023382   Srivastava A (Doctoral Research Sector, ICFAI Univ, Faculty of Management Studies, Central Hope Town, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248 197, Email: ankita.srivastava2007@gmail.com) : Determinants of capital structure in Indian public ltd. companies: an experience of pre and post liberalization. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(6), 30-8.

The study has two objectives: Firstly, to identify important determinants of capital structure and secondly, to verify for the applicability of trade off and pecking order theory. The period of study is from 1977-78 to 2006-2007, which has been divided into two equal halves designated as pre and post liberalization for better understanding. Data for the present study comprises of consolidated sources and uses of funds of Indian Public Limited companies obtained from various issues of RBI bulletin. Capital structure, the dependent variable, is considered in two forms viz., total debt to total assets and long-term debt to total assets. Six explanatory variables are firm size, asset structure, non-debt tax shield (NDTS), cash, growth opportunities and profitability. The explanatory power of the model measured in terms of R2 in the total time period is 62% and 66% for total debt and long-term debt respectively. Once the study period is divided into pre and post liberalization, a dramatic change occurred in the explanatory power as the value of R2 is 93% 5% and 98% for the same variable in the pre liberalization period and 86% and 80% for post liberalization. Similarly, the significance of variables changed in different time periods. It shows that variables have varied importance in various time periods. It is confirmed by chow test. The regression analysis suggests applicability of both the theories.

24 ref

023381   Slivka R T;Aggarwal P;Sisodia R (Finance and Risk Engineering Dep, Polytechnic Institute of New York Univ, Brooklyn, NY, USA, Email: RTsilvka@msn.com) : Securities transaction tax reduction and stock-futures arbitrage in India. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(8), 4-11.

UK Sinha, Chairman of the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) announced in November, 2011 that SEBI had engaged the Ministry of Finance in a discussion, that would hopefully lead to a reduction of India's Securities Transaction Tax (STT) - a discussion that would hopefully produce benefits for India's capital markets (CNBC, 2011). The matter of reducing or eliminating the STT was under study by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India and came before the Indian Parliament in February 2012. Removal of this tax has been a long-term objective of brokers, stock exchanges and investors, who compare the exceptionally high total transaction cost of fees and taxes in India with lower total costs in other countries. In this study, both intraday and inter-day data on a representative selection of single stocks and their associated futures contracts was used to explore the effects of reduction or elimination of the STT when single stocks are arbitraged against their related futures contracts. For this purpose, data was chosen spanning selected days in June through December 2011 for eight liquid single stocks. Since the profit from a potential arbitrage can be calculated in advance of entering a trade, the number of profitable single stock arbitrage trades available on a specific day can be calculated after accounting for STT cost ranging from zero to 100% of its current statutory level. The result: of this careful analysis suggested that a decrease in the STT of at least 75% is necessary to achieve meaningfully increased levels of arbitrage normally found in most successful global futures markets. Such a decrease in the STT is also likely to result in the maximum transaction revenue collected by the government.

^ccr11 ref

023380   Singh G (NO, School of Management Studies & Commerce, Uttarakhand Open Univ, Uttrakhand) : Impact of disinvestment on the financial and operating performance of the petroleum sector in India. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(7), 44-51.

The Indian economy faced an unprecedented macro-economic crisis during 1990-91 mainly due to the large imbalances on the internal 1 and external account. The Government has adopted economic reforms to boost economy for a higher-level investment of national income and employment. The Government has announced its policy that the main objective of disinvestment is to put national resources and assets to optimal use and in particular, to unleash the productive potential inherent in our public sector enterprises. The units in which Government made highest disinvestment are: Gas Authority of India Ltd., Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd., Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. After disinvestment, the profitability and the efficiency of the utilization of the resources of the petroleum sector has improved. At the individual level, the management of the IOCL failed in controlling its various expenditures in the post-disinvestment period as compared to the pre-disinvestment period.

7 ref

023379   Rajasekaran N (NO, OAA-MAVMM School of Management, Madurai-625 301, Email: n1_rajasekaran@yahoo.com) : Portfolio selection in BSE: expected return and risk analysis through markowitz theorem. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(6), 46-54.

Market capitalization in India remains to be considerably low and dwindling consistently to the level of 0.8 per cent of the GDP. Though a financial sector is expected to grow as the economy grows, the growth of the financial sector raises skepticism on the robustness of the growth of the economy. It also envisages the opportunities for the growth in the financial sector. The study delves into the risk and return of different portfolios in relation to benchmark indices in the BSE. The Markowitz's theorem and analysis are used to understand the risk and returns. The results indicate that there is high scope for growth in returns and the risk prevalent in the market is an increasingly systematic risk. This manifests the need for financial stability in the economy and proper systems in place for financial regulation to overcome the systematic risk. This would prepare the platform for the efficient market.

13 ref

023378   Rabiul Alam S M;Hossain S Z (Humanities Dep, Khulna Engineering & Technology (KUET) Univ, Khulna-9203, Email: rabiulsmalam@yahoo.com) : Loans and advances portfolio mix of public sector development banks in Bangladesh. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(6), 39-45.

The portfolio management of public sector development banks in Bangladesh was very inefficient during 1999-2009. The cotton, wool and synthetics textile sector in BSB and jute and allied sector in BSRS occupied a lion's share of the portfolio of loan and advances during the period. All other sectors collectively occupied a very small share of their loan and advance portfolio, and as such, they had measurably failed to diversify their risk in different economic activities. More revealing is that the absolute amount of loans and advances had a declining trend. Contrarily, classified loan and advances dominated the structure of loan and advances during the who* period of review. Bad debt alone was the major contributor of classified loss as against substandard and doubtful debt.

11 ref

023377   Manjhi R K;Kulkarni S R (Accounting and Financial Management Dep, Faculty of Commerce, The M.S. Baroda Univ Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: rakeshkumar741985@yahoo.com) : Working capital structure and liquidity analysis: an empirical research of Gujarat textiles manufacturing industry. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(8), 25-35.

The structure of working capital and liquidity analysis plays a vital role in the process of wealth maximization of shareholders. The firms should, therefore, make wise investment in various components of current assets. Having made an attempt to study the effectiveness of structuring the working capital, the study revealed that the sample companies on an aggregate basis invested most of their funds in inventories, followed by loans and advances and trade receivables. The firms held very insignificant amount of funds in cash and near cash assets. The study also indicated that the variation between current assets turnover and working capital turnover was quite high across the industry. However, the sample companies had good current ratios, which also imply the sound liquidity position of sample companies. The hypothesis testing done through one-way ANOVA revealed that the average current ratios, the average quick ratios, the average ratios of current assets to total assets, the average ratios of current assets to sales, the average current assets turnover ratios and the average working capital turnover ratios of sample companies differ significantly.

20 ref

023376   Khan M;Somashekar H;Naik G (Agricultural Economics Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, College of Sericulture Chinthamani-563 125) : Value chain in silk industry. Envir Ecol 2011, 29(4A), 1965-8.

The performance of silk industry is expected in such a way that the market margins should be equivalent to the chain of value addition in enhancing the efficiency and quality in the production of silk fabrics. While, price spread alone does not indicate the share of different intermediaries and their contributions. The study implies a maximum of 40% of price spread by the rearers adding 32% of value with highest market margins of 47% is meaningfully justifiable. Followed by weavers 23% price spread with 26% value addition and market margins were 19% indicates inefficiency and quality deterioration. The price spread for traders was 13% with only 10% value addition and market margins of 21% was unjustifiable due to the excess margins. Reelers were the most important and the riskiest entrepreneurs with 10% price spread and 14% of value addition with lower market margins of 5% shows suboptimal use of resources. The share of dyeing in price spread was 8% with 12% value addition and least market margins of 2% was observed. Further, the main problem lies with reelers, weavers and dyers with lower market margins, as the skilled labor is shifting to other activities due to wage rate stagnation.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

023375   James G (P.G. Commerce Dep, Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram 14, Kerala, Email: graciousjames@gmail.com) : Price, discounting and differentials in the tourism industry: a study on Kerala tourism. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(6), 14-20.

There is widely accepted evidence that prices are one of the most important factors in travel planning. In the tourism industry, the price elasticity of demand or sensitivity to changes in price need to be considered, because travel is not an essential activity and many alternatives lor leisure time are available. Discount for last minute sales have been used extensively by tour operators due to the highly perishable nature of the product. Demand for tourism products is the relationship between the amount of the service that customers will buy and the price fixed for the service. Several factors impinge in different ways on tourism price competitiveness. Discounted prices are commonly applied in the off-season. Although it can be useful in gaining immediate business, discounting does not usually differentiate a product from the competition and is generally quickly matched by competitors. The aims of this paper are: first, to demonstrate the importance of price, discounts and differentials in travel decisions; second, to analyze the 'discounting methods' of different tourism units in Kerala.

25 ref

023374   Jagwani B (NO, Dr. Gaur Hari Singhania Institute of Management & Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: bhagwan.jagwani@gmai.com) : Relationship between foreign equity ownership and firm performance. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(7), 27-33.

The Focus of the present research paper is to study the relationship between 'foreign equity ownership' and 'firm performance'. For this purpose, an attempt has been made in this paper to study the association between the components of foreign equity present in a firm other than foreign portfolio investment) and various performance aspects of the firm. The study specifically focuses on two premier companies of India- Reliance Industries Ltd., known for its aggressive & path-breaking corporate strategies, and Tata Steel Ltd., known for its relatively conservative and cautious business approach. The period of the study is from 2000-2011 (both financial years included). Findings of the study comprise of an interesting comparative analysis of the aforementioned companies with respect to the relationship between foreign equity ownership in the companies and various performance variables of the same. The study concludes with raising a concern on the expectation of Indian companies from foreign equity ownership.

12 ref

023373   Jadhav J G;Badade K S (NO, MIT School of Telecom Management, Pune, Maharashtra-411 038, Email: jaidipjadhav@gmail.com) : Determinants of share prices: an empirical study on the services sector in India. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(8), 12-24.

In the last decade and half, many emerging capital markets have undergone drastic changes in terms of markets, micro-structure changes, specifically in secondary markets. The researchers focus on the various determinants of equity share prices with reference to the Indian stock market. Securities investors would be interested in knowing the determinants of pricing of equity shares, which he plans to hold for periods ranging from short to infinity. The objective is to find out the association between Earning Per Share, Dividend Per Share, Dividend Yield, Book Value Per Share and Price Earnings Ratio with the Market Price of equity shares. The final sample of this research study consists of fifteen companies selected from the service sectors like Banking, Health Care and Information Technology in India. The data used for the analysis was collected for the last five financial years. A linear multiple regression model was selected to measure the combined effects of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. The data analysis and interpretation part shows the significant relationship between independent variables and dependent variable.

12 ref

023372   Chandra B;Chouhan V;Goswami S (School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania Univ, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: chandra_bibhas@yahoo.co.in) : Analyzing trends and profitability vis-a-vis working capital management (WCM): a study of select information technology (IT) organizations in India. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(7), 13-26.

In the prevalent business milieu, where the companies are fighting tooth and nail to gain market pie, managing financial resources is the Hobson's choice for continued existence. Working capital management is an integral component of corporate strategy for managing overall financial resources. However, the appropriateness of working capital management: is rooted to its potency to Institute trads-off between liquidity and profitability. The IT industry in India has ousted the growth pattern of other sectors and is witnessing a relatively steep growth rate. Moreover, the industry is equally growing in size with the incorporation of new companies day after day. Consequently, the companies are caught in pincers due to the burgeoning competition outwardly, and financial resources restrain within. A plethora of research works in the related area has been so far undertaken in the manufacturing sector; however, the service industry is largely ignored. Thus, this study makes an attempt to analyze the size, composition and trends in working capital employed by select Indian IT companies. 1 he study employs correlogram analysis of time series data for ten years corresponding to WC of each select IT company. The analysis estimates an increased requirement of WC in the future for IT companies in India. In addition, the study investigates the significance of relationship between profitability and working capital employed by the select IT companies. The value of Pearson Correlation coefficient corresponding to each company signifies a positive relationship between WC and Profitability largely.

68 ref

023371    (NO, , ) : Financial sector reforms and the role of central bank in India: a post-global financial crisis perspective. Indian J Finance 2012, 6(8), 43-50.

Indian Financial institutions have largely escaped the effects of the unfettered operation of financial markets. The present analysis arises in the wake of the recent global financial crisis and apprehensions for the need of policy reforms in the financial sector. The R.H. Patil Committee, the Tarapore II Committee, the Percy Mistry Committee and the Raghuram Rajan Committee reports were drafted and submitted when the recent global crisis had not unfolded. These Committee reports evoked considerable debate. However, India managed to escape with relatively small damage from the severe impact of the two financial crisis (South East Asian financial crisis of 1997 and the sub-prime crisis of 2007) in comparison to the rest of the world. Financial sector reforms earlier meant for deregulation, but now, it means regulation and improving the quality as well as effectiveness of the economy. The domain of analysis of this paper is somewhat limited. This paper doesn't analyze all the four committee reports on financial sector reforms.

12 ref

007113   Warade S;Dahatonde S;Tiwari V (Agricultural Economics, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra) : World trade organizatin and Indian agriculture. Agric Update 2008, 3(1-2), 202-7.

14 ref

007112   Tondare A G;Kulkarni R R;Kapse P S (College of Agriculture, Ambejaogai, Beed, Maharashtra) : Correlates of perception of organizational climate by academic staff. Agric Update 2008, 3(1-2), 162-4.

Study was carried out with the specific objective to study the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of academic staff of Marathwada Agricultural University and their relationship with perception of organizational climate. Result revealed that the sample constituted predominantly of the respondents having age group of 49 to 58 years, educational qualification upto Ph.D. level, service experience of 23 to 31 years, male staff and belonging to upper caste, both rural and urban background and medium income group. In case of psychological characteristics, the data revealed that majority of the respondents were having average level of aspiration and medium level of achievement motivation whereas cent percent of the respondents were satisfied with their jobs. Further age, qualification, service experience, annual income, existing organizational climate, level of aspiration, job satisfaction and achievement motivation were positively and significantly related with the perception of organizational climate.

2 tables, 5 ref

007111   Sinha P (Quantitative Methods & Operation Management Area, Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode-673 570, Email: pritibhusan.sinha@iimk.ac.in) : Quadratic regression model with an application to business school ranking. Opsearch 2008, 45(1), 69-78.

Presents blocked, quadratic regression model in this article. The model has a predictor variable, which does not allow direct measurement but may be estimated from other observations. A solution method is outlined to find the estimated values of the model parameters and such a predictor variable. The model has substantial scope of application. Such an application, in business school ranking is discussed.

11 ref

007110   Singh J P;Satya Prakash;Singh R (NO, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 221) : Marketing efficiency, constraints and policy implication of chikpea in Bundelkhand region (U.P.). New Bot 2007, 34(1-4), 31-7.

The paper examines the cost of marketing, marketing efficiency, constraints and policies related to efficient marketing of chickpea in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh* The study is base on data collected from a sample of 120 cultivators from the selected district. The data pertained for the year 2001-2002. The marketing of chickpea was assessed through three channels viz. channel I (Producer-Village Trader Consumer), channel II (Producer-Pucca Arhatiya-Retailer-Consumer) and channel III (Producer-Pucca Arhatiya-Retailer-Consumer). 29 per cent of the farmers sold 17 per cent of their produce through channel I, 48 per cent of farmers sold 64 per cent through channel II and lastly 23 per cent farmers sold 19 per cent through channel III. The net price received by the producer in channel II (Rs. 1273) was higher by about Rs. 68 and Rs. 18 over channel I and III, receved by the producer in channel II (Rs. 1273) was higher by about Rs.68 and Rs. 18 over channel I and III, respectively. In channel I the marketing costs and margins were lower and per cent producer's share in consumer rupee was higher (95 per cent) than in channel II (86 per cent) and III (82 per cent), indicating thereby channel I is most efficient and dominant. The major constraints in marketing are (i) inadequate credit facilities and unawareness of market price and (ii) prevalent of forced sell among the marginal and small size of farmers, superfluous of middlemen in the process of marketing, unscientific storage structures and use of own saved old and deteriorated seed.

2 tables, 4 ref

007109   Singh Harwinder;Gupta N K (Mechnical and Production Engg. Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Email: harwin75@rediffmail.com) : Quality improvement using kaizen in a process industry : a case study. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(12), 11-16.

An attempt has been made to implement Kaizen practice in a process industry to increase the over all profit of the company. A steering committee was formed to monitor the overall Kaizen initiation and implementation. After implementation of Kaizen methodology; significant reduction in gauge variation quality defects has been achieved.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

007108   Sarsamkar R A;Gudmewad S G (Agricultural Economics and Statistics, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani, Maharshtra) : Marketing of agricltural manpower for agriculture in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State India. Agric Update 2008, 3(1-2), 127-30.

Present paper is intended to compute the demand, supply and gap between demand and supply of agricultural manpower (skilled and semi-skilled manpower) for agriculture in Marathwada region. Human Resource Development (HRD) studied in various field all over the world, out of them Human Resource Development in Agriculture field termed as Agricultural Human Resource Development (AHRD) which was studied as the research project on "Forecasting Trained Agricultural Manpower" carried out by NAARM (National Academy of Agricultural Research Management) institute launched by ICAR during 1995-2000.

5 tables, 3 ref

007107   Pande D P (NO, Rajiv Gandhi P.G. College Rohuri, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Farm vs factory conflict. Agric Update 2008, 3(1-2), 217.

007106   Chahal S S;Gurpreet Kaur;Amarpreet Kaur (Economics Dep, Punjab Agriculture Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab) : Incidental charges levied on producer-sellers in regulated markets of Punjab. Agric Update 2008, 3(1-2), 211-13.

1 table

022211   Singh R M (NO, , 15 Dwarikapuri, Sector 8, Indira Nagar, Lucknow-221 006, Email: rammurtisingh@in.com) : Sugarcane marketing systems in India. Sugar Tech 2011, 13(4), 372-7.

Development of vacuum pan processes of sugar manufacturing in India from sugarcane is only 108 years old. Marketing of sugarcane has since been regulated in an organized sector for supply and manufacturing of sugar, a number of regulatory laws have been effective in the country from time to time and how they have effected the supply of cane in crushing season for the quality and quantity production of sugar, has been discussed in details along with suggestion and scope of improvement in the field of trade, commerce and economics of the sugarcane farming community in general. India is a country of wide range of climatic fluctuations, the temperature ranges from 4 to 40°C impacting growth, maturity and post harvest quality of sugarcane. The environmental and geographical conditions of specific areas also affect the sugarcane production and sugar recovery. The peninsular areas of southern and western states and Indo-Gangetic plain of northern states, have dense areas of sugarcane production. Maximum sugar factories are located in these areas. It is also discussed how their marketing is being regulated by the government policies that impact the sugar production and economy in different states. These states have a wide range of tropical & sub-tropical climate. Possible policy reform at various stages of sequential events from production of raw material to processing of sugarcane, have also been discussed.

^iia3 tables, 2 ref

022210   Narimani S;Fallah Z;Narimani M (Islamic Sciences Dep, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Gorgan, Iran) : Work ethic and its relationship with selected demoraphic characteristics in faculties and employees of Islamic azad university. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(1), 632-7.

The study of work ethic and its relationship with selected demographic characteristics in the faculties and employees of Islamic Azad Universities was aims of this article. The research methodology was descriptive-correlational and the data was collected via field procedure. The population of the study consisted of all the faculties and employees of Islamic Azad Universities (N=60000). The participants of the study were 800 faculties and employees who were selected from among the population based on cluster random sampling. The sample size was determined using Morgan table. 569 posted questionnaires were completed and returned by the participants. To assess work ethic a summarized version of Ali's questionnaire (1998) was used. In order to assure the validity of the questionnaire, it was submitted to some faculties in the department of Theology and Islamic Thoughts as well as some other experts. Subsequently, the experts' opinions regarding all the questionnaire items were applied in moderating the scales. The reliability of the scales in a sample group using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to be 0.83 and using test-retest method to be 0.76. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that, out of the maximum mean score of 5 for work ethic, the participants' mean score was 4.09 with the standard deviation of 0.48. The results of hypothesis tests revealed a meaningful different between work ethic in the faculties and employees and between work ethic in the number of jobs have participants and show a meaningful correlation between work ethic whit age and income of participants.

5 tables, 12 ref

021072   Patil P H;Yeledhalli R A;Patil S I;Patil C (Agribusiness Management Dep, U.A.S., Dharwad-580 005, Email: rayeledhalli@gmail.com) : Export competitiveness of India's major vegetables export to middle-east countries. Int J agric statist Sci 2012, 8(1), 217-21.

Present study was undertaken on a macro framework based on secondary data on various of international trade among-Middle East countries. Many agricultural commodities are commonly exported from India to Middle East countries. The yearly data on export quantity and value have been compiled for the period of 18 years (1993-94 to 2009-10). The results of the instability indices revealed that for export of onion in terms of quantity U.A.E., Bahrain and Saudi Arabia were stable importers, for potato Qatar was stable importer, for peas Qatar, Oman and Bahram were stable importers and for green chilli Bahrain was stable importer. It was observed that India was in a competitive position in onion, potato, peas and green chilli with the NPCs values of 0.97, 0.95, 0.97 and 0.89 respectively for the period 2009-10.

5 tables, 6 ref

021071   Gosenpud J;Srinivasan R;Sameer Prasad S (Management Dep, Wisconsin-Whitewater Univ, USA, Email: pasads@uww.edu) : Operational management of water reclamation through fertigation. J scient ind Res 2011, 70(8), 732-6.

This study presents key business success factors relating to a water reclamation experiment ( fertigation) using minimal technology in rural settings and identifies elements of social enterepreneurship in such endeavors. Various forms of organizational setups are reviewed in their capacity to implement small scale water reclamation projects and derive both economic and environmental returns. A carbon footprint/sequestration calculator and web based simulation models are presented as a way for organizations and entrepreneurs to assess the interplay economic and societal returns.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

021070   Bathla P;Aneja S (CSE Dep, YIET, Gadholi, Haryana) : Quality improvement methodologies: TQM and six sigma. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2011, 3(2), 329-36.

For decades now TQM has been a dominant management concept for improving competitiveness and financial results. In recent years, however, TQM seems to have lost some of its importance with other concepts and approaches such as Six Sigma launched and increasingly in vogue. Here we look at TQM and Six Sigma, their definitions, methods, tools, implementation, and their strengths and deficiences to see whether the two concepts really are different. TQM is less visible now than in the early 1990s due to problems including lack of integration, leadership apathy, a fuzzy concept, unclear quality goals and a failure to break down internal barriers and Six Sigma can overcome these deficiencies as Six Sigma's expansion heralds a 'rebirth' of the quality movement.

21 ref

021069   Basavakuma K V;Bheemappa A (Agril. Extension Dep, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: bheemappal@yahoo.co.in) : Organizational climate perception among extension personnel of Karnataka state department of fisheries. Int J agric statist Sci 2012, 8(1), 259-68.

Present ex-post-facto research study conducted during 2009-20 10 reveals that comparatively more number of extension officers (41.36%) of the department of fisheries were noticed in favourable category of organizational climate, followed by least favourable (36.11 %) and most favourable (22.22%) category distribution. A high percent of respondents were very much satisfied of the availability of relevant information for working (80.55.%), communication patterns in the department (80.55%), use of academic qualifications and training in performing major tasks (77.77%), and procedure followed in developing programmes with the focus on fulfilling the goals and objectives of the department (75.00%). Majority of respondents highlighted the constraints like shortage of field staff(97 .22%), non availability of audio-visual facilities (94.44%), lack of sufficient funds (88.88%), lack of conveyance facilities (88.88%), insufficient staff support (86.11 %). And in the light of problems. expressed the respondents suggested for recruitment of clerical staff (97 .22%), lstreamlining of schemes (97.22%), adequate fmancial support to fish farmers for encouraging fisheries (97.22%), allocation of budget depending on resources and season (94.44 %), streamlining of administrative cadres (94.44%) and more legal power and delegation to the staff(88.88%) for roving the organizational climate of the department.

7 tables, 9 ref

019888   Stephens M S;Ukpere W I (Transport Management Technology Dep, School of Management Technology Federal Univ of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, Email: st_eboka@hotmail.com) : Accidents and level of intelligence: a view from the nigerian experience. J hum Ecol 2011, 35(2), 75-84.

The driver's ability to assess risk and make sound judgement and his behaviour on the road is a function of his level of intelligence. This level of intelligence is not necessarily academic but emotional. To determine the factors that contribute to accidents on the road, questionnaires were administered to over 500 respondents and a regression analysis was carried out using data gathered. It was discovered that a driver's level of academic education and his/her income level does not have any significant impact on the likelihood of an accident occurring but rather it is his/her sex, alcohol, mechanical faults, weather and road condition. Driver's behaviour on the road it was discovered is not a function of level of formal education but is significantly affected by the level of driver training undergone prior to obtaining drivers licence. Driver training must therefore be done regardless of levels of academic education but mindful of sex and emotional maturity of learner drivers.

1 illus, 8 tables, 19 ref

019887   Singh D P;Singh M;Singh D (Institute of Commerce and Management, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior, Email: dev_prakash86@yahoo.com) : On line trading behavior of Indian customers. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2011, 3(1), 77-88.

Presents the growth, awareness and perception of people regarding online trading in India. Online trading was initiated by NSE in India and soon after the other exchanges also followed it. There was a major boom in the year 2000 when lots of online trading companies came with a bang but only few were survived because of lack of computer knowledge and low internet penetration. A study was under taken to determine the awareness and perception regarding online trading in India in terms of trade done by them through online medium. Major findings indicate that out of a survey of 100 respondents it was seen that 77 investors prefer online trading because of few major factors such as time saving convenience, protection from fraud broker etc. The price at which each buying and selling transaction takes is determined by the market forces (i.e. Demand and Supply for a particular stock). In earlier times, buyers and sellers used to assemble at stock exchanges to make a transaction but now with the dawn of IT, most of the operations are done electronically and the stock markets have become almost paperless.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

019886   Singh D P;Sharma P K (Institute of Commerce and Management, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior, Email: dev_prakash86@yahoo.com) : Globalization and innovative human resource management: an empirical study. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2011, 3(1), 123-34.

This is the time of Globalization where many challenges are taking place in the field of Human Resource Management (HRM) and HRM is ready to face these challenges with innovative practices. Globalization represents the structural making of the world characterized by the free flow of technology and human resources across national boundaries as well as the spread of Information. New information techniques can be integrated in the human resource management information system. A new HRM is trigging a fusion of the knowledge pool for the individual and of the organization, culminating in the combination triumph of both. Human resource information system (HRIS) has become a major Management Information System (MIS) sub function within the personnel areas of many large corporations. HRIS is designed to support to the planning, administration, decision-making and control activities of human resource management. Global competitiveness can be achieved not through the bes technologies and plants, but by effective motivating employees to perform at global standards. The article analyses changes arising from globalization and affecting human resource management Policies and practices in the 21st century.

8 tables, 19 ref

019885   Mariri T;Chipunza C (Industrial Psychology Dep, Fort Hare Univ, Faculty of Management and Commerce, School of Business, P Bag X 1314, Alice 5700, South Africa, Email: tendmariri@yahoo.co.uk) : Corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and sustainability: comparing corporate priorities within the South African mining industry. J hum Ecol 2011, 35(2), 95-111.

Study compared corporate priorities of corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and sustainability within the South African mining industry. Using descriptive content analysis, data for 10 mining organisations listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange was quantitatively analysed and compared using Global Reporting Initiative sustainability reporting dimensions. Results showed social performance as the most highly reported sustainability dimension although other sustainability dimensions were also fairly high. The relatively high social reporting was attributed to increased pressure on the social front from the general society, labour and government on mining organisations as the country continues to make a transition towards a new inclusive dispensation from an exclusive socio-economic and political history.

6 illus, 35 ref

019884   Khogare D T;Sarambekar H L;Manvar V S (Home Science Dep, Rajaram College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Email: dadasaheb_2006@yahoo.com) : Study on work output of office workers in Parbhani city of Maharashtra state. J hum Ecol 2011, 35(2), 133-6.

Office work is visually demanding and has always required good environment for maximum comfort and productivity. Work output of office workers depends on temperature, humidity and illumination. In an office when all environmental parameters are comfortably provided to office workers, these automatically increase the work output of office workers. Present investigation is undertaken with an objective to correlate independent variables with work output of office workers and to measure perception of office workers about work output. Present investigation is undertaken in Parbhani city of Maharashtra state during the year 2008-2009. Looking into the advantages of questionnaire and interview schedule, both methods were implemented for the collection of data. It can be concluded that area of workplace at center of room is significantly correlated with satisfaction towards work output in a day (r = 0.19*), artificial light (r = 0.22*) and provision of the fan (r = 0.22*) while other aspects are found to be non- significant. The work output as agreed by higher percentage of respondents is affected by illumination, workstation, ventilation and provision of coolers.

3 tables, 9 ref

019883   Freeman R A;Sethi R (NO, , Kongposh Publication Pvt. Ltd.) : Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research: an overview. Pharma Rev 2011, 9(51), 37-40.

Pharmacoeconomics is a sef of population-based, analytic methods employed to assess the comparative economic efficiencies of two or more alternative drug therapies that produce similar health outcomes: clinical efficacy, effectiveness in clinical practice, resource utilization and humanistic or social. Outcomes research is a broad term that describes studying the effects of drugs in patient populations or population sub-groups Economic efficiency is defined as a comparison of the how resources are consumed in achieving a common outcome. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness outcomes differ in that the former is a clinical endpoint obtained from a randomized clinical trial and the latter is the outcome found in actual clinical practice, or the "real world" where the environment is not defined by the requirements of clinical trials or studies. Finally, a humanistic or social outcome is an endpoint that is measured by health-related quality of life scalar changes, by changes in patient health status or by patient preferences for or satisfaction with specific therapeutic interventions.

2 ref

019882   Antwi M;Seahlodi P (Agricultural Economics and Extension Dep, North-West Univ, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa, Email: mike.antwi@nwu.ac.za) : Marketing constraints facing emerging small-scale pig farmers in Gauteng province, South Africa. J hum Ecol 2011, 36(1), 37-42.

While many studies have identified marketing as a constraint in the agricultural sector in South Africa, few have attempted to investigate the extent to which emerging small-scale farmers,are able to access high-value markets in the pig industry. The main objective of this study was to examine marketing constraints faced by emerging small-scale pig farmers in Gauteng province. The research also investigated the effects of socio-economic factors on pig farmers' annual net incomes. Thirty three farmers constituting about 65 percent of small-scale pig farmers were randomly selected in the study area. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The major marketing constraints faced by the emerging small-scale pig farmers include: lack of finance, poor marketing information access, lack of access to the existing high-value markets, poor market infrastructure and smaller herd sizes. The results of a multiple regression function indicate that, access to quality extension service and sizes of breeding herd have a positive and significant effect on the farmers' net incomes. Recommendations suggested include: provision of quality extension services for the farmers in order to equip them with important production and marketing skills and the supply of useful marketing information. Furthermore, the formation of fanners' cooperatives will enable the farmers to pool and market their products together to overcome the individual small production outputs problem and to attract favourable policies and support from government.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

018863   Sureh L K;Daryani M A (Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Email: irajkarimi40@yahoo.com ) : Identification of the challenges ahead of the Spin-off companies: A case study of science and technology park, University of Tehran. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2012, 1(1), 195-211.

Spin-off companies are among the most crucial factors contributing to the productivity and development and cycles of innovation in developed and developing communities. Due to this importance, some reference groups in the field deem spin-off companies as the most effective links between science and marketplace, and hence, they have widely researched the field of spin-off companies. In the present paper, the problems acting against spin-off companies in Science and Technology Park of University of Tehran are investigated through a combined approach, specifying these factors in the light of the results of the research. The first step in the research is interviews with 15 people responsible for the foundation of the companies. According to data provided by the interviews, it was concluded that the answers provided by the interviewees are consistent. These answers were codified and the factors of failure were identified. In the qualitative section of the study, the researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by the qualified reference groups, was used to collect data. Then, factors of failure were distributed in hierarchies. The final section of the study included the interpretation and analysis of the results.

10 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

018862   Singla N;Khanduja D;Singh T P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College, Fategarh Sahib, Punjab, Email: nitintiet@gmail.com) : TQM for manufacturing excellence: factors critical to success. Int J appl Engng Res Dindigul 2011, 2(1), 219-33.

Critical success factors of TQM can be described as best practices or ways in which firms & their employees undertake business activities in all key processes. TQM is seen as a relatively new concept and a way for the organizations to improve the quality of their products and services. TQM has been playing an increasingly important role in the survival and growth of companies in manufacturing sector. Many firms have arrived at the conclusion that effective TQM implementation can improve their competitive abilities and provide strategic advantages in the marketplace. Many approaches have been used for implementation of TQM. These approaches form an integral part of several International Quality Awards/National Quality Awards developed by governments of various countries as well as many frameworks developed by individual researchers. Further each Quality Award/framework has its own different set of critical success factors. It therefore creates a lot of confusion for the manufacturing firms, as to which critical success factors to choose and which not, so as to implement the concept of TQM for achieving manufacturing excellence. The purpose of this study is to identify a set of critical success factors of TQM implementation by comparing a set of 24 awards/frameworks as given by various agencies and researchers. The outcome of this study is a comprehensive list of most important critical success factors of TQM implementation required for sustaining or achieving manufacturing excellence.

2 illus, 8 tables, 61 ref

018861   Singh S;Ruivenkamp G;Jongerden J (Critical Technology Construction (CTC), Research Group of Social Scien, Wageningen Univ, Wageningen-The Netherlands, Email: shweta.singh@wur.nl ) : State of the art of self help groups in India. J hum Ecol 2011, 36(2), 91-102.

This paper considers the strategies of self help group for micro-enterprise development in rural areas. It seeks to answer the question of whether and under which conditions self help groups are an effective vehicle for organizing and representing local people in the development of community based micro-enterprises. Focusing particularly on examples from India in the context of food as a local resource, special attention is paid to success and failure factors of self help groups. While self help group strategies have been applied in the past as a blind replication of success models without considering the intricacies involved in group formation, success of self help groups is based on a thorough understanding of local conditions and possibilities to intervene.

81 ref

018860   Singh D;Oberoi J S;Ahuja I S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Email: doordarshi@gmail.com) : Survey of literature of conceptual frameworks assessing supply chain flexibility. Int J appl Engng Res Dindigul 2011, 2(1), 172-82.

Supply chain management is becoming more and more important in manufacturing industry in order to provide improved and better customer services. This need has been driven by increased pressure on manufacturers on account of customer expectations, customer's requirement in product customization, quality improvement and growing global competition. These parameters have jointly contributed to greater uncertainty and volatility of enterprise management processes. Customers are demanding more variety, better quality and service including both reliability and faster delivery. Producing good quality and delivering the right quantity of a product at right location and that is sold in the market only during a limited period of time also pose a series of challenges for manufacturing industry. To overcome the above said difficulties, firms need to develop flexibility at various levels. Reviews the supply chain flexibility and conceptual frameworks assessing supply chain flexibility of manufacturing.

1 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

018859   Saxena P (NO, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Email: mathematics.pratiksha@gmail.com) : Application of statistical techniques in market research: a sample survey. Int J appl Engng Res Dindigul 2011, 2(1), 163-71.

Statistical techniques have been used in the manufacturing industry, quality management process and other industries for over more than 25 years. To achieve and analyze the objective decisions, statistical methods are used, based on data collected about a product or process. There are a number of practical and managerial issues related to the application of statistical techniques in studies aimed at improving process and product quality. The study is a summary of the results which are obtained by applying statistical techniques on a sample. Some results are reached which are based on the discrimination of various statistical skills for Indian companies implementing an integrated quality management system with business strategy. Statistical techniques and their role in process improvement are first discussed and some issues related to the interpretation are also summarized. The focus will be on continuous quality improvement using statistical techniques. A sample for North India is collected as data and important results have been described in the form of pie charts. The well known statistical technique, hypothesis testing is implemented for this study. The objective is to analyze the structure of sale, interrelationship between data variables and define a business strategy to find maximum output by using minimum resources.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

018858   Saizarbitoria I H (Business Management Dep, Basque Country Univ, Plaza Onati 1, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain) : General perspectives on the leading international management standards. J Mgmt Res 2011, 11(1), 3-19.

This paper provides a general review of the process of international dissemination of the two main global management standards: ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. An empirical analysis of the international dissemination of the two main global management standards is carried out, along with a review of the main empirical work that has been published from an International Business perspective. The work refers to the major level of dissemination achieved by these global management standards. Although, their unequal dissemination is also stressed, with there being a clear predominance of countries with disparate market structure and institutional environment, such as China, Italy and Spain. The conclusions drawn in the paper are of interest to both academic as well as professional spheres of activity.

7 illus, 3 tables, 57 ref

018857   Sabbir Rahman;Haque A;Mahbubur Rahman (Faculty of Economics & Management Sciences, International Islamic Univ, Malaysia Box No. 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) : Purchasing behavior for pirated products a structural equation modeling approach on bangladeshi consumers. J Mgmt Res 2011, 11(1), 48-58.

Purpose of this study is to explore the factors influencing the Bangladeshi consumers' perception toward purchasing pirated products. To explore these factors, this study had conducted a survey among the Bangladeshi consumers'. The data analysis was conducted through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses. Among the four variables, individual personalities and economic conditions are the most significant followed by social influences and pricing of pirated products. The outcome of this research showed a comprehensively integrated framework for policy maker and business enterprise to understand the dynamic relationships among dimensions of social influence, pricing, economy, and personality to understand the consumers' perception toward purchasing pirated products. Further research is needed to examine these factors with additional samples before generalization can be made?

2 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

018856   Rana H K;Dinesh Kumar;Arju (NO, Rayal Institute of Emgg. & Information Technology, Railmajra, Distt. Nawanshahr (Near Ropar), Punjab) : Resource sharing, networking and library consortia in India: problems and prospects. Pearl 2011, 5(1), 23-29.

Emerging Information Technologies have brought many changes in libraries. These technologies have facilitated LIS professionals to work together to acquire and share library collection and provide digital library services to the user community. Increase of the literature in all subjects and shrinking of the library budget made the libraries depend upon each other. Faced with financial crunch, while a library could restrict acquisition of materials in the peripheral areas, it tries its best not shed anything from its core acquisition list. Therefore in a collective development situation, it is logical for a library to look up the other institutions for meeting its peripheral interest. Even in this situation a library can drop an item from the core item to the same ensured by another library in the neighborhood. To achieve aforesaid objectives various library and information center networks were emerged. A number of resource sharing networks has been observed at local, regional, national and international levels.

11 ref

018855   Priyadarshini E;Chandra Babu A (NO, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai-600 119) : Long term memory in foreign exchange markets. J Mgmt Res 2011, 11(1), 31-6.

Accuracy in forecasting the foreign exchange rate and predicting the trend correctly is of crucial importance for any future investments. Over the last few decades, the foreign exchange market has experienced unprecedented growth. The purpose of this paper is to apply rescaled range analysis to foreign exchange market data in an attempt to establish the presence of long term memory and market cycles. It also identifies the fractal dimension of the market by using rescaled range analysis and an estimated Hurst exponent.

14 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

018854   Natarajan N K;Nagar D (Recruitment Psychologist Service Selection Board, Indian Navy, Bhopal-462 001) : Effects of service tenure and nature of occupation on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. J Mgmt Res 2011, 11(1), 59-64.

This study was conducted as part of a larger study in a public sector organization with an all India presence. This study explored the impact of service tenure and occupational category on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. 220 managers from three service tenure categories (1-7 yrs, 8-15 yrs and 16+ yrs) and three occupationa category (executive, technical, administrative) of a large public sector organization were asked to rate 18 items of commitment in a scale developed by Meyer and Allen and 15 items in a of self developed job satisfaction scale. Results found that managers with longer service tenure exhibited higher affective and normative commitment and intrinsic job satisfaction as compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, technical managers (engineers) exhibited higher affective and normative commitment and intrinsic job satisfaction as compared to others.

1 table, 16 ref

018853   Malik T;Kabiraj S (International Centre for Organization and Innovation Studies (ICOIS), Dongbei Finance and Economics Univ, Dalian, China) : Adverse effect of top management team loss on the performance of the incumbent firm in the pharmaceutical industry. J Mgmt Res 2011, 11(1), 37-47.

Loss of senior executives and the resulting effects on the firm's performance is relatively under researched. Using managerial human capital perspective and managerial symbolic capital perspective, we empirically tested the effects of the loss of Top Management Team (TMT) executives on the performance of 1 68 large pharmaceutical firms over 10 years. Our evidence indicates that the number of TMT loss, managerial ranking hierarchy, and international experience of the executives are inversely related to the performance of the firm in the year subsequent to the loss. We conclude that the loss of managerial human resource can predict negative performance in the short-run.

3 tables, 44 ref

018852   Maatoofi A R;Tajeddini K (NO, Islamic Azad Univ, Gorgan Branch Gorgan, Iran) : Effect of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on innovation. J Mgmt Res 2011, 11(1), 20-30.

Continuous environmental changes are forcing firms to adapt an appropriate strategic approach and match its strengths with environmental opportunities. Researchers in marketing and strategic management have shown the relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship with the organizational operation in different industries. In spite of the effects of such variables on the innovation of products, these are less considered by Iran's auto parts manufacturers. Considering the importance of market orientation and entrepreneurship orientation approaches for the maintenance of organizations and confrontation with the rivals, the present research investigates the effect of such variables on the innovation of new products. The research findings will provide the managers with appropriate information for the adoption of a strategic balanced approach.

3 tables, 47 ref

018851   Gadakh V S;Mawale M B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, Ahmednagar-422 608, Email: gadakh_vijay@mec.vnit.ac.in) : Enterprise resource planning (ERP) of canteen using USA principle. Int J appl Engng Res Dindigul 2011, 2(1), 183-9.

In today's scenario, the solution to some system with the aid of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software point of view is very common. Generally it is applicable where the resources are plenty and evaluation of these resources are quite complex. But if the resources are less then it is not affordable to the system due to cost criteria of the software. The ultimate goal of any system is to manage the resources by any means. In this work, a case study of service & process industry i.e. VNIT College Canteen is considered for ERP implementation using Understand-Simplify-Automate (USA) Principle.

4 illus, 2 ref

018850   Deshpadne R C (NO, S.V. Institute of Management, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, Email: profrevatideshpande@gmail.com) : Healthy way to handle work place stress through yoga, meditation and soothing humor. Int J envir Sci 2012, 2(4), 2143-54.

Productivity of the work force is the most decisive factor as far as the success of an organization is concerned. The productivity in turn is dependent on the psychosocial well being of the employees. Stress can affect one's health, work performance, social life and the relationship with family members. The stress response is a complex emotion that produces physiological changes to prepare us for "fight or flight."- to defend ourselves from the threat or flee from it. The stressors and its consequences are to be understood at individual and organizational level. Stress in the workplace has emerged as a major issue for businesses and has reached alarming proportions. Organizations must develop stress prevention as well as stress reduction techniques. This research focuses on practices adopted by organizations to prevent, minimize and to overcome the stress. The study aims at understanding use of yoga, meditation and soothing humor by different organizations as an antidote to workplace stress.

1 illus, 32 ref

017662   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Ltd. PSPD, Unit: Bhadrachalam., Village: Sarapaka, Dist. Khammam-507 128) : Positioning of indian paper industry to face the ecological challenges. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 185-90.

Indian Paper Industry is growing at 10% on an average across segment and expects to touch 28 million MT per annum by 2025 from the current level of 10 million MT, which will be about 200% growth in just 15 years. The main challenges before the Indian Paper Industry still remains the shortage of fibrous raw material and the energy and its cost. There is an urgent need to bridge the projected supply and demand gap. If this issue is not addressed without linking with ecology will derail all projections and growth figures and have adverse impact on every one associated with paper industry. Industrial ecology (IE) is a biological concept applied to industrial structures. The basic concepts of IE include regional, intra-firm and product-based waste recycling systems as well as the principle of upward and downward cascading. In best current examples of regional systems, several parties are in an industrial waste re-use symbiosis. Paper industry has learned to arrange the recovery and re-use of its products. For the paper industry, earth systems engineering offers several development routes. One of them is the further recognition of and research on the fact that the products of the industry are returned back to the carbon cycle of the natural environment. Opportunities for modifying current earth systems may also be available for the industry, e.g. genetically modified plants for raw materials or organisms for making good quality pulp out of current raw materials. It is to be recognized that existing Ecosystem may become a very controversial area, and that very diverse political pressures may determine its future usefulness to the Indian paper industry.

8 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

017661   Gupta P (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar Science and Technology Univ, Hisar-125 001) : Establishing rice export function: a multiple regression approach. Ann Biol 2011, 27(1), 67-72.

Exports of agriculture and allied products are dependent on a number of factors such as domestic production and consumption, exportable surpluses, consumer preferences, varieties traded, quality, domestic and international prices, availability of infrastructure facilities for storage, post-harvest handling, etc. Having regard to the social and economic importance of agricultural sector, the export strategy of the Government is based on the premise that foreign earnings of this sector should be enhanced thereby leading to higher income to farmers. The world rice market has been expanding over the years, particularly rapidly in the 1990s. Currently, around 24 million tonnes of rice is traded annually, close to double the volume in 1990. However, the world rice market is still characterized by thinness, volatility and segmentation. An attempt has been made in this paper to establish rice export function taking into consideration the variables like quantity of rice exports of India, volume of international trade in rice depicting market size, domestic price of rice, international price of rice, domestic rice consumption and domestic rice production.

15 ref

017660   Goel A;Kholiya R (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Human Science, G.B. Pant Agriculture and Technology Univ, Pantnagar-263 145) : Entrepreneurship skills development of rural women in textile technology. Pantnagar J Res 2011, 9(2), 284-6.

Since time immemorial women have played and continue to play a key role in the development of agricultural and allied fields. Without total intellectual and physical participation of women, it is not possible to achieve the goals of rural upliftment. The entrepreneurship skill development of women's of Uttarakhand through training can help in capacity building to general income. It is a way by which women can elevate their status. It enables them to become financially more sound, thus have more control over resources, It can also increase women's involvement in the public sphere and enhance decision making skills. Most importantly rural women of Uttarakhand can take various activities of fibres processing till formation of textile product while being at home as the raw material required is abundantly found in Uttarakhand region.

2 ref