009357   Mohod A G;Khandetod Y P;Shrirame H Y (Renewable Energy Sources Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli, Email: agmohod@rediffmail.com) : Development and evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for commercial fish drying. J Instn Engrs : Ser A 2014, 95(1), 1-8.

The local practice of drying fish in open sun drying poses problems such as high moisture content, uncontrolled drying and contamination. These problems can be avoided by proper use of improved methods such as the solar tunnel dryer, which results in faster drying of fish. The semi cylindrical walk-in type natural convection solar tunnel dryer, having drying area of 37.5 m was developed and evaluated for the drying of fish products in comparison with the conventional method of open sun drying. The experiments were conducted without fish and with fish to evaluate the performance of solar tunnel dryer. The average rise in temperature inside the solar tunnel dryer was found to be 11.24 °C and 18.29 °C over the ambient temperature during no load test in winter and summer respectively. The average 28% saving in time was observed for selected fish drying using solar tunnel dryer over open sun drying method with average drying efficiency of 19%. The economics was calculated for drying of prawns (Parapaeneopsis stylifera) by solar tunnel dryer and open sun drying system on the basis of business as a whole. The economics of the solar tunnel dryer is presented in term of Net present worth, Benefit-Cost Ratio, Payback period, Profitability index and Internal rate of return. The pay back period for solar tunnel dryer was found to be 2.84 years.

9 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

009356   Mohanapriya M;RamaswamyL;Rajendran R (Nutrition and Dietetics Dep and Microbiology Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 014) : Preparation and storage stability of RTS beverages using carrots fermented with probiotic bacteria and lime juice. Indian J Nutr Diet 2013, 50(1), 29-36.

Based on the physico-chemical characteristics, it is apparent that all the specifications (namely TSS of 14°B - 21°B, pH of 4.0 to 4.5 and a titrable acidity of 0.12 - 0.30) were maintained. There was no microbial growth throughout the study period. As per sensory evaluation, V₁ was the most acceptable among the variations. The RTS beverages prepared by using probiotics, and fruits and vegetables are nutritious and also safe for consumption since there was no addition of artificial colour, flavour, acid or preservative.

1 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

009355   Mitra P;Sarkar K;Kundu P P (Polymer Science and Technology Dep, Calcutta Univ, 92 APC Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: ppk923@yahoo.com) : Carboxymethyl chitosan modified montmorillonite for efficient removal of cationic dye from waste water. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 198-208.

Feasibility of carboxymethyl chitosan intercalated montmorillonite (CMCTS-MMT) clay used as a low-cost and effective adsorbent for removal of cationic dye, crystal violet from the aqueous solution has been investigated. The synthesis of CMCTS-MMT was confirmed from the analytical information based on the characterization carried out by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction data. During the removal process, batch technique was used arid the effect of initial dye concentration, pH, temperature and weight ratio variation of sample composition were evaluated. Sorption process was analysed using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The data showed that the second order kinetic model was more appropriate for the absorption of the present dye. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms have been analyzed with the help of Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson analytical models. It was observed that the experimental data correlated reasonably well by the Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir isotherms. The desorbed CMCTS-MMT could be reused for adsorption of cationic dye. To investigate the changes in surface morphology of CMCTS-MMT after sorption, scanning electron microscopy analysis were done before and after adsorption of the cationic dye. Finally, the results in this study confirmed that CMCTS-MMT may be an attractive contender for removal of cationic dyes from the waste water.

14 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

009354   Mitra B C (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Kolkata-700 040, Email: bhairabchandramitra@rediffmail.com) : Environment friendly composite materials: biocomposites and green composites. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 244-61.

Biocomposites can supplement and eventually replace petroleum-based composite materials in several applications. Several critical issues related to bio-fiber surface treatments is to make it a more suitable matrix for composite application and promising techniques need to be solved to design biocomposite of interest. The main motivation for developing biocomposites has been and still is to create a new generation of fiber reinforced plastics material competitive with glass fiber reinforced ones which are environmentally compatible in terms of products, use and renewal. There is an immense opportunity in developing new biobased products, but the real challenge is to design suitable bio-based products through innovation ideas. Green materials are the wave of the future. Bio-nanocomposites have very strong future prospects, though the present low level of production, some deficiency in technology and high cost restrict them from a wide range of applications.

^iia2 tables, 214 ref

009353   Maity J;Jacob C;Singh R P (Chemistry Dep, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha Univ, Purulia-723 101, Email: singh.prakash.ram@gmail.com) : Effect of surface fluorination of poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 230-5.

Direct fluorination is one of the most important and effective method to modify the polymer surface. It is a simple and fast method that allows the simultaneous treatment of outer and inner surfaces of complex shaped polymeric materials. Poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide fibers which are a very important class of material was surface modified by direct fluorinaton. An extensive characterization of both the virgin and the fluorinated materials were performed by various techniques (XRD, FT-IR. Surface energy and DSC, TGA). From these data, possible effects of fluorination are discussed.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

009352   Kodavaty J;Deshpande A P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: abhijit@iitm.ac.in) : Mechanical and swelling properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) and hyaluronic acid gels used iin biomaterial systems - a comparative study. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 222-9.

There is an increasing demand for designing controlled drug delivery systems with materials which are more biocompatible, economical and materials which can be processed easily. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are promising polymers for applications in drug delivery. PVA forms gel based on the acetal bridges when crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA). On the other hand, HA a natural polymer, forms gel with divinyl sulfone (DVS) as a crosslinker. PVA and HA blends upon crosslinking PVA with GA or HA with DVS, in the presence of the other polymer, form gels that are more adaptable to the drug delivery systems. In this work, the mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of PVAHA gels were characterized. The effect of composition on viscoelastic moduli and degree of swelling was determined. The storage modulus (G") of various gels made of PVA, HA and PVAHA blends were measured using rheology and compared with the values available in the literature. Swelling properties were measured and compared among various PVA and HA gels. Collagen is added to PVA solution and the rheological properties were measured in the gel state. Based on the values of storage modulus, gels of various compositions of PVA, HA and collagen might be selected as potential biomaterials for drug delivery system depending on careful understanding the type of application.

5 illus, 3 tables, 48 ref

009351   Joselin R;Wilson W J (NO, C.S.I. Institute of Technology, Thovalai-629 302, Email: joselinjerish@yahoo.co.in) : Investigation on impact strength properties of Kevlar fabric using different shear thickening fluid composition. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 236-43.

Great interest has aroused in developing high impact resistant fabrics based on the incorporation of a shear thickening fluid (STF) into high performance fabrics (Kevlar). This work developed a shear thickening fluid enhanced fabrics and the influence of the shear thickening fluid types against spike impact and the impact resistance performance were investigated. Silica nano-particle impregnated Kevlar fabrics exhibit significantly enhanced ballistic performance while retaining flexibility. It was found that fabrics impregnated with functionalized nanoparticles offer multiple resistance to the penetration of a sharp impactor. The improvement in protection is traced by the formation of siloxane bonds during functionalization. It exhibits significant improvement in shear stiffness and a slight increase in tensile stiffness. The impact strength properties of all samples were tested using impact testing and quasi-static testing apparatuses. Chemical compositions and microscopic structures were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The current study clearly displays a significant enhancement in penetration resistance of Kevlar fabric impregnated with different combination of STF's.

13 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

009350   Hazarika A;Maji T K (Chemical Sciences Dep, Tezpur Univ, Assam-784 028, Email: tkm@tezu.ernet.in) : Modification of softwood by monomers and nanofillers. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 262-72.

Technological development of wood polymer composites (WPC) is a very promising approach to overcome most of the disadvantageous properties of wood products, for example their poor mechanical strength, poor dimensional stability, susceptibility to fungal attack, weathering and the like. To find the substitute for costly items of hard wood, suitable technologies have been developed to modify softwood to meet specific end-use requirements. Various vinyl monomers and/or copolymers or thermosetting resin in combination with different types of cross linking agents, flame retarding agents have been used to improve the properties of wood. Nanotechnology is a new area of science and technology which opens up new opportunities to develop wood based products with desired properties. Now-a-days government is making strict legislations to promote green technology for the protection of environment worldwide. With the depletion of petroleum resources at alarming rate, it is high time to replace petroleum-based products by some sustainable alternative products based on vegetable biomass. The bio-based resins obtained from renewable feedstock have been widely utilized by taking the advantages of easy availability, renewable nature and low cost. The green route of modification of wood is widely encouraged. With the progress of technological development, now it is possible to avoid the hazardous influence of organic solvents by using water as solvent or diluents for modification of wood. WPC has got tremendous scope for use in diverse areas of applications.

^iia8 illus, 1 table, 79 ref

009349   Gupta S;Kumar A;Hakeem H R;Shafat S (LPT Div, F.V.Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura-181 102) : Optimization of the basic formulation and processing conditions for the preparation of chicken patties from meat of spent hens. Vet Practnr 2013, 14(2), 540-1.

This study was aimed at the utilization of spent hen meat into convenience meat product viz chicken patties. Basic formulation and processing conditions were optimized for the preparation of chicken patties from spent hen meat. Incorporation of 9% refined vegetable oil and 4% refined wheat flour as binder were found to be optimum for chicken patties cooked to an internal temperature of 80±20C for a time of 25 minutes in hot air oven method of cooking. The chicken patties from meat of spent hens could be conveniently packed in LDPE for a period of 21 days in refrigerated (4±10C) condition without any marked loss of physico-chemical, microbial and sensory quality. Therefore, comparatively low cost chicken patties with good to very good acceptability were developed utilizing spent hen meat, which is otherwise known for its toughness and poor edible quality meat.

1 table, 14 ref

009348   Ghosh A;Collie S R (NO, Food and Biobased Products Group, AgResearch, Canterbury 8140, New Zealand, Email: arun.ghosh@agresearch.co.nz) : Keratinous materials as novel absorbent systems for toxic pollutants. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 209-21.

Range of hazardous organic and inorganic compounds, and metal ions generated by human and industrial activities leads to serious concerns for environments. Adsorption technologies based on polymeric materials are being used to remove toxic substances from air and wastewater streams. Keratin protein, found abundantly in sheep's wool, human hair and bird feathers, is an interesting and potentially useful renewable biopolymer. It contains a variety of functional groups on the backbone and side chains of the proteins, and is an ideal component to fabricate a range of novel adsorbent systems for separation of toxic pollutants via physisorption or chemisorption mechanisms. In this review article, the key activities on keratin research and development with respect to the novel properties of keratin proteins and their utilization as absorbents or filtration systems are summarized. It is apparent that keratins in the form of loose fibers, non-woven fabrics, short fibers or particles, membranes and colloids can be used as absorbents for air filtration and wastewater treatment. Keratin materials have potential to be applied in biological and chemical defence applications, and also in protection against radioactive elements.

^iia1 illus, 2 tables, 105 ref

009347   Ganguly S;Purushotam Kumar (Fish Processing Technology Dep, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sc, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: ganguly38@gmail.com) : Fundamentals on the nutritional components in fish feed for aquaculture. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2014, 5(1), 3221-2.

Nutrient requirements for fish mainly depends on the rate of growth of the fish in conjunct with additional influences like size, metabolic function in addition to the environmental influences and management strategies employed for rearing and breeding. However, for preparing and formulating fish feed the economic aspect of each and every ingredient needs to get proper priority as it is well known that appreciable amount of nutritional loss occurs during processing, heat treatment and storage.

^iia6 ref

009346   Devi K;Anandhi N (Food Science and Technology Dep, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014) : Quality evaluation of curd incorporated with whey protein isolate. Indian J Nutr Diet 2013, 50(1), 24-8.

Hence it could be concluded that the desirable level of incorporation of WPI in curd is 5 per cent (w/w) based on the chemical and sensory analyses, in both of which VI alone was found to be comparable to the control curd. Even though, in physical evaluation, there was significant difference among different variations (V1, V2 and V3) when compared with control curd, the improved functionality of WPI has been evidenced at its highest concentration (15g). Hence the present study recommends standardizing the curd with WPI at the concentration as higher as possible with th addition of food flavours to mask the undesirable changes in acidity of the product associated with WPI, considering its nutritional and therapeutic significance in human health.

3 tables, 16 ref

009345   Cholake S T;Mada M R;Singh Raman R K;Bai Y; Zhao X L;Rizkalla S;Bandyopadhyay S (School of Materials Science Engineering, New South Wales Univ, Sydney, 2033, Australia, Email: s.cholake@unsw.edu.au) : Quantitative analysis of curing mechanisms of epoxy resin by mid- and near- fourier transform infra red spectroscopy. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 314-21.

This article informs the, essence of major work done by a number of researchers on the analysis of two-step curing mechanism of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin in presence of amine curing agents using near- and mid-IR technology. Various peaks used as a marker for resin formation are discussed and their implementation is comprehensively studied. In addition to this, a wide range of information about the importance of reference peaks in both near-IR (NIR) and mid-IR (MIR) regions are congregated and their accuracy is audited. Also discrepancies observed by researchers in epoxy conversion (a) in NIR and MIR regions are reviewed to highlight the comparative advantages of both regions, one over the other.

4 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

009344   Chang L;Bandyopadhyay S (School of Materials Science and Engineering, New South Wales Univ, Sydney, Australia, Email: sd7019402@163.com) : Concise account on the properties of CNT-reinforced epoxy composites based on some select references. Def Sci J 2014, 64(3), 303-8.

Recently it has been reported in the technical literature that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have distinct effects on thermal, mechanical and electric properties of epoxy resins. Compared to single-walled nanotubes (SWCNT), multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT) apparently show greater improvements. The maximum aspect ratio (L/D) of CNT is reportedly as high as 138,000,000. In addition, the carbon nanotubes when treated with surface modifier to generate functional groups on their surface can afford to provide better improvement of the properties of the epoxy based CNT-particulate composite system. There are a number of factors that can influence the properties of epoxy-CNT systems. This paper examined the technical contents from selective references and made an attempt to highlight the general understanding of the properties and performance of epoxy - CNT particulate composite systems.

10 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

009343   Anbu Malar M;Narayanan A (Nutrition and Dietetics Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 014) : Development of millet mixes and acceptability of millet mix incorporated foods. Indian J Nutr Diet 2013, 50(11), 450-8.

Various millets can be mixed to formulate nutrient rich millets mixes instead of using one millet at a time. In this way it is possible to get the maximum benefit from millets. The millet mixes formulated were rich particularly in protein, fat and minerals like iron, and phosphorus. Millet mix incorporated chappathi, wheat dosa and rice dosa were highly acceptable. Ten to twenty per cent addition of millet mixes was found to be ideal. Millet mixes could be directly prepared into porridge.

6 tables, 13 ref

009342   Ahmed S;Dora K C;Sarkar S;Ganguly S;Chowdhury S (Fish Processing Technology Dep, Faculty of Fisheries Science, West Bengal Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 094, Email: kc_dora@yahoo.co.in) : Quality analysis of shidal - a traditional fermented fish product of Assam, North-East India. Indian J Fish 2013, 60(1), 117-23.

In the present study, proximate composition and bacteriological analyses of the fermented fish product, locally known as shidal, sampled from producers as well as retailers in eight different districts of Assam, were carried out. In proximate principle analysis, lower level of protein and fat content in the products obtained from retailers indicated the relative nutrient losses occurring at different stages of marketing chain. High total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide values and moisture along with promising microbial load in the retailer's samples reflected poor quality, whereas those obtained in producer's samples were within the acceptable limit. None of the samples revealed presence of the coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Yeast and fungal colonies were detected in the samples.

5 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

008342   Xu K;Deng T;Li C;Niu J;Liu J;Peng W (NO, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China) : Phosphate removal from aqueous solution using Fe-Mn-Zn trimetal oxide modified fly ash. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(4), 651-5.

In this work the adsorption of phosphate using the Fe-Mn-Zn trimetal oxide modified fly ash was studied. The experimental results showed that the absorbent could effectively remove phosphate in the pH range 4 to 9 and the maximum phosphate adsorption was at pH 8.0. Kinetic study showed that the phosphate adsorption was well described by pseudo-second-order model. The removal efficiency of phosphate increased with the increase of adsorbent dosage and the decrease of the initial concentration. The adsorption of phosphate could be well described by Langmuir isotherm, the Langmuir constant Q₀ was 19.22 mg/g. Comparative phosphate adsorption study of the untreated fly ash and the modified fly ash showed that modification with Fe-Mn-Zn trimetal oxide could significantly enhance the phosphate adsorption of the fly ash. The Fe-Mn-Zn trimetal oxide modified fly ash was a potential adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous systems.

7 illus, 21 ref

008341   Vikram B;Prasad V M;Saroj P L (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211 001, Email: balaji.vikram55@gmail.com) : Comparative study of varieties, honey coating and storage durations on aonla candy. Indian J Hort 2014, 71(1), 104-8.

The investigation was carried out under laboratory conditions to assess impact of varieties, honey coating and storage durations on aonla candy. The parameters like TSS, acidity, phi, ascorbic acid and optical density were analyzed before the segment impregnation into sugar, so that after product preparation the values may be evaluated as the impact of variety, honey and storage duration. Cultivars yielded significant results with the parameters studied. This was further influenced when prepared aonla candy were coated with honey. Amongst varieties NA-6 proved much better with respect quality parameter studied. There was increase in the level of total soluble solids, acidity and browning and decrease in pH, ascorbic acid, and organoleptic taste during storage. The highest TSS was recorded in NA-6 (76.7%) and the lowest value was (75.9%) in Kanchan at 90 days of storage. Acidity was recorded highest in Kanchan (0.68%) and the lowest (0.58%) in NA-6 after 90 days of candy storage. The maximum pH (4.28) was observed in Krishna, while the minimum (4.23) was NA-6. The highest ascorbic acid (102.15 mg/100 g) was recorded in NA-6 and the lowest was (90.10 mg/100 g) with Kanchan. The highest browning was found (0.14 OD) in Kanchan and the same OD value (0.13 OD) was recorded in NA-6, NA-7 and Krishna. The organoleptic quality was best (7.19 score) in NA-6 at 90 days of storage. All the qualitative parameters were significantly superior with honey coated candy as compared to cane sugar prepared candy.

1 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

008340   Veerapandian V (Dairy Science Dep, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai-600 007) : Utilisation of lactose hydrolysed whey in the preparation of icecream. Indian vet J 2013, 90(4), 121-2.

2 tables, 9 ref

008339   Subramanian S;Pulimi M;Jayaraman G (School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT Univ, Vellore-632 014, Email: sangeethasubramanian@vit.ac.in) : Statistical optimization of chromium (VI) reduction by marine bacteria, Planococcus sp. VIT21 using cane sugar as carbon source. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 169-80.

Cr (VI) reduction capacity of marine bacteria, Planococcus sp.VITP21 from Kumta coast of Karnataka, India was optimized using statistical design technique under saline condition. Plackett Burman design was used for preliminary screening of important physical and chemical parameters that influenced Cr (VI) reduction. The four parameter pH, Cr (VI) concentration, cane sugar (a carbon source) and NaCl concentration were chosen for optimization using central composite design. The optimized combination of parameters was found to be 2.83 g/L cane sugar, 6.8 pH, 142.8 mg/L Cr (VI) concentration and 8% w/v NaCl with 83% of reduction efficiency in 12 hours of incubation. Planococcus sp.VITP21 was shown to have enhanced reduction potential under saline condition.

3 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

008338   Serikbayeva A K;Berdikulova F A;Sydykov A O (RSE, Esenov Caspian State Univ of Technologies and Engineering, AKTAU, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: akm_rgp@mail.ru) : Theoretical and technological research eso flead slime sulphidation process. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 121-8.

Article presents the results of a study of the process of sulfidizing lead slimes. Thermodynamic and technological research are reported for the possibility of sulfidation lead compounds, osmium and rhenium.

5 tables, 8 ref

008337   Ratov B T;Fedorov B V;Zhanabayev T A (NO, The Kazakh National Technical Univ after name of K. I. Satpayev, Satpaev Street, 050013 Almaty 22, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: boranbairatov@yahoo.com) : Vibroimpulsnoe technology development of productive layers. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 253-9.

Paper presents the rationale and effectiveness of the use of declamation development of productive layers vibrating pulses that act through the liquid on the walls weirs dull producing formations. The calculation of the basic parameters of the transfer of shock pulses was made through the liquid waveguide. A description of the principle was developed in said device for the development of productive formations and the results of its industrial testing.

2 illus, 4 ref

008336   Rao P R M;Moinuddin S M K;Jagadeesh P (C.D.M.M., VIT Univ, Vellore-632 014, Email: rao_pannem@vit.ac.in) : Effect of treated waste water on the properties of hardened concrete. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 155-62.

This paper focus on the usage of treated waste water in the production of concrete so that the shortage and cost using potable water can be greatly reduced. In this paper, it t is chosen treated waste water, which give us the exact idea of corrosion and for the construction as well as strength and durability properties of the concrete. To determine the mechanical properties of concrete cast cube specimens using M 20 grade concrete with potable and treated waste water. Water absorption test in order to determine the difference in absorption capacity. The other tests, which are conducted include Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), sulphate and chloride test are conducted on potable as well as treated waste water at 7, 14 and 28 days. Concrete cast with treated waste water attained more compressive strength when compared with concrete cast with potable water and the chloride permeability is high for treated waste water concrete compared to potable water concrete.

2 tables, 9 ref

008335   Okoye C O B;Adiele G C (Pure and Industrial Chemistry Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria, Email: chukwuma.okoye@unn.edu.ng) : Physico-chemical and bacteriological qualities of ground water resources in Ezinihitte Mbaise local government area of Imo state, Nigeria. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 23-38.

Physico-chemical studies and bacteriological assay of borehole waters in Ezinihitte Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State, Southeast Nigeria, were carried out to provide baseline data and to evaluate the portability of the rural water supplies. Water samples were collected from eleven boreholes located in different towns in the Local Government Area for analyses, using various standard methods. The values of chemical parameters in triplicate analyses of the various water samples showed ranges in mg/L as follows with exception of pH, 4.56 to 6.36; and conductivity, 10.89 to 57.40 μs/cm; thus, total solids,10 to 90; total dissolved solids, 6.4 to 34.5; nitrate, 0.6 to 2.9; phosphate, 0.01 to 0.02; sulphate, 0.05 to 0.13; total acidity, 0.76 to 40.32; total alkalinity, 0.5 to 24.5; total hardness, 12.0 to 38.0; chloride, 0.5 to 9.5; sodium, 5 to13; potassium, 1 to 4; calcium, 4 to 32; magnesium, 2 to 7. Lead, cadmium and chromium were not detectable in all the water samples. Detectable levels of other trace metals were: copper, 0.01 to 0.19 mg/L; nickel, 0.1 mg/L; iron, 0.01 to 0.25 mg/L and zinc, 0.01 to 0.15 mg/L. Total viable count for bacteria showed heavy growth of E. coli in eight boreholes. The range was from 0.12 x 10^{2 to 2.56 x 102 cfu/100 mL. Compared with WHO guideline values for drinking water, pH range 4.56-6.36 fell below the range of 6.5-8.5. The heavy metals did not exceed the stipulated guideline values, but the growth of bacteria impairs the quality of the water in eight boreholes. However, for assurance of safety, water needs to be boiled before drinking.}

1 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

008334   Mhapralkar V;Relekar P P;Haldankar P M;Pujari K H;Dabke D J (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture (Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Dapoli-415 715, Email: rutujakadam28@yahoo.in) : Preparation and storage of unfermented beverages of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Linn. Skeels) fruits.. Green Fmg 2013, 4(3), 373-5.

The ripe jamun fruits were used for different unfermented beverages. As regards the organoleptic evalution, different unfermented beverage organoleptically acceptable during 6 months of storage. The changes in T.S.S., reducing sugar, total sugar, titratable acidity and pH of unfermented beverage like juice, R.T.S. and squash was statistically significant. However, the changes in titratable acidity was non-significant in jamun squash at ambient temperature during storage.

3 tables, 11 ref

008333   Mhalaskar S R;Satwadhar P N;Babar K P (Food Science & Technology Dep, Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Email: kalyan.foodtech@gmail.com) : Development of technology for fortificatin of fig fruit powder and its utilizationin fig milk shake. Green Fmg 2013, 4(3), 376-9.

Beverages based on fruits and milk products are currently receiving considerable attention as their market potential is growing. This investigation has developed a bench level technology for preparation of fortified fig powder and its subsequent utilization in value added product like milk-shake. Fig fruits of Dinkarvariety were dried in the form of small shreds in a Cabinet drier at 60±5°C temperature for 20-24 hrs. Finally, powder was obtained by grinding of dried shreds in a grinder followed by fortification with soy protein isolate and ragi powder by dispersion method. In contrast to fig pulp and dried figs, the fig powder was found to be superior in terms of nutrient content, ease of processing technology and utilization of damaged fruits. Fig powder is easier to handle during transportation, storage and also open further fields of application that may promote fig powder processing and fortification at industrial scale in future. The products prepared by processing of figs viz., fig powder and fig milk-shake were assessed for their physico-chemical and sensory parameters.

2 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

008332   Marimuthu C;Kirubakaran V;Rajasekaran R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur-603 319, Email: marimuthupetro@gmail.com) : Energy pay back period and carbon pay back period for solar photovoltaic power plant. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 293-305.

In this paper, authors have investigated the entire life-cycle assessment of polycrystalline silica module system, the energy requirement of PV modules and balance of the systems and calculated the Energy Pay-Back period for systems. Based on the past study, life cycle inventory data have been collected for this study. The detail investigation has made for the existing Roof top Solar PV Power plant at Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu. Results are reported in the form of Energy Pay Back period, CO₂ emission per KWh, CO₂ emission reduction and Carbon Payback Period.

3 illus, 8 tables, 18 ref

008331   Mageshwaran V;Kathe A A;Ashtaputre N M;Hasan H;Nagarkar R D;Pokiya S V;Kambli N D;Balasubramanya R H (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai-19, Email: mageshbioiari@gmail.com) : Accelerated process for the preparation of bioenriched compost from cotton plant stalks. Cotton Res J 2013, 4(1), 104-13.

Attempt was made to accelerate the process of composting in cotton stalks using microbial consortium Aerobic consortium was prepared using the combinations of Bacillus staerothermophilus, Phaenorchaete chrysosporium and P. flabellatus. A large scale composting trial often tonnes of cotton stalks was undertaken at Sirsa, Haryana during December 2011 and March 2012. There were two treatments viz., microbial consortiaum treated and untreated (control). In each treatment three heaps of 1.7 tonnes were made. Microbial consortium include aerobic consortium, CIRCOT anaerobic consortium and plant growth promoting microorganisms. The results showed that cotton stalks treated with microbial consortium; compost could be obtained in 60 days while in untreated it took 75 days. Thus, using microbial treatment, fifteen days could be saved in the preparation of compost from cotton stalks. It was also observed that nutritive quality of compost prepared using microbial treatment was better than the untreated. Thus the process developed would be a sustainable and viable solution for in situ management of cotton stalks in the cotton growing regions.

2 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

008330   Lallan Ram;Dinesh Kumar;Vigneshwaran N;Khewle A (NO, CIH, Medziphema, Nagaland, Email: lallanram09@gmail.com) : Comparative performance of nano-composite film and LDPE packaging for extending shelf-life of fresh Nagpur mandarin segments. Indian J Hort 2014, 71(1), 87-91.

The ZnO nanocomposites film used for the study was characterized by 40 nm ZnO nanoparticle embedded in 50 nm thickness poly film with tensile strength of 3.35 ± 0.50 kg longitudinally and 1.67 ± 0.27 kg transversely average breaking load which was provided by CIRCOT, Mumbai. Microbial stability, total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid (AA) content, browning index, colour value, limonin, carotenoids and sugars of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulate Banco) segments packed in ZnO nanoparticle containing film and LDPE film were studied at monthly interval in refrigerated storage (4°C). Packaging containing ZnO nanoparticle was suitable to maintain the microbial load below the threshold population limit (6 log CFU/ml) till 30 days of storage. The segments had better colour in ZnO nanopackaging after 30 days of storage. The total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin-C and carotenoid contents were found better in ZnO nanopackaging than that of LDPE packaging. Relatively lesser value of browning was recorded in ZnO nanoparticle containing film (0.62 mg/l). The limonin content was recorded to be higher than the threshold limit in both the packaging. The changes in segments juice reducing, non-reducing and total sugars were found to be at higher side in LDPE packaging than that of nanopackaging. Study revealed that segments in nanopackaging had 30 days of shelf-life under refrigerated storage.

6 tables, 22 ref

008329   Kumar B K;Ospanova A E;Bazylov J J;Makashev E B (NO, Kazakh National Technical Univ after K.I. Satpaev Institute of Geology, Almaty City, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: makasheve@mail.ru) : Calculation and design of the large volume tanks exposed to seismic loads. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 265-71.

Widespread use of vertical cylindrical tanks puts the question of their sustainable design. Snow load brings the greatest contribution to the stress-strain state of the supporting structures of vertical tanks spherical domed coatings. The coefficients of the external pressure on the walls and coating of the wind were also determined. The obtained results can be used to develop effective design solutions for domed coatings of the oil tanks.

6 illus, 6 ref

008328   Kuipa P K;Kuipa O (School of Engineering and Technology, Chinhoyi Univ of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe, Email: kuipapardon@yahoo.com) : Imaging ellipsometry study on the effectof electrolyte on the drainage of an aqueous film trapped between a plane hydrophilic silica surface and an approaching organic droplet. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 45-61.

Imaging ellipsometer is used to study the drainage of an aqueous film trapped between a hydrophilic silica equilateral prism surface and a heptane or butylacetate droplet. The interfacial droplet profile on approach to the hydrophilic silica surface is such that the droplet is dimpled at its center with the periphery of the droplet (the barrier ring) being the region of closest approach to the hydrophilic silica surface. The time it takes for these drops to either achieve an equilibrium film thickness at the barrier ring or to coalesce with the macroscopic hydrophilic silica surface was experimentally determined; drainage time increases whilst equilibrium film thickness decreases with increasing salt concentration in the continuous phase. The increase in drainage time is attributed to hindered drainage of the aqueous film due probably to an increase in the aqueous film viscosity, which should translate into a decrease in the film elasticity. Compression of the double layer may also qualitatively explain the observed decrease in equilibrium film thickness at the barrier ring as the salt concentration increases. When aluminum chloride is used as the electrolyte the equilibrium film thickness is relatively constant (around 90 ± 10 nm) for the range of concentrations studied. This may be due to the fact that the aluminum ion has a valence of three and may screen electrostatic interactions between the oil droplet and the hydrophilic silica surface at relatively lower aluminum chloride concentrations.

13 illus, 16 ref

008327   Kea Wthun M;Krachodnok S;Chaisena A (Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Lampang Rajabhat Univ, Lampang 52100, Thailand, Email: a_chaisena@hotmail.com) : Conversion of waste glasses into sodium silicate solutions. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 83-91.

In this study, hydrothermal and fusion methods used to prepare sodium silicate solution from waste glasses. Three different color of waste glasses (white, green and brown), the waste products of municipal and industry are rich in amorphous silica was used to produce sodium silicate solution. The best condition for sodium silicate solution production was reacted waste bottle glass reaction with 90 wt. % NaOH at 650°C for 60 min. The chemical compositions of liquid products were analyzed by standard TIS 433-1996 method. The results indicated that under favorable conditions, liquid sodium silicate with having Na₂O/SiO₂ molar ratio of about 1 : 5 can be produced by this method. The silicate solution contains 0.01-0.05 wt./v% of iron and 0.00-0.01 wt./v% of sulfate as impurity. The process established in the present study was found to have a potential applicability as a recycling process of waste glasses.

6 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

008326   Kalpana P;King P (Chemical Engineering Dep, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam-532 127, Email: kalpanamtech@yahoo.com ) : Biosorption of malachite green dye onto Araucaria cookii Bark: optimization using response surface methodology. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 75-81.

Araucaria cookii bark has been studied as low cost, easily available natural biosorbent for removal of malachite green from aqueous solution. The influence of operating parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration on the sorption of malachite green were analyzed using response surface methodology. The proposed quadratic model of central composite design fitted so well to the experimental data that it could be used to navigate the design space according to the results of the analysis of variance. The optimum sorption conditions were determined. Characterization of the biosorbent was performed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm models. Dye biosorption equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm rather than the others. The kinetic studies for malachite green biosorption showed rapid sorption dynamics by a pseudo second order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies showed that malachite green biosorption onto Araucaria cookii bark was mainly a spontaneous and exothermic process.

11 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

008325   Jin J Z;Tong J Y (College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren Univ, Hangzhou 310015, P.R. China, Email: hzjjz@sohu.cm) : Optimization of supercritical extraction of oil from onion by supercritical CO₂. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 142-4.

In this study, the supercritical CO₂ extracting technology was applied to extract volatile oil from freeze-dried onion powders, single factor experiment and orthogonal array design were used to study the influence of extracting pressure, extracting temperature, extracting time and flow rate of CO₂ on the extracting ratio of volatile oil. The optimum extracting parameters were established with extracting pressure of 20 MPa, extracting temperature of 35 °C, flow rate of CO₂ of 14 kgúh^{-1 and the extracting time of 2.5 h. The optimum technology for supercritical CO₂ extraction of volatile oil from freeze-dried onion powders was very efficient and extraction yield is 0.53%.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

008324   Haq M A;Hasnain A;Jamil K;Haider M S (Food Science & Technology Dep, Karachi Univ, Karachi-75270, Pakistan, Email: abdul.haq@uok.edu.pk) : Extraction and characterization of gum from Cordia myxa. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 122-6.

This study aimed to develop an extraction method of gum cordia and characterize the resulting gum from the fruits of Cordia myxa. Heating the fruits at 90 °C for 0.5 h with water (fruit: water, 1:4) containing 1000 mg kg^{-1 sodium metabisulfite was found to be sufficient to produce low colour gum. The yield of gum was approximately 1.5% based on fresh fruit weight. The gum was found to be different in composition than previously reported gum from C. abyssinica. The gum was high in protein (12%) and low in degree of methylation (10%). Gel permeation chromatography resolved two fractions in the gum having average molar mass of 1.9 x 106 and 4 x 103 g mol-1 respectively.}

3 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

008323   Gupta S;Alam M S;Gupta S K;Mittal T C (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Punjab Agricultural, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: mail2skid@gmail.com) : Efficacy of pectin coating concentrations and packaging on refrigerated storage of pea pods. Green Fmg 2013, 4(3), 338-42.

Experiment was conducted to study the effect of pectin coating concentrations and packaging materials on shelf-life and quality of green pea pods stored under refrigerated condition (1±0.2°C and 95% RH). Pectin coating of various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) were tried on fresh peapods in order to extend its marketing period. Coating was applied by immersion method. Coated and uncoated pea pods were kept in open crates, LDPE and HDPE bags of 100 gauge thickness. The quality of stored pea pods was evaluated on the basis of physiological loss in weight, colour, texture, decay %, chlorophyll content and organoleptic attributes at regular intervals throughout the storage study. It was observed that 1.0% pectin coated peas packed in HDPE packages recorded minimum changes in the quality parameters as compared to 0.5, 1.5 & 2.0% pectin coated and uncoated peas. It was possible to extend the shelf life of pea pods upto 56 days with acceptable quality attributes.

6 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

008322   Garg N;Yadav P;Sanjay Kumar;Dikshit A (NO, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, PO Kakori, Lucknow-227 107, Email: neelimagargg@rediffmail.com) : Screening of bael selections for preparation of sweet wine. Indian J Hort 2014, 71(1), 99-103.

Bael selections CISH B1, CISH B2 and CISH B9 were screened for preparation of bael wine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Though, all the selections were found suitable for preparation of wine, the product prepared from variety CISH B2 was found best in terms of sensory parameters, viz. colour, clarity, aroma, acidity, freedom from acetic acid, sweetness and astringency. It maintained uniformly higher sensory score throughout the storage period. The wine contained 12.4°Brix TSS, 0.94% acidity, 5.14 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, 0.69% tannins, 5.37% reducing sugars and 8.9% alcohol. During 12 months of storage of wine, the contents of TSS and reducing sugars increased, while acidity, ascorbic acid and tannins decreased. The study indicated that good quality wine could be prepared from bael selection CISH B2.

3 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

008321   Fadhil F;Al-Qaim;Abdullah M P;Othman M R;Afiq W M;Khalik W M (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Sciences for Women, Babylon Univ, P.O. Box 4, Hilla, Iraq, Email: fouadalkaim@yahoo.com) : Development and validation of HPLC analytical assay method for mefenamic acid tablet (ponstan). Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 62-72.

Mefenamic acid is analgesic and anti-pyretic used to treat menstrual pain. A simple assay method by HPLC was developed and validated for mefenamic acid tablet (Ponstan). Analyses of mefenamic acid in a commercial tablet, Ponstan were performed using HPLC- Uv-Visbleat 275 nm on a reverse phase column Chromolith (RP-18e, 100 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm), a binary mobile phase; A: 0.1% formic acid in deionised water, B: 100% acetonitrile. The validation aspects were selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and quantification limit. Linearity, 5-250 mgL^{-1, provided determination coefficients (R2) of 0.9995, and proved precise since the RSD% was less than 5% for three replications analysis. The recoveries obtained ranged from 99% to 108%. In this study, the optimisation of mobile phase, flow rate, volume injection and wavelength were achieved through a statistical treatment. The retention time and drug content of mefenamic acid was 3.9 min and 97%, respectively. This method is precise, accurate and very simple to analysis mefenamic acid in tablets.}

3 illus, 9 tables, 11 ref

008320   Elatrash S;Atoweir N (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Garyounis Univ, Bengazi, Libya, Email: sateae@yahoo.com) : Determination of lead and cadmium in raw cow's milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(1), 82-100.

This study describe to evaluate the possible contamination by some heavy metals (Lead and Cadmium) in raw cow's milk. Forty five samples of raw cow's milk collected from various farms in different locations in Benghazi area. The quantitative analysis of lead and cadmium were performed by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, for statistical analysis (ANOVA) was used when statistical comparison gave P <60> 0.05, the mean values of lead and cadmium were 3.43, 1.24 μg/Kg, respectively. These values were under the permissible limits, indicating that mean intake of heavy metals due to consumption is generally tolerable daily intake is fairly satisfactory. Our results were agreements with the value reported literature.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

008319   Arude V G;Manojkumar T S;Shukla S K (Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai and Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasargod) : Development and performance evaluation of an axial flow pre-cleaner for on farm cleaning of cotton. Cotton Res J 2013, 4(1), 71-80.

Single cylinder cotton pre-cleaner based on axial flow principle was designed and developed. The axial flow pre-cleaner consists of different assembly's viz. cylinder, grid bar, top cover, feeder, and mainframe and power drive assemblies. The pre-cleaner of 1200 mm cylinder length and overall peripheral cylinder diameter of 443.4 mm was fabricated. It was observed that the principle of axial flow could be effectively used for pre-cleaning of cotton. The machine was found to remove effectively the large trash particles, sand, dust, kawadi etc. The capacity of the machine was found to be 650 kg/h. The cylinder with diameter of 203.2 mm and spike length of 114.6 mm was found to be optimum. The better cleaning efficiency and optimum output was observed at cylinder speed of 225 rpm. The cleaning efficiency of the machine was found to be between 30- 40%. The machine was found to bring down the trash content by about 0.8-1.5%. The fibre quality parameters viz. fibre length, uniformity ratio, micronaire and strength were unaffected by the axial flow pre-cleaner. The improvement in the colour grade of the cotton was observed. The cost of operation per hour and per quintal was observed to be Rs.44 and Rs. 6.75 respectively. Additional income to farmer per quintal was found to be Rs 54. It was observed that axial flow pre-cleaner could be effectively itsed for on farm cleaning of cotton to enhance farm income.

9 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

007306   Verma A;Sharma A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: ashutos@iitk.ac.in) : Taming of self-organization in highly confined soft matter to sub-100 nm scales: nanolens-arrays by spinodal instability of thin polymer films for high-resolution optical imaging. Curr Sci 2013, 104(8), 1037-45.

Present a mini review of the recent progress in the fabrication of nanolenses and their use for high-resolution optical imaging beyond the diffraction limit. Nanolenses break the diffraction limit by capturing near-field evanescent waves and refocusing them in the far-field image plane. The focus of this article is on our recent work on fabrication of nanolens and ordered lens arrays by a combination of the top-down and self-organization in unstable thin polymer films. Highly confined, thin (<60>50 nm) liquid polymer films spontaneously transform into microscale patterns of droplets by a spinodal instability leading to dewetting. The lateral length scales of these self-organized structures in air are limited by the weak van der Waals destabilizing force and a strong surface tension-induced stabilization. Limitations on slow dewetting kinetics and relatively large (<62>1 μm) length scales can be overcome by dewetting induced under an optimal mix of a non-solvent (water) and a good solvent, which reducesthe interfacial tension without a concurrent solubilization of the polymer. This room temperature technique reduces both the time and the length scales of self-organized structures by over one order of magnitude. Further, directed dewetting combined with physico-chemically patterned substrates and films by e-beam, photolithography, laser ablation and nanoimprint lithography techniques can be used for fabrication of ordered nanostructures such as arrays of nanolenses.

6 illus, 51 ref

007305   Tavares W D S;Pereira A I D A;Freitas S D S; Serrao J E;Zanuncio J C (Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Vi‡osap36570-000, Vi‡osa, Minas Gerais State,, , Email: zanuncio@ufv.br) : Chemical exploration of Dimorphandra mollis (Fabaceae) in Brazil, with emphasis on insecticidal response. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(7), 465-8.

This review links two apparently unconnected subjects supporting strategies for sustainable biodiversity use and conservation of the Cerrado (Savanna-type) biome in Brazil with the flavonoid astilbin from Dimorphandra mollis Benth (Fabaceae) flowers. This plant is abundant in the Cerrado flowering from October to January. Larvae and hives of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) died after bee workers have pollinated crops of orange Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) near D.mollis in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, suggesting that bee workers might have collected pollen from D.mollis intoxicating themselves, other adults and the offspring. Pollen from D.mollis was collected and dried out of direct sunlight. Dichloromethane and methanol solutions were obtained from extracts of this pollen and the second was toxic to honey bees in the laboratory. Methanol solutions of astilbin from D.mollis were tested against insect-pests, with better results to Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) [pest of eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae)] and the defoliator caterpillars Anticarsia gemmatalis Hbner, 1818 [pest of soybeanGlycine max L. Merrill (Fabaceae)] and Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [pest of corn Zea mays L.(Poaceae)]. The abundance in the Cerrado and the toxic activity of astilbin from D.mollis flowers against forest and agriculture insect-pests show the potential to develop a new insecticide.

^iia14 ref

007304   Sanjida K;Mainkar P S;Chandrasekhar Srivari (Natural Products Chemistry Div, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: srivaric@iict.res.in) : Asymmetric synthesis of C11-C23 fragment of Pladienolide B. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2014, 53(6), 717-22.

Synthesis of C11-C23 fragment of an antitumor natural product, Pladienolide B, in gram-scale, is described. The key steps involved in this synthesis are Julia-Kocienski olefination, opening of epoxide with TBSOTf to form the corresponding -OTBS protected aldehyde and Evans aldol reaction.

1 illus, 16 ref

007303   Roy R (NO, , ) : Effect of atmospheric aerosol on lightning activity over north east India. Res Rev : J Space Sci Technol 2014, 3(2), 1-7.

Observations of the lightning activity variation from 1998 to 2011 due to atmospheric aerosol effect over the North East India have been reported here. It has been observed that the lightning activity increases very rapidly in this region with a rate of 867 lightning flashes per year. ightning activity over this region mainly occurs in two periods March to June and August to October every year. As the higher lightning activity occurs during March to June months, i.e., mainly during the Monsoon season, correlation has been found between lightning activity and convective activity. Good correlation has been observed with lightning upto the year 2009, after that lightning activity increases suddenly in the year 2010 and then again decreases. In further analysis, it is observed that the aerosol activity increases very significantly between 2009 and 2011 and may be the reason for increasing the lightning activity over this region in around 2010.

007302   Ragit S S;Mohapatra S K;Kundu K (NO, Thapar University, Patiala-147 004, Email: satish_ragit@yahoo.com) : Comparative studies on performnce characteristics of CI enging fuelled with neem methyl ester and mahua methyl ester and its respective blends with disesel fuel. J envir Sci Engng 2014, 56(1), 73-8.

Neem and mahua methyl ester were prepared by transesterification using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst and tested in 4-stroke single cylinder water cooled diesel engine. Tests were carried out at constant speed of 1500 rev/min at different brake mean effective pressures. A series of tests were conducted which worked at different brake mean effective pressures, OkPa, 1kPa, 2kPa, 3kPa, 4kPa, 5kPa, 6kPa and 6.5kPa.The performance and exhaust emission characteristics of the diesel engine were analyzed and compared with diesel fuel. Results showed that BTE of NME was comparable with diesel and it was noted that the BTE of NO 100 is 63.11 % higher than that of diesel at part load whereas it reduces 11.2% with diesel fuel at full load. In case of full load, NME showed decreasing trend with diesel fuel. BTE of diesel was 15.37 % and 36.89% at part load and full load respectively. The observation indicated that BTE for MME 100 was slightly higher than diesel at part loads. The specific fuel consumption (SrC) was more for almost all blends at all loads, compared to diesel. At part load, the EGT of MME and its blends were showing similar trend to diesel fuel and at full load, the exhaust gas temperature of MME and blends were higher than diesel. Based on this study, NME could be a substitute for diesel fuel in diesel engine.

6 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

007301   Patidar V;Chandra A;Singh M;Kale R K (School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar-382 030, Email: mansingh50@hotmail.com) : Phase behaviour and physicochemical study of Karanj oil-ethanol microemulsion as alternative renewable biofuel. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(7), 161-4.

Vegetable oil reverse micelle microemulsions as an alternative method for biodiesel production has been studied to eliminate transesterification reaction and avoid unpurified glycerol formation. The sorbitane oleate ester surfactants due to high solubilization capacity in oils have formed reverse micelle microemulsions with karanj oil and ethanol. The phase behaviour of span 80 and 85 based Karanj oil-ethanol microemulsion have been studied with their physicochemical parameters i.e. density and viscosity for formulating optimized systems as biofuel. The kinematic viscosity being an important physicochemical parameter elucidate karanj oil-ethanol microemulsion a better biofuel with span 80 than with span 85 as their resultant viscosities were in close agreement with ASTM biodiesel standards. It has been found that the microemulsification is a sustainable method for producing biofuels without chemical reactions as green fuel.

2 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

007300   Naveen Kumar H N;Naveena K;Pardhi R;Rajesh T (Agricultural Economics Dep, College of Agriculture, GB Pant Univ. of Agric & Tech, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Email: naveen240@rediffmail.com) : Economic analysis of desiccated coconut processing units in Tumkur district of Karnataka. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(4), 1747-51.

Desiccated coconut is widely used coconut product in the preparation of sweets, confectionery, curry preparation. The study was conducted to economically evaluate desiccated coconut processing units. The required information was collected from 14 sample DC entrepreneurs from Tumkur district of Karnataka. The method used in this study involved break-even analysis. Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The break-even analysis showed that all categories of units had processed more than the break-even level. Investment made on DC units is repaid back within 3.78 years. Investment on DC production is economically viable as indicated by positive NPV, BCR of more than unity and IRR above the opportunity cost (12%). These indices that investment on desiccated coconut production is a profitable venture and worthwhile.

2 tables, 6 ref

007299   Naveen Kumar H N;Naveena K;Pardhi R;Prassana Kumar H M (Agricultural Economics Dep, College of Agriculture, GB Pant Univ of Agric & Tech, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Email: naveen240@rediffmail.com) : Business ratio analysis of investment on desiccated coconut processing units. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(4), 1752-6.

Desiccated coconut has become mass consumption item due to their longer shelf life compare to fresh coconut. The required information for study was collected from DC entrepreneurs from Tumkur district of Karnataka. The study was conducted to evaluate the economic analyses of desiccated coconut production. Simple statistical and business ratio analysis used for production evaluation. Study reveals that fixed cost incurred in the processing of Coconut was Rs 24028284, out of which interest on fixed cost (Rs 17779,873) formed the major share. On an average marketing cost incurred was Rs 908,994.2, out of which sales tax (Rs 362,666.8) con-stituted major component. The net return per MT of DC produced was Rs 6,796.11, Rs 6,843.00 and Rs 7,841.59 in case of small, medium and large sized units respectively. Business ratios showed that the medium sized were more efficient compared to small and large sized units.

3 tables, 6 ref

007298   Narendra Babu R;Thulasi G;Robinson J J; Abrahum J J;Appa Rao V (Meat Science and Technology Dep, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 7, Email: nbabumst2@gmail.com) : Identification of buffalo meat by polymerase chain reaction. J Cell Tissue Res 2014, 14(2), 4255-8.

Meat species identification involves a wide variety of techniques, including DNA based method. In present study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as means for authentication of origin of meat species have been used. Samples were taken as fresh, frozen, cooked and processed meat from indigenous non descript buffalo breeds for extraction of DNA, which was carried out once using simple lysis based extraction procedure and a commercial DNA extraction kit. Samples with OD ratio (260:280) between 1.7 to 1.9 were considered good in terms of concentration and purity and were used for PCR amplification using species specific oligonucleotide primers which were custom made based on conserved region of cytochrome b gene. Electrophoresis of amplified PCR products and gel documentation revealed 425 bp in 3% agarose gel. Added ingredients, additives and cooking temperature did not affect the efficacy of PCR amplification. Sequencing of purified PCR product was done by automated sequencing procedure using Big Dye terminator V 3.1 cycle and AB1 3700 DNA analyzer. The results of sequence analysis and comparison with the sequences for mitochondrial cytochrome b gene showed 100% identity with accession number D 88983.1 as published in National Centre for Biotechnology Information.

1 illus, 29 ref

007297   Mukti M;Rahmatullah M (Pharmacy Dep, North South Univ, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Email: rahamatm@hotmail.com) : Treatment with aquatic plants by a Bagdi tribal healer of Rajbari district, Bangladesh. Ancient Sci Life 2013, 33(1), 22-6.

Tribal healers mainly use land plants in their medicinal formulations; use of aquatic plants has been scarcely reported. The aim of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey working with a Baydi tribal healer of Rajbari District, Bangladesh. The survey was carried out working with a Bagdi healer, who lived alone in the wetlands of Rajbari District and used primarily aquatic plants for treatment. Interview of the healer was carried out with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. The Bagdi healer was observed to use seven different aquatic plant species coming from five plant families for treatment of ailments such as hemorrhoids, tonsillitis, heart disorders, burning sensations and pain in hands or legs, blurred vision, debility, sexual weakness in males, chronic dysentery, infertility in women, constipation, chronic leucorrhea, blackness and foul odor of menstrual blood, hair loss, graying of nair and to keep the head cool. One plant was used to treat what the healer mentioned as "evil eye", this refers to their belief in black-magic. This is the first reported instance of a Bagdi healer who primarily uses aquatic plants for treatment. Ethnomedicinal uses of a number of the plants used by the Bagdi healer have been reported for other places in India and Pakistan. Taken together, the various uses of the different plant species opens up scientific possibilities of new drug discoveries from the plants.

1 table, 28 ref