004134   Chawla A;Singh J P (NO, National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studis, Pusa Complex, New Delhi) : Role of communication for innovative scientific research. Productivity 2012, 52(4), 216-22.

Scientific research is a collaborative enterprise. This transformation has been stimulated by the following developments: Increasing complexity of scientific technological and societal problems that cannot be solved by a single discipline and single expert. R&D alliance among institutions and nations are playing a greater role in production and utilization of scientific knowledge which essentially entails communication and flow of ideas among researchers. With the rapid developments in science and its growing societal importance, scientific activity has become increasingly dependent on resources that are determined and allocated by decision makers. Another development is the transformation in the organizational model of conducting research. Transformation from solitary research to multi-institutional and multi-national research programmes. In this article the role and importance of communication for innovative scientific research has been discussed.

2 tables, 7 ref

004133   Chaudhuri R;Datta S K;Ghosh S (NO, Heritage Institute of Techology-MEC, Kolkata) : When it comes to motivation of entrepreneurs-a few issues. Productivity 2012, 52(4), 208-15.

Entrepreneur is guided by some motives which inspire him to find the opportunity, choose the proper product or services, channelize the resources in proper direction and earn profit for the sustenance of the business in the long run. The article tries to identify the major dimensions of human motivation affecting entrepreneurial behavior and also tries to determine the correlation among various motivational variables and their individual importance in regards to an entrepreneur's decision to start his own venture. Lastly the study focuses on the entrepreneurs' motivation level for each motivational variable. The major finding of thus study is that money motive is of paramount importance for an entrepreneur whereas an entrepreneur is least motivated by the achievement of targets and standards motive.

8 tables, 15 ref

004132   Chakravorty S K (National Productivity Council, , New Delhi) : Quality of human capital and economic development. Productivity 2012, 52(4), 189-94.

Quality of human capital determines the level of economic development in any country. Human capital can be defined and measured in many ways. It has been reported that the demand for highly educated/skilled work force outstrips supply of such man power. This article analyzes the various facets of human capital and its contribution to India's economic development. It is imperative that human resources need to be continuously upgraded through training and skill upgradation for sustaining economic development.

1 tables

004131   Aggrawal N (National Productivity Council, , New Delhi, India) : Authentication methods. Productivity 2012, 52(4), 243-48.

Authentication methods have evolved from primitive method of recognizing a person from his face to the modem method of recognizing his message from his digital signature. Once the identity of the person was established through these authentication methods, the person was either allowed to access or control over the activity or thing. Each time the older authentication method was compromised; the new authentication method was founded and developed. Thus authentication methods evolved.

^iia1 illus, 9 ref

003122   Gupta S (Fabric and Apparel Science, Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, New Delhi) : Window display:conventional and deviant displays. Cotton Res J 2011, 2(1), 96-108.

A window display portrays the brand, merchandise and image: and most importantly it increases the sales by attracting consumers in the store. A store that establishes itself in the community and reflects its mood never goes out of flavour. Window displays are generally planned a year in advance, to keep up with the celebrations throughout the year. Displays can have flat, arcade, comer or angled windows, which are dressed accordingly. Conventional displays are made to communicate the intended message in a direct, pleasing and easy understood manner. Though nowadays, a trend has started which uses displays which are contrary to the conventional ways of display. These displays are made to shock, to scare and at times to create a scandal. Such deviant displays as a trend is slowly picking up as they provide a welcome change from the routine oj the conventional displays.

5 ref

002139   Sharma D;Garg S K;Sharma C (NO, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Email: durgeshrsharma@gmail.com) : Role of flexibility in supply chain management. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(10), 190-4.

Globalization has completely chained the scope of supply chain scenario in the world. Furthermore, globalization and competition require international distribution and/or procurement of products and services in less time. This leads to intense competition, which forces enterprises to simultaneously control costs, quality and speed. Apart from that, in many sectors in which the customers require wide-ranging product variety, the demand for goods is difficult to predict Flexibility is considered to be an important differentiator in the current market place. This paper presents the impact supply chain flexibility on the supply chains performance of an enterprise.

3 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

002138   Malhan N;Pareek N (NO, Shri JJT Univ, Rajasthan) : Fundamental issues in marketing management. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(10), 40-3.

Marketing is the process of discovering and translating consumer needs and wants into products and services, creating demand for these products and services and then in turn expanding this demand. Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Marketing should begin with potential customer needs. not with production process. Marketing should try to anticipate needs and then it should determine what goods and services are to be developed. including decisions about product design and packaging; prices or fees; credit and collection policies; use of middlemen; transporting and storing facilities; advertising and sales policies and after the sale, installation, customer service, warranty and perhaps even disposal policies. Marketing tries to identify and satisfy customer needs and wants. Its activities does not end with the single sale but rather it tries to develop a relationship with the customer. So that in the future, when the customer has the same need again or some other need that the firm can meet.other sales will follow. The long lasting relationship is beneficial to both the firm and the customer. Marketing is typically seen as the task of creating, promoting and delivering goods and services to consumers and businesses. In fact, marketing people are involved in marketing 10 types of entities : goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information and ideas. Marketing concepts can be used effectively to market these entities. Marketing generates gainful employment opportunities both directly and indirectly. Directly, marketing provides employment to the people in various areas like in advertising agency, in the company sales force, in the distributor. ssales force, in public relation firms etc. Indirectly, marketing is responsible for selling the offerings customers, then customers will demand organization. products or services again and again, thereby sustaining the production activities. Thus marketing indirectly provides employment in other functional areas like finance, production, research and development, human resource management etc.

5 ref

002137   Haque M T (Commerce Dep, Katwa College, Burdwan) : Critical analysis of cost structure of running the vehicles-a case study of Burdwan district in the state of West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(2), 14-27.

Investor requires ways of identifying the likely profitability of an investment project. It should consider the impact of any investment on both costs and revenues of the business. Such capital-investment decisions exert considerable impact on the overall growth of the economy in any country, because the productive capacity of the country can be enhanced through capital formation. Hence, when an individual/ or any business firm incurs capital-investment, it actually incurs a current cash-outlay for benefits to be realized in future at different points of time. The process of capital-investment decisions, thus, takes into consideration not only the life-span of an investment but also the pattern of payments and receipts against that investment over time. However, an efficient and a correct utilization of financial resources are of immense importance to reduce the operating costs of transport business so that higher possible return in the form of profit can be achieved from the investment. The profitability, growth and the long-run survival of a transport business largely depends on how well the operators of such business accomplish its competitive strength through the constant flow of new investment ideas in modem technology. He must be very alert regarding the ongoing changes in market conditions for the exploration investment opportunities.

7 tables, 11 ref

002136   Chattopadhyay A (NO, Sripat Singh College, Murshidabad, West Bengal) : Human development: a case study of murarai-I and murarai-II blocks of Birbhum district. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(2), 168-73.

Population explosion is a major problem of Murarai-I and Murarai-II block of Birbhum District. The study area is characterized by poor agriculture base economy. Over-increasing population results in diversification of economic activities. Murarai-I and Murarai-II has a potential for development in the areas of horticulture, cottage and handicrafts and tourism. There is an urgent requirement of some developmental planning. It has been found in the study that there is a substantial gap between demand and supply of health care infrastructure, both physical and manpower, among the blocks of Murarai-I and Murarai-II.Education plays a fundamental role in income generation and there are many other ways in which education helps to promote and sustain human development in this area. The present paper attempts to find out the present status of social and economic development of Murarai-I and Murarai-II blocks of Birbhum district.

2 illus, 4 tables, 2 ref

001059   Deo M G;Pawar P V (NO, Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine, 13, Swastishree Society, Ganesh Nagar, Pune-411 052, Email: deo.madhav@gmail.com) : Nurturing science talent in villages. Curr Sci 2012, 101(12), 1538-43.

Creativity or out-of-the-box thinking is evenly distributed in all societies in the world. On that count rural India should be a major source of creative minds that has remained untapped. Due to our city-centric policies, it may take decades before modern science and technology (S&T) reaches rural India. Meanwhile the Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine, Pune has developed a module to nurture talent in the villages. The module essentially consists of a base laboratory and village-level hub of modern S&T with extensive innovative outreach programmes for village schools. The programmes carry no reward, are open to all but totally voluntary and are held during holidays, on current topics outside the student's curricula. For these reasons the programmes attract only committed talented students. The module has the potential to change the face of S&T in rural India, expanding the national pool of creative minds, which is the need of the hour.

1 illus, 16 ref

000056   Patil A B;Natikar K V;Halakatti S V (Agricultural Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Knowledge of farmers about grape exporting procedures. Agric Update 2011, 6(2), 62-5.

Study was carried out in Nashik and Sangali districts of Maharashtra State. The profile analysis of respondents revealed that, they belonged to all the three age groups, all of them had education upto Middle School and above, more than one third of them belonged to small land holding category, majority of them belonged to medium extension participation, to medium risk orientation, medium economic orientation, medium innovativeness and medium to high management orientation. The results indicated that, majority of the respondents had knowledge about pre-production procedure for export, most of them had knowledge about quality production for the grape export and had low knowledge about post harvest practices for export.

3 tables, 3 ref

000055   Parhi P;Sinha A (Human Development and Family Studies Dep, College of Home Science, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa) : Opinion of working women towards different dimensions of motivational climate. Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(1), 190-2.

To achieve the goal of the organization, it is needed that the employees should work as a team with proper motivation. So, a motivational climate is very essential for job satisfaction and job performance of the employees. To assess this hypothesis, women employees working in the public sector were interviewed by a structured schedule. Non-parametric statistics like frequency and percentage were used for statistical analysis. It is revealed that most of the respondents viewed their job as very simple and get opportunities to participate in the decision making process and consequently like their job very much under effective organizational standard.

4 tables, 3 ref

000054   Khogare D T;Kamble R M (Home Science Dep, Rajaram College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra) : Study of marker potential with respects to retailers for Warna Dudh Sangh in Kolhapur (Maharashtra). Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(2), 268-70.

Dairy farmers can add value to their milk by processing and marketing their own products, such as cheeses, yogurt, butter, ice cream, and farm-bottled milk. The study was undertaken with objectives to study the retailer's preference for the milk and milk products, to indentify the newly entered brands in the marker and to find the milk products brands most preferred by the retailers. The study was conducted in Kolhapur region and adjoining areas in the year 2009-10. The sample size of the study was 160 respondents. It included 80 milk and milk products consumers and 80 milk and milk products retailers/distributors. The respondents in the sample were contacted, through personal conversion with help of questionnaire. Question was open ended as well as close ended. The study revealed that there was huge and continuous demand for Shrikhand and Amarkhand in range at 1-10 kg. Advertisement provided less opportunities than mouth publicity. Most of the retailers were satisfied about price and margin and most at the retailer were neutral. 50% of the delivery was regular, sometime irregular delivery (25%) was because at the agents provided low service.

7 tables, 4 ref

000053   Godara A S;Poonia U (Economics Dep, Ch. Devi Lal Univ, Sirsa-125 055, Email: abheygodara@gmail.com) : Impact of price changes on area, production and yield of paddy in Haryana. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(2), 266-70.

Study was made to examine the growth behavior of the paddy crop and its association with farm harvest prices. The impact of lagged prices on the area, yield and production was estimated. The study also tried to analyzs the observed changes in income from paddy into its components due to changes in area, yield and farm harvest prices. The data were compiled and analyzed for the period 1978-79 to 2007-08 by dividing the entire study period into three periods as first period from 1978-79 to 1987-88, second period from 1988-89 to 1997-98 and third period from 1998-99 to 2007-08. The related figures were computed for the entire study period. The study indicated that the compound growth rates of area, yield, production and prices during the periods showed: highly significant increasing trend. The rate of increase in FHPs of paddy crop has relatively higher during overall study period as well as sub-study periods. Correlation coefficient inferred that there was positive association between farm harvest prices and area, yield and production except for area during third period, although in some cases, it was observed to be statically nonsignificant. The study also reveals that the area, yield and production under paddy are dependent upon its farm harvest price lagged by one year. The results also show that price has played an important role in the incremental income from paddy in Haryana.

4 tables, 6 ref

000052   Ahmad K;Amir O (NO, Eicher Tractors, Mandideep, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, Email: amirahmad01@gmail.com) : An application of a rule-based method for identifying the factor structure in customer satisfaction on a beverage dataset. Invertis J Sci Technol 2013, 6(3), 161-3.

Analysis of customer satisfaction datasets has shown that product-related features fall into three categories (basic, performance, and excitement), which affect overall satisfaction differently. Ahmad et al proposed a rule-based method that can be used to analyze the characteristics of customer satisfaction data features. The inputs for these rules are derived by using a probabilistic feature selection technique. In this paper, we apply this method to a beverage quality dataset to understand the contribution of various input to the quality of a beverage.

3 tables, 5 ref

024132   Verma N;Rangnekar S;Jain S (Management Studies Dep, IIT, Roorkee) : Motivational analysis of organisation behaviour: a study in Indian automobile industry. Abhigyan 2012, 19(4), 58-69.

Motivation and its theories have occupied a prominent position in many researches. Several studies have been conducted on the phenomena on the basis of both content and need theories of motivation. This study performed the analysis of motivational climate in Indian Automobile Industry in relation to motivation approach and avoidance. Data from 75 respondents of managerial profiles was gathered using one standardized scale namely Motivational Analysis of Organisation Behaviour (MAO-B) developed by Pareek (2002). It measured approach and avoidance aspects and operating effectiveness quotients (OEQ) of six different motives: achievement, influence, control, extension, dependence and affiliation. The Responses were analyzed using Regression, Correlation, independent sample t- Test and Anova analysis. The six motives were analyzed viz a viz demographic factors like Age, Salary, Gender and Work Experience of the sample. Interestingly, all demographic factors except gender had significant association with any of the six motives. The respondents had highest OEQ for control motive while least for extension motive. They had highest approach behaviour towards Dependence motive and highest avoidance behaviour towards Achievement motive. Whereas the least approach was towards affiliation and the least avoidance was towards control. This Paper discusses the obtained motivational profile in the light of literature.

4 tables, 50 ref

024131   Seth N (Management Studies Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) : Are indian and us stock markets efficient and integrated?. Abhigyan 2012, 19(4), 48-57.

The present research work is conducted to examine the informational efficiency and integration simultaneously for Indian and US stock markets. Daily stock market data for stock markets covering the period of more than eleven years (from 01/04/1999 to 30/06/2010) is tested using Run test, Unit Root (ADF and PP) test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Granger Causality test and Johansen 's Cointegration test. It can be concluded from the empirical results that the markets under study are inefficient in weak form which creates the chances of earning abnormal returns for the investors. Furthermore, the markets are found to be correlated and integrated in long run, which makes the international fund diversification insignificant.

6 tables, 23 ref

024130   Jain M (NO, IILM College of Management Studies, Greater Noida) : Social entrepreneurship: changing the world through social business models. Abhigyan 2012, 19(4), 37-47.

Social entrepreneurship is a new model for the charitable sector. It is still based on the desire to change the world and make it a better place. Social entrepreneurship relies on sound business principle and those who use this model are not afraid to use sales and marketing principles to raise funds and increase public awareness of what they are doing. Traditional charitable organizations tend to shy away from promoting their own work. Although the terms are relatively new, social entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship can be found throughout history. A list of a few historically noteworthy people whose work exemplifies classic "social entrepreneurship" might include Florence Nightingale (founder of the first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices), Robert Owen (founder of the cooperative movement), and Vinoba Bhawe (founder of India's Land Gift Movement), Meera and Muzzaffar AH who have done phenomenal work for social uplift have designed clothes with the idea of providing a vocation in Kotwara.

26 ref

024129   Gnanaprakash C (NO, Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship, Bangalore) : Perceived organizational climate, supervisory ratings and creativity in R & D organization. Abhigyan 2012, 19(4), 1-10.

Organizations are a vital stimulation for a country's intensification and to satisfy or remove the barriers to achieve high standard for the people. Without creative scientists, the organization cannot give updated solutions to the people's demand for a long period of time. Creativity helps the scientists in achieving new and original steps in performing the targets of science. It can be accepted that creativity is an important aspect of scientific skill. Organizational factors such as positive Organizational Climate for Creativity (OCC), interpersonal relationship among organizational people etc., are highly influencing factors of creative ability of the Scientists. Open supervisory interactions as well as perceived supervisory support may influence creativity through preventing people from experiencing fear of criticism that can undermine the intrinsic motivation necessary for creativity. Creative development trainings can enhance the adjustment and motivational behaviour of the Scientists to enrich the organizational and personal growth. The present study is an attempt to find out the relationship among Creativity and dimensions of Perceived OCC and to find out the effect of Brainstorming Training on Supervisory Ratings of the Scientists. The sample consisted of forty six Middle Level Scientists of a few Research and Development Organizations' Laboratories selected through simple random sampling method. To verify the key objectives, quasi-experimental research design was selected for the present study. Results reveal that significant relationship found among creativity and few dimensions of perceived OCC and intervention has significantly improved the supervisory ratings of the scientists.

4 tables, 19 ref

024128   Anajali Ganesh;Rao A (Business Administration Dep, St. Joseph Engineering College, Mangalore) : Performance appraisal an inegrated process-a case study with reference to Karnataka Bank Ltd. Abhigyan 2012, 19(4), 23-36.

Systematic evaluation of individuals with respect to their performance on the job is an important HRD process. All the organizations use performance appraisal for various purposes. Even though the performance appraisal is coupled with stereotype, halo effect and prejudice, some organizations use multiple techniques and tools to measure the performance objectively. There exists a wide gap in the micro study on performance appraisal especially in the area of bank, where not many studies have been conducted. Taking this aspect into consideration the study on Performance Appraisal an Integrated Process-A Case Study with Reference to Karnataka Bank Ltd., (KBL) was taken up. Performance evaluations are an integral part of ongoing process of the KBL. Appraisal mechanism has increased the productivity of the employees and has improved their morale towards the organization. Performance appraisal at KBL defines the performance, facilitates higher performance and encourages performance at different levels. KBL uses the combination of appraisal methods that is done by superiors, rating scales, interviews, reports and actual performance. Employees receive useful feedback information about how effectively and efficiently they are able to discharge the assigned duties. Since the appraisal here is serving the useful purposes such as training and development, feedback, personal development, promotion and compensation decisions, one can assert that the performance appraisal in KBL is integrated and systemic. It is undisputable that appraisal systems have the capability to influence the human behavior, motivation, morale and positive attitude, thereby leading directly to improved organizational performance. The holistic concept of performance appraisal should not be simply to evaluate the past performance which ends up in not much growth and change but should be developmental in nature that meets the overall requirements of the people and the organizations.

2 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

024127    (Head, Centre for Research in Finance, GuruNanak Institute of Management, Delhi) : Effect of sub-prime crisis on the efficiency of indian stock market - an empirical study. Abhigyan 2012, 19(4), 11-21.

For India, the last decade has been the period of a long chain of favorable events and performances, like high GDP growth rate, increase in corporate performances, stock market touching all time high level and increase in Indian economy's integration with world financial markets. But, there was a catastrophic event that shocked almost the whole world including India i.e. sub-prime crisis. The present study is focused to test the weak form (informational) efficiency of Indian stock markets during the select period from 23rd September, 2006 to 22nd September 2010, and the effect of sub-prime crisis on the informational efficiency of Indian stock markets i.e. Sensex and Nifty using parametric and non-parametric tests like Jarque Bera, K-S test, ACF test and LB statistics, run test and unit root test. From the data analysis, we conclude that the random walk hypothesis for Nifty and Sensex is rejected during the whole period of study. However, the weak form efficiency has increased post sub-prime crisis.

1 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

023060   Sambasiva Rao N;Mishra U (NO, Krishak Bharati Cooperative Ltd., A-10, Sector 1, Noda-201 301) : Strategic marketing of biofertilisers. Indian J Fertil 2012, 8(9), 84-94.

There is nascent but aggressively growing bio-fertilisers market in India. Among the major concerns in today's world are the pollution and contamination of soil by excessive and injudicious use of agrochemicals, as well as their detrimental effects to humans, in particular, by agricultural workers and rural communities. The concerns on both health and environmental front have compelled governments to look for environment-friendly options and switching from 'risk reduction' and 'safe use' procedures, in sustainable agricultural production. The use of bio-fertilisers and bio-pesticides offers a better option to augment the 'Fertiliser Use Efficiency' and maintain soil health. Bio-fertilisers are seen as an important component of INM with a supplementary role, as India continues to be one of the largest consumers of fertilisers. This paper highlights Importance of organic agriculture, the bio-fertilisers business perspective, strategic marketing, analysis of Kribhco's bio-fertiliser business and strategies, the farmers' success stories on Bio-fertiliser use impact and the road ahead.

5 tables, 5 ref

023059   Inderpal;Saini A K;Luthra R (Human Resource Development Group, CSIR Complex, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110 012, Email: luthra57@rediffmail.com) : Demographic variations in basic science education in India: a case study of CSIR-UGC national eligibility test. Curr Sci 2011, 101(5), 631-6.

This article explores the demographic variations in basic science education across the country on the basis of the CSIR-UGC national eligibility test (NET) held during the period 2002-2006. The states, representing different demographic zones, were ranked according to the number of qualifying students and the percentage selected. A simple scatter plot of selection versus enrolment shows that Delhi and West Bengal perform better than the norm, whereas Kerala and Tamil Nadu relatively underperforrn. The data envelopment analysis technique has been employed to further examine the relative efficiency of basic science education, in terms of the number of students qualifying NET in five subjects, viz. chemical sciences; earth, atmospheric, ocean and planetary sciences; life sciences; mathematical sciences, and physical sciences, across different states of the country. The position of a particular state on the efficiency frontier could serve as a measure of capacity building in these disciplines.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

023058   Acharya K;Nayak B K;Das B (NO, Academy of Business Administration, Balasore-756 001) : Model sericulture policy for Odisha. Bull Indian Acad Seric 2011, 15(1), 73-80.

021963   Ramakrishna S;Bhargava R (NO, Aurora's Engineering College, Bhongir, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Email: Ramakrishna_seemakurti@yahoo.com) : Benefits of integrated team management of projects. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 37-41.

Highlights the deficiency of usual practice of capturing customer's requirements by one team of service providers and project execution by another team in offshore model of software projects. Also, the paper highlights the difficulties of such approach when the client side involves multiple agencies whose diverse business needs are to be met. Finally the paper highlights the new approach of associating the same integrated team of all stake holders from beginning of gathering business requirements to deployment across the organization as a single integrated team.

2 illus

021962   Mula G;Sarkar S C;Patra P S;Mahato B C (Agricultural Economics Dep, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari-736 165, Email: gobindamula@yahoo.co.in) : Inter-loaning strategies in microfinance in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(1), 45-51.

Inter-loaning is one of the most important performance indicators of SHGs for promotion and eligibility for accessing the credit to start an entrepreneurship activity. In microfinance through SHG model inter-loaning is the advancing of thrift fund, accumulated by mandated savings subscription among the members at an interest rate of 24 to 36% per annum to meet their basic or contingency needs particularly for the productive purposes and consumptive purposes to some extent. The investigation was carried out to examine the overall performance of Project Linkage Groups (PLGs) in inter-loaning with the collected primary data from 57 PLGs operating in Cooch Behar district. The study revealed that 75-80% members took about 50% loan from the groups for productive purposes viz. farming and petty business and rest 50% loan was disbursed for the four consumptive activities viz. cultural, educational, medical (diseases curement) and asset building with average interest rate of 28.44% per annum. It was also observed that overall average recovery of inter-loan (77.26%) and the book value of interest (11.45%) has found significantly good which may induce members of not graded, 1st graded and 2nd graded SHGs to perform their activities more actively for their viability and promotion of SHGs to next better stage. But the study also revealed that 47.37% and 8.77% PLGs have utilized the 1st bank loan and project loan (PL) respectively in inter-loaning indicating the lack of co-operation and knowledge about fund management among the members which necessitates the proper guidance and training facilities to them.

2 illus, 7 tables, 9 ref

021961   Malhan N (NO, Shri JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan) : Human resource management. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 110-12.

The most important corporate resource over the next few years will be talent: smart, sophisticated business people who are technologically literate, globally astute, and operationally agile. Human resource management process comprises the following programs: human resource planning, recruitment, selection, professional development, performance appraisal, and compensation. Human resource planning involves identifying staffing needs, forecasting available personnel, and determining what additions or replacements are required to maintain a staff of the desired quantity and quality to achieve the organization's goals. The human resource planning function involves three different elements: job analysis, forecasting demand and supply, and legal restraints. Good human resource planning involves meeting current and future personnel needs. The manager ensures that personnel needs are met through ongoing analysis of performance objectives, job requirements, and available personnel, coupled with knowledge of employment laws. and manpower availability. In the current climate, organisations are constantly seeking new ways of cutting their operating costs. For the recruitment industry, new technology is increasingly being relied upon to help the industry contain financial pressures and increase productivity. Humans are considered as the most crucial, volatile and potentially unpredictable resource which an organization utilizes. Manpower planning seeks to make the links between strategy, structure and people more explicit. The purpose of manpower planning is to get a better matching between manpower requirements.

3 ref

021960   Malhan N (NO, Shri JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, Email: nidhimalhan1@gmail.com) : Management leadership skills. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(6), 46-8.

6 ref

020954   Zhao S X;Ye F Y (NO, Zhejiang Univ, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province-310 027, China, Email: yye@zju.edu.cn) : h-efficiency: measuring input-output performance of research funds. Curr Sci 2011, 101(1), 21-2.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

020953   Yadav D S (NO, The Fertiliser Association of India, FAI House, 10, Shaheed Jit Singh Marg, New Delhi-110 067) : Fertiliser marketing in changing environment. Indian J Fertil 2012, 8(11), 60-77.

Fertiliser has played and will continue to play an important role in increasing agricultural production in the country. The consumption of fertilisers which was merely 0.65 million tonnes (mt) in 1951-52 has reached a figure of 27,6 mt in 2011-12. On the other hand, the foodgrains production has increased from 52 mt to 257.4 mt during the period. There are about 129 million farm families. Fertiliser industry in India has all along worked closely with the Government to reach such a large number of farmers located in a geographical area of 329 million hectare (mha) through adopting an effective marketing and distribution system. Fertilisers are made available to the farmers across the country. The year 2010 has been the year of landmark as the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) on phosphatic and potassic fertilisers was implemented by the Government of India w.e.f. 1.4.2010. The reforms in the policy for the sector have triggered changes in the fertiliser markets. Fertiliser companies may be required to make certain changes in its marketing and distribution system to provide crop specific solution to the farmers for higher crop productivity. As the fertiliser marketing environment is becoming competitive due to increasingly awareness of the farmers and availability of different fertiliser products in the fertiliser basket, the marketing strategy has to be more focused to meet the future challenges. Issues related to fertiliser marketing and the efforts of the fertiliser companies and FAI towards last mile delivery are discussed.

1 illus, 6 tables, ref

020952   Thakur D N (Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi) : Role of credit in increasing use of agriculture inputs. Indian J Fertil 2012, 8(11), 130-2.

Credit is a key input in enhancing the use of various inputs like seeds, fertilisers, plant protection materials etc. to improve agricultural productivity. Role of credit in agriculture development, agricultural credit policy, major issues affecting agricultural credit namely bias towards big farmers, high transaction cost, way forward, etc. have been discussed.

020951   Saha S;Bairagi B (NO, Goenka College of Commerce & B.A., Kolkata) : Existence of super normal profit in perfect competitive market in long run. Int J Inf Comput Sci 2012, 15(1), 29-34.

The present investigation aims to establish the existence of normal profit earned by sellers on selling multiple homogeneous goods in perfect competitive market in the long run. The current pepper makes an attempt to establish the above statement on the basis of five strong assumption viz. multiple goods trading, trust on sellers, unexpressed agreement, presentation effect and ignorance of buyers about goods. The theory has been graphically presented in the paper that clearly validates and justifies the above statement.

3 illus, 3 ref

020950   Rajan S;Arockia Maraichelvi K (NO, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wo, Coimbatore-641 043) : Emotional intelligence and the academic performance of final year under graduates. Res Highlight 2012, 22(4), 273-81.

5 tables, 6 ref

020949   Naswa P;Garg A (NO, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: prakriti@iimahd.ernet.in) : Managing climate-induced risks on Indian infrastructure assets. Curr Sci 2011, 101(3), 395-404.

Infrastructure assets are exposed to natural weather conditions and face challenges due to increased frequency and variability of climate-induced natural disasters. Infrastructure has a pivotal role to play in development and therefore, the large investments planned for future have to be protected against climate-induced risks. These span beyond physical risks as strict mitigation regimes could jeopardize their profitability and even future existence. The integrated climate change risk management framework for infrastructures presented here includes market and policy-induced enforcements and adaptation strategies. The key to managing risks lies in identifying them and initiating appropriate risk management and adaptation initiatives.

1 illus, 6 tables, 42 ref

020948   Mustafa S M;Sherwani N U K;Mini Walia (Commerce and Business Studies Dep, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025, Email: prof.smm@rediffmail.com) : Women empowerment and entrepreneurship. Invertis J Sci Technol 2013, 6(1), 44-52.

Entrepreneurship has been indispensable factor contributing for development of many countries. It is dearth of entrepreneurship, which has been foremost factor for backwardness of developing countries. Entrepreneurship has potential not only to increase the rate of growth but also solve many social, political problems and improve standard of living. India also suffers from many such problems: like low growth rate, unemployment regional imbalances, illiteracy, worsening social economic condition of women. Women constitutes almost 50% of total population of India. They suffer on various accounts socially, economically and politically. Entrepreneurship can become a powerful instrument to improve the condition of women. The paper attempts to analyze Entrepreneurship as an instrument of economic empowerment of women. The main objective is to understand concept of Entrepreneurship relevant to the issue, economic empowerment through Entrepreneurship, problems and impediments in women Entrepreneurship and measures to remove them, role of government in empowerment of women, policy suggestions for the development of women entrepreneurship.

020947   Jaiswal A;Patel M M (Extension Education Dep, , COA, Ganj Basoda, Email: rituparnika@gmail.com) : Analysis of enterprise related attributes of rural women entrepreneur in Indore block of Indore, District (M.P.). J Pl Dev Sci 2013, 5(1), 81-4.

Study was conducted in purposively selected block of Indore district of Madhya Pradesh during 2009-10 in order to know the entrepreneurial behaviour of rural women in terms of their enterprise and family background attributes. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents of the respondents were living in nuclear family, medium family size, belonged to nuclear parental home, middle positions in their parental home, middle daughter in-law, had up to 2 earning members in their family, 2 members for support as working hands, experience of one to year, did not receive any training and works for 5 to 8 hours. Further it was found that majority were satisfied from the choice of enterprise, chosen their enterprise because of their self interest, got idea of enterprise from relatives, friends and family members, investing medium amount of money, marketing opportunity up to medium level, didn't possess technical skills and competencies, possess the ability of accounting and managerial skill, did vocational diversification, had done input agreement from village and done marketing agreements.

2 tables, 4 ref

020946   Gangwar R R;Arora S;Pratibha (Agricultural Economics Dep, G.B. Pant Agriculture and Technology Univ, Pantnagar, Nainital) : Transaction cost of self help group banking programme: a study in Nainital district of Uttarakhand. Allahabad Fmr 2013, 69(1), 56-63.

The study was conducted in the year 2008-09 in Nainital district of Uttarakhand to examine the transaction cost (cost of borrowing) of self help groups across the models. The finding shows that loan from SHGs and NGOs had higher cost of borrowing as the interest rates were higher (20-24% and 15% respectively) and NGOs charged higher processing and legal fee for loans. Interest cost accounted for approximately 81-84 % of the total cost of borrowing in case of loans from banks whereas, it was it was 94-98 % for loans from SHGs and 89-98 % for loans from non institutional sources.

3 tables, 8 ref

020945   Chakraborty D K;Chatterjee D (NO, Netaji Nagar Day College, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Forecasting of number of Kolkata street hawkers in 2020. Int J Inf Comput Sci 2012, 15(2), 13-24.

Informal economy refers to all economic activities by workers and economic units that are not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements. The labour force employed in the unorganized sector may be classified in two different groups such as unorganized producers and unorganized small traders. These unorganized small traders do not produce but they purchase different products from different producing units and sell the same. They constitute the so-called hawkers. So the hawkers belong to the informal service sector. Their numbers are increasing day by day mainly because of the lack of appropriate mechanisms that would have contributed to the absorption of the labour force into the national economy. The bulk of new employment in recent years in many of the countries has taken place in the sector of informal economy. These street hawkers can no longer be considered as a temporary phenomenon. This sector has a significant job and income generation potential and also helps to meet the needs of poor consumers by providing accessible and low-priced goods and services. Kolkata has turned into a hawkers' city with more than 2.5 lac hawkers and occupying footpath from South Kolkata to North Kolkata and East Kolkata to West Kolkata. People from different districts and nearer states swarm into the Kolkta city every day and are encroaching pavements. We try to determine or predict the number of Hawkers in 2020 in Kolkata city by using different mathematical techniques. A programme has been used to determine the value.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

019937   Srinivasa Reddy D;Bala Prakash D; Satyanarayana S V (Institute of Public Enterprises (IPE), Osmania Campus Univ, Hyderabad, Email: desisri@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of performance of supply chains in vegetable marketing in Andhra Pradesh. J Res-ANGRAU 2012, 40(2), 91-4.

2 tables, 6 ref

018923   Verma K;Punia D (Sociology Dep, CCS Haryaan Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Brand preferences for soaps and detergents in rural Haryana. Ann Agri Bio Res 2012, 17(2), 149-51.

The present study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state during 2008-10 to find out the emerging preferences for soaps and detergents and factors associated with these preferences. It was found that among nine brands of bathing soaps higher score was given to Lux (657) followed by Dettol (504) and Dove (298). Comparative analysis shows that Lux was most preferred by non-working women due to its good smell, softness, faith in brand and because of the celebrity endorsements of Lux. Whereas Dettol was most preferred by working women because of the concept of hygiene. Among washing soaps, Rin and Nirol were more preferred by the working women. Rin was used for white clothes and Nirol for coloured fabrics. Rin was preferred by the working women because it saves time and removes dirt effectively than other soaps. Rin was more preferred by high income group respondents because of good results. Whereas wheel and other local brands like 4 Bhai, Kinara, Mahajan, etc. were more preferred by non-working women, because these are relatively more cost effective and consume less water. Regarding detergents, it was observed that Surf Excel (716) and Surf (250) were relatively more preferred by the working women. Whereas non-working women preferred Nirma (138) and Wheel (129) detergents relatively more. Similar trend of reasons has been found as in case of washing soaps.

1 table, 6 ref

017900   Jha R;Saini A K (NO, Teerthanker Mahaveer Univ, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rashmijha1909@gmail.com) : Comprehensive study on the research gap between ERP literature and its implementation for sustainable growth of SMEs. Invertis J Sci Technol 2013, 6(2), 86-94.

Enterprise Resource Planning was a term restricted purely to elite class. ERP for small business calls for voluminous investments. But the question that kept ringing in the market was can everyone afford it? The answer was a stubborn no initially but not anymore. The world is changing, and new opportunities are appearing every day. Globalization, once the domain for only large companies, is now presenting new markets for growth for small to mid market companies. In today's competitive manufacturing environment, it takes more than quick fixes, outsourcing and downsizing to consistently achieve growth and profit objectives. While these options may yield temporary financial relief, they will not lead the way to long-term growth and profitability. For companies to grow and consistently exceed bottom line expectations, they need to get lean. And to get lean they should master eight basics of Lean Six Sigma. Today every organization strives to optimize its operations, further based on the type of problems, combining Lean and/or Six Sigma tools with traditional project management techniques for ERP Implementation can be a powerful combination for ERP Sustainability in Small & Medium prises.

1 illus, 54 ref

016865   Paulraj S (NO, , Forestry Concultant, 164, 6th Street, Kambar Nagar, Chennai-600 082) : Concept of JFM functioning and its evaluation. Indian For 2012, 138(3), 229-34.

Although the JFM concept is becoming popular more and more all over India, there is no well defined methodology to evaluate the functioning of JFM. As a result, it is not possible to evaluate JFM functioning and to find out the level of success of the JFM. Therefore, an attempt has been made to bring out a concept paper on JFM that enables evaluation of JFM in a systematic manner. The concept and functioning of Joint Forest Management are discussed with reference to three systems operating in JFM -the Forest supporting system. Life supporting system and JFM supporting system. The inter-relationships among these three systems and the methodology of evaluating each system are discussed. The use of the methodology in evaluating the JFM functioning at local level and state level are also given. This paper will pave way for improving the evaluation method of JFM by making use of the concepts explained here.

1 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

016864   Gade V B;Mandve R P;Rathod M K (Extension Education Section Dep, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Email: milindrathod73@gmail.com) : Marketing behavior of vegetable grower. J Green agric Sci 2013, 2(1), 23-5.

Present study on marketing behavior of vegetable growers in agriculture was undertaken in Kalmeshwar Panchayat Samiti of Nagpur district of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state with sample size of 100 respondents from 10 villages. Here in case of Marketing behavior majority of the respondents were statement that, 80.00 per cent of the farmers expressed that the perishable nature of vegetable was the major reason for selling vegetable at a particular period. 85.00 per cent respondents expressed that they sold their produce to wholesaler through commission agents. 90.00 per cent respondents expressed that they were selling the produce to the particular agency since they have no time to engage themselves in selling directly to the consumer. Around 80.00 per cent of them sold their produce to nearby bazaars. Majority of respondents (53.00%) had medium level of marketing behavior of vegetables. Land holding, total income, scientific orientation and extension participation were significantly correlated with the marketing behavior.

5 tables, 6 ref

016863   Amod Sharma;Mhalo B L;Tungoe (Agricultural Economics Dep, Nagaland University School of Agricultural Sciences & Rural Developmen, Medziphema: Campus, Medziphema-797 106) : Price spread and marketing efficiency in marketing of potato in Wokha district of Nagaland. Prog Agric 2011, 11(1), 23-7.

Efficient marketing plays an important role in increasing the producer's share in consumer's rupee and maintains the tempo of increased production. In the present study, marketing costs, marketing margins, price spread and marketing efficiency in the marketing of potato in Wokha district of Nagaland have been examined during the 2006-07. The primary cross section data were collected from the sampling units consisting of 60 numbers of households selected by using multistage sampling design, pre-stratified into three size groups. The marketing channel, price spread and marketing efficiency have been studied for the potato crop. The composite index analysis and shepherd's marketing efficiency index methods were used to examine the efficiency of different marketing channels for the selected crop.

4 tables, 4 ref

015869   Viswanatha Reddy C (Business Administration Dep, Sree Vidyaniketan Institute of Management, A. Rangampet-517 102, Email: vsrits@yahoo.com) : Operational and financial performance of Andhra Pradesh state financial corporation (APSFC). Indian J Finance 2013, 7(3), 5-18.

Andhra Pradesh State Financial Corporation [APSFC] is a term lending institution established in 1956 by merger of Andhra State Financial Corporation and Hyderabad State Financial Corporation for promoting small and medium-scale industries (SMEs) in Andhra Pradesh under the provisions of the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951. The APSFC as premier state level financial institution and as an integral part of the development financing system in the country has gained prominence for playing its role in the achievement of rapid and high quality industrial growth in Andhra Pradesh. It offers a package of assistance to the entrepreneurs to enable them to translate their project ideas into reality. The corporation has launched many entrepreneur-friendly schemes to provide term loans, working capital term loans, and special and seed capital assistance to suit the needs of various categories of entrepreneurs. The Corporation has completed five and half decades of dedicated service in industrial financing of tiny, small and medium-scale sector units and has been consistently contributing to the balanced regional development of the state. It has been continuously doing its best in every possible area of its operations to retain its premier position among the SFCs in the country. In order to provide an instant picture of the performance of the APSFC during the last ten years, the researcher undertook the present study. In this paper, the researcher has made an attempt to examine the no. of applications sanctioned with applied amount, flow of assistance in terms of sanctions and disbursements, flow of assistance to the small-scale sector, Recovery performance of the Corporation, Income and expenditure, Operating and net profit, Growth in net worth, Capital adequacy ratio, Asset quality and reduction of NPAs, Cost of borrowings and return on average assets. At the end of the analysis, some viable and useful suggestions are offered to tone up the overall performance of the Corporation for industrial development in Andhra Pradesh.

6 illus, 11 tables, 14 ref

015868   Syam Prasad N (Social Forestry, , Aranya Bhavan, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Forest development corporations need corporate outlook economic marketing wing: a key missing link. Indian For 2012, 138(1), 1-4.

In order to ensure economic efficiency and effective marketing, forest Development Corporations must pursue - to make sure that cost of production is optimized and formulate innovative marketing strategies. Creation of economic and marketing branch in Forest Development Corporations to undertake the task will increase the bottom line and help sustain in the long run.

3 tables, 2 ref

015867   Sharma V K;Singh S R;Krishan Kumar (Public administration Dep, H.P. Univ, Shimla, Email: vineetamish@gmail.com) : Cement industries and their impact on livestock systems through availability of fuel and fodder-policy implications for rural development. Range Mgmt Agrofor 2011, 32(1), 15-18.

Present study was undertaken to assess the impact of the Gujarat Ambuja Cement Industry (at Darlaghat in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh) on the livestock systems. The impact was studied separately for fuel and fodder resources alongwith the availability of non-timber forest products and water. The strategic issues have been discussed in detail in the present paper. Policy formulation is suggested for most sensitive and strategically integration of future industrial packages with ecological needs of the state.

2 tables, 1 ref

015866   Rao D S (KL Business School Univ, KL Univ, Guntur-522 0502, Email: dasaraju_srinivasarao@yahoo.co.in) : Building an optimal trade portfolio for Indian species exports by mean variance optimization. Indian J Finance 2013, 7(3), 45-52.

Attempt is made to build an optimized trade portfolio for Indian spices sector in the context of the projection that India is going to be the world's processing hub of spices in the next ten years. The current Indian spices trade portfolio was constructed by estimating the weights of each of the fifteen spice items that constitute the trade portfolio and the trend of growth rates and instability indices for each of these items. The trend growth rates are considered as returns, and instability indices are considered as risks associated with each of the spice items in the trade portfolio. Using the mean variance optimization technique, a optimal portfolio that yields a 20% CAGR with minimum instability was obtained by utilizing the MATLAB program. The results indicate the need for reorganization of Indian spices trade portfolio in favour of value added items. Keywords: Trade Portfolio, Portfolio Optimization, Trend Growth Rates, Instability Indices, Mean Variance Optimization, Value Added Spices, Efficient Frontier.

1 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

015865   Pimplikar S S;Pore A A (Civil Dep, MIT, Kothrud, Pune-38, Email: anuradhapansare@gmail.com) : TQM need and application in the billing process. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2012, 2(2), 41-55.

This study investigates need for improvement in quality management by billing department, in the companies already certified for ISO and implementing measurement and reporting of cost of quality in the billing department. Its main purpose is to examine the gaps in the billing procedure that needs to close behind quality certification and the extent to which a firm can measure and report quality costs. A sample of 360 bills was selected at random from the department and contractor's satisfaction for these bills measured. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to all the sample contractors. The most important uses of a quality cost report are: service cost information; quality cost planning; and targeting areas for process and service improvement. The main reason for not measuring quality costs is that the Indian construction industry, being always owner/client dominated, exhibits quality as the extensive use of non-financial measures and "quality" is not an inbuilt part of the firm's culture. The contractor has to follow the directions of the client and scope of work and use of rights of contractors abide within the area limited by the client.

5 tables, 19 ref

015864   Babu C;Kasilingam R (Management Studies Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Kalapet, Pondicherry-605 014, Email: babu7897@gmail.com) : Impact of quarterly results on share prices. Indian J Finance 2013, 7(3), 19-30.

Purpose of the present study is to find out the effect of quarterly results on share prices of securities. The Independent sample T-test was employed to compare the prices of stocks before and after the announcement of the quarterly results by the companies. The correlation between share price and Sensex was also analyzed to find out whether change in price is due to change in the market index. The change in prices was also compared to an increase in profits reported in the quarterly results. The study results show that there was an increase in price after the result, and that an increase in price is mainly due to market conditions rather than the announcement of quarterly results. The increase or decrease in share prices was not reflected in the growth in profits announced in the quarterly results.

3 illus, 18 tables, 14 ref