024940   GUPTA B M, DHAWAN S M (CSIR-NISTADS, Delhi, Email: bmgupta1@gmail.com) : Three dimensional (3D) printing: A scientometric assessment of global publications output during 2007-16. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(4), 238-45.

The papers provides quantitative and qualitative description of three dimensional (3D) printing research based on global publications output (7309 publications) in the field as indexed in Scopus database covering the 10-year period 2007-2016. 3D printing research registered 54.61 per cent growth per annum and averaged 10.59 citations per papers in 10 years, and bulk of global output (93.79 %) in the field emanates from just top 16 countries. The papers further provides an insight into qualitative performance of 3D printing research in terms of relative citation index, citations per papers, highly cited papers, top 25 global organisations and authors in the field, most favoured subjects in the field, and most favoured materials, technologies, and applications used in the field. The study concludes that 3D printing is the next revolution in industrial manufacturing led by USA and China. Asian and Pacific countries should take initiatives to support 3D printing research through appropriate policy and funding mechanisms as well as encourage research teams to collaborate with leading international hubs in 3D printing research.

1 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

024939   NAGESWARA RAO K, KUMAR S, TRIPATHI M (Dr B.R. Ambedkar Central Library, Delhi, Email: Manoramatripathi2@yahoo.com) : Users' perceptions of e-books at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi: A case study. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(4), 231-7.

The collection development policies of university libraries are driven by the information seeking behaviour and extent of use of resources by students, researchers and teachers. Libraries have introduced e-books in their collections with rising demand of users for them. However, e-books have not gained the perceived acceptance among users. It is essential to understand the gaps in preferences and experiences of users of e-books in academic libraries so that the collections of e-books can be customised to meet the users’ preferences. The purpose of this study is to understand how students, teachers and research scholars access, browse and use e-books in Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India. The study has identified factors that encourage or discourage the use of e-books in academic libraries. It highlights preferences for the format (electronic/print) while perusing books as textbooks or reference books for research.

7 tables, 30 ref

024938   AZZEH J A (Computer Engineering Dep, Al Balqa Applied Univ, Jordan, Email: azzehjamil18@gmail.com) : Information technologies for supporting administrative activities of large organisations. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 187-91.

Study describes a specified analytical method and model for the organisational management of a company. The proposed solutions allow for revealing information resources, which can be used to support management decisions adoption and control of plans. Information obtained from programs and information systems of the electronic document flow of organisations were used as data sources. The result of configuration investigation and characteristics of information exchange in information systems can be used as administrative decisions support in the organisation. The conducted research allows for improved approaches to the creation and modernisation of effective information systems of universities. The offered software of administrative activity support allows us to increase the flexibility and adaptability of existing information systems and electronic document flow (program complexes) to increase the efficiency of their operations.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

024937   UNYIAL N, KAUR B (Uttaranchal Univ, Dehradun- 248 007, Email: ncuniyaluit@gmail.com) : Proposition of media and information literacy curriculum for integration into pedagogy in IITs. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 221-6.

The purpose of the study is to identify the need of Media Information Literacy pedagogy in IITs through model curriculum if, proposed across the programme and courses. In this regard a survey was conducted with a well structured questionnaire for collection of data from targeted population with a sample of 1054 student of selected IITs of Northern India. Findings of the study demonstrate that 25 per cent to 30 per cent students welcome MIL curriculum for regular pedagogy. However, 60 per cent to 70 per cent students were of the opinion that MIL can enhance their critical thinking abilities for evaluating media messages which help the students to survive and thrive better in the digital world and prepares them for global communication and social participation.

6 tables, 12 ref

024936   SINGH A K, MUKHERJEE B (Library & Information Science Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: mukherjee.bhaskar@gmail.com) : Electronic information resource optimisation in academic libraries: A comparative study on licensing provision of commercial publisher. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 213-20.

Electronic information resources are increasingly become an important component of the collection-building activities of libraries. This paper attempts to understand how far the licenses of commercial publishers support resource optimisation in general and what other important issues that are usually ignored by publishers, knowingly or unknowingly, but are essential for better resource optimisation. Five international publishers namely Elsevier, EBSCO, Sage, Springer, and Taylor & Francis were identified and analysed their agreements that are available in public domain with some model agreements like Liblicense model and model license developed by John Cox Associate. Study indicates that core part of the negotiations still remain price, IP access, display, ILL/document supply, etc. while important issues like perpetual access, archiving, self-archiving, copy of individual articles and share the same for non-commercial use by authorised users were minor issues of the contract. Furthermore, most of the obligations of the publishers that are identified as core issues in Liblicense model are also absent in commercial publishers’ license. A greater awareness of this to library managers is essential. They must be acquainted with the clause of the license agreement of commercial publishers and must negotiate to that extent so that the access should be uninterrupted.

13 ref

024935   ANSARI N A, RAZA M M (Library & Information Science Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh - 202 001, Email: nahav.rs@amu.ac.in) : Usage of JSTOR database among research scholars in the Faculty of Social Science, Aligarh Muslim University. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 208-12.

The study set out to examine the researchers’ perception towards the use JSTOR database and to explore the reasons not to use JSTOR database. The present study carried out using simple random sampling technique. The major purpose of researchers to use JSTOR was research work and article title was the most common searching techniques in simple search category. In advanced search technique field search was most common search technique followed by phrase search. Almost, all respondents found satisfied with the service of JSTOR and none was found dissatisfied/partially satisfied. On the basis of findings, it is recommended that the use of JSTOR database can be maximised, if researchers have frequent literacy programs.

9 tables, 12 ref

024934   PETRISOR A I (Ion Mincu Univ of Architecture and Urbanisation, Romania, Email: alexandru.petrisor@uauim.ro) : Predatory publishers using spamming strategies for call for papers and review requests : A case study. J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 199-207.

Spam e-mail and calls from the predatory publishers are very similar in purpose: they are deceptive and produce material losses. Moreover, the predatory publishers show evolving strategies to lure potential victims, as their number increases. In an effort to help researchers defending against their constant menace, this article aims to identify a set of common features of spam e-mail and calls from predatory publishers. The methodology consisted of a comparative analysis of data found on the Internet and e-mails received at several addresses during December 2017 – January 2018. The results indicate that concealed, fake or disguised identity of the sender and/or of the message, mass mailing, missing or useless opt-out option and an obvious commercial character are the most prominent common features. Moreover, the location of predatory publishers is well disguised; the analysis of the real location, found using web-based tools, suggests a joint management or at least a concerted action of several publishers, and raises additional questions related to the reasons of masking the true location. From a theoretical standpoint, the results show, once again, that predatory publishers are a part of the worldwide scam, and should be ‘convicted’ in a similar way, including the means of legal actions. From a practical perspective, distinct recommendations were phrased for researchers, policy makers, libraries, and future research.

2 illus, 40 ref

024933   KAUR A, RATTAN G K (Library and Information Science Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar- 143 005, Email: gkr70pbiuni@gmail.com) : Citation analysis of theses in economics submitted to Punjabi university, Patiala during 2000-2014. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 192-198.

The present study is based on 9053 citations appended to 92 doctoral theses submitted to the Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala, during 2000-2014. The main objective of the study is to investigate authorship pattern of the citations, format of literature cited, electronic/print form of citations, chronological distribution of citations, geographical distribution of book and core journal citations. A ranked list of journals in economics is also compiled in order to find out the most referred journal. It is found that journals are the most consulted resources with 49.39 per cent citations in the field of economics. Bradford’s law of scattering is applicable to the present study with Bradford multiplier as 11.327.

9 tables, 14 ref

024932   SINGH S, PANDITA R (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna - 801 507, Email: shiv.mail@gmail.com) : Journal packing density across subject disciplines among BRICS countries : A study. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 170-8.

The study attempts to assess the journal packing density (JPD) of the research journals published across Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries during 2013-2015. The JPD of the research journals has been computed on the basis of volume. The study covers 27 main subject disciplines and the JPD has been calculated against each individual subject discipline. 2499 research journals were identified as indexed by the Scopus from the BRICS countries, constituting 6.92 per cent of total research journals indexed by the Scopus all across the world. China is the leading country from the BRICS league to have the maximum 914 (36.57 %) research journals. The average JPD of the research journals published across BRICS nations is 132.77 research article per journal per volume, which is far greater than the average global JPD of 101.84 research article. On average 92.55 research journal are published across BRICS countries in each subject discipline. Physics and astronomy, engineering, and energy are the three leading subject disciplines among BRICS nations having maximum JPD of 209.52, 191.40, and 190.08 research article per journal per volume. Apart from these, there are various other facts which have come to the fore about the prevailing trend of JPD among BRICS nations.

7 tables, 13 ref

024931   KUMBHAR R (Library & Information Science Dep, Savitribai Phule Pune Univ, Pune- 411 007, Email: rajendra_kumbhar@unipune.ac.in) : Trends in E-book research. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 162-9.

In this study, e-book research articles were reviewed which are published in various library science and nonlibrary science journals. Identifies facets and significant results of e-book research. For this review, literature on e-books published in English language, in 2016 was searched from various databases. The review finds that the focus of current research on e-books is on use. Themes such as e-book collection development and management; search and discovery are also paid more attention to. Use of e-books by children is emerging as a prominent area of e-book research. Results of most of the research on e-books are supportive to each other.

79 ref

024930   SAJNA K P, MOHAMED HANEEFA K (Library & Information Science Dep, Calicut Univ, Thenjipalam- 673 635, Email: dr.haneefa@gmail.com) : Service quality of libraries of Indian council of agricultural research institutes of Kerala, India. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 156-61.

The purpose of this study is to measure the service quality of the libraries of Indian Council of Agricultural Research institutes in Kerala. Survey method with modified SERVQUAL questionnaire was employed to elicit responses from a representative sample of 180 users of the libraries. It is revealed that the ICAR institute libraries lack service quality. While the libraries compared, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Library has shown quality to an extent and library of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute has shown least service quality. Library collection dimension was found as the most expected dimension whereas library staff dimension was the most perceived dimension. The highest service quality gap was identified with library service dimension and the lowest gap was identified with library staff dimension. Regular user need assessment and feedback mechanism should be done to improve the service quality of the libraries. The study can be utilised for developing quality enhancement practices in special libraries in India.

4 tables, 17 ref

024929   DUTT B, KUMAR S (CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, Delhi- 110 012, Email: bh_arvi@yahoo.com) : Mapping dye-sensitised solar cells research in India : A scientometric study. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(3), 149-55.

The paper examines 718 dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC) research articles published by Indian scientists during 2011-15, which were indexed in Web of Science. It looked into the entire gamut of research performance by performing sectors, institutions, multifarious collaborative aspects, co-authorship and citations etc. Private universities figure among top performing institutions and nano-related aspects dominated DSSC research. DSSC research by Indian researchers was found to be in tune with the mainstream science in the area as about 90 per cent of the research found place in international journals published from USA, the UK and other advanced countries of Europe with respectable impact factor.

7 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

024921   NINGSHEN A (Mass Communication & Journalism Dep, Manipur Univ, Manipur) : Growth and development of Tangkhul dialect newspaper in Manipur: ‘The Aja’ (2011- 2018)’’. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2018, 5(4), 136-40.

The proper dissemination of information in the society holds the people together. Tribal newspapers in Manipur are facing problems regarding readership and circulation due to lack of interest from the people. Many prefer English paper rather than own dialectical newspaper. But all along there are handful of people who wants to hold in their culture, language and identity. The Aja paper aimed at the unreached section of the society, where people longs to be informed about their neighbor and happenings. The editor and team are striving to bring on new changes and development on the proper flow of information to all the Tangkhul community. This study will help in the better understanding of the growth and development of the Tangkhul paper from 2011 till date.

2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

024920   KUMARI S, JENA S (ECE Dep, CUTM, Odisha) : A novel steganography process using LSB technique with decoded text and speech output. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2018, 5(4), 118-21.

Data and Information safety is an act of shielding records and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, change or destruction. Currently, aside from the army and institutional records safety, man or woman records safety is very essential. If person data safety is neglected, it can reason intangible harm and monetary loss. In this take a look at, a novel technique which include photo primarily based data hiding at the side of textual content to speech conversion gadget application has been evolved and examined to decorate records safety. This software is intended to provide a extra relaxed way of verbal exchange for emails which play an essential function in personal facts switch. Text hiding in Image is the exercise of concealing a report, message, picture, or video within some other report, message, photograph, or video. It benefits from the reality that the incidence of a few neighborhood features within the photo demonstrates terrific patterns for figuring out the payload of the duvet photo sub-regions based on Human Visual System (HVS). In this project we have proposed a novel technique for the secure data transmission for Military use and Police use with the help of steganography and social media or email. We have encoded secret data and sent it through Whatsapp and similar with facebook uploads, while at the remote receiver end we have decoded the image to get the original data. Similarly we have added the text to speech conversion process along with the decoder portion where the decoded message can be converted into speech for ease of access of the data and for emergency notification.

8 illus, 11 ref

024928   SARIKI T P, BHARADWAJA K G (Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Email: tulasiprasad.sariki@vit.ac.in) : A book recommendation system based on named entities. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 77-82.

Recommendation systems are extensively used for suggesting new items to users and play an important role in the discovery of relevant new items, be it books, movies or music. An effective recommendation system should provide heterogeneous results and should not be biased towards only the most popular items. Books are particularly well suited to content based filtering as they are now widely available in digital formats which can allow various text mining approaches to dig out content related information. This paper presents a framework to develop a content based recommendation system for books which can further be integrated with a collaborative filtering model. The proposed content based recommender will use the Named Entities as the basic criteria to rank books and give recommendations

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

024927   MUNIGAL A (Osmania Univ, Hyderabad– 500 007, Email: AchalaMunigalRao@gmail.com) : Suggested code of ethics and professional conduct for library and information science professionals in India. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 70-6.

Library and Information Science (LIS) education started in the year 1911 in India yet there is no code of ethics and professional conduct for LIS professionals till date. This paper suggests and presents a code that is based upon internationally acknowledged ethical standards and principles. In the absence of any government agency to suggest or approve an LIS ethical code, any professional association of national stature or LIS associations in India can meet on a common platform to brainstorm and bring out a final collaborative document to be implemented.

16 ref

024926   MUHAMEDYEV R I, ALIGULIYEV R M, SHOKISHALOV Z M, MUSTAKAYEV R R (Kazakh National Research Technical Univ, Kazakhstan, Email: ravil.muhamedyev@gmail.com) : New bibliometric indicators for prospectivity estimation of research fields. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 62-9.

The paper suggests differential metrics for estimation of change dynamics of major ICT fields using the bibliometric indicators (publication and citation count). It refers to research areas such as big data, computational biology, cloud computing, cyber-physical systems, embedded systems, information security, internet of things, human-machine systems, mobile computing, machine learning, machine-to-machine, multi-agent systems, neural networks, robotics, visualization, augmented reality, SDN, 5G, e-Governance, smart city and smart grid. As supplements to the known indicators, two kinds of integrated derivative-based indicators are suggested. The calculation of indicators is made and their time curve is given. The suggested indicators allow evidently expressing the changes in the dynamics of bibliometric indicators, which can be useful in prospectivity estimation of areas of research.

3 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

024925   RAY P P (Institute of Agriculture, West Bengal - 731 236, Email: raypartha1@hotmail.com) : Physical verification as administrative and collection evaluation tool: A study of Institute of Agriculture Library; Visva-Bharati. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 57-61.

This article is the result of an intensive stock verification of more than 50000 documents of an academic library (Institute of Agriculture; Visva-Bharati) established in 1957. The physical verification process includes physical noting of all accession number of books on and out of stack and use of LibSys software to generate reports. The paper highlights that physical verification of collection can help in identifying major areas of loss and thereby can help in framing administrative guideline for collection evaluation and management policy. The paper also urges for review of existing government rules regarding loss of books and weed-out policy.

1 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

024924   PRADHAN B, RAMESH D B (SOA Univ, Odisha, Email: bnp.iter@gmail.com) : Scientometric analysis of research publications of six Indian Institutes of Technology. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 50-6.

The paper presents the analysis of bibliographic data of 72,940 research papers published by six Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT Delhi, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras, IIT Bombay, IIT Kanpur and IIT Roorkee) and indexed in Scopus database during the period 2006-2015. The analysis indicates that the relative citation impact of IIT Roorkee and IIT Bombay are more than other IITs. Works by authors from IIT Kharagpur are cited more than that of other IITs. Physics of Plasma, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Journal of Applied Physics, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, and RSC Advances are the journals most used by the researchers of the six IITs

5 tables, 11 ref

024923   MEERA B M, HIREMATH V (Raman Research Institute, Bangalore– 560 080, Email: meera@rri.res.in) : Data-intensive research in physics: Challenges and perspectives. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 43-9.

Raman Research Institute (RRI) in recent years has been engaged in data intensive research. The paper aims to understand the challenges faced by graduate students and their perspectives in data-intensive research at RRI regarding data types; collection methods; storage and access; data processing; legal and ethical issues. Questionnaire survey method and information extraction from ETD repository of RRI were used for data collection. Graduate students have expressed their desire for a better technical infrastructure, and need for training courses on different aspects of data related research and acquisition of data processing software. Observations in this study indicate that researchers are not well informed about some of the social issues associated with data and research such as legal aspects, ethical issues, plagiarism, data citation attributions, etc. Study recommends steps to empower research students to handle the challenges in data intensive research.

6 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

024922   GARG K C, TRIPATHI H K (CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi- 110012, Email: gargkc022@gmail.com) : Bibliometrics and scientometrics in India: An overview of studies during 1995-2014 Part II: Contents of the articles in terms of disciplines and their bibliometric aspects. Ann Lib Inf Stu 2018, 65(1), 7-42.

This part of the study highlights the contents of the published articles in terms of various disciplines or sub-disciplines and the bibliometric aspects discussed in these articles. The analysis of 902 papers published by Indian scholars during 1995-2014 indicates that the main focus of bibliometrics/scientometrics is on assessment of science and technology in India in different sub-disciplines including contributions by Indian states and other individual countries followed by bibliometric analysis of individual journals. Papers dealing with bibliometric laws received a low priority as compared to other sub- disciplines of bibliometrics/scientometrics. The analysis of data indicates that the share of theoretical studies using mathematical and statistical techniques which were missing in the earlier period (1970-1994) has increased during 1995- 2014. The field of medicine as a discipline received the highest attention as compared to other disciplines.

4 tables, 6 ref

024919   LAMANI M B, PATIL R R, KUMBAR B D (Library and Information Science Dep, Karnataka Univ, Dharwad, Email: manulamani@gmail.com) : Open access e-books in social science: A case study of Directory of Open Access books. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 141-4.

The present study examines the current trends of the open access e-books in the field of social sciences available through Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB). The data was collected online regarding the social science e-books in August 2016 from DOAB web site for analysis. In the study the e-books are divided author wise, license wise, language wise, year wise, and pagination wise for better understanding of the results. The results revealed that there is a significant growth of e-books on DOAB on social sciences over the years.

4 tables, 13 ref

024918   ADEYINKA T, DARE O O, ADEBISI O S, LAWAL A M (Information Science Dep, South Africa Univ, Pretoria, South Africa, Email: tellayinkaedu@yahoo.com) : Perception and usage pattern of e-books among Library and Information Science students in selected universities in Nigeria. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 132-40.

This study examined the perception and usage pattern of e-book among LIS undergraduate students from selected five universities. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Five research questions were developed and answered. The findings demonstrate that LIS undergraduate students still use e-books more compare to print books. The results also reveal that LIS undergraduate students have positive perception of e-book as it enhance learning effectiveness, assist to finish course content/outline; makes reading faster; easy to use and with clear graphical illustrations. The usage pattern of e-books among LIS undergraduate students is majorly for research purpose and the majority is highly satisfied with reading e-books. The major problem encountered by the students with e-books is the difficulties reading on the computers or internet, followed by the cost of e-book reader. The study recommended based on these findings that university authority and library of the participating institutions should make e-books readers available in large quantity. Doing so is assumed will increase the use of e-books and further arouse the interest of the students .

6 tables, 31 ref

024917   MALLYA J, PATWARDHAN V (Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576 104, Email: jyothi.mallya@manipal.edu) : Hospitality students’ perception of college library service quality: Importance performance analysis. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 125-31.

The purpose of this research is to examine the perceived importance and perceived experiences of library service quality for hospitality management students. Also, an effort was made to identify the strengths and weaknesses of library service quality based on their perception of library services. The researchers have used LibQUAL+^®, a popular tool that libraries use to assess the perception of library service quality over the years. Undergraduates and postgraduate’s students studying in one of the premier private hotel management institutes in India participated in this study. The findings of the study suggest that library service providers need to understand the needs of students and should have the inclination to help students in making the library a gateway for study, learning and research. The future research may include faculty members’ perception of importance and performance of library service quality. This type of survey can be repeated at regular intervals to distinguish the varying needs of library users.

2 illus, 1 table, 68 ref

024916   MAHESH G T, KUMARI H A (Library and Information Science Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore- 570 006, Email: maheshgt@gmail.com) : Use of public library services by the distance learners of Bangalore university. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 117-24.

The present paper investigates the distance students’ use of public libraries for their academic purposes and converse the public library as a alternate for instructive or University libraries. The current research study is based on a comprehensive survey of distance education students from Bangalore University. The data collection was carried out by personally distributing the questionnaire to the randomly selected students and the sample consists of students from both undergraduate and post graduate. It is found from the study that 1309 (90.60 %) distance learners who used public libraries during contact classes and 786 (54.4 %) of the respondents spent 0-1 h in the library. Majority of the distance learners i.e. 941 (65.10 %) responded effective for book borrowing services from the public libraries in seeking information, 1220 (84.40 %) opined effective for reference services. It is observed from the study that distance students have a tendency to look at libraries as a complete and do not make apparent difference between different types of libraries, expecting the entire system to be flawless. The paper lifts the significant executive inquiry and apprehension in relation to both the operation of public libraries and the service level given to diverse section of learning students. It is strongly recommended that library instruction programme should be organized by the public libraries for distance learners that create the responsiveness and use of library and information services effectively.

3 illus, 11 tables, 14 ref

024915   RAMAIAH C K, SHIMRAY S R (Library and Information Science Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Puducherry- 605 014, Email: chennupati_kramaiah@yahoo.com) : Information seeking behaviour of engineering college students: A case study. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 110-6.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of various services and facilities provided by Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology Library, Hyderabad, India. This study used survey method and questionnaire tool for data collection. The majorities of the respondents in this study choose print form of textbooks (78 %) and printed reference books (80.33 %). Of the total, 80 per cent of them stated that they did not find any gaps in library collections. It was found that most of them (93.33 %) do not find any problems and issues in accessing information from the available resources. The majority (89 %) of them agreed with the working hours and 81.67 per cent of the respondents are satisfied with the services offered by the library staff. Over three fourths (78.67 %) of them are satisfied with the existing facilities provided by the library. The majority (89 %) of the respondents indicated that the library should have a separate website in addition to the college website.

10 tables, 19 ref

024914   SINGH V, MARGAM M (Library and Information Science Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi – 110 007, Email: mmadhusudhan@libinfosci.du.ac.in) : Information security measures of libraries of central universities of Delhi : A study. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 102-9.

The paper is to examine the information security measures, physical, organisational and technological in Jawahar Lal Nehru University (JNU), University of Delhi (DU) and Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) in Delhi. The paper uses a mixed-method approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative analyses of information security measures with the help of a specially designed checklist. The findings of the study reveals that JNU scored 69.23 per cent highest information security features, followed by DU with 66.15 per cent, and JMI got the lowest total score with 63.07 per cent. The study has also revealed that all the university libraries under study have been lagging behind in physical security measures. It is hoped that the present study will help in improving the information security lacunas in libraries under study. The findings of the study will not only guide the university librarians to improve their Information security measures, but also open the floodgates for improvements of information security in fast changing technological world so that they can overcome the limitations being faced by librarians.

6 tables, 37 ref

024913   DAS K, MAHAPATRA R K (National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha– 769 008, Email: daskshirod@gmail.com) : Collaboration and knowledge sharing via facebook groups: Analysis of postings of library and information science community. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 95-101.

Social networking sites are visibly the latest trend and have changed the way the 21^st century communicates each other. Its usage becomes more and more in the world of information, its presence in the library and information science becomes challenging and exciting. The aim of this study was to know the trend of posting, sharing, commenting and like a Facebook post, to understand the participation level and response against Facebook group post, and also to explore the type of content generated by library and information science community through Facebook Group. Group postings/contents of four different Facebook group pages (LIS Group, LIS-XPRESS, S.M.I.T. library students, students of LIS), operating and use by LIS community during February 2012 - February 2015 are collected, read and analysed. The analysis of those contents found that sharing photos, links and statuses are major types of group posts in every group and members hardly posting videos and create events for the community.

5 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

024912   DIVYA P, MOHAMED HANEEFA K (Library and Information Science Dep, Calicut Univ, Kerala- 673 635, Email: dr.haneefa@gmail.com) : Digital reading competency of students: A study in universities in Kerala. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 88-94.

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the digital reading competency of the students in universities in Kerala. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from a representative sample of 525 students of the teaching departments of three prominent universities in Kerala. The findings revealed that a good number of the students have a medium level of digital reading competency. It is also noted that male students exhibited a high level of competency as compared with female students and also that there exists a significant relationship between digital reading competency and level of competency to use computer and other digital devices. This study will be useful to develop digital literacy education framework which will enhance student’s digital reading competency.

8 tables, 32 ref

024911   REDDY B S, KRISHNAMURTHY M, ASUNDI A Y (Library and Information Science Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bengaluru- 560 056, Email: ashokasundi@rediffmail.com) : Information use, user, user needs and seeking behaviour: A review. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 82-7.

The studies on the user, user information behaviour, and seeking have been continuing since last 50 years or more. Ranganathan’s five laws brought the phrase ‘use’ reordering from preservation. The studies on user and user behaviour with varying characteristics has not changed and still going on to study the impact of ICT and use of electronic resources. Several hidden revelations on users’ approach to information identified by Voigt, types of readers identified by Ranganathan and the ASK model by Belkin have been expounded to visualise the user categories and attributes of the user, user information behaviour and so on. The aim of this paper is only a perspective review of the literature on information user, with an intrinsic scope for some new research possibilities in this area.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

024910   PANDITA R, DOMINIC J (Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore- 641 046, Email: rameshpandita90@gmail.com) : Impact of information technology on the job satisfaction of LIS professionals: A case study of Jammu & Kashmir. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 75-81.

Based on the primary data collected from the library and information science professionals working in the higher education sector of the Jammu and Kashmir, the study aims to assess, as how far the application of information and communication technology apart from improving the library services and activities, has been instrumental in improving the job satisfaction among the library and information professionals. In all 264 responses were generated from the respondents, a whopping, 68.9 per cent respondents are of the view that library and information science professionals contribute significantly into the teaching and research activities of their institution. 61 per cent respondents have shown satisfaction with the information technology infrastructure in their respective libraries, while as, 60.2 per cent respondents are of the view that the application of information technology in libraries contribute to the job satisfaction of library professionals. Still more, 43.9 per cent respondents viewed that the library professionals working in the manual environment show lower levels of job satisfaction.

8 tables, 26 ref

024909   CHAUHAN S K (Jaypee Univ of Information Technology, Solan- 173 234, Email: sureshbabal@yahoo.com) : Research on plagiarism in India during 2002-2016 : A bibliometric analysis. DESIDOC J Libr Inf Technol 2018, 38(2), 69-74.

The issues of plagiarism have been mushrooming more rapidly around the globe. India is also not spared from plagiarism and related issues. Various researchers and academicians have raised their concern on rapidly growing cases of plagiarism. In this study, an analysis was made to identify the average growth of publications written on plagiarism by Indian authors, the degree of author collaboration, most impactful sources for publishing on plagiarism. The data for the period of 2002 – 2016 were extracted from Scopus by executing a query on ‘Plagiarism’ term. In total 385 publications were found and computed. Average citations per publications of 4.01 for the period, 2007-11 was found high as compared to two other block periods of the study whereas block period 2002-06 was witnessed 49.53 per cent annual growth rate. The Single authored publications prevailed more (34.55 per cent) which interestingly also achieved 50.38 per cent of the cited rate. It was also observed that the degree of multi-authored collaboration has been improving with every passing year.

2 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

023238   NARASANAIKAR K I, HANGARAGI K B (Coll of Horticulture, Univ of Horticultural Sciences, Karnataka) : Plagiarism: An electronic detection tool Turnitin. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 187-90.

In this paper an attempt is made to present the plagiarism and anti-plagiarism tool analysis. The Information which is copied from any format and passing it as own work termed as a plagiarism. In electronic environment about fair and ethical use of the web sources, create awareness among the contributors. The tool is needed to anti plagiarism check that is made here a need based and popularised Turnitin software studied. This is used in 51 countries around the world. It encourages best practices in digital environment with flexible option, wide scope of coverage its advantages are more than the lacking. The software tool Turnitin presented with theory and snap shoot.

2 illus, 8 ref.

023237   HANGARAGI K B, NARASANAIKAR K I (Basaveshwar Engineering Coll, Karnataka) : Information search pattern of post graduate students in web based environment: A special reference to Basaveshwar Engineering College, (autonomous) Bagalkot. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(12), 159-62.

The Web based information is now known to be the richest source of information. The growth rate of the web is exponential. This paper explores different aspects of web search behavior of engineering professionals, in terms of user's and experience with web, purpose of use, searching skills, frequency of use, favorite search engine, etc. All these factors contribute to the way in which the students search the web. The researchers prepared a well-structured questionnaire as a tool for data collection and same analyzed and presented with useful percentage analysis and suitable table for presentation of data.

1 illus, 11 tables, 4 ref.

023236   SINGHAL D, PANDEYA M S, SHARMA R (Centre For Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi) : Bibliometric analysis of book reviews published in contributions to Indian sociology (1984-2015). Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 144-63.

This study aims to present a bibliometric analysis of the book reviews published in Contributions to Indian Sociology (CIS) for the period of 31 years from 1984 to 2015. The analysis cover mainly the authorship/editor pattern, ranking of authors/ editors/ reviewers, ranking of publishers, subject wise distribution, chronological distribution, price wise distributions etc. through the graphs and tables. This study points out towards the merits and weakness of the journal which will be helpful for its further development. The findings of the present study leads to the conclusion that this journal deserves popularity among researchers in the area of social sciences. In addition, it also reflects increased interaction with other subject disciplines.

12 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref.

023235   PANDEYA M S, SINGHAL D (Centre For Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi) : Bibliometric study of content analysis of the journal ‘Gender, Technology and Development’ (1997-2015). Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 130-43.

This study aims to present a bibliometric analysis of the Journal “Gender, Technology and Development”. The aim is to offer a summary of research activity in the field of women’s/gender studies and characterize and its most important aspects. The paper analyzes a bibliometric study of 297 scholarly articles were published during the period 1997 to 2015. The paper covers the bibliometric analyses of year-wise distribution of articles, category-wise classification of contents, subject coverage of articles, authorship patterns, ranking of leading contributors, geographical distribution of contributors, number of references in articles, institution-wise affiliation, and also reports special issues of journal. The findings are important for assessing the current state of a journal and for guiding future publication of research.

9 tables, 3 ref.

023234   PARMAR S S (B.K Birla Centre for Eduction, Maharastra, Email: sagederparmar@gmail.com) : Perception towards e-services among the school students and teachers of B.K Birla Centre for education: A study of awareness, use and effectiveness. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 120-9.

School Library, the biggest classroom of any school is considered as part of the academic set-up. They play an important role in providing information, inculcating reading habits, and developing knowledge in students to locate and use information for both personal and educational purposes. This is ultimately essential for functioning successfully in today’s information and knowledge based society. This article explores the perceptions of students and teachers of B.K Birla Centre for Education, Pune towards awareness, use and effectiveness of e-services provided by their library.

3 illus, 6 tables, 5 ref.

023233   SIDDIQI S P, RAZA M M (Library and Information Science Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Uttar Pradesh, Email: parween.alig@gmail.com) : Application of web 2.0 tools in CSIR laboratories and institutes. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 103-19.

The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) is a contemporary R&D organization, known for its cutting edge R&D knowledgebase in diverse S&T work. Due to fast and emerging development of information technology, CSIR is not remain untouched with the advent of Web 2.0 technology. A typical technology is Web 2.0 which has recently emerged as a second generation of web-based technologies for communication. Web 2.0 has been strongly applied in the field of e-commerce, online advertising and other online services. The main purpose of this study is to provide overall picture of the applications of Web 2.0 technologies in CSIR institutes and laboratories. The main focus of the paper is to know, what types of Web 2.0 technologies are applied in CSIR institutes and laboratories. Content analysis was used in terms of quantitative approach. For gathering of data a checklist as the main research instrument was developed, based on other checklists and questionnaires, and synthesized ideas from literature. Data was collected by accessing all CSIR institutes and laboratories websites. Microsoft Excel was used, as a main tool to synthesize and analyze data.

2 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref.

023232   PAWAR N S, AZAD N, MALVIYA D (MEDICAPS Univ, Madhya Pradesh) : Collection development and management in electronic age: A study with special reference to IIT Indore. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 83- 102.

A study has been conducted to find out the perception, views and attitude of the faculty and staff members towards collection development and its process in IIT Indore. The primary data is collected through questionnaire from the faculty members of IIT Indore. The present study explores the obstacles and difficulties faced by users regarding e-resources of their choices selection. The main objective of the study is to examine the collection development policy and procedures to adopt E-Resource management, which becomes very important when there is heavy budget of Rs. 7- 8 crores for the new IIT’S. A questionnaire based survey method was used for data collection. The analysis of the data for the present study was done by applying simple percentage calculations. Argues that faculties are also required to take more involvement in procurement and suggestion process, and make the library e-resources policy and procedure more user friendly and effective for maximum utilization of available resources in the library. Concludes that the library of Indore and their faculties are making continuous efforts to develop and implement proper policies for collection development. But still much more is expected from this high rank Technical institute of India.

14 illus, 7 ref.

023231   KATARIA S (Bennett Univ, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sanjay.kataria@bennett.edu.in) : Textile research journal, 2000-2015: A bibliometric study. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 67-82.

With a view to analyzing research ouput and its various measures in this field, publications from 2000-2015 (15 years) were downloaded from the SCOPUS database. This paper presents the findings of a bibliometric study of Textile Research Journal. A total of 1,737 articles carrying 19,755 journal citations during the period of 2000-2015 were analyzed. In geographical analysis of said articles, it is found the highest articles (536, 30.86%) were produced by China and minimum articles (29, 1.67%) produced by Canada. Articles comes first as it is the preferred Articles type document with 1727 out of 1737 articles. Out of 1737 articles contributions (303, 17.25%) have pages length of 1-5 pages. The top two countries that contributed maximum articles to textile research were China (536, 30.86%) and US (521, 29.99%). This journal has got world-wide recognition and is steadily growing to be a very promising journal in the area of textile research by attracting scholarly articles from around the world.

7 illus, 7 tables, 15 ref.

023230   BALA S, SINGH J (Library & Information Science Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra) : Research output in the field of entomology (2010-2014) at PAU and CSKHPKV: A citation study. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 47-66.

The study covers a total 3387 citations appended to the 17 doctoral theses in the field of Entomology awarded by PAU, Ludhiana and CSKHPKV, Palampur during the year 2010-2014 to find out the comparison in terms of bibliographic forms of the cited documents, authorship pattern, country-wise, subject-wise, year-wise distribution of citations and its obsolescence value. Ranking of the cited journals was also carried out with the application of Bradford’s law of scattering. It is believed that this study would be helpful for the librarians in the process of collection development and weeding out of unused documents from the libraries to save costly stocking space and reduce maintenance cost. In view of the increasing cost of the journals and the shrinking library budgets, the librarians must make careful selections based on the qualities and standards of journals.

5 illus, 7 tables, 11 ref.

023229   GUPTA R, GUPTA B M, GARG A K, GARG C (1K/A Arjun Nagar, Safdarjang Enclave, New Delhi 110029, Email: ritu7648@gmail.com) : Autism research in India: A scientometric assessment of publications output during 2007-16. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 33-46.

The paper examines 446 Indian publications on autism research as covered in Scopus database during 2007-16, experiencing an annual average growth rate of 23.86% and citation impact of 9.02. India’s share in global output was 1.31% during 2007-16, which increased from 0.86% during 2007-11 to 1.57% during 2012-16. India’s international collaborative publications share in autism research was 25.56% during 2007-16, which increased from 18.52% during 2007-11 to 27.81% during 2012-16. Medicine, among subjects, contributed the largest share (64.75%) to India’s autism research during 2007-16, followed by neurosciences (21.97%), biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (19.96%), psychology (9.64%), computer science (9.42%) and pharmacology and toxicology (7.17%) during 2007-16. The most productive 10 Indian organizations and authors together contributed 34.08% and 27.35% publication share and 46.61% and 16.29% citation share to total publications output by India on autism research during 2007-16.The top 10 most productive journals together accounted for 29.25% share of India’s total publication output on autism research during 2007-16. Of the total India’s autism research output, 11 high cited publications have registered citations from 59 to 555 and they together received 1881 citations, with 171 citations per paper. These 11 high cited papers involved the participation of 178 authors and 106 organizations. The 11 highly cited papers were published in 9 journals, with 3 papers in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of United States, and 1 paper each in other journals

8 tables,10 ref.

023228   CHATTERJEE S J, CHATTERJEE S, KANJILAL U (Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi, Email: jsanghamitra@gmail.com) : Participation of male and female developers in the project development processes of selective open source library software: An evaluative study. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 17-32.

While many researchers attempt to understand the processes and structure of the available Open Source Library Software (OSLS), their development, impact and management, few found a gender composition in participation of the development processes worth studying. This study observed, highlighted and compared the patterns of women’s and men’s participation in the OSLS project development process with select OSLS viz. DSpace, E Prints, Evergreen, Greenstone Digital Library Software, Koha, NewGenLib and OpenBiblio. To find out gender participation in development of OSLS projects, the methodology involved analytical as well as theoretical study. The dataset involved both secondary and primary level of data. An online questionnaire was developed for primary data collection. Analysis of the survey has confirmed that women do not participate to a great extent in the development of OSLS. There are differences between male and female participation with respect to their role and nature of involvement in the development process.

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref.

023227   MALHAN I V (Central Univ of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Email: imalhan_47@rediffmail.com) : Strategic leadership and role of library and information centers in environmental sustainability: An overview of green technologies. Int J Lib Info Network Knowledge 2017, 2(2), 1-16.

Library and information centres are not only preserving the legacy of scholarship and documenting important human contributions to knowledge, but are also disseminating knowledge resources with their systems and practices in ways that facilitate quick access to most appropriate knowledge resources that users are looking for. Library and information services are humanism in practice and thus libraries must contribute to an important issue of human concern such as environment sustainability through knowledge based interventions, and by bringing about awareness of environmental issues and existence of green technologies. Identifying smarter technologies and methods which are environmentally benign and sustainable is need of the hour. There are plenty of electronic gadgets and smart applications available to control resources waste. Libraries and information centres should play a strategic leadership role in their institutions and surroundings for adoption and absorption of green technologies and dissemination of information on environment sustainability. In partnership with the IT department, green technology programs such as energy saving software can be tested in the library and labs that save energy can be set up. Green information literacy is key to foster awareness of information resources on environmental sustainability, green technologies and green initiatives. Library and information centres therefore should not only act as testing beds and teaching tools but also a trigger point for green initiatives. This paper projects an overview of green technologies and through extensive literature survey and analysis portrays the role of library and information centres in environment sustainability. Discusses various approaches for green initiatives and highlights the need for green information literacy.

29 ref.

023226   MARATHE R A (Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ, Maharashtra) : The women empowerment in villages a study with respect to self-help groups. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(11), 165-7.

The Indian women are very hard working and sincere to their work if they are properly trained and motivated the women empowerment can be possible in real sense. The Indian villages are under developed though after Indian Freedom lot of efforts were taken by the government and the scope for village development still lies in the hands of interested parties and people of India. The women constituent the 50% population in the villages in India. The systematic efforts from all the concerned will develop the villages if women in the villages take active part in the development of the villages. How can we do this the major part is education all the women in the villages have to at take proper education. The authors have taken the detail study of the contribution done by village women till now and grow we can achieve village development with the help of women. The self-help groups are playing important role in these area.

2 illus, 6 ref.

023225   REGINA E E L, EJIKE O C (Educational Psychology Dep, Univ of Port Harcourt, Nigeria) : Psychological factors of academic motivation among secondary school students in Etche local government area of rivers state, Nigeria. Int J Multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(11), 1-5.

The study investigated psychological factors of academic motivation among secondary school students in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State. Ex-post facto research design was used in this study. A sample size of 600 students was selected from SS1 and SS2 using stratified random sampling in 10 public secondary schools in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three research questions were answered and three hypotheses were tested in the study at 0.05 level of significance. The instrument used for the study is titled: Psychological Factors as Correlates of Academic Motivation Questionnaire (PSFCAMQ) developed by the researchers. The PSFCAMQ had four sections of 12 items each related to the factors under review. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach alpha as follows; Academic motivation 0.76, attribution 0.86, self-concept 0.81 and interest 0.84. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested with t- test of independence at 0.05 Alpha levels. It was found out that students’ internal and external attribution, positive and negative self-concept, high and low interest has significant influence on their academic motivation. It was recommended that counsellors and teachers should help students to think about or perceive themselves positively. Again, teachers should trigger high interest in students to increase academic motivation in them as they continue to reinforce students verbally.

3 tables, 18 ref.

023224   HASIMU M, SILAMU W (Xinjiang Univ, China- 830 046, Email: mamtimin116@163.com) : Three-stage short text language identification algorithm. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2017, 15(6), 354.

Text on the internet is written in different languages and scripts, and a language identification system is used to analyze and identify them. To improve the performance of text language identification, this paper proposes a three-stage short text language identification algorithm. The script of a given text is identified in the first stage of the algorithm. The language group to which it belongs, consisting of languages written in the same script, is identified in the second stage. In the third stage, the specific language of the given text is recognized from within the language group. Experimental results showed that our proposed method improves the accuracy of text language identification systems stage by stage, reduces the time and the size of the feature set needed to make a prediction, and achieves optimal accuracy.

32 tables, 33 ref.

023223   BABA K (Fujitsu Laboratories, Japan, Email: baba.Kensuke@jp.fujitsu.com) : A fast algorithm for plagiarism detection in large-scale data. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2017, 15(6), 331.

This paper proposes a fast plagiarism detection algorithm in large-scale data. Plagiarisms of superficial descriptions, such as “copy and paste”, can be detected using a simple document similarity based on string matching. The algorithm reduces the effort for computing the document similarity by approximating the similarity. The effects of the approximation on the processing time and accuracy are evaluated by conducting experiments with a data set generated from practical scholarly documents. The experimental results show that the algorithm based on the approximated similarity can reduce the processing time of the straightforward algorithm based on the exact similarity to less than one-third in exchange for a slight decrease of the accuracy.

5 illus, 26 ref.

023222   WANG R, HE G, WU X, WANG F, HU Y (Coll of Mathematics and Systems Science, China- 266 590, Email: wrying90@163.com) : Multicast optimization and node fast location search method for wireless sensor networks based on ant colony algorithm. J Digital Inf Mgmt 2017, 15(6), 303.

Wireless sensor network is a new information acquisition and processing technology. A large number of sensor nodes form a network through self-organization including each node integrates sensing unit, processing unit, communication unit and energy supply. The protocol multicast technology of wireless sensor network routing is a means of group communication, which requires information from the source node at the same time sent to multiple destination nodes, routing as the core technology of multimedia networks, its scope of study is extensive, including routing protocols, routing strategy and routing algorithms. In this paper, we mainly study the multicast routing algorithm which is based on Quality of Service (QoS), and introduce the search strategy which is based on the shortest path of pheromone in the process of ant colony feeding. MATLAB ant colony algorithm is also used in the WSN routing protocol multicast problem in the application of the problem solving for local optimization. The result of computer simulation shows that the ant colony algorithm has a better effect on solving the multicast protocol of WSN, and the algorithm can realize the fast positioning and query of wireless sensor network routing nodes.

4 illus, 1 table, 23 ref.

023221   PRATHAP G (Vidya Academy of Science and Technology, Thrissur, Email: gangan_prathap@hotmail.com) : Comparative end-to-end evaluation of research organizations. Curr Sci 2017, 113(3), 455-7.

Comparative end-to-end research evaluations of large research entities like countries, agencies or institutions need to seperate out the bibliometric part of the chain from the econometric part. Both size-dependent derived from the size-dependent and size-independent terms. To complete the evaluation chain, we take up the econometric part where efficiency of the research production process is represented in terms of output and out-and size-independent terms play a crucial role to come productivities combine quantity and quality (impact) in a meaning. An evocative analogy for understanding the relationful way. Output or outcome at the bibliometric level ship of size-dependent to size-independent factors in all can be measured using zeroth, first or second-order composite indicators, and the productivity or efficiency terms follow accordingly using the input to output or outcome factors.

3 tables, 8 ref.