039024   AGRAWAL R, NEGI R, KAUSHAL S K, MISRA S K (Community Medicine Dep, S.N. Medical Coll, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rudreshnegi@gmail.com) : Out of pocket expenditure and its associated factors in neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of tertiary care government hospital of Agra district, Uttar Pradesh. Ind J Pub Health 2020, 64(1), 60-5.

Neonatal health remains a thrust area of public health, and an increased out‑of‑pocket expenditure (OOPE) may hamper efforts toward universal health coverage. Public spending on health remains low and insurance schemes few, thereby forcing impoverishment upon individuals already close to poverty line. To determine catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in neonates admitted to the government neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and factors associated with of out‑of‑pocket expenditure. This cross‑sectional study was conducted in a governmental NICU at Agra from May 2017 to April 2018. A sample of 450 neonatal admissions was studied. Respondents were interviewed for required data. OOPE included costs at NICU, intervening health facilities, and transport as well. SPSS version (23.0 Trial) and Epi Info wereused for analysis. Of the 450 neonates analyzed, the median total OOPE was Rs. 3000. CHE was found among 55.8 % of cases with 22 % spending more than their household monthly income. On binary logistic regression, a higher total OOPE of Rs. 3000 or more was found to be significantly associated with higher odds of residing outside Agra (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.829), delay in first cry (AOR = 1.623), referral points ≥3 (AOR = 3.449), private sector as first referral (AOR = 2.476), and when treatment was accorded during transport (AOR = 1.972).OOPE on neonates amounts to a substantial figure and is more than the country average. This needs to be addressed sufficiently and comprehensively through government schemes, private enterprises, and public–private partnerships.

3 tables, 33 ref

039021   TITORIA R, UPADHYAY M, CHATURVEDI S (British Columbia Univ, BC, Canada, Email: drreenat@gmail.com) : Quality of routine immunization service: Perception of clients. Ind J Pub Health 2020, 64(1), 44-9.

Immunization prevents over 2–3 million deaths each year worldwide. In India, even though vaccines are offered free of costat public health facilities the coverage remains low. Limited scrutiny has been conducted at health service and client interface for routine immunization (RI) services, which may have been affecting the acceptance of vaccines. This emphasizes the importance of assessing the level of satisfaction and perceived quality of clients regarding RI services. This study aimed to assess the perceived quality and level of overall general satisfaction with RI services of clients. In addition, determine the association of factors influencing clients perceived quality and overall general satisfaction with RI services. A community‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted in an urbanized village of Delhi from November 2015 to April 2017. A total of 279 RI visits were covered in the study, and the clients were interviewed at their residence using a pretested tool. The dissatisfaction toward the domains of perceived quality of RI services was reported to be 3.2 % for vaccine availability, 9.7 % for vaccine information, 3.2 % for staff behavior, 6.1 % for doctor behavior, and 7.5 % for infrastructure. Multivariable‑regression analysis indicated that distance to health facility, literacy and age of the client, doctor behavior, staff behavior, and infrastructure had an effect on overall general satisfaction of client toward RI services. The client’s perception is multidimensional; improvement in one domain is likely to strengthen the other. By understanding the client’s perspective toward quality of RI service, the healthcare managers may improve the level of overall satisfaction.

4 tables, 18 ref

039017   KUMAR G, GUPTA S (National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi- 67, Email: gaurav_ucms@yahoo.co.in) : Assessment of cold chain equipments and their management in government health facilities in a district of Delhi: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Ind J Pub Health 2020, 64(1), 22-6.

Cold chain equipments (CCEs) at health facilities (HFs) are an essential part of the immunization supply chain (ISC). The CCEsin government HFs of Delhi were never assessed using the World Health Organization‑United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO‑UNICEF)Effective Vaccine Management (EVM) tool except that of state vaccine store during National EVM assessment 2013. Theobjective of the study was to assess the CCEs and their management in government HFs using the WHO‑UNICEF EVM tool in a districtof Delhi. The assessment was done during December 2017–March 2018 in one randomly selected district of Delhi. Sample sizeand site selection were done using the WHO EVM site selection tool. A total of 29 HFs were assessed along with District Vaccine Store.Questions on CCEs in EVM tool 1.0.9 were used for data collection. Out of 56 electrical CCEs, 8.9 % were nonfunctional, 48.2 %were noncompliant with WHO standards, 5.4 % were not chlorofluorocarbon free, 4.7 % did not have temperature monitoring device, and18.8 % did not have stabilizer. Eighty‑six percent of passive containers were compliant with the WHO standards. The storage capacity ofelectrical vaccine storage equipment was insufficient in 3.4 %, passive container capacity in 65.5 %, and ice packs preparation and storagecapacity in 24.1 % of HFs. There was no planned preventive maintenance of CCEs and no standard operating procedures for emergencyevent management. There was a shortage of vaccine storage, ice packs preparation and storage, and passive container capacity.Many CCEs used in ISC of assessed sites were noncompliant to the WHO standards. There was no PPM of CCEs and no guidelines foremergency event management.

2 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

026229   RANA D, BHATT A (CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 061, Email: dipikahfri@gmail.com) : Evaluation of socio-economic status of the skilled and unskilled workers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh, India- A case study. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 643 - 7.

In this study, an attempt was made to study the socio-economic status of the workers engaged in organic farming. The various healthy practices under organic farming like compost production, use of bio-pesticides, crop rotations, etc. increases soil health and quality of the food. The organic practices including Homa bhasm, Agnihotra and Biodynamic farming besides promoting healthy agriculture are expected to have seeming effects on behavioral aspects of the farm workers. However, apparently systemic information on social attributes of organic farm is still limited. The socio- economic aspects of an organic farm CSKHPKV, Palampur were documented through structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by the use of indices, ratios and percentages. The various aspects as family structure and size, age distribution, caste structure, literacy level, occupational pattern, economic status behavioral aspects were evaluated. The skilled workers had nuclear family while unskilled workers had joint families, larger portion of workers in the organic farm belonged to younger age group (31 years), literacy index was high (4.32) in case of skilled workers while low (3.23) for unskilled workers. It was observed that in case of skilled workers majority of individuals were positively affected through increased farming knowledge, better wage rate, improved ethical and spiritual thinking while in case of unskilled workers no obvious positive reaction was observed for farming knowledge and wage rate though there was perceptible change in punctuality and spiritual thinking.

1 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

026228   SAIN V, KUNDU K K, MEHTA A, POOJA (Agricultural Economics Dep, Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar - 123 005, Email: 3veersain@gmail.com) : Role of market information system by traders for gram crop in Bhiwani District of Haryana. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 528 - 34.

Cicer arietinum is a suitable crop in Bhiwani district of Haryana covering Siwani and Tosham Blocks were selected purposively on the basis of maximum production under gram crop. Further to study the marketing information and constraints in marketing of gram in Bhiwani, Dadri, Siwani and Tosham markets were selected. For studying the different marketing aspects 40 traders form 4 regulated markets from two blocks of Bhiwani district were randomly selected. From the findings of the research study in Bhiwani district traders, awareness on prices and arrivals in reference/other market and main market were of I-Rank, II-Rank, III-Rank and IV-Rank. Contacts in other markets with fellow traders formed major sources of market information in Bhiwani district. The daily prices were compiled manually and also written on the notices board for the information and use by the farmers visiting the market. The information is disseminated through various media like neighbors, newspapers, relatives etc. About 75 % of the traders in the selected markets also faced difficulty on non-availability of information in required form.

9 tables, 8 ref

026230   THAKUR K, KHANNA M, VAIBHAV S, SHARMA S (Career Point Univ, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, Email: kthakur81@gmail.com) : Tourist's problems in Himachal Pradesh - A study on Dhauladhar and Beas circuit. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2018, 6(1), 72-6.

In Indian economy, tourism sector has vital role for eradicate poverty and generate large employment for people. The importance of tourism in an economy is to be determined by the volume of expenditure incurred bythe visitors. Moreover, expenditure incurred by the visitors contributes in Gross Domestic Product of an Indian economy. Now, days with emergence of marketing tourism have been promoted globally to enhance the level of tourism in the country. Government of different-different state explored the destination and their images are promoted in the national and international level to generate business structural employment for their own people. In the broad term, tourism is unique phenomenon as it defined by the consumption pattern of tourists. Tourists buy all the products and services, which depends supply of goods and services within the country. In other words, total economic and employment impact of tourism motivate researcher to find the impact of tourism in the economy. The advantages carried from tourism research may be measure and compare internationally.

6 tables, 13 ref

029932   DANIEL R, EVANGELINE D (Physiology Dep, SRM Medical Hospital and Research Centre Coll, Tamil Nadu, Email: rachuladaniel@gmail.com) : Impact of simulation-based basic life support training among the medical students. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(12), 1635-40.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the world, and cardiac arrests are on the rise. Sudden cardiac death is a major clinical, and public health problem, and survival remains poor. Simulation-based basic life support (BLS) training gives the right steps to revive somebody who has a cardiac arrest. This involves “Hands-on training” on manikins to enable fast recognition and skilled response to help save lives after cardiac arrest. In this context, it is important for medical students to know, how to provide timely cardiopulmonary resuscitation which forms an integral part of BLS training. We conducted this study to first know about the existing knowledge and skills of BLS among medical students and then evaluated the impact of simulation-based BLS training by conducting written and practical tests. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and psychomotor skills of medical students in providing BLS, after undergoing the simulationbased BLS training. A total of 85 undergraduate students of II and III year MBBS, of both sexes, were included in this experimental study. Each student had a simulation-based “hands-on” BLS training using Laerdal adult and infant mannikins with feedback device, Ambu bag, and automated external defibrillator trainers. They were taught the sequence of the steps of BLS during the “practice-while-watching,” simulation-based teaching, to facilitate better understanding and retention of the sequence of BLS steps. Aself-administered, pre-tested questionnaire was given a pre-test and post-test along with a practical skill assessment. The data were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences version 22.0 - paired t-test and multiple regression analysis. A total of 85, 2^nd and 3^rd-year MBBS students participated in the study, of which 49 were female (57.6 %) and 36 were male (42.4). 45 students (52.9 %) were of the age group between 18 and 21 years and 40 students (47.1 %) were of the age group between 22 and 25 years. There was no significant difference in pre- and post-test scores between males and females. Simulation-based teaching on BLS has an effect on improving the knowledge and skills in BLS. The two variables age (standardized β = 0.236, P = 0.018) and pre-test scores (standardized β = 0.450, P < 0.001) significantly predicted post-test scores. Simulation-based BLS training has an impact on improving the knowledge and skills of the medical students in providing BLS in cardiac arrest.

2 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

029933   SOGBOHOSSOU E O D, ACHIGAN-DAKO E G, ANDEL T V, SCHRANZ M E (Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Email: deedi.sogbohossou@wur.nl) : Drivers of management of Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) across different socio-linguistic groups in Benin and Togo. Econ Bot 2018, 72(4), 411–35.

We investigated the relationships between the cultural importance of spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra), a neglected leafy vegetable in West Africa, and the different management regimes of the species among six socio-linguistic groups in Benin and one in Togo. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 428 respondents. Cultural significance and management indices were used to quantify the importance of the species for each respondent. In addition to food uses, G. gynandra was used to cure 42 different diseases. A regression tree analysis revealed that the cultural importance and level of management of the species were strongly associated with ethnicity, gender, and to a lesser extent to age, education, income, and land tenure. Socio-linguistic groups with similar cultural background had convergent perceptions of the cultural importance of the species and described similar management practices. An analysis of farmers’ willingness to change their current management practices revealed that migration, market opportunities, and external intervention might significantly affect future management decision-making processes. We discuss community-oriented approaches to upscale the species cultivation in the region. Our study highlights how cultural importance influences current and future management intensity and illustrates how ethnobotanical research can guide research for development strategies to enact positive changes in communities’ management of traditional leafy vegetables. 

7 illus, 5 tables, 80 ref

028685   RESHMI B, UNNIKRISHNAN B, NAIR N S, GUDDATTU V (Community Medicine Dep, Kasturba Medical Coll, Karnataka, Email: unnikrishnan.b@manipal.edu) : Factors determining the enrolment in community-based health insurance schemes: A cross sectional study from coastal south India. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(4), 312-5.

Community‑based health insurance (CBHI) has been one of the options of health financing in India for a large number of population from the informal sector constituting about 90 % of the total population. The objective of this study was to find out what are the factors which have influenced the beneficiaries to enroll in the schemes and also compared them to a noninsured group. A cross‑sectional household survey, on 1639 households, was carried out, which had 1108 insured household and 530 noninsured households with a 2:1 ratio. A multivariate analysis was used to find out the determinants of enrolment. The multivariate analysis revealed that household variables such as gender of household head, religion, and family size were determinants of enrolment. The sociodemographic characteristics of the households do influence the acceptability of the CBHI schemes.

2 tables, 13 ref

028680   HADAYE R S, THAMPI J G (Community Medicine Dep, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical and General Hospital Coll, Maharashtra, Email: jerome.tvmc@gmail.com) : Catastrophic health-care expenditure and willingness to pay for health insurance in a metropolitan city: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(4), 307-11.

Health insurance can be a very useful strategy to mitigate the disabling effects of catastrophic health expenditure in India. The aim of the study is to estimate catastrophic health expenditure incurred and the willingness to pay and ability to pay for health insurance among the unsubscribed. A total of 201 principal earning members of households belonging to the 25–45 years age group were interviewed in a community‑based household survey in a conveniently selected ward in Mumbai with the help of a pretested, semi‑structured interview schedule. The proportion of households with catastrophic health expenditure was 22.4 % (total expenditure estimate) and 17.4 % (nonfood expenditure estimate). There was a statistically significant association between socioeconomic class and occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure. The average amount the respondents were willing to pay as premium for health insurance per month was ₹272 and the average amount they were able to pay was ₹259. Catastrophic health expenditure continues to be a disastrous problem in around 20 % of Indian households. Targeted health insurance schemes with different premiums and coverages for different income and employment groups should be considered.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

028683   MENON S (Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi, Email: shaveta_003@yahoo.com) : Street level bureaucracy in tobacco control: A qualitative study of health department in district Jalandhar, Punjab. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(4), 270-3.

The implementers of the tobacco control policy in the field have been neglected by the policymakers. They are the ones who have first‑hand knowledge and their experiences in the field are not being used to bring about changes in the area of tobacco control. The objective of this paper is to critically examine how Michael Lipsky’s concept of street‑level bureaucracy can be used to address tobacco control in the health department in district Jalandhar of Punjab. Semi‑structured interview schedules were used to interview Senior Medical Officers/Nodal Officers and Health Supervisors/Sanitary inspectors in four out of ten Community Health Centers and District hospital in Jalandhar. Data so collected were subjected to the process of inductive analysis and themes developed within the framework given by Lipsky. The street‑level bureaucrats(SLBs) were not given adequate training, and various organizational resources for tobacco control are missing in the district. There are threats and challenges which are faced by them in the field, and they do not exercise decision‑making power to handle these barriers for effective implementation of the tobacco control program. The government needs to be inclusive in the process of policymaking meaning that it can be more accommodative of the suggestions given by the SLBs and provide them with discretionary powers to exercise their role efficiently.

20 ref

028679   GROVER S, SOOD N, CHAUDHARY A (Pathology Dep, Dayanand Medical Coll and Hospital, Punjab, Email: sumitgrover1204@gmail.com) : Student perception of peer teaching and learning in pathology: A qualitative analysis of modified seminars, fishbowls, and interactive classroom activities. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2018, 61(4), 537-44.

Peer‑assisted teaching and learning (PTL) is being experimented in different medical universities worldwide. It is a learner‑centered approach involving students through active learning strategies. To study the student perception of PTL in methods such as group‑led seminars and fishbowls, in classroom through various interactive activities; compare and find out the student acceptability and efficacy of each of these methods in learning conceptual topics such as various types of anemia. Medical students of second‑year professional course were subjected to PTL in classroom during allotted teaching hours for 10 successive sessions using group‑led modified seminars, fishbowls, and different formality‑level interactive activities such as street plays, prop sessions, quiz sessions, to make them understand the clinical features and presentation of different types of anemia through understanding of etio‑pathogenesis. To ascertain the aspects that influenced learning, focus group discussions were conducted in small groups consisting of 14 students and one facilitator in each group. Qualitative thematic analysis was performed on transcripts of the audio recordings by authors. The emerging themes from qualitative analysis of transcripts were pertaining to teacher, student, and organization. We found motivation, interest, and involvement of peer teacher, student behavior and collaboration, contact time between students and facilitator, preparation time, coherence with other curricular activities, group size and composition, suitability of topic for the kind of activity, and availability of material for preparation as few sub‑aspects affecting learning. For PTL to be effective, adequate transfer of knowledge through good peer teacher involvement, learner receptiveness, and adequate contact time is needed. Proper preparation with suitability of topics for the type of activity, alignment of seminars with other activities, and course coherence are prerequisites for the same.

3 tables, 19 ref

028682   KUZNETSOV E V, KHADZHIDI A E, KHILIDI K I, KURTNEZIROV A N (Hydraulics and Agricultural Water Supply Dep, Kuban State Agrarian Univ named after I.T. Trubilin, 350 044, Kalinina str., 13, Russian Federation, Email: dtn-khanna@yandex.ru) : Management of agro-resource potential for agricultural landscape stability increase. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2151-8.

They obtained the resource model of the agrolandscape - an averaged natural-anthropogenic environment based on the integral indicator of risks, which determines the meliorative state of the agrolandscape soil. They developed the methodology to manage the agro-resource potential, and the resource model in the form of a dimensionless integrated risk indicator that provides the control over the sustainable development of agro landscapes. Agro-landscapes are represented as a grid of taxa, the agro-resource potential is represented by the monitoring at the key points of taxa on electronic maps in the Google system. The taxon is determined by a vector in a linear rated space. The model is imitational and resource one, because it combines the indicators of the meliorative state of soils of different nature via dimensionless indicators. An integrated risk indicator can be used in the processing of environment monitoring data, it controls the change of resources and manages the risks of resource components using the risk safety scale. The results of the research are used for the development of technological maps to perform works, for example, to eliminate the flooding of agrolandscapes and to select the reclamation techniques for excess water removal from fields, depending on the type of flooding. The develop standard schemes on computer maps to carry out the works preventing the degradation of agricultural landscapes.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

028681   KUMAR P, SACHAN S, SINGH H L, KUMAR T (Agricultural Economics and Extension Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411, Email: sharad.19461@lpu.co.in) : Regional growth analysis of oilseed production in Uttar Pradesh, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1915-9.

The study in based on the secondary data of area, production and productivity of major oil seeds grown in four regions different agro economic regions of the state. The compound growth rates based on log linear function were worked out to measure the growth in area, production and productivity of oilseeds during Three Phases of thirty years. The study reveals that 1) The oilseed area and production of all major oilseeds have decreased except mustard. 2) The variability is higher in initial phase as compared to later phase showing more stability in the production of oilseeds. 3) The increase in production was majorly due to increase in area rather than increase in productivity.

5 tables, 3 ref

028687   UPADHYAY H, BANIK D, SIDDIQUE A, KUMAR A (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411, Email: hina.18745@lpu.co.in) : Aeromycoflora of fruit and vegetables market environment and their proper management towards a sustainable environment. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1851-4.

Fungal organisms are responsible agent for the weakening and degradation of natural material, diseases in plants, creatures, and individuals. Although the type of mould and degree of infestation will depend upon the particular conditions and available nutrients. Despite the fact that the kind of shape and level of pervasion will rely on the specific conditions and accessible supplements. An aerobiological survey of vegetable and fruit market of Gwalior, India, was led amid January to December, 2012 to decide different fungal pathogens exhibit in the climate utilizing the petriplate introduction technique. A total of 28 types of fungal species belonging to 12 genera were recorded during the present investigation period. The minimum concentration (74 fungal species) was recorded in the month of June and maximum (280 fungal species) in September. The dominant fungal types belong to Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarum, ‘Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Rhizopus nigricans, Penicillium citrinum and several other genera. Day to day and month to month variations in the concentration of these fungal spore types were recorded. Variation were observed both qualitatively and quantitatively during different months. It was discovered that direct temperature, high relative humidity favored parasitic development of diseases. By these observations it is concluded that there is a definite relationship between the fungal spores and the market. So a perfect management of the waste is needed in the market.

2 tables, 15 ref

028686   SAFARANI S, RAEISSI P, RAVAGHI H, MALEKI M (Health Services Management Dep, Iran Medical Sciences Univ, Iran, Email: raeissi2009@yahoo.com) : Managerial challenges of teaching hospital, a review of the existing literature. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2018, 7(43), 4686-92.

Teaching hospitals have three goals including curing, education and research. Providing education along with health care services expands the mission and accountability of these goals and results in more challenges for managerial team of teaching hospitals in comparison with non-teaching hospitals. Therefore, this research aims to review the existing literature regarding the challenges that teaching hospital managers are facing with focus on different dimensions related to their functions. A comprehensive review was performed by searching the existing literature. We used different search strategies including electronic databases, reference checking and experts contact. The key words were combinations of the terms teaching hospitals or university hospitals and managerial/management problems and challenges. 56 studies were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A range of managerial problems have been addressed in the existing literature. The most followed is planning among the problems of managerial dimensions (34 %), and then coordination (25 %), control and evaluation (16 %), leadership (12 %), organizing and organizational structure (10 %), and ultimately creativity, innovation and change dimension (3 %). Also, the mentioned problems in teaching hospitals have different priority but for a complete and correct management to receive all three goals of a teaching hospital, managers should pay attention to all of these dimensions simultaneously. Better identification of these problems facilitates solving these managerial challenges more efficiently.

1 illus, 2 tables, 70 ref

028688   WALI O (Ibn Sina National Medical Coll, Jeddah-22421, Saudi Arabia, Email: owali@ibnsina.edu.sa) : Leadership skills in dental curriculum- A review. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2018, 7(42), 4584-8.

Dental profession is shaped by several forces in an ever-changing environment. Current focus on technical skills alone cannot prepare the student for a career in research, practice or other administrative positions. Leadership skills introduced in the undergraduate curriculum represents the best opportunity to train students to be future leaders. This review focuses on the need and competencies that are required to implement leadership development program in undergraduate curriculum.

2 tables, 33 ref

027455   KHADDA B S, SINGH B, SINGH D V, SINGH S K, SINGH C B (Livestock Production Management Dep, G. B. Pant Agriculture and Technology Univ, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, Email: khadda74@gmail.com) : Economics of goat farming under traditional system of management in Uttarakhand. Indian J Tradit Know 2018, 17(4), 802-6.

A bench mark survey was conducted to collect the base line information from the goat rearers regarding goat production systems and economics of goat farming in field conditions. The data were collected through personal interview using a well-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that 87.59 % investment was made on cost of goats and the overall variable cost contributed 77.89 % to the gross cost. The net income over gross cost per household was observed to be ₹ 7267.89, 18133.40, 31243.90 and 56028.00 in small, medium, semi-large and large flocks, respectively. The overall benefit: cost ratio was observed as 2.24 which were highest in large (2.37) followed by semi-large (2.27), medium (2.24) and small (2.23) flocks.

3 tables, 10 ref

027456   NOMAN M, MU Y T, ZHU Y, MOHSIN M, MEMON A M, SHAH S B H (Ocean Univ of China, Qingdao 266003, China, Email: ytmu@ouc.edu.cn) : Maximum sustainable yield estimation of shellfish fishery in Chinese marine waters by using surplus production modelling approach. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2018, 47(09), 1774-81.

In this study, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of shellfish fishery from Chinese marine waters is estimated through two stock assessment softwares i.e. ASPIC (a surplus production model incorporating covariates) and CEDA (catch and effort data analysis). The initial catch was approximately 90 %; hence, the MSY was estimated with initial proportion (IP) of 0.9 in both softwares. In ASPIC for this IP value, estimated MSY and goodness of fit (R²) parameters for FM were observed as 336100 t and 0.857 while for LM their estimated values remained as 316600 t and 0.856, correspondingly. In CEDA for IP value 0.9, SM and PTM estimated same MSY 213957 t, 322791 t and 266213 t for all the three error assumptions. FM for log and log normal error assumptions estimated MSY as 249382 t and 338355 t and R² = 0.756 and 0.786, respectively. However, gamma error assumption produced minimization failure (MF).

1 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

027457   PRIBADI F, PERMANA I (Management-Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, Email: firmanpribadi@umy.ac.id) : Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs among self paid participant of the Indonesia National Security Service (NSS) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Med Public Health 2018, 8(3), 108-11.

Medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2 is expensive, particularly in the presence of complications. Indeed, in the era of the National Health Security Program the effectiveness and efficiency of medical care provision has been regarded paramount. This study aimed to identify the difference of cost-effectiveness among the prescription of oral anti diabetic therapy, oral and oral, insulin, oral and insulin, and oral, oral, and insulin. This study was a retrospective study utilizing the out patients medical record of self paid participant of NSS in a hospital in Yogyakarta diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. there are three types of anti diabetic drugs which have minus values in the ICER, namely Sulfonylureas, the combination of Biguanides, Sulfonylureas, and Thiazolindinedione, and the combination of Sulfonylureas and Biguanides. the combination of Sulfonylureas and Biguanides, which is a combination of oral and oral anti diabetic therapy, is the most costeffective medication with the ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) values of Rp -170,208.

3 tables, 12 ref

027453   ITA S, LESMANA R, GOENAWAN H, SULE E T, SOEMARYANI I, ABDULLAH R, SUPRATMAN U, PAMUNGKAS K, PURBA A (Physiology Div, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, Email: ronny@unpad.ac.id) : Description of physical fitness, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels of the middle age operational workers in transportation company. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1230-4.

 Physical fitness (PF) is a key to maintain company productivity. The transportation company has complicated jobs and high physical demand. Aging, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle can decrease PF and work productivity. Maintain the good PF is necessary to increase productivity in aging employee. However, load and type of work seem did not affect significant to the PF from middle age workers from transportation company models. The objective of this study is to examine the PF status among transportation company employees. A total of 340 transportation company workers, divided into officer and engineer group, were participated in a randomized study. Body mass index (BMI), vital lung capacity, and recovery pulse were measured to examine the PF in both the groups. Fasting venous blood was taken and subjected to glucose and total cholesterol examination. Prevalence of low PF was found in 62 % of population, and only 12 % of the population has an average level and interestingly only 1 % showed a good PF level. Average of BMI level is 25.5, total cholesterol 208 ± 25.1 mg/dL, and fasting blood glucose 94.23 mg/dL. Engineer worker group showed the lower level in BMI, waist circumference, and pulse recovery in 1 min compared to office worker and showed that there is no significant difference in lung capacity. Based on these results, transportation company worker age > 45 years old have poor VO2 max, hypercholesterolemia, and slight overweight. Exercise treatment program may be a very good approach for optimizing quality of life the workers.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

027452   ALIMOHAMMADI N, JOKAR M, KHALILI A, AGHAMOHAMMADI M (Medical-Surgical Nursing Dep, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Email: Maryam.am44201847@gmail.com) : The requirements of the caregivers of patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1078-83.

Following the hospitalization of a family member in the ICU, new needs are created in the family members, and if these requirements are not met, a lot of stress and anxiety is created in the members and reduces their ability to adapt to the crisis. The aim of this study was to determine the needs of caregivers of hospitalized patients in special educational centers of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive crosssectional study, 333 families of patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) of Hamedan’s educational-therapeutic centers were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire for demographic information and a 45-item questionnaire on the needs of the patients in the ICU (CCFNI) in five dimensions (support, comfort, information, proximity, and confidence), which was scored by Likert Scale and Total Score of the questionnaire is between 1 and 180. The questionnaires were completed by caregivers (spouse, child, grandchild, parents, brother or sister, bride, or groom). Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software and using descriptive and analytical statistics (Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and regression). The mean score of the questionnaire of health providers’ needs was 134.33 ± 16.43 and the caregivers felt the most important need for the patient’s family in terms of support (44.5 ± 62.89), and then, the highest scores were, respectively, obtained by the dimensions, information (27.3 ± 64.53), reliability (24.3 ± 33.75), proximity (21.3 ± 18.12), and comfort (17.58 ± 2.83). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation in measuring the dimensions of a questionnaire with the demographic and social characteristics between income status and comfort (P = 0.003), the status of education with the confidence (P = 0.002) and support (P = 0.034), type of illness (P = 0.042), and support (P = 0.05). One of the main responsibilities of the health system, along with patient care, is to pay attention and support the family members of the patients, which leads to their satisfaction and the advancement of family oriented care.

3 tables, 34 ref

027458   SALVI S R, PRASAD N (Physiology Dep, Dr DY Patil Medical College, Maharashtra, Email: shslvi@gmail.com) : Learning strategies in medical school: A holistic approach to physiology. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1070-3.

In medical college medical curriculum needs to be evaluated on a regular basis because students perception about the subjects should be known to the teachers. Assessment of medical students regarding the understanding of the subjects is useful in modifying and can be made two-way learning, more appealing, and enjoyable too. Considering the above-known facts different learning strategies in physiology were evaluated among 500 medical students of consecutively 3 academic years of 3^rd semester (II/I) students who had finished their physiology curriculum. This was carried out by providing an appropriate and well-structured questionnaire with 10 items containing different learning tools of physiology. They were asked to choose more than one option which aids in their understanding. Frequency was expressed in percentage. A total of 500 students participated in the study. The most preferred learning tool was clinical as 81% students found practical hours of clinical examination interesting while 57 % agreed for regular hematology practicals, 54 % felt small group discussion interesting. On the other hand, 48 % favored lectures and tutorials both. Preference of problem-based learning by 46 % and 29 % identified group activities in the form of seminars as useful. Spots by some 26 %, and lecture demonstration was selected by 20 %. Charts with models were least preferred learning tool by 12 %. Basically, the study was helpful for students in appreciating different learning methods.

2 tables, 10 ref

027459   SINHA S, LATHA G S (Physiology Dep, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Karnataka, Email: drsmritisinha@gmail.com) : Coping response to same stressors varies with gender. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1053-6.

Stress is unavoidable, but the way one responds to same stressor depends on the gender. These responses are called coping strategies and broadly it can be either problem or emotion focused. To determine the prevalence of stress in young adults and to determine the common coping strategies used by a male and a female. Cohen’s perceived stress scale to estimate the prevalence of stress and a pre-structured, pretested questionnaire for determining the gender variation in coping strategies. About 84.7 % were under moderate or high stress and coping strategies showed that females used more emotion focused while males had a problem-focused approach. The institution as well as the mentors should have an idea about the stressors as well as the maladaptive strategies used by a young adult so as they can educate and help them to reduce the stress.

4 tables, 11 ref

027454   JALGAONKAR S V, TADAVI F M, TRIPATHI R K, SARKATE P V (Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dep, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Maharashtra, Email: drfiroztadavi@gmail.com) : Learning styles and approaches toward pharmacology curriculum among medical undergraduates. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 947-52.

Learning styles (LSs) and learning approaches (LAs) of each medical student vary to a great extent. If LSs and LAs of the students are known, the teaching-learning programs can be developed in an appropriate way for better learning. The present study was designed to evaluate the change in LSs and LAs at different semesters of pharmacology curriculum and to correlate LSs and LAs with gender and academic performance in the 2^nd year MBBS students. LSs were determined using visual, auditory, reading/writing, kinesthetic questionnaire. The ASSIST questionnaire was used to assess the LAs adopted by students. Student’s 3^rd and 5^th semester examination marks were considered for evaluating the performance of the students. Students in 3^rd semester showed almost similar preference for multimodal (51 %) and unimodal LS (49 %). In the 5^th semester, preference of these students for unimodal LS (55 %) was higher than for multimodal LS (45 %). Quadrimodal was the preferred multi-modal LS in both semesters while auditory was the preferred unimodal LS. Majority of students followed deep approach in both semesters. There was no significant difference in LSs and LAs between genders in both the semesters. Both LSs and LAs were not related to a student’s academic performance. Students showed diverse LSs, i.e., unimodal and quadrimodal, while majority students preferred deep LA. The teachers have to evaluate the LSs and LAs of students and develop appropriate teaching methods. This can help students perform better both in and out of the classroom.

4 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

027451   AGRAWAL A, SAVARDEKAR A, SINGH M, PAL R, SHUKLA D P, RUBIANO A M, SINHA V D, MENON G R, GALWANKAR S, MOSCOTE-SALAZAR L R, BHANDARKAR P, MUNIVENKATAPPA A, MEENA U, CHAKRABARTY A (Neurosurgery Dep, Narayana Medical College Hospital, Nellore - 524 003, Email: dramitagrawal@ gmail.com) : Pattern of reporting and practices for the management of traumatic brain injury: An overview of published literature from India. Neurol India 2018, 66(4), 976-1002.

Published literature regarding the demographics and mechanism of injury for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in India has not been analyzed in an organized sample. The objective of this systematic review was to organize the published literature from India related to TBI and analyze it in a very specific sample to identify the specific patterns of injury and associated mortality. A search strategy with specific inclusion criteria was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Health Library. The process included an additional search within the indexed literature and the website-based population survey reports. Our review identified 72 studies from 300 potentially relevant articles based on the broad criteria that defined the demographics of the patients suffering from TBI and the details of trauma sustained, including the mechanism of injury as well as its diagnosis, management, and outcome. Changes in demographic patterns, the patterns of the body regions involved, the associated injuries, the clinical presentation, the follow‑up status of patients suffering from TBI, who may or may not have shown clinical improvement, the overall outcome, as well as the mortality and disability status reported in the literature were analyzed. A high incidence of TBI in the productive population is of serious concern. Extremes of ages are more vulnerable to severe injury and a poor outcome. Quantitative analysis of injuries and outcomes of TBI victims shows a bigger health impact in the economically active population and in patients in the extremes of age groups.

2 tables, 75 ref

026227   SHARMA S, VERMA P B, VIRAMGAMI A P, VALA M C, LODHIYA K K (ICMR-National Jalma Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Disea, Kanpur Nagar- 209 206, Email: drsandeepsharma82@yahoo.in) : Analysis of out-of-pocket expenditure in utilization of maternity care services in urban slums of Rajkot city, Gujarat. Indian J Community Med 2018, 43(3), 215-9.

India contributes 20 % global maternal deaths every year. An important reason of such maternal mortality is due to cost of maternity services which makes it in accessible to the poor. Knowledge of maternity-related expense and its determinants is useful for health authorities to focus public resources and target financial assistance or exemption guidelines toward the “neediest.” It was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted amongst 180 women living in urban slums and who had delivered a baby within 1 year of the interview date. The mean cost of delivery was around Rs. 8880. The average delivery cost of private institutions was significantly higher than that of government hospitals or home delivery. Around 75 % of women delivered in private institution had health expenditure of more than 10 % of total annual family income – catastrophic expenditure. In spite of significantly higher maternity care-related costs in private institutes than government hospitals, majority of mothers had utilized services from private clinics and had suffered catastrophic expenditures during utilization of maternity care services. This study highlights the need for birth preparedness counseling as well as effective implementation of maternity benefit schemes to prevent families from pushing downward to the poverty line.

3 tables, 24 ref

026226   BORAH K, SINGH Y J, SARKAR A, PAL P, KHUMAN O N (Central Agricultural Univ (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura, Email: kashyapborah1@gmail.com) : Nature of variations in managing information by fish farmers: A case study from West Tripura District, India. Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol 2018, 11(4), 665-71.

The present study was undertaken to analyze the information management behaviour of fish farmers in West Tripura, Tripura. An ex-post-facto research design was followed for the study and West Tripura district was purposively selected based on the prevalence of fish farmers in the district. A sample of 80 fish farmers were selected randomly from the eight selected villages from four blocks of the district. A structured interview schedule was used to collect the information through personal interview. The results showed that majority of the respondents belonged to medium category (62.50 %) of information management behaviour, followed by low (21.25 %) and high (16.25 %) categories. A positive and significant relationship was observed between information management behaviour of fish farmers with independent variables i.e., education, annual income, experience in fisheries, extension contact, achievement motivation, economic motivation, information source exposure, credibility of information source and training exposure.

1 illus, 7 tables, 5 ref

026225   SINHA R, KAMBOJ M L, LATHWAL S S, RANJAN A (Livestock Production and Management Div, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001, Email: ndriranjana@gmail.com) : Effect of housing management on production performance of crossbred cows during hot-humid season. Indian J Anim Res 2018, 52(7), 1091-4.

Present investigation was carried out to study the effect of modified housing system on production performance of crossbred (Karan-Fries) cows during hot humid seasons. For this study 16 lactating crossbred cows in their early lactation were selected based on parity, milk yield and body weights and randomly divided into two groups (G-I and G-II) with eight animals in each group. G-I group was housed under existing loose housing system and G-II under modified housing system. Analysis revealed that, the maximum temperature and THI were significantly (P<0.05) lower in modified shed as compared to existing shed. Percent cow comfort index was significantly (P<0.01) higher in G-II (94.25 %) group as compared to G-I (72.75 %). There was significant (P<0.05) differences of dry matter intake and average daily milk yield of cows and higher mean values were recorded in modified shed as compared to existing shed. Highly significant (P<0.01) increase in lying time of cows was recorded in modified shed (53.43 %) as compared to existing shed (46.51 %). It was concluded that the cows housed inside modified shed during hot-humid season were more comfortable and exhibited improved overall production performance as compared to the animals under existing shed.

4 tables, 26 ref

026224   PANDEY S, SINGH C M, RANJAN A, KUMAR Y, KUMAR P, AGARWAL N (Community & Family Medicine Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, Email: drcmsingh@yahoo.co.in) : Assessment of cold chain system for routine immunization of primary health centres of the Bhojpur District of Bihar. Indian J Comm Health 2018, 30(2), 120-6.

Immunization is an important among activity in the Public Health Services. The vaccines are highly temperature sensitive and vaccine potency once lost cannot be restored. A well-managed cold chain will increase the efficiency of immunization and reduce vaccine wastage. An assessment of cold chain system for vaccine storage was done in the all PHCs of the study area. To evaluate the cold chain practices, with particular reference to assessing the availability of cold chain equipment, vaccine storage practices, monitoring of cold chain in primary health centres (PHCs) of Bhojpur district. A crosssectional study was conducted at all the cold chain points of 14 PHCs of Bhojpur district during January to May 2015. A predesigned, pretested checklist was used by the trained investigators during their visits. The information was evaluated on the basis of important components related to the cold chain points. All the PHCs had a dedicated cold chain room with sufficient number of cold chain equipment. Consolidated effective vaccine management score for cold chain points of 8 (57.1 %) PHCs were average (60-79 %). None of the PHCs have satisfactory score (≥ 80 %). Vaccine storage practice and availability of complete RI micro-plan were found satisfactory at 12 (85.7 %) PHCs. Maintenance of cold chain equipment were satisfactory at 10 (71 %) PHCs. But, temperature monitoring. (5) (35.7 %) and waste disposal related to routine immunization 3 (21.4 %) PHCs were disappointing. The primary health centres had average performance related to the cold chain system, which is a matter of concern warranting for the cold chain monitoring. We recommend supportive supervision as the key measures in improvement of cold chain system.

1 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

026223   MOGA D, PRINJA S (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Email: shankarprinja@gmail.com) : Economics of smokeless tobacco in India. Indian J Comm Health 2018, 30(2), 115-9.

Despite the high prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) in India, cost-effective interventions to curb smokeless tobacco use are very low. Taxation is considered as one of the most cost-effective intervention to curb overall tobacco use but taxation on SLT product is very complex and is on ad-valorem basis. Further, Goods and Service Tax has increased the price from 0.8/gram to 1.06/gram, but still the impact of increasing the tax needs to be explored so that harmony between excise revenue generated from these products and decrease in demand of these products can be maintained. Therefore, we carried out a literature review, which involved literature search, data extraction, and synthesis. The evidence suggests that the price elasticity of SLT products has gone closer to the inelastic nature with the passing time suggesting the increasing affordability of these products. The macroeconomic impact of the disease burden resulting from these SLT products is far greater than excise revenue generated by these products. More research is required in this field with updated data. The agricultural aspect of SLT products also need to be explored to determine cost-effective alternative crops for tobacco farming. Also, as the use of SLT is culturally accepted in India, appropriate public awareness program and cost-effective interventions are required to curb SLT use along with increased tax and cessation services.

26 ref

026222   GOSWAMI P J, DHAR B (Commerce Dep, Assam Univ, Assam) : A study of dynamics of population and its impact on state politics in Assam. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(6), 216-23.

Assam, the largest state of North East India, is situated between 89$°$5/ and 96$°$ 1/ East Longitude and 24$°$3/ and 27$°$58/ North Latitude. The total population of Assam as per 2011 census was 31,169,272. The state has undergone many transformations since 1951. After independence, some states like Meghalaya, Mizoram, came out from Assam in different years. However since 1972, there is no change in the geographical boundary of Assam. In this context, the present paper highlights the changes of the population composition with special reference to religion in Assam since 1972 and its impact on the state politics. The political turmoil in Bangladesh and nearby states compelled many persons to migrate from their ancestral home and settled in Assam. This is responsible for creation of panic among the indigenous people related to their identity. The political scenario in the state of Assam has undergone a radical change due to the birth of political parties formed by the minorities. The population structure of Assam has undergone a rapid change during the last few decades. The growth of Muslim population in some of the districts of Assam disturbs the population composition of the state to a great extent. The present paper seeks to analyze whether change of population structure is a major factor that determines the style of functioning of the government and political parties and practice of secularism in the state. The study is descriptive and analytical. The main sources of the data are secondary comprising of books, journals, newspapers, statistical handbook and other related statistics published by different government organizations, various reports published by different commissions, websites etc. Various statistical techniques like mean, percentage, compound annual growth rate etc are used in the analysis of the data. The main finding of the present paper is that the population composition with respect to religion, play an important role in state politics. Some of the political leaders play an unholy game by using religion in order to achieve their vested ends.

5 tables, 10 ref

026221   GITTE M R (Economics Dep, Elphinstone Coll, Mumbai-32) : Irrigation development: A pre-requisite to boost agriculture growth in India. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(6), 145-50.

Though agriculture is the main occupation of majority of the people in rural area, it depends on the mercy of rainfall. Irrigation is one of the basic inputs to boost agriculture development in India. Water scarcity refers to water shortage or water crisis due to both natural and human factors. As a matter of fact, water scarcity is mostly created because of human factors such as increasing use of water for agriculture, industry, power generation and domestic purposes. Scarcity of water is a global problem and India is not an exception. It is a result of global warming and global environmental crisis. The situation in India is very grave due to uncertain rainfall, vast arid and semi-arid areas, ever growing population and thereby an increasing demand for water for different purposes. Water scarcity is likely to emerge as the major environmental challenge in India in coming future. Water scarcity is very complex and complicated problem which include economic, social, geographical, environmental and political issues. There are various measures suggested for conjunctive and judicial use of irrigation water.

2 tables, 8 ref

026220   NWOBI U A (Public Administration and Local Government Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nigeria) : Proposed review of eroded 2011 National Minimum Wage in Nigeria: Implications for economic development. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(6), 120-34.

The eroded value of N18, 000 minimum wage signed into law in 2011, led to an increasing desire by Nigerian Labour Congress to compensate workers’ for a loss of purchasing power due to high rate of inflation and devaluation of naira from N155.00 in 2011, to N363 in 2018. To address the restiveness, Organized Labour persuaded the Federal Government and a new minimum wage committee was inaugurated. In line with this, N56, 000/ N96, 000 new minimum wages review proposal for workers’ was demanded by Nigeria Labour Congress with Trade Union Congress and United Labour Congress. Thus, the study assesses the proposed review of eroded 2011 National Minimum Wage in order to find out the implications for economic development in Nigeria. The research adopted documentary method and analyzed data using descriptive approach. Social dialogue theory was used. The paper recommends that a wage review should reflect rural, urban and national inflation.

1 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

026219   LEMMA M, MEKONNEN T (International Leadership Institute, Ethiopia) : Effects of training on employee job satisfaction at Ethiopian Management Institute. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(6), 98-119.

This research work examined the effects of training on employee job satisfaction in Ethiopian Management Institute with special reference selected employees. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from one hundred eighty one (181) respondents through stratified sampling technique then; simple random sampling method has been used to select sample respondents from each stratum. Accordingly, Out of 181 respondents, workable data were obtained from 173 respondents. Data from the respondents was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics through independent samples T-test, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was employed to know the relationship between training and employees job satisfaction, while Linear regressions was used to determine the effect of training on employee job satisfaction. The result showed that training has positive significant relationship with employees’ job satisfaction.The study also revealed that the combined influence of Gender, age, working experience and qualification have a strong association with job satisfaction of EMI employees. Various facets of overall job satisfaction were found to have a significant positive association with each other those results in a significant association between overall training aspects of job satisfaction. The Research highlights the needs of business to concentrate on building employee capacity and focusing on Employee training to attain employees’ job satisfaction and creation of Competitive advantage for the organization. EMI needs to evaluate its training strategy with respect to employees’ job satisfaction to ensure that the effects of training attained across the Institute.

2 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

026218   EKPO C E, AGORYE C A (Ibadan Univ, Nigeria) : A (un)just and (un)holy war? The theme of imagery and symbolism in the IPOB secessionist struggle. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(6), 28-55.

Posterity, it could be rightly argued, has not really smiled on the Nigeria State regarding its treatment of the people of the defunct Biafran Republic four decades after the civil war. Rhetorically, reconciliation was promised. Bluntly, a seeming opposite was realized. The perturbing pseudo reconciliation and indices of enduring peace have in time past bred movements such as the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra and the Indigenous People of Biafra, in a gasp to either push for a genuine reconciliation or facilitate a peaceful breakaway from the Nigerian State. With data from primary and secondary sources, this work attempts to make meaning and image from dominant phraseology in the IPOB‟s lexicon. It argues that such line of phrases reflect more than they literally represent on the ideo-philosophical realms of the group posture and as well illuminate the level of virulence and grievance between the Igbo and other groups in Nigeria.

42 ref

026217   KALIMANG'ASI, N N, MBEREGE F, KALIMANG'ASI N (Local Government Training Institute, DodomaTanzania) : Construct the efficiency of contract farmers and non - contract farmers on cocoa production. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(6), 14-27.

This study determines the level of technical efficiency of cocoa production between contract farmers and non-contract farmers. Data used was primary data collected by using administered questionnaire, where probability sampling was used to obtain respondents and LIMDEP version 3 used to analyze the data. The result shows that contract farmers are technically efficient and obtain a mean of 57.6 % and non-contract farmers where technically inefficient and obtain a mean 49.475 %. Where only 15 (37.5 %) and 24 (60 %) of contract farmers and non-contract farmers respectively were technically inefficient in production; and only 25 (62.5 %) and 16 (40 %) of contract farmers and non-contract farmers respectively were technically efficient in production of cocoa. Based on the findings, the study recommend that the government should emphasize on contract farming in order to increase marginal productivity, marketing, provision of credits, extension services, and improvement of infrastructures.

5 tables, 33 ref

026216   SHARMA A,SHARMA S, RANEE I (Amity Univ, Haryana) : A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on expressed practice regarding behavioral problems of children among primary school teachers in selected schools, Gurugram, Haryana. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 132-41.

All young children behave badly from time to time, and occasional temper tantrums, aggression and defiance of authority are a normal part of growing up. Developing a consistent approach to diagnosis in the area of problem behavior is thus fraught with difficulty and not without controversy, since many „problems or disorders‟ are hard to define and assign to a single medical condition or syndrome. India has 375 million children, more than any other in the world. There are more children under the age of 14 and above 14 in India than the entire of USA. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and expressed practice regarding behavioral problems of children among primary school teachers and delivers a planned teaching programme. The results showed that in pretest maximum teachers had moderate practice (46.7 %) mean score were 17.5 ± 2.79 regarding behavioral problems of children. In posttest mostly teachers had good practice (83.3 %) mean score was 34.45 ± 2.43 regarding behavioral problems of children. t calculated value for practice (35.58) which is more than the tabulated value of 2.00 at 0.05 level of significance.

4 ref

026215   PANWAR D, THAPAR L, SHARMA S (Amity Univ, Haryana) : Knowledge and attitude of undergraduate students regarding organ donation in selected community area, Delhi. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 125-31.

A descriptive design with quantitative research approach was used to collect data from 150 undergraduate students at a selected community, Delhi to assess the knowledge and attitude of undergraduate student’s regarding organ donation by using convenient sampling technique. Data was collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire and rating scale scheduled from 19^th May till 23^rd May 2016 at selected community area Delhi. In this study Findings reveals that (52.6 %) of undergraduate students were under the age group of 17 – 19 years, (58 %) were females, (52 % ) undergraduate students belongs to Hindu religion, (98 %) belongs to urban community, (70 %) belongs to nuclear family, (97.3 %) not attended the educational programme for organ donation, (98 %) are not committed to any organization for organ donation and (96 %) are not having history of organ donation. Mean, Mean Percentage and SD of knowledge of undergraduate students regarding organ donation show that out of 23 the maximum obtainable Mean score was (10.36 ± 2.93) which was 45.03 %. It reveals that undergraduate students had average knowledge regarding organ donation. Attitude regarding organ donation shows at most (65.33 %) of the undergraduate students had the positive attitude, (34.66 %) had neutral attitude and no one had negative attitude regarding organ donation. It reveals that most of the undergraduate students had the positive attitude regarding organ donation.

4 illus, 6 ref

026214   SHARMA A, SHARMA S, RANEE I (Amity Univ, Haryana) : Teachers knowledge about behavioral problems among school children's. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 109-24.

All young children behave badly from time to time, and occasional temper tantrums, aggression and defiance of authority are a normal part of growing up. Developing a consistent approach to diagnosis in the area of problem behavior is thus fraught with difficulty and not without controversy, since many 'problems or disorders' are hard to define and assign to a single medical condition or syndrome. India has 375 million children, more than any other in the world. There are more children under the age of 14 and above 14 in India than the entire of USA.

30 ref

026213   SHARMA S (Amity Univ Haryana, Haryana) : Effectiveness of breast feeding on pain experience of infants during intravenous therapy. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 99-108.

Breast-feeding is a normal way of promoting bonding and attachment between neonates and mothers. Breast-feeding is not just as food sources, but a source of comfort and security. The present study aimed to determine whether breast feeding make any significant difference in the degree of pain experienced by infants while undergoing intravenous therapy such as intravenous canula insertion, intravenous medication administration and intravenous fluid administration. The results showed that shows that breastfeeding intervention was effective in reducing pain among infants who were undergoing intravenous therapy through results show effect of breastfeeding on pain management coping and defense mechanism could also interfere with effect of breastfeeding intervention.

11 ref

026212   SIJUWADE P O (Texas Univ, Texas) : The symbolism and imagery of urban life. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 52-8.

To develop a completely objective, value-free view of urban communities and urban life is probably impossible, for people's attitudes to them are strongly subjective. The modern city is an object of hatred for many people, but it is also a love object to many others. Still others may have more ambivalent, love-hate sentiments toward the city. The modern city may be perceived or valued in extremely wide variety of ways,including the following: a place of novelty and excitement, of fashion and style, of ideas and artifacts, a center of sumptuous consumption, of diversity and delight. As a den of iniquity- a place where vice and crime abound, and political corruption rides high. As a fountainhead of service- a place where health and wealth, the arts and sciences, the educational and welfare services reach their highest levels. As a center of loneliness—a place where man is depersonalized, anonymous, alone, rootless, afraid, uniquely separated from his fellow men. While the balance of public opinion tends to swing toward negative views of urban living, such views are not universally shared and a significant minority people are prourban.

11 ref

026211   SREEVANI G, NAZNEEN S (Anurag Group of Institutions, New Delhi-110 001) : A study on comparative analysis of competency mapping- on IT companies. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 38-51.

Competency mapping is important and is an essential. Every well managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Such list should be used for recruitment, performance management, promotions, placement and training needs identification. In performing or carrying out work, it is essential that the required job skills first be articulated. Generally speaking competency mapping examines emotional intelligence and strengths of the individuals in areas like team structure, leadership and decision making. Large organizations frequently employ some form of competency mapping to understand how to most effectively employ the competencies of strengths of workers. This information not only helps to identify individuals who have the matching skills for doing the work but also the skills that will enhance the successful performance of the work. The intent of this paper is to trace the concept of competency mapping and comparative analysis of competency practices at selected companies.

5 ref

026210   RAHMETA O, ZEWDIE S (Management Dep, Jimma Univ, Ethiopia) : Impact of change management on organizational performance a research article review. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 23-37.

This paper builds on previous research studies and relevant theories on the impact of change management and organizational performance. Firstly, it reviews the relevant literature focusing on the major change management strategies, and how these strategies linked to and influence organizational performance, Secondly, the review continues on evaluating the change management models and their linkage to organizational performance. Then, we concluded our discussion and finally, we put forward some recommendations for future researches.

42 ref

026209   BANNERJEE B (Mili-Al-Ameen Coll for Girls, Kolkata - 700 014) : Cartography of representations: Western melodrama and Indian cinema. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 12-22.

Understanding the melodramatic intervention in Indian cinema would require us to reformulate the insights of Western melodramatic studies. But it is essential to remember that any attempt to sum up the theoretical formulation of the Western melodramatic studies is a mammoth task and might end up in formulating certain simplistic and generalized observations. The situation becomes all the more complicated when we try to comprehend the nature of melodramatic interventions in Indian cinemas because melodramatic situations differ from county to country. It is essentially a historically and socially conditioned mode of experience. So what may constitute a melodramatic mode of expression in the West may not be the same in India. This paper seeks to narrate the conflict and confrontation between the sacred and the secular and how differently they are perceived by the two countries. In the final analysis, the paper deals with the interface between the Western concept of melodrama and its influence on Indian cinema and how the great Indian directors incorporate indigenous forms of melodrama to overcome that influence.

10 ref

026208   NYENYA T, ZINYAMA T (Zimbabwe Open Univ, Mashonaland East Region, Marondera) : Dashboard for open and distance learning regional campus: A case of the Zimbabwe Open University Regional Centres, a focus on Mashonaland east region. Int J Mgmt Soc Sci 2018, 6(5), 1-11.

Information has been invariably used for assessment (Ruben 1999), communication on the current performance level of the organization, benchmarking (Sybert 2012), monitoring institutional performance (Committee of University Chairmen, CUC 2006), provide strategic thinking and accountability (Thomas Reuters 2010). Dashboards as sources of information have not been used for continuous improvement purposes by operatives at shop-floor level. This qualitative paradigm using the case study design was used in this study to uncover academic and administrative staff’s experiences and negotiate these with the researchers’ own experiences and position (Mertens 2005) to identify dashboard indicators for a Regional Campus in an open and distance learning institution using the case study of Mashonaland East Regional Campus of the Zimbabwe Open University. Focus group discussion was conducted to generate information from the academic staff while interviews were used with administrative staff in the Mashonaland East Regional Campus. The main areas identified by both academic and administrative staff were teaching and learning, research and innovation, community service, registration, library and information services, information and communication technology, financial indicators, module status and stakeholder satisfaction. The list is not in order of importance. The study recommends that these be used in a creative way to design and display the dashboard and continuously refined.

20 ref

024993   MANAFZADEH M A, GHADERI E, MORADI M R, TAHERI S, AMIRHASANI P (Management Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: ma.manafzadeh@yahoo.com) : Assessment of effective organizational communication on organizational silence and organizational citizenship behavior. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2018, 18(1-2), 24-30.

This study aimed to determine effective organizational communication with Organizational Silence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior is done. This research is a quantitative and descriptive survey method. The study population consisted of all employees in the country’s Export Development Bank whose number is 1,200, a sample according to the sample of 291 was achieved using twostage cluster online questionnaire was distributed among the population under study and the sample was calculated according to the formula Cochran 291, the cluster using two-step online questionnaire was distributed among the population under study. The tool data is measured using standard questionnaires and effective organizational communications questionnaire (25 questions), organizational silence (25 questions) and organizational citizenship behavior (25 questions) which is then distributed between the staff number of 284 questionnaire were collected. Data analysis was performed using structural equation and software Lisrel. Analysis shows the overall indices measure the overall model is perfectly acceptable situation. The results show an inverse relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational silence (0.86-) there is a significant and also an inverse relationship between organizational silence and organizational citizenship behavior (0.19-) there is a significant, and finally a positive relationship between organizational communication effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior (0.16) significantly there.

3 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

024987   PENALVER A J B, SANTOS J A C, CONESA J A B, SANTOS M C (Algarve Univ, Portugal, Email: jasantos@ualg.pt) : Influence of cooperation and collaborative ICT in knowledge management. J Sci Ind Res 2018, 77(6), 313-7.

The purpose of the theoretical framework of this paper is to explain the cooperation processes designed for small-sized firms, allowing access to the knowledge of the organization and inter-company cooperation. Data from 236 companies of the Spanish defense industry were used. Analysis of the principal components which group together all the variables from the questionnaire is carried out in order to determine the factors which will be taken into consideration in the analysis of inferences of the theoretical propositions and working hypotheses. The confirmation statistics of the hypotheses have been achieved using a multinomial logistic model. Further exploration on how cooperation levels relate to each other and with existing uses of information technologies in large companies could help improve the rigor of the results. Finally, conclusions covering theoretical and empiric aspects are shown.

2 tables, 14 ref

024994   BHISE R N, GAIKWAD D S, SHETE P P, KADAM J R (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 401, Email: rushikesh.bhise@yahoo.in) : Adoption behaviour of dairy farmers about recommended dairy management practices. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 523-30.

The present study was conducted in Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigad and Thane districts of Konkan region of Maharashtra state, with the objectives of profile characteristics of the dairy farmers, adoption behaviour of dairy farmers about recommended dairy management practices, relationship between personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of dairy farmers with adoption behaviour of recommended dairy management practices, document the existing dairy management practices followed by dairy farmers, assess the training needs of the dairy farmers and suggest the strategies to improve milk production in Konkan region. Overall adoption behaviour of dairy farmers towards recommended dairy management practices was found ‘medium’ (71.50 per cent), while nearly equal number, i.e. 17.00 per cent and 11.50 per cent of the dairy farmers were in ‘low’ and ‘high’ of adoption behaviour, respectively. The personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the respondents namely, annual income, number of milch animals, milk production, availability of water, economic motivation and management orientation had showed positive and significant relationship, while self-education, family size, experience in dairying, land holding, social participation and training received had exhibited non-significant relationship with adoption behaviour of recommended dairy management practices.

6 tables, 20 ref

024992   THALKAR M G (Lovely Professional Univ, Punjab) : Management practices followed by Purnathadi and Ellichpuri strain of Nagpuri buffaloes owners. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 297-300.

The findings emerged out of the present study are confined to establish the management practices inculded feeding and housing practises of Purnathadi and Ellichpuri strain of Nagpuri buffalo breed. The main object of the study was to identify the different management practices of Purnathadi strain of Nagpur buffalo breed located in Akot tahsil of Akola district and Ellichpuri strain of Nagpur buffalo breed located in Achalpur, Aajangaon, Partwada tahsil of Amaravati district. The observations of the present study clearly established that the studied population of Purnathadi and Ellichpuri strain of Nagpuri buffalo breed was homogeneous and possessed certain physical characters distinctly which could form the base for identification.

2 tables, 37 ref