.e. 60 each from Haryana and Tamil Nadu acted as ultimate unit of the sample while the secondary data on area, production and productivity were pertained to the periods 1986-87 to 2015-16 was collected from various government publications. The area, production and productivity of cotton in Haryana and Tamil Nadu increase with average compound growth rates of 6.29 and 4.33 per cent / annum and 3.07 and 2.09 per cent / annum, 3.68 and -3.03 per cent / annum, respectively from the period 1986-1987 to 2015-2016 but area shows negative trend (-3.03 %) in case of Tamil Nadu. The comparative analysis of Bt cotton calculated for the crop year 2015 showed that / acre cost of cultivation varied between ` 35890 and ` 31736 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu, respectively. But due to yield variation among the two states, the significant difference in / unit cost of production was observed. It varied between ₹ 5836 and ₹ 4492 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu, respectively. Net return / acre of Bt cotton is ₹ -8000 and ₹ 1376 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu, respectively. Per acre input utilization revealed that the use of bullock labour was observed more on small farmers followed by medium farmers and large farmers where as the usage of machine labour was found to be more on large farmers followed by medium and small farmers. The yield gap analysis revealed that the economic losses were found relatively higher in case of Haryana when compared to Tamil Nadu due to wide gap existed between potential yield, highest yield attained on farm and the average actual yield. The main production constraints noticed were non availability of adequate good quality seed, non availability of labour, poor quality insecticides/pesticides, unfavourable climatic conditions and lack of technical knowledge. The main marketing constraints were low price of Bt cotton produce, high regulation of market intermediates and lack of extension and marketing services.

3 illus, 9 tables, 10 ref

003805   KUMAR S, JAIN R, KUMAR N R, BALAJI S J, JHAJHRIA A, TATIPUDI S V B, AWAIS M (ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, Pusa- 110 012, Email: sant.kumar@icar.gov.in) : Measuring efficiency of cotton production in Haryana: Application of data envelopment analysis. J Cotton Res Dev 2019, 33(2), 314-23.

Haryana ranks second after Gujarat in production of cotton among irrigated states of India. The present study provides the sources of inefficiency of cotton farmers in Palwal district of Haryana. The non parametric approach, Data Envelopment Analysis, has been used to determine efficiencies (technical, allocative, scale and cost) of cotton farmers having similar conditions like soil types, cropping system, agro environment and access to markets. In the ‘cotton-wheat’ system of study area, there is a scope to improve efficiency of individual farm (especially allocative and cost efficiencies) growing cotton. Results show that mean efficiency scores for technical, scale, allocative, scale and cost were 97.3, 93.7, 87.6 and 85.2 per cents, respectively. Efficiency scores imply that cotton farmers were technically efficient, but there is a scope in improving their allocative and cost efficiencies by 12 and 15 per cent, respectively, thereby making cotton cultivation cost effective and profitable. Analysis revealed that by reassembling of resources, about 20 per cent of operational cost could be reduced without affecting the yield level. However, results emerged from small sample farms data need great care in interpreting the findings for any policy decision.

5 tables, 24 ref

003815   SHEWALE A, VASHISTHA H, SOROKHAIBAM R, DHURIA M, JAIN S K, JOSHI A P, SINGH S (National Centre for Diseases Control, New Delhi– 110 054, Email: adshewale12527@gmail.com) : Operational considerations to manage quarantine facility: Lessons learnt in setting-up the first quarantine centre in India for evacuees from Wuhan (the epicentre of COVID-19 outbreak), China. J Commun Dis 2019, 53(3), 1-10.

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a “public health emergency of international concern.” In order to contain the outbreak, China used quarantine measures. India was among the first few to evacuate its citizens. It is a retrospective cohort study of Indian evacuees who returned from Wuhan, China. Standard operative procedures were developed for daily screening, sample collection, medical management, transport and referral, biomedical waste management, food safety, etc. Lessons learned were incorporated in subsequent trainings to improve effectiveness. India evacuated 647 nationals including seven Maldivian citizens from Wuhan, China in many batches (with first two batches having 104 and 302 evacuees respectively) during the consecutive days of February 1st and 2nd, 2020. These 2 batches of evacuees including seven Maldivian citizens were stationed at Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Chhawla Camp, Delhi; the first quarantine facility in India for novel Coronavirus. Rest of the spassenger were sheltered at a military quarantine facility at Manesar. Developing standard procedures/checklist for routine activities and effective trainings were key to successful quarantining the evacuees in the initial phase of outbreak of COVID-19.

1 illus, 9 ref

003814   SHARMAH D, DEBNATH B, KANDPAL B K, DAS D (ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Tripura, Email: dasharmah@gmail.com) : Profitability of Integrated Farming System model for small and medium farmers of South Tripura, Tripura. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(3), 587-9.

The present study was carried out under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Tripura to study the production, profitability and employment generation of IFS over prevailing conventional rice-rice system of farming in South Tripura district of Tripura during 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The components rice, maize, vegetables, ginger, apiculture, fishery, poultry and piggery were considered for the study under integrated farming system. The Integrat-ed Farming System (IFS) model showed 17.79 % increase in productivity and 48.91 % higher net return over conventional rice-rice system. Among the components evaluated, the highest per cent net return was received from Fishery unit (31.78), followed by Pig-gery unit (18.19), Apiculture (13.93), Poultry unit (12.96), Spice Ginger (10.19), Crop (7.31) and Vegetables (5.64) respectively. The highest B:C ratio (3.67) was obtained from fishery unit among all the component evaluated under the IFS. A total of 289 Man days/ha/year employments can be generated under Integrated Farming System. This system of IFS model may be useful in the areas where water is limiting and an efficient alternate system of conventional rice-rice system.

1 table, 14 ref

003816   SINGH N, SANTRA A K, DUTTA G K, MISHRA S, DUBEY A, SONKAR N (Livestock Production & Management Dep, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, Chhattisgarh) : Evaluation of adequate stocking density for maximum productivity of broilers raised in summer season. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 366-9.

In present investigation, 480 day old chicks of Ven Cobb-400 strain were raised for 6 weeks during summer season on deep litter system representing equal number in both sexes and were divided randomly into four groups. Each group had four replications (N=30/replications) which were housed at stocking densities of 0.50 ft² / bird, 0.75 ft² / bird, 1.00 ft² /bird and 1.25 ft² / bird, respectively. Studies revealed that at stocking density of 1.0 sq. ft/ bird, various growth parameters viz. body weight (2244.83 ± 97.29 g), weight gain (614.22 ± 99.97 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.88 ± 0.004) were significantly higher (P<0.05). The feed consumption (1295.91 ± 0.30 g/bird/week) were also significantly higher (P<0.01) at above mentioned stocking density. Among the different biochemical and haematological parameters, significant findings (P<0.05) were observed at stocking density of 1.25 sq. ft/ bird for % calcium retention (59.07 ± 3.34%) and serum cholesterol (114.37 ± 3.33 mg/dl). However, the glutahione (mole/g Hb) and lipid peroxidation (mole/g Hb) activity were found to be significant (P<0.05) at 0.75 and 1.0 sq. ft/ bird floor space respectively. At floor space of 1.0 sq. ft/ bird, the lowest mortality and highest benefit cost ratio were observed and thus found to be most adequate for maximum productivity of broilers raised in summer season.

2 tables, 14 ref

003810   PONNARASI T, RAMESH S (Agricultural Economics Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu) : Hybrid maize cultivation- Avenue for farm profitability. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 304-6.

Maize cultivation has been a promising venture for farmers. With the advent of new varieties in the market that was introduced by leading seed producers the farmers were highly benefitted. Maize was grown for many purposes like animal feed, grain, industrial purpose etc. Understanding the potential of maize crop in increasing the profitability, the study has been undertaken with the objective to find out the factors that influence the farmers to select hybrid maize seed. The results of the study has shown that experience in maize cultivation has influenced the preference for hybrid seeds two times whereas, area under maize cultivation and expenditure made on seeds has influenced hybrid seed preference one time.

4 tables, 6 ref

003817   VERMA R R, AHMAD R, SENGAR V S, VERMA A, KUSHWAHA R R (Agricultural Economics Dep, NDUA & T, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : An economic analysis of crop insurance and its feasibility in eastern Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 273-4.

Fluctuation of the yield of major crops in India is a common phenomenon due to natural hazards, like drought, flood, pest and disease. Hence the income of farmer’s become instable perhaps crop insurance scheme is a suitable method to reduce such uncertainties. An attempt has been made to study the economic aspects of crop insurance scheme and its feasibility. The study is based on secondary data. The results reveal that there was a wide fluctuation in the yield of food grains in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The crop insurance was not found only feasible but it appeared self sustaining in the long run. Rainfall was also varied which is main reason for fluctuation of yield.

3 tables, 3 ref

003804   KUMAR A, KUMARI A, KUNAL K, CHANDRA S (Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi) : Performance evaluation and cost economics for the mechanized harvesting of wheat crop using reaper-cum-binder at Sitamarhi district of Bihar. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 69-74.

Wheat is one of the most important crop for Bihar, but productivity is lower as compared to other states. Mechanized harvesting of the wheat crop would ensure timeliness in operation, which would enhance crop yield and farmer’s economic benefits. The need of evaluating their different facets of economics for ensuring lower losses and higher efficiencies is of utmost importance and need of the hour. Therefore, under this project reaper-cum-binder was evaluated for its economics. In harvesting by the reaper-cumbinder, for the wheat crop, total grain losses were found to be 71.34 kg/ha whereas for manual harvesting it was found to be 52.41 kg/ha. The grain to straw ratio for the wheat crop by the reaper-cum-binder and by manual harvesting were the same as 1:1.2. The break-even hectares and break-even hours of reapercum-binder for the wheat crop for as 99.197 hectares and 260.90 hours, respectively. It was found that the labour requirement decreased drastically in case of reaper-cum-binder as compared to manual harvesting. The benefit of custom hiring rate for reaper cum binder was 13.2 per cent. The economics of the machine was compared to the conventional method of harvesting and the profit by using the reapercum-binder was found to be 1418.84 Rs./ha.

2 illus, 9 tables, 6 ref

003803   KUMAR A, KUMARI A, KUMAR S, CHANDRA S (Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi) : Performance evaluation and economics of the reaper-cum-binder machine for the mechanized harvesting of wheat crop at Madhubani district of Bihar. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(4), 63-8.

India ranks second in terms of wheat production after China, the main reason being lesser productivity, which was 3173 kg/ha for India and 4995 kg/ha for China. Delays in harvesting may associate considerable or even severe losses due to over maturity or any unforeseen natural adversity. Early harvesting could open up opportunities for extra revenues through farming of short duration vegetable crops in the gap between two major crops i.e. paddy and wheat. The reaper cum binder is not that popular for the farmers of Bihar. The study was conducted on this machine for assessment of the performance as well as the economics of the operation, particularly in Bihar where wheat cropping system is still dominant. The reaper-cum-binder saved 11.11 % per hectare of yield to the farmers. So, this machine is preferred well for custom hiring. The field efficiency of the reaper-cum-binder for the wheat crop was obtained as 70.44 %. In harvesting by reaper-cum-binder for the wheat crop, total grain losses were found to be 92.11 kg/ha. The economics of machine over conventional methods of harvesting was calculated and it was found that the benefit-cost ratio for reaper-cum-binder for the wheat crop was 2.08. The breakeven hectares and breakeven hours of reaper-cum-binder for the wheat crop were calculated as 19.75 hectares and 51.94 hours respectively. The custom hiring rate estimated for the wheat crop, was also found to be beneficial for the farmers.

9 tables, 6 ref

003807   MOHANTY P, JENA P K, KISHORE J (Community Medicine Dep, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical Coll & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi- 110 029, Email: drjugalkishore@gmail.com) : Gender disparity in health expenses, health Insurance financing and out-of-pocket expenses for inpatient care in India. Int J Preven Curat Comm Med 2019, 5(3), 3-10.

Socially  constructed  gender  and  the  economic  status  have  strong bearing on the household out-of-pocket health expenditure and resulting in unequal distribution of health services. To assess the gender disparity in total health expenses, health insurance financing and out-of-pocket expenses for various ailments during inpatient care in India. The nationally representative health consumption data from the 71st Round (2014) of National Sample Survey Organization was analyzed. Socio-economic status was estimated using ‘Principal Component Analysis’. Respective sample weights have been applied in the calculation of the results. The analysis is done with R studio software. The stratified analysis of gender difference in financing for total heath expenses, insurance, out-of-pocket expenses was accessed across three socio-economic-status groups to understand gender and its association between social statuses.The average total health expense for male inpatient care of various ailments was ranged between Rs. 9589.5 and Rs. 85857.9, whereas for female the average health expenses were ranged between Rs. 7847.8 and Rs. 55604.2. The average insurance financing for male inpatient care of various ailments was ranged between Rs. 906.6 and Rs. 10677.2 and for females, it ranged between Rs. 394.8 and Rs. 6063.2. The average OOPEs for male inpatient care of various ailments were ranged between Rs. 9141.8 and Rs. 75180.6, similarly for females, the average OOPEs ranged between Rs. 7459.3 and 49583.2. The average total insurance financing in lower SES for inpatient care was usually higher for males than females in low (1.3 to 19.9 times), middle (1.2 to 3.4 times) and high (1.1 to 2.4 times) SES groups and the average OOPEs for inpatient care was higher for males than females in low (1.1 to 2.2 times), middle (1.1 to 1.7 times) and high (1.1 to 2.3 times) SES groups for most of the ailments except a few.Overall insurance coverage is low particularly for females. The gender disparity in lower average health expenses, average insurance financing and out-of-pocket expenses during inpatient care in India is a concern, which requires policy interventions to promote equity.

1 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

003801   DUBEY S, JAIN K, FREDRICK T N (Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi - 110 002, Email: dubeysuneeta@hotmail.com) : Quality assurance in ophthalmic imaging. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019, 67(8), 1279-87.

Quality assurance (QA) is the maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service, by means of attention to every stage of process of delivery. Correct image acquisition along with accurate and reproducible quantification of ophthalmic imaging is crucial for evaluating disease progression/stabilization, response to therapy, and planning proper management of these cases. QA includes development of standard operating procedures for the collection of data for ophthalmic imaging, proper functioning of the ophthalmic imaging equipment, and intensive training of technicians/doctors for the same. QA can be obtained during ophthalmic imaging by not only calibration and setting up of the instrument as per the manufacturer’s specifications but also giving proper instructions to the patients in a language which they understand and by acquisition of good quality images. This review article will highlight on how to achieve QA in imaging which is commonly being used in ophthalmic practice.

5 illus, 9 tables, 10 ref

002532   MOHAMMADI E, SIDDIQUI S A, MOHAMMADI S (Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : A study on the feasibility of Sukuk in Afghanistan. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 86-90.

Since the advent of Islamic finance, Islamic Capital Market has attained worldwide attention in financing the needs of the public and private sectors. The Sharia compliant bond (Sukuk) has become one of the most dynamic tools for capital mobilization in both the Islamic and Conventional capital markets. This is the certificate representing a proportional and undivided ownership right in tangible asset. It is an interest free financial instrument. As it is not yet launched in Afghanistan. It’s going to be introduced soon. So, the purpose of this paper is to gauge the interest of the people in the Sukuk and determine whether people really look for Sukuk as an alternative to Conventional bonds. For this, a feasibility study has been conducted with the sample size of 100 people from Afghanistan. Data from the target audience (investors, bank employees and those having regular income) were collected through a structured questionnaire. According to my survey, it’s found that almost all the people are interested in sukuk. The reasons why people are interested in it are: it is based on profit and loss sharing and it brings justice and fairness by avoiding interest.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

002521   AMUGO F O , GABRIEL A O (Foundation Studies Dep, School of Foundation and General Studies Captain Elechi Amadi Polytech, Rumuola Port Harcourt, Nigeria) : The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 80-5.

The history of fiscal formulas in Nigerian federalism has shown steady and systematic tilt towards the practice of Fiscal Centralism which is completely antithetical to the tenets of fiscal federalism that Nigeria claims to practice as a federation state. The strain of Nigerian federalism has largely fuelled the conduct of heated and unending debates over the unethical nature of Nigerian federalism. It has largely been observed that the fiscal formulas of the Nigerian state from 1966 when the late military head of state Major General Aguiyi Ironsi introduced a unitary fiscal system through the unification decree, Nigeria has maintained Fiscal Centralism inspite of General Gowon’s later federal decrees 13. It is the interest of this paper to ex-ray the claim that the vacillation and conceptual policy aberration of the various Nigerian governments is a deliberate scheme employed by the central government to appropriate greater percentage of the country’s wealth, while marginalizing the region where the nation’s oil wealth is located. The work depended largely on secondary sources, especially publications and authorities on federalism, and fiscal policies, as well as, reports, and experiential inputs of the author. The papert establishes that indeed the Nigerian fiscal formulas deviated from fiscal federalism based on derivation, to the subsisting fiscal centralism which undermines the interest and development of the Niger Delta region, leading to the heightened clamour for resource control. It also stressed that evolution of fiscal centralism in the Nigerian federation has direct nexus with agitations and restiveness prevalent in the Niger Delta, and recommends a revert to fiscal federalism with suitable fiscal formulas that will bring about peace, stability and sustainable development in the Niger Delta and Nigeria at large.

1 table, 11 ref

002539   PUNONGBAYAN E J (Batangas State Univ ARASOF-Nasugbu, Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines) : English proficiency of bachelor of secondary education pre-service teachers. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 71-4.

English language has been used by people all over the world. This language has played an important part when it comes to communication. With the valued importance of the English language, the researcher came up with a research identifying the level of the English proficiency of the Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Biological Science and Mathematics in one state university in the Philippines. This aimed to determine the result of Fourth Year Pre-Service Teachers in English Proficiency Test. This also examined the practices in improving the English Proficiency. The study employed the descriptive research mix method to assess the English Proficiency of Fourth Year Pre-Service Teachers Major in Biological Science and Mathematics. The participants of this study were the Fourth Year Pre-Service Teachers Major in Biological Science and Mathematics for the academic year 2017-2018. The study obtained a positive response from the participants. The respondents displayed the good to very good level of Proficiency in English. The findings of the study revealed that pre-service teachers are proficient enough in English. The researcher concluded that the results of the respondents English Proficiency Test positively imply that they are proficient enough in English because 100% of the respondents passed the examination.

3 tables, 5 ref

002549   YADAV M, TYAGI S (Principal, N.C. Medical Coll & Hospital, Israna, Panipat, Haryana) : Dealing with dead body donation: An issue of ethics, law and human rights. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 59-62.

Liberalization, privatization and globalization reforms 1991 lead to increase in the literacy rate, economical status & health awareness of Indian people. This was followed by privatization of medical education and hence, rise of private medical and dental colleges in India. Being unable to keep pace with the changing scenarios many colleges were indirectly in line of violation of laws. Many types of crimes are being reported by the media, one of them is related to the illegal dead body donation in Medical College by many N. G. O’s like Dera Sacha Soda, which was in violation of Article 24 of the Haryana Anatomy Act 1974, etc. This paper deals with critical review of these violations and suggested remedies for preventing human rights as well as ethical and legal violations.

21 ref

002541   QUOI A J, ZHAO G, RAIFATOU A (Agriculture Economics and Management Dep, Jilin Agricultural Univ, Jilin Province, Changchun City, China) : Economic impact of cassava processing on farmer’s income in Montserrado county, Liberia. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(6), 54-8.

The study was carried out to assess the economic impact of cassava processing on farmers income, the aim of the study were to examined the socio-economic characteristics of processors in the study area, determine the profitability level of processors, and analyzed the constraints to cassava processing and marketing. Data were collected with the aid of a questionnaire, face to face Interview were used as a medium to supplement the questionnaire in the case of illiterate respondents, and the study employed purposive sampling technique in selecting ninety eight 98 cassava farmers and processors for the study. Descriptive Analysis and Gross Margin Analysis (GMA) were used for data analysis through Excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Gross Margin Analysis of the profitability to cassava processors revealed that value addition through cassava processing had a total Gross Margin of $3,250 as compare to non value addition at production level with a Gross Margin of $936.5. This indicates that value addition through cassava processing is more profitable in the study area. However, the constraints encountered by cassava processors during processing and marketing of products were; high cost of inputs, high transportation cost, inadequate storage facilities, poor road network, high perishability, poor product quality, use of crude implements, insufficient extension agents and fluctuation in product price. Against this backdrop the study recommends that government and non-governmental organizations should assist cassava farmers and processors with standardized processing facilities that will help in value addition to farmer’s products and improve their income levels.

4 tables, 20 ref