003352   Suresh G;Krishna Murthy S (Commerce Dep, SNMV College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-21, Email: gsureshsusi@gmail.com) : Marketing of grapes in Tamil Nadu : a case of Coimbatore district. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

Many Indian Policy makers and trade analysts today realize that the horticulture development has increased employment and foreign exchange earnings for the country. It is evident from the budgetary support the horticulture development received, which was a meager Rs. 5.0 lakh only in fourth five-year plan, but in seventh five-year plan, it rose by 24 crores. In terms of horticulture crop production, India is considered as the most important country of the world. Grapes are widely cultivated in India because of the prevalence of a congenial agro climate condition for that crop. In India, Tamil Nadu is one of the most important states in the country in terms of grape production after the slates of Maharashtra and Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, Grape is cultivated in 2400 hectares (Hort Stat -2003) with the input of 54800 Tonnes. Tamil Nadu achieves the highest grape productivity among other grape producing states of India. The grape cultivation is mainly concentrated in three districts of Madurai, Theni and Coimbatore. Even though productivity and 'production of horticulture products is high in India, the economic condition of the growers is not favorable. It is because of the growers' weak bargaining power and poor economic condition that the marketing intermediaries are harassing and cheating them in different ways (Deepak M., et aI., 2006). Even If grape cultivation allows the growers to earn more, the growers are not interested in cultivating grapes as they face a large number of marketing problems. In order to understand these problems, a study about the marketing practice of grape growers, marketing cost, margin, price spread and marketing efficiency of grapes in Tamil Nadu is needed so as to exhibit many facts relating to producers' share in a consumer rupee and marketing channels involved in marketing of grapes.

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003351   Subramaniam D (NO, Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship (XIME), Electronic City Phase-2, Hosur Main Road, Bengaluru-560 100, Email: dsmaniam.xime@gmail.com) : Green initiatives: challenges in sustainment. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(6), 45-48.

This article examines the Green initiatives taken by several environmental agencies and challenges in sustaining these initiatives. It also explores what sort of incentives and penalties the state can think of in creating the awareness and in making the movement sustainable. The paper uses a number of real life learning experiences that have happened in the global context.

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003350   Srinivas Rao G (NO, University PG College, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Email: srinivasraophd@gmail.com) : Operations strategies and change management. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(8), 11-14.

Managing change is a complex issue and its challenging too. It includes aspects of relationship with customers, maintaining schedules, transforming resources, comfort & affordability, and the strategic leadership. The operation strategy relates to total business in an organization as an implementer, supporter and driver of business. It deals with overall activities, contributes to organizational success, reduces costs and increases productivity. It is the key to stakeholder and customer satisfaction by maintaining quality. Thus, operating strategy is the inevitable component that no company can survive in the long term without successfully designing operational strategies in the global competition.

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003349   Soni D (NO, New L. J. Commerce College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: divyasonihere@yahoo.com) : The business of emotions. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

This article Introduces its readers to the new wave of emotional branding. It throws light on the concept of emotional branding and the reasons of its increasing popularity. It discusses the power of emotions over rationality. Emotional branding in Indian scenario is illustrated by discussing latest emotional advertisements. Finally, the article suggests the companies, marketers and customers on what should they expect from this new trend of emotional branding.

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003348   Shenoy S S;Devaraj K (Faculty, SDM PG Centre, , Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: seemashenoy8181@gmail.com) : Product strategies and advertising in small firms : a study of Punjab units. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

Supermarket retailers in India are amidst fierce competition from not just their Indian counterparts, but also from strong foreign players. The only way out for survival is through attainment of competitive advantage. Though competitive advantage has always been at the heart of firms operating in the increasingly competitive retail environment, the concept of competitive-centric retail strategy is slowly losing ground in terms of its effectiveness in enabling Indian supermarket retailers to attain a competitive advantage. In view of the same, this paper attempts to devise a conceptual framework on customer-centric retail strategy for enabling supermarket retailers to attain a competitive advantage. The influence of intervening variables that have added to the need for attaining a competitive advantage have been considered and the performance outcomes of employing the customer-centric strategy have also been detailed in this paper.

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003347   Ramanujam P G;Naidu B V R (School of Management Studies, Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology, Seetharampuram, Andhra Pradesh, Email: puppalagramanujam@yahoo.co.in) : Export marketing of tea via the internet. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

The world tea trade has been undergoing several changes during the last few years. Export prices have decreased over the last decade, in part owing to oversupply, while production has increased faster than demand and tea has continued to face competition from other beverages. There is a growing gap between the prices paid to tea growers and those paid by consumers in importing countries. The internet provides a window of opportunity for improving the marketing of agricultural exports in developing countries, as exemplified by the experience in India. Such use can generate significant benefits for producers in terms of reduced transaction costs and expanded market reach. In all aspects of tea production, consumption and export, India has emerged to be the world leader, and is perhaps the only industry where India has retained its leadership over the last 150 years. Internet use by producers in India to market tea is still in its infancy, although some plantations have established websites linked to search engines and other commercial sites. Industry observers in India consider that more plantations might make use of the internet for direct marketing if they were aware of the potential benefits. India's tea industry is optimistic that internet auctions will become well established, especially after the current glut in tea markets comes to an end. In the light of these developments, the present study has been taken up to examine how the internet can facilitate more direct marketing and bypass some intermediaries, thereby allowing producers to retain a larger share of the export price.

003346   Ramaiyan A (Business Administration Dep, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, Email: rrarun@rediffmail.com) : Predicting factors influencing purchase of aashirvaad brand using logistic regression. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

Consumers purchase preference is dynamic because the thinking, feeling and actions of individual consumers is constantly changing. Consumers belonging to different age groups, gender, occupations and monthly incomes will differ in their opinion towards the products launched by corporates. The assumption here is that people having common demographic characteristics behave in an identical manner and will have same preferences. Demographic characteristics have also served as the basis for segmenting the market. In India, consumers today see an exciting explosion of choices like new product categories, new brands, new shopping options and have an increasing disposable Income to fulfill their aspirations. Consumers are seeking more information to make these choices. A key challenge for consumers is to identify the multiple brands which are crowding on the shopping stores.

003345   Raizada S (JIMS - Jagan Institute of Management, , Rohini, Delhi-85) : Significance of branding in industrial marketing. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

Branding is primarily done to create personality of a product and to differentiate it from other similar offerings of the competitors. A brand not only identifies a product from among the commodities but also conveys the image, goodwill and excellence of the marketing organization. Though most of the FMCG, insurance, automobile or pharmaceutical firms separately brand their offerings, those dealing in industrial products relatively attach less importance to this vital concept of marketing. The industrial product manufacturers, which are often small and medium enterprises, usually consider branding as expensive and irrelevant for their businesses. However, with the spread of globalization, where sourcing and manufacturing activities are carried out across the world, immense opportunities now exist for the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) to market their products globally. Industrial product marketers, whether large or small, therefore, need to formulate their branding strategies effectively in order to compete with the global competitors. The present paper shall briefly discuss the process generally followed in the business marketing and will explore the issues involved in the branding of industrial products. It shall also investigate the branding strategies of few B2B firms in India and abroad. The paper shall finally conclude by proposing the strategies and a model for industrial product branding in the contemporary business environment. The paper is based upon secondary information sources from print as well as the electronic medium.

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003344   Narasimha Rao V;Siva Prasad A V V (NO, Akkineni Nageswara Rao College, Gudivada, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drvnr_62@yahoo.co.in) : Customer relationship management (CRM) in health care industry - a study of select corporate hospitals in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is perhaps the most important concept of modern marketing. Until recently, CRM has been defined narrowly as a customer data management activity. In its broader sense, CRM is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. It deals with all aspects of acquiring, keeping and growing customers. The key to bUilding lasting customer relationships is to create superior customer value and satisfaction. Organizations can build customer relationships at many levels, depending on the nature of the target market. To build customer relationships, companies can add structural ties as well as financial and social benefits. Today's companies are building more direct and lasting relationships with more carefully selected customers. Changing demographics, more sophisticated competitors mean that there are fewer customers to go around. Many organizations are now fighting for shares of flat or fading markets. In addition to being good at customer relationship management, marketers must also be good at partner relationship management, which means working closely with partners in other company departments and outside the company to jointly bring greater value to customers. Thus, the goal of marketing is to build and manage profitable customer relationships. Successful CRM focuses on the profiling or understanding the needs and desires of the customers and is achieved by placing these needs at the heart of the business by integrating them with the organization's strategy, people, and technology and business processes. CRM requires a synergistic integration of the strategy, people and technology of an organization. This integration leads to the creation of the service process that seeks to develop an ongoing relationship with customers and results in the creation of an exchange relationship that is mutually beneficial for both the organization and the customer. CRM must come from the top. It IS an all-encompassing strategy, and no one department or Call center or Information Technology manager can drive the cross-functional process changes required. Thus, CRM is a Holistic approach.

003343   Maninder Singh;Kuldip Kaur (NO, Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsar, Punjab, Email: maninder1981@yahoo.co.in) : Risks associated with celebrity endorsements - an empirical analysis from Punjab. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

Celebrity endorsement is the most useful and effective way to endorse the product in a competitive market because the celebrity has the source power to attract the consumer and change his attitude positively towards a particular product. Now - a- days, advertisers feel that a celebrity also compensates the endorsement in the absence of innovative ideas. It indicates that the presence of celebrity in endorsements itself has a great impact on consumers rather than any non-celebrity endorsement. But there are many potential risks related with the celebrity endorsements and these are harmful to the products and celebrities both. These risks also badly influence the image of the endorsed product and celebrity itself. The present study attempts to find out the risks associated with celebrity endorsements, on the basis of the primary data collected from 300 respondents of rural and urban areas of Amritsar, Ludhiana and Jalandhar districts of Punjab. Using multivariate techniques called Factor Analysis; factors are framed by grouping the variables that have correlation with each other. The results of the study indicate that there are five factors related to the potential risks of celebrity endorsements. These factors are: Multiple Product Endorsements, Financial Risk, Tarnished Brand Image, Misleading Advertisement and Negative Publicity.

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003342   Mallikarjunaiah U;Sudarsan K (NO, Sri Sarvodaya College, Nellore Dist, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drumk@gmail.com) : Problems of fishermen in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(7), 27-34.

The fishery sector has witnessed serious crises during the last decade owing to its limitations to adjust to the changing environment. It is caught in a net of interrelated problems like lack of finance, lack of storage facilities and quick delivery of input, lack of ice-plants, lack of awareness of market information, uncertain quality of fish, faulty measurement system, lack of market infrastructure, imbalance between demand and supply of fish, low level of education among fishermen, and lack of availability of other and alternative profitable occupation for them, inadequate income and relatively high level of expenditure, extremes of climate, natural calamities like floods and draught, the tsunami, lack of appropriate policy measures, weak organizational structure of fishermen cooperatives, failure of the cooperative system, lack of transportation facilities, and the like. An attempt has been made in this article to enquire into the problems confronted by fishermen in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh. The primary data was collected from a representative sample of fishermen cooperatives in the areas of finance, production, marketing, raw material and infrastructure facilities, etc. Further, it offers some suggestions for consideration in the light of the observations made in the present study of the working of fishermen co-operatives in Nellore district. The research work was conducted during August 2010 to February 2011.

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003341   Kular I K;Brar A S (NO, Guru Nanak Institute of Management and Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: inderpreet.kular@yahoo.com) : Transforming Indian agriculture through agripreneurs. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

India is the third largest producer of agricultural commodities in the worlde the backbone of the Indian economy. The Indian economy is growing at more thaneight per cent for the past several years, but growth rate of agriculture has been stagnant at around 2 per cent. Over two-thirds of the country's population is directly dependent upon agriculture, thus, the slow growth rate of the agrarian economy affects the lives of about 700 million people, some of them are deprived of even the basic amenities. The contribution of agriculture to economy's GDP declined from 49 per cent in 1951 to 36 per cent in 1981 to only 18 per cent in 2007-08, which means that the relative fast growth rate of other sectors added to the income of urban population and raises the prices of commodities and real estate and indirectly pushes the rural population towards poverty. Thus, there is a need to increase the income of the farmers from a unit of holding, which is constantly declining due to the division of holding with the growth in population and rising demand of land for industrial residential sectors due to the growth of economy at 8 per cent plus growth rate. The income of the farmers cn be increased by two ways: (a) Through cultivation of high value crops in place of traditional crops (b) Adding value to the agri-produce through grading, processing and packing. The objective of the present study is to develop a detailed and dear picture about the small and medium agro-processing systems, their requirement to effectively manufacture and market processed products, and to review agro-processing service provision, research and extension linkages. The fealures and constraints of the agro-industry are examined to assess their potential contributions and challenges. The study was implemented lhrough a review of literature, mainly for commodity-specific agro-processing enterprises. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. There is an enormous potential to be tapped, which will also be advantageous for both domestic and export markets. The agro-industry of Punjab has an important role to play in the economic development and has a strong potential to meet the local needs and export requirements. The Government should provide with the basic infrastructure required, such as the supply of electricity, roads and communication network. The Government has established the skill training centres for enhancement of the skill development in the farmers, artisans and other users. The industq is facing many challenges such as uncertainty of finances, limited research, limited technical advice and limited marketing information.

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003340   Krishna Murthy (College of Management and Economic Studies, University of Petroleum an, , Bidholi Campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: kris0779@gmail.com) : Causal study between electricity consumption and Co2 emissions in India. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(7), 43-52.

This study examines the causal relationships between per-capita electricity consumption and per capita Co2 emissions for India covering the period 1971 to 2006 by using the co-integration and error correction models. Our study reveals that there exists co integration between the per capita Co2 emissions and per-capita electricity consumption. Both the time series per capita Co2 emissions and Electricity consumption are non stationary in level form, but are individually integrated of order one. Granger's causality test provided enough evidence of longer-term equilibrium relation between the two variables, which will attract the attention of policymakers in drawing out efficient policy making to drive the economy with less pollutant emissions. Empirical results have shown that up to lag 7, there exists a bilateral causality between the two variables that shows how these two variables are associated and there is a need for a closer look at the consumption of fossil fuels in generating and consuming the electricity in association with the environment. Further, VAR technique is used for forecasting the per capita Co2 emissions; the forecast for the future years are accurate with very mild forecast error.

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003339   Kaushal S K;Medhavi S (Business Administration Dep, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kaushal_sk1971@yahoo.com) : To identify the prominent factors of shopping mall behaviour : a factor anlysis approach. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

Retailing is gaining popularity day by day in India. Now, people in big cities have started buying high value products at shopping malls. The performance of the retail sector in the past few years has been outstanding, and we have witnessed a huge revamping exercise, significantly contributed by the growth of the organized retail chains. Rapid urbanization, exposure to large number of foreign brands and changing lifestyle and preferences have contributed to the growth of retailing in India. The quality of service perceived by the customers, irrespective of the brand is what ultimately results in a repeat visit of the customer. This study focuses on identifying the prominent factors affecting shopping mall buying behavior. A sample of 157 respondents was chosen on the basis of convenience sampling, and customer intercept survey was conducted in prominent shopping malls. A structured questionnaire on five point rating (Likert scale) was administered by way of personal interview. For the purpose of the analysis, statistical tools like Factor Analysis, Cronbach's Alpha and Principal Component Analysis have been used. Twenty four factors affecting shopping malt consumer behaviour were identified. The three most prominent factors are quality, time saving and price.

003338   Indradevi R (VIT-Business School, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Email: rindradevi@vit.ac.in) : Relationship between appraisal and organizational performance. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(6), 19-25.

Performance appraisal processes are one of the central pillars of the performance management which is directly related to the organizational performance and have a direct impact on it. For an organization to be effective, the goals, the standards and the action plans need to be planned well in advance. Thus, performance appraisal facilitates the achievement of organizational goals. It also facilitates the optimal use of the organizational resources. It helps to identify and overcome the problems faced by the employees in their work. Performance appraisal is the strength of performance management, which in turn affects the organizational performance which triggered the author to make a study on the relationship between appraisal and organizational performance. The tool for the study was a questionnaire comprising of nine items on performance appraisal, seven items on employee capability and seven items on organizational performance on a five-point scale ranging from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1). Data was collected from a sample of 125 respondents from five IT enabled companies in Chennai. Being satisfied with the reliability of the research instrument, the researcher carried out Pearson correlation and multiple regression to understand the relationship between appraisal and organizational performance.

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003337   Goswami R;Jain R (Home Science Dep, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: rachanagoswarmi82@gmail.com) : Performance evaluation of Rajasthan handloom development corporation (RHDC) with respect to Jaipur district. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(8), 22-7.

The present study highlights the performance evaluation of services provided by the Rajasthan Handloom Development Corporation (RHDC) , a state government body working for the development of handloom weavers working in clusters in Jaipur District. The sample of the study comprised of senior officials (n=20) and beneficiaries (n=320) of RHDC. The results show that the organization is facing a financial crunch, which has adversely affected the growth of the weavers. The cluster approach got crumpled and weavers had to merge into the cooperative fold for their survival. Thus, there is an urgent need to review the performance of the organization and work on certain strategies to develop the organization, so that successful fulfillment of the objectives, i.e. the development of the handloom sector, for which this organization was established, can be done.

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003336   Gawali V S (Maharashtra Institute of Technology, , Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Email: vidyaghat=lage@yahoo.co.in) : Gender inequity in the corporate sector in India. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(6), 26-31.

The conditions of women at the workplace are based on conservative outlook of the employers that positions them at the periphery of the workplace that had no meaningful contribution to the growth and development. Many reports and surveys show that women's situation at workplaces are not satisfactory. Thus, the present paper highlights the gender discrimination in the corporate sector in India in terms of work and pay. According to the Census 2011, the female population is 48.46 % in India , but opportunities they are getting are not even 40 %. This paper gives a brief about the participation of women in the corporate sector of India, and their status in senior managerial positions in India. The paper also highlights the gender wage gap in India as compared to other countries. The suggestion given in this paper will be definitely helpful for improving the status of women in India.

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003335   Dutta B (Political Science Dep, Dibrugarh University, Assam, Email: jaanbiraj@gmail.com) : Peoples' participation in rural development: a case study in Dibrugarh district of Assam. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(7), 15-26.

Participation in general means that process wherein people are closely involved in economic, social, cultural and political affaires which affect their lives. When viewed from the dimension of dealing with development plans or programmes for the people, it simply implies participation of people in all stages viz- planning, formulation, decision making, sharing the benefit of development, monitoring and evaluation appraisal. Thus, the successful implementation of the various rural development programmes not only depends upon the effective functioning of the various administrative agencies viz- DRDA, Blocks and Village Level functionaries, but also depends upon the effective people's participation in all the levels of people's participation. For the present study, District Rural Development Agency, Dibrugarh, Assam has been selected while dealing with the problem of people's participation in rural development programmes, and it is desirable to discuss the level of people's participation in rural development activities implemented by the DRDA, Dibrugarh, Assam.

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003334   Debnath S (Tripura State Electricity Corporation Limited, , Tripura, Email: dnsubrata2006@gmail.com) : Preparedness of Tripura for enterpreneturial activities: an appraisal with regard to entrepreneurial framework conditions. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(8), 15-21.

It is entrepreneurship that propels the development of mankind in every form and focus. It involves the process of transforming creative ideas into commercially viable business opportunities. Successful entrepreneurship is a cohesive process of creativity, risk taking, and planning. Germination of entrepreneurship largely depends on the prevailing culture of the society. To develop a positive entrepreneurial culture in any country or any of its region or state, proper social, political, economical and physical infrastructural support is inevitable. Against this backdrop, the present paper is an attempt to evaluate the entrepreneurship development preparedness of Tripura in the milieu of Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFC) as referred in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report - 2002. Through analytical discussion, the present paper divulges that although continuous efforts are being exerted by the government to promote entrepreneurs in Tripura by conducting Entrepreneurship Development Programmes on a regular basis, the prevailing EFCs are not synchronized with efforts to bring the desired outcomes. As such, it is absolutely necessary to improve the EFCs of the state to sprout good-quality entrepreneurs in large numbers.

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003333   Dasari S (ICFAI Business School, , Bangalore, Email: shailendra.dasari@gmail.com) : In search of excellence: CSR initiatives by Indian companies. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(7), 4-14.

Corporate social responsibility has been embedded in the ethos of Indian companies for more than a century . Mahatma Gandhi wanted the business houses to be the custodians of the society. While acts of philanthropy have been a regular feature of the corporate houses discharging their social responsibility, the significance of CSR in its modern form is yet to be realized by the vast majority of Indian companies. This paper is an attempt to emphasize the need for Indian companies to embrace CSR; take a stock of the commitment of Indian companies to CSR imperative; highlight the best practices followed by select Indian companies on the CSR front and the need for others to follow suit for their survival and growth. Apart from carrying out literature survey to understand the relevance and significance of CSR and the extent it is being practiced by Indian companies, empirical observations and information furnished in the annual reports of companies like Tata Steel, Microsoft India, Hindustan Petroleum and Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals has been made use of to further the objectives of this paper. Discussion of the findings and areas for further research have also been included in the present paper.

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003332   Dasari S (Chairperson 3iCell JCFAI Business School (IBS), , Babgakirem Jarbataja, Email: shailendra.desari@gmail.com) : Distribution strategies of steel manufacturers in India. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

Steel industry in India is poised for a big growth. Post 1990, thanks to the liberalization of the Indian economy, steel manufacturers have been focusing upon becoming customer-centric, as opposed to the selling approach that had prevailed for more than four decades, to match up lo the competition from local and global players. Distribution of steel in this context assumes a lot of importance looking at the bulky nature of the product and changing needs and expectations of customers. This paper attempts to trace the evolution of distribution systems adopted by steel producers, current strategies and future trends in the form of case studies of all the major steel manufacturers and service centers throughout the country.

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003331   Dahari Z B;Ferdous Azam S M;Rahman M S (Business Administration Dep, Kulliyah of Economic and Management Scie, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: zainurind@iium.edu.my) : Customer satisfaction withmobile phone operators : an exploratory study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

Customer satisfaction is a significant issue for most marketers in order to maintain loyalty. Therefore, the mobile phone operators facilitate numerous marketing activities across the nations in order to capture their loyalty. The current research looked into determinants of customer satisfaction In the mobile phone operators in Malaysia. For this reason, a total of about one hundred questionnaires were randomly distributed to customers of a specific area in Malaysia back in 2009. Results indicate that there is a strong relationship among service quality, brand Image and price towards customer satisfaction.

003330   Chaudhary R (Business Mngement Dep, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture a, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: rashmihpu@gmail.com) : Societal impact of special industrial incentives package: managerial perceptions. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(6), 36-44.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between select social parameters and Special Industrial Incentives Package (SIIP) granted to Himachal Pradesh, one of the eleven special category states eligible for central assistance, in January 2003. Historical evidence brings forward the fact that incentive packages fuel the industrial growth of an area, which ultimately leads to social development. Moving on the same tack, Government of India announced incentive packages to underdeveloped states, an important fiscal measure for achieving balanced regional development. In this backdrop, the present paper is an attempt to analyze the socio-economic development in Himachal Pradesh attributable to SIIP. Results of data analyses reveal that government incentives and concessions have played a key role in the overall development of the state. It was concluded that on the one hand, such incentives have positively affected social infrastructural and economic facilities in the study state, but on the other hand, negative ecological impacts were also observed. Evidence of the study is relevant to policymakers designing tax incentives for industrially backward states. Further, the study has implications for the industrially backward states, as it will help in reviewing the impact of government incentives and concessions extended to these states for better monitoring. Findings of the paper highlight the need for studying SIIP as a correlate of socio-economic development for better understanding of issues relating to industrial development of an industrially backward area.

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003329   Brajesh Kumar;Gogoi M (NO, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, Email: bpjc08@rediffmail.com) : A case study on consumers buying behaviour and brand loyalty with regard to processed liquid packed milk in Guwahati. Indian J Market 2011, 41(5), .

The present study has been undertaken to examine the consumer's buying behavior and brand loyalty with regard to processed liquid packed milk in Guwahati. Understanding consumer buying behavior in a cross-cultural environment is an essential part of marketing activities in a world that is becoming more consumer-centric. Studying the consumer buying behavior is a very complex process, as it involves not only the economic factors, but also the emotional factors. However, marketers need to study the consumer behaviour, as it helps them to position their products better and develop effective marketing strategies. Consumer buying behaviour is influenced by the culture and subculture. Habits, likes and dislikes of the people belonging to a particular culture or subculture can affect the marketing efforts of a firm to a great extent. The social class to which the individual belongs tells about the type of products the individual prefers. Other factors that influence the buying behavior are social factors like reference group and family, personal factors like the age, life cycle and occupation, and psychological factors like motivation, perception and attitudes of the customers. This paper is an attempt to explain how consumer buying behaviour is influenced by brand image and loyalty in Guwahati, Assam. On the basis of the study, it emerged that consumer satisfaction needs Lo be observed as the function of some dynamic variables, which needs concurrent monitoring for better marketing results.

003328   Bordoloi A K (Business Management Dep, Margherita College, Margherita-786 181, Email: anjankumarbordoloi@gmail.com) : Tourism potentiality and infrastructure planning with special reference to the Dehing-Patkai region: an analysis. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(6), 32-5.

This article presents the importance of Tourism in the present context. It also focuses on the Dehing Patkai region as a highly potential place for tourism in the economies of the North Eastern (NE) Region in India. This article does not seek to propose a comprehensive job-creation strategy through tourism, but to outline steps necessary to reinforce the potential role that tourism can play in general and in job creation, in particular, and points out the policy steps that can be taken in this direction.

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003327   Anupama Shekhawat (Maheshwari College of Commerce and Arts, , Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: anupama.shekhawat@gmail.com) : Importance of soft skills training in the curriculum of higher education. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(8), 28-36.

Soft skills are personal attributes that enhance an individual's interactions, job performance and career prospects. Unlike hard skills, which are about a person's skill set and ability to perform a certain type of task or activity, soft skills are interpersonal and broadly applicable. Soft skills are often described by using terms often associated with personality traits, such as: Optimism, Common Sense, Responsibility, A Sense of Humor, Integrity; and abilities that can be practiced (but require the individual to genuinely like other people) such as: Empathy, Teamwork, Leadership, Communication, Good Manners, Negotiation, Sociability, the Ability To Teach. Now-a-days, nobody wishes to gain knowledge to be a scholar as in the previous ages. In fact, knowledge has become a stepping stone to land up a good paying job, and to get a reputed position in the society. Because of these reasons, higher education now demands a transformation to meet the elevated desires of the students. Irrespective of the professional qualification, today's professionals need to possess a high Soft Skills quotient, apart from domain knowledge in order to succeed in this competitive era. Due to the great importance of soft skills, some of the colleges have introduced it as their add-on course. However, many of them are yet to introduce Soft Skills in their prescribed curriculum. This article deals with the importance of Soft Skills in the curriculum of Higher Education and its role in making the student placement worthy. This study is a comparative analysis between students who are regularly exposed to Soft Skills sessions and those not exposed to the same, with respect to their overall Soft Skills.

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003326   Akoijam S S (NO, , ) : Handloom cluster development program. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(8), 37-45.

This case is about YVU, a social organization which has been engaged in various development activities operating in Manipur for the last four decades. Manipur is a state where people depend mainly on agriculture for livelihood. Besides agriculture, handloom and weaving are the major sectors which provide a livelihood to various people of the state. This case focuses on the handloom development programme inducted by YVU, an NGO in Manipur at Nambol, Bishnupur District, Manipur. This study focuses on strategic initiatives taken up by YVU with financial support from SIDBI to meet the various objectives set by the organization. It also tries to identify the roles played by the industry in the development of the socio-cultural as well and economic condition of the state.

7 ref

003325   Ahluwalia A K;Singh R (Business Management Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Uiversity, Regional Campus, Gurdaspur, Punjab, Email: amardeep.kaur77@gmail.com) : Understanding of TV Ads amongst urban children. Indian J Market 2012, 42(3), .

TV has long been the predominant medium that advertisers have chosen for reaching consumers to market products. Ads are an important experiential component of a child's development. This study was conducted to find out understanding of TV ads amongst children from middle and upper-middle socia-economic strata of the urban society. A sample of 400 children of 8 to 16 years of age, across the region of Punjab were selected. Almost all children claimed to differentiate between ads and programs. A majority of children clearly understood the purpose behind ads, though there was a better understanding amongst girls and older children. Children who watched TV in the presence of the elders could comprehend the ads better. Most of the parents discussed ads with their children only when they were asked by them, instead of taking initiative on their own. Parents discussed the implications of ads more often with girls and with older children.

26 ref

003324   Abraham J (MoRD, , Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, Email: josephmepurath@yahoo.co.in) : An analysis of the human resource features of political executives engaged in local self governance. Prabandhan: Indian J Mgmt 2012, 5(6), 4-18.

The elected people's representatives wield political power and take policy decisions in the day-to-day functioning of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The statutory functions and powers enjoyed by these local bodies are manifold. The Panchayati Raj Institutions are mandatory organizations for local self-governance given by the 73rd constitution amendment. And to a large extent, the states' departmental bureaucracy is placed at the command and disposal of local governments for planning and executing various developmental tasks. During the last one-decade, the decentralization processes have witnessed revolutionary progress and now are being stabilized in the state of Kerala. To learn from these experiences; the educational attainments, age levels, experience possessed, trainings attained, gender composition, socio-economic status and activity patterns of the elected people's representatives need to be separately analyzed to characterize the emergent human-resource behavior patterns of this relatively new segment of political executives. For analytical purpose, the case of a middle layer, out of the three-tier Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) set up in Kerala with special reference to Eranakulam district is taken up to highlight the human-resource characteristics of the existent elected political executive functionaries, their knowledge of the programmes and training needs that will help engage them in local self-governance of the Block Panchayats. The leadership of elected people's representatives of local bodies, especially by those of the women members is expected to facilitate better convergence and integration of various women oriented programmes.

15 ref

002201   Senthil Kumar G;Suresh Subramonian B; Tensingh Gnanaraj P;Serma Saravana Pandian A;Jaya Varathan B (Livestock Business Management Dep, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai) : Analysis of intention of professional students to become livestock business entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Field Vet 2012, 7(3), 43-4.

Study was undertaken to analyze the intention of professional students to become Livestock Business Entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu. The data for the present study was collected from third year students of Madras Veterinary College, Chennai and Institute of Food and Dairy Technology, Koduvalli. It was observed that the more than three fourth (76.47 per cent) of the sample respondents were willing to start livestock business. Course-wise analysis showed that the willingness to start livestock business was more among B. Tech (FPT) students compared to B.V.Sc. & A.H students. Gender-wise analysis indicated that Boys were more willing to become livestock entrepreneur (84.85 per cent) than girls (61.11 per cent). Locality-wise analysis of entrepreneurial intention among the sample respondents explained that 83.33 per cent of respondents from rural locality and 72.73 per cent of respondents from urban locality were willing to start livestock business. The community-wise analysis indicated that the willingness to start livestock business was more among OC (100 per cent), followed by SC (81.25 per cent), BC (72.00 per cent) and MBC (60.00 per cent).

8 ref

002200   Angadi S (NO, Nunhems India Pvt. Ltd., Yelahanka New Town, Bangalore-560 064, Email: www.nunhems.com) : Public private partnership- the way ahead. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 2011, 71(2), 199-201.

Indian seed market is one of the largest in the world. Private sector (Big-33% and medium-13%), unorganized sector (13%) as well as public sector (41%) companies are the basic handler of high volume-low value seeds (cereals, pulses and oil seeds). Private seed companies with eye on commercial product development invest mostly on applied researches utilizing novel genetic, intellectual and technological sources. Public seed sector needs special attention to become competitive and highly productive. An effective partnership between public and private seed sector with strong policy support is highly desired at this juncture.

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002199   Ananda Rao P K (Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, Banashankari-Kengeri Link Road, Channasandra Village, Subramanyapura Post, Uttarahalii Hobli, Bangalore-560 061) : Public-private partnership (PPP) in agriculture development. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 2011, 71(2), 202-3.

002198   Ahlawat J;Punam M (NO, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, C-4, Janak Puri, New Delhi, Email: dr.j.ahlawat@gmail.com) : "Factors affecting ERP system adoption in the Indian industrial environment". Int J Envir Dev 2011, 8(2), 131-44.

ERP systems are customizable software, which manages data from various organizational activities and provide a fully integrated solution to major organizational data management problems. ERP systems are a new type of information system whose main characteristic is that they integrate operational processes across organizational functions via a single database. Past research has identified factors that are important to the successful implementation of ERP systems. The difficulties of ERP implementations have been widely cited in the literature but research on the critical factors for initial and ongoing ERP implementation success is rare and fragmented. The main rationale of this study is to expose the broad range the mechanisms determining the success of ERP implementation projects. Specifically, this research identifies potential ERP implementation success factors and verifies their importance with the help of real implementation project participants. In addition, during the next stage of research, the analysis extracts the group of factors that most influence the implementation success. The study focuses on the key obstacles and problems experienced by the company in implementing ERP, how the companies overcome these and offer a set of critical success factors for enterprises considering implementing ERP in India. The primary objective of this study is to empirically explore the relationships between ERP success and certain organizational variables using a sample of firms operating in NCR Delhi were chosen on a purposive basis from India. In other words, it attempts to present a model of key organizational factors that must be managed properly for successful ERP adoption.

1 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

001201   Wijitkosum S;Sriburi T (Environmental Research Institution, Chulalongkorn Univ, Institution Building 2, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: i_am_saowanee@hotmail.com) : Tourist attractions standard: sustainable tourism management tool of Thailand. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(2), 454-60.

Tourism has become the main source of income for the economies of an increasing number of Thailand. There is now increasing agreement on the need to promote sustainable tourism development to minimize its environmental impacts and to ensure more sustainable management of natural resources. The tourist attraction standard is the tourism management tool for sustainable tourism development. There are 12 tourist Attraction standards. The standard of tourist attraction is a set of documents which made of 2 sections; a general section, and a specific section based on each typical category. In each section composes of criteria and indexes to evaluate the performance, competency and quality of those attractions. The tourism auditor use the standard of tourist attractions as a tool for develops the tourism site.

9 ref

001200   Tripathi P;Singh S K (NO, VNS Business School, Bhopal) : Empirical study of consumer behaviour towards the preference and usage of mobile phone services in Bhopal. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2012, 1(2), 62-70.

Today the success of any firm depends upon the consumer satisfaction. `Consumer is king' - the statement carries profound truth in it. The firms should know about the behavior of the consumers for satisfying their consumers. Consumer behavior is defined as the act of consuming or using goods or services. The life style of modern consumer is changing rapidly because of the changing technology and innovation. In these circumstances understanding consumer is a very difficult task. The main objectives of the study are (i) to identify and analyze the factors which impinge on to the satisfaction level of the customers of mobile phone services, (ii) to understand the effectiveness of the promotional activities of mobile phone companies and offers provided by the companies. The study is an empirical research based on survey method through simple random sampling of 80 samples. The collected data were coded, calculated and analyzed with the help of statistical tools like percentages, chi-square test; garret ranking model employed in this study.

10 tables, 14 ref

001199   Sawkar R H (Geological Societ of India, No. 63, 12th Basappa Layout, Gavipuram, Bangalore-560 019, Email: sawkar35@gmail.com) : Gold mining: a development authority in Karnataka. J Geol Soc India 2010, 76(3), 208-14.

4 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

000028   Thanki S J;Thakkar J (Mechanical Engineering Dep, S.V.M. Institute of Technology, Bharuch, Gujarat) : Lean manufacturing: issues and perspectives. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 12-22.

Increasing awareness of the benefits attained by application of lean principles has led many industries to incorporate lean philosophy and its tools and techniques. The basic premise of this article is to acknowledge the various issues with respect to lean implementation and explore the diverse views of lean manufacturing available in the literature. Key issues for the successful implementation of lean principles are presented and a lean implementation framework "Tree of lean implementation," is proposed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref

000027   Surya Kumar P;Balakrishnama Naidu V (Econometrics Dep, S.V. Univ, Tirupati) : Productivity trends in some selected Indian steel firms. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 1-11.

8 tables, 22 ref

000026   Singh S P;Shalini R (NO, National Productivity Council, Chandigarh) : Implementation of food safety management systems (ISO 22000:2005) certification: a journey towards improvement in quality and food safety. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 36-41.

ISO 22000:2005 is an International Standard designed to ensure safe supply of food throughout the entire supply chain on a worldwide basis. If applies to the processes that create and control the products and services on organization supplies. It can be used by all organizations, in the supply chain-from the farmers to food services, to processing, transportation, storage, retail and packaging, that is, up to the final consumer. ISO 22000:2005 certifications have been carried out for Hafed Rice Mill, Taraori. It revealed significant achievements in system improvements to improve quality and/or food safety of the products.

2 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

000025   Singh N;Srivastava S R;Malik S (Extension Education Institute, CCS HAU, Nilokheri-132 117) : Communication process affecting gain in knowledge of master trainer's regarding in-service training programmes. Agric Sci Dig 2011, 31(1), 73-4.

Training aims to maintain and increase the employees' effectiveness in his present job, prepare him for promotion by stimulating his potentials and develop his skills and knowledge for greater organizational effectiveness. The present study revealed that all elements of communication process are important factors which affects the gain in knowledge level of the participants as a result of in-service training programme. Use of these communication elements properly contribute and move effectiveness to communication process and forms an integral part of class room and extension teaching.

1 table, 2 ref

000024   Sharma R (NO, Banasthali Univ, Rajasthan) : Role of educational institutions in sustainable environmental management: a case study of the Banasthali university, Rajasthan. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(1), 11-22.

The Planet Earth is witnessing a rapid environmental degradation due to population explosion, urbanization and industrialization. Apart from these factors changes in life style of man is influencing the environment badly. In this direction an attempt has been made to examine how an educational institute can play an important role in the sustainable environmental management. Banasthali university is exemplifying the same. It is situated about 70 kms., from Jaipur in the Tonk district of Rajasthan. The University was established in 1935 with the aim of PANCHMUKHI SHIKSHA (Five Fold Education ) - Intellectual, Physical Practical, Aesthetic, and Moral aspect. Where on the another side university is imparting scientific knowledge in their syllabi on the other hand it is playing an important role to conserve Indian culture in which conservation of environment is also considered as a major area of research. To fulfil these aims Banasthali University is engaged in sustainable environmental management since five years, like Recycling of Waste Water, Production of Organic Food, Manufacturing of Vermi Compost, Establishment of Anopcharik Shiksha Kendra and Utilization of Solar Energy. There are two agricultural forms -Krishi Vigyan Kendra and Sarsadi farms where the production was taken by using organic manuare. To fulfil the requirement of these farms vermi compost has also been manufactured. Presently there are six solar lights which are used in agricultural farms, roads and hostels. University is also planning for establishing solar energy generation system to meet its present and future energy requirements. Recycled water from the treatment plant is used in gardening and flushing toilets of hostels. Anopcharik shiksha Kendra is working in the direction of social well being which is generating employment for women of nearby villages for spinning weaving and stitching of Khadi embroidery, carpet weaving, and making of papad, mangori, etc..

3 tables, 9 ref

000023   Ramphul (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak, Haryana) : Productivity and efficiency analysis of haryana's daury industry. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 42-50.

Study assesses the total factor productivity (TFP) growth and efficiency levels in Haryana's dairy processing industry using Tornqvist index and data envelopment analysis models over the period 1984-2008. It is found that Haryana's dairy processing industry has experienced positive growth in TFP during the 1980s. According to our TFP estimates during 1990s and 2000s, Haryana's dairy processing industry performed poorly. The decomposition of TFP growth indicates that growth is driven more by increase in scale of processing than by technical efficiency changes. Finally, it is noticed that in Haryana a high volume of milk does not reach to the milk processing plants. For efficient utilization of existing processing capacity in dairy plants, a systematic investment is needed in logistics of raw milk collection and infrastructure.

5 tables, 18 ref

000022   Nagayya D;Rao T V (NO, Pragati Mahavidyalaya Degree and PG College, Hanumantekdi) : Enabling small and medium enterprises target globalization. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 67-79.

The MSME sector is undergoing metamorphosis in the era of globalization for over a decade and a half. Developments have taken place nationally and internationally, of relevance to SMEs. Globalization resulting in fierce competition in various product lines has forced the SME sector to adopt strategies in tune with the global trends. A number of programs of cluster-specific and firm-specific approaches are being pursued by all Indian organizations with a wide network of institutions associated with various functions supporting the SME sector at different levels. The article covers a few key approaches-(i) MSMED Act 2006; (ii) Policy of de-reservation, and facilitating greater equity participation including foreign direct investment (FDI); (Hi) Cluster Development Approach (CDA); (iv) National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP) covering ten components; and (v) Suggestions. In an increasingly globalized competitive scenario, SMEs have to upgrade their capabilities by innovation and adoption of advanced technologies and modern management practices.

1 table, 5 ref

000021   Mishra B N;Mishra N (Geography Dep, Allahabad Univ, Uttar Pradesh) : Identification of spatial units for the micro-level planning of Meja tahsil of Allahabad distrcit, Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(1), 169-76.

Authors have argued that in micro-level planning, the identification of basic planning units or service centres and their tributary areas forms its integral part. The level of functional relationships of the Community is well reflected in the spatial service system or settlement system, which provides a spatial framework for the socio-economic activities. A human settlement system comprises many centres raging from a rural hamlet to a town, which differ in their fictional capability to met the socio-economic requirements of a community. Due to their central locations the service centres act as catalyst of develoment and planning. This will definitely go a long way in accelerating and strengthening the pace of rural development in the study area.

2 tables, 20 ref

000020   Mall S;Panigrahi T R (NO, Institute of Management and Information Science, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa) : Customer preferences: a pilot study on organized retail industry. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 62-6.

The Indian retail sector is witnessing unparallel growth. Unmatched demographics, rising income levels, shifting lifestyles, and changing aspiration of the middle class has developed a retail revolution in the country. Fresh retail geographies are emerging, innovative formats are being introduced, and retailers are tapping new customer segments with prolific product offerings. India has witnessed a boom in organized retail trade in the last five years. More and more players are coming into the retail business in India to introduce new formats like malls, supermarkets, discount stores, and departmental stores. The consumer preference toward these retail stores depends on the service quality provided by the retailers.

9 tables, ref

000019   Maji S (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata) : Changing urban consumer behaviour: the cafeteria experience. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(1), 465-74.

General characteristic of neoliberalism is the desire to intensify and expand the market, by increasing the number, frequency, repeatability, and formalization of transactions. The changing consumer behaviour in large Indian cities has helped expand the retail sector, under the influence of policies in a neoliberal environment. Urban consumer behaviour is changing rapidly with the changing dimensions of living standards and every aspect of life - from the vegetable market to the bookstore to a trip to the movies is an example in transition. This study is focuses upon the cafeteria experience for Kolkata's consumers.

1 illus, 9 ref

000018   Durga Prasada Rao V;Ramamurthy Raju P;Subba Rao T V (NO, Mechanical Engineering Dep, Visakhapatnam) : Decision support system for vendor selection in a medium merchant and structural mill. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 55-61.

Vendor selection is a multi-criteria problem which includes both qualitative and quantitative factors. In order to select the best supplier it is necessary to make a trade off between tangible and intangible factors, some of which may conflict. When capacity constraints exists, this problem becomes more complicated as in these circumstances, managers should decide about two problems, viz., which suppliers are the best and how much should be purchased from each supplier. Some methodologies have applied mixed integer programming and goal programming to solve this problem. As these techniques are mathematical, they have significant problems in considering qualitative factors that are very important in supplier selection, especially when supplier partnership is desired. So in this article, a Decision Support System (DSS), which integrates an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Linear Programming (LP), is proposed for the products of a medium merchant and structural mill. It considers both tangible and intangible factors (like cost, quality, service and capacity) in choosing the best suppliers and placing the optimum order quantities among them such that the Total Value of Purchasing (TVP) becomes maximum. A sensitivity analysis is done to identify the impact of changes in the priority of criteria on the supplier's performance and order quantities.

12 tables, 14 ref

000017   Das J;Moitra S;Bhor S M (NO, Shri Shikshayatan College, Dr. Saibal Moitra, Allergy and Asthma Research Centre, Calcutta) : Resource management and sustainable development- a case study of bidi workers of block I and II, district Bankura, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(1), 275-80.

Seasonal unemployment and the erratic nature of rainfall led to the dependence on supplementary source of earnings among the biri workers of Bankura Block I & II. Thus for most of the landless labourers who had nothing else except their labour to sell, along with the abundant supply of biri rolling leaves from the southern mouzas of the Blocks, biri binding changed from a part time to a full time engagement. The major objectives of this study are : To document and analyze the presence of biri workers in C.D. blocks I and II of Bankura. To study the respiratory health conditions of the biri workers through Pulmonary Function Test and analyze the relation between their work and health. Health mapping of the biri workers over the two blocks. Monitoring Indoor air quality of biri factories. There is good evidence linking each of the major indicators of SES to ehalth outcomes. Together, education, income, and occupation mutually influence and interact with one another over the life course to shape the health outcomes of individuals at multiple levels of social organiztion (the family, neighbourhoods, and beyond).

1 illus, ref

000016   Chauhn A;Jain D;Laghate A;Prajapati G;Seth H;Gautam A (NO, , ) : Faculty characteristics and student attitudes. Ind Res Commun 2012, 6(3), 57-64.

Much research and controversy has surrounded students' perceptions about faculties over the years. This research paper relied on information gathered via a questionnaire to 181 undergrad students attending four different engineering colleges. They also answered three open-ended questions aimed at assessing their perceptions of faculty characteristics (professional, pedagogical and personal) as also learning.

5 tables, 16 ref

000015   Biswas S (Energy Management, National Productivity Council Div, Kolkata) : Delay minimization of furnace save electricity consumption. Productivity 2011, 52(1), 51-4.

Energy loss areas in a continous ductile iron pipe industry which can be reduced to an optimum value by proper line balancing. In this article the loss areas were calculated by taking field observations.

3 tables, ref