002913   Costa C C;Pagano R P;Calado V M A;Tavares F W (NO, , Escola de Quimica- Universidade Federal do Rio de janerio, Email: calado@eq.ufrj.br) : Viscoelastic response and cure kinetic of a bisphenol A-derived epoxy. J Polym Mater 2007, 24(1), 39-47.

By using rheological and thermal analysis techniques, structural properties and cure kinetics of epoxy resin, prepared with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA), me investigated for four different ratios of hardener (TETA) and epoxy (DGEBA) (5%, 13%, 15% and 20%). Complex viscosity, 77", elastic modulus, G', and loss modulus, G", were measured through curing using a rheometerat room temperature. From isothermal and dynamic runs, the cure kinetics at five temperatures was analyzed by a DSC. A simple autocatalytic model was then used to fit the kinetic data. By using non conventional optimization technique, one set of parameters is obtained to correlate all five temperatures simultaneously, presenting excellent good performance.

7 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

002912   Chowdhury J U;Yusuf M (BCSIR Laboratories, , P.O. Chittagong Cantonment, Chittagong-4220, Bangaldesh) : Aromatic plants of Bangladesh: constituents of the leaf essential oil of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl.. Indian Perfumer 2007, 51(1), 65-7.

The essential oil from the leaves of Eupatorium triplinervewns analyzed by GC-MS. Of the thirty compounds identified, 2-tert-butyl-1,4-methoxybenzene (74.3%) and β-selinene (8.6) were the major.

1 table, 9 ref

002911   Chowdhury J U;Yusuf M (BCSIR Laboratories, , P.O. Chittagong Cantonment, Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh) : Aromatic plants of Bangladesh: constituents of leaf essential oil from Aegle marmelos and Feronia limonia. Indian Perfumer 2007, 51(1), 29-30.

Essential oils from leaves of Aegle marmelos and Feronia limonia were analyzed by GC-MS. Among the sixteen compounds in A. marmelos oil the major were α-phellandrene (35.7%), d-limonene (29), sabinene (16.7) and α-pinene (6.9). The major components in F. limonia oil were methyl chavicol (74.6%) and anethole (20) among the twenty six compounds.

2 tables, 9 ref

002910   Chand S P;Patri P;Mohanty I B (Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Dep, Fakir Mohan Autonomous College, Balasore-756 001, Email: indubhushan2007@rediffmail.com) : Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate complexed with β-cyclodextrin in homogeneous aqueous medium. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(1), 63-7.

The radical polymerization of β-cyclodextrin host-guest complexes of methyl methacrylate initiated by Potassium Peroxydisulphate in homogeneous aqueous solution have been studied. The effect of change of monomer and initiator concentration, temperature, time and different solvents on the rate of polymerization are studied. The rate of polymerization of uncomplexed methyl methacrylate are also studied. It is observed that, the polymerization occurred much faster and the percentage of conversion of monomer and the rate of polymerization are more in case of polymerization of complexed MMA in comparison to uncomplexed monomer. The rate of polymerization in presence of organic solvents are also studied. The viscosity and the molecular weight of polymer obtained in presence of β-cyclodextrin is found to be higher in comparison to the polymer obtained in absence of β-cyclodextrin.

6 illus, 20 ref

002909   Carraher C (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, Florida Atlantic Univ, Boca Raton, FL 33431, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, USA, Email: carraher@fau.edu) : Organoantimony-containing polymers. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(1), 35-50.

The literature on organoantimony polymers is modest. A number of polymers have been synthesized and characterized including polyesters, polyamines, polyethers, polyoxamines and mixed products. Some of the antimony polymers have been reported to offer unusual viscosity properties, to be semiconductors, and be candidates as flame retardants. Many of the products also exhibit good inhibition of various bacteria, fungi, and yeast micro-organisms. Some also may be decent anticancer agents.

39 ref

002908   Battin A J;Carraher C E (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, Florida Atlantic Univ, Boca Raton, FL 33431 and Florida Center for Environmental Studies, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, USA, Email: carraher@fau.edu) : Effect of doping by exposure to iodine vapor on the electrical conductivity of the polyamine from titanocene dichloride and 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(1), 23-33.

The polymer synthesized from reaction of titanocene dichloride and 2-nitro-p- phenylenediamine was doped by exposure to iodine vapor. Electrical conductivity increased from about 10¹ to 10⁵ fold depending on the doping time resulting in the materials conductivity increasing from being a semiconductor to becoming a near conductor. The process is cyclic. This is the initial report of such doping increasing the conductivity of a condensation polymer.

13 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

002907   Bakr M A;Mahmud A;Hasnat M E (Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Dep, Rajashahi Univ, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Email: mabakr2108@yahoo.com) : Drug release patterns of malic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol and phthalic acid-butane 1, 4-diol-glycerol co-polyesters. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(1), 111-17.

Malic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol and phthalic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol co-polyesters were synthesized and characterized by their IR-spectra, molecular weights, solubility in common organic solvents, equilibrium swelling behavior in water and ethanol, elemental analyses, melting points, hydro-lytic and soil degradation tests. By using Dean-Stark apparatus, the synthesis procedure was carried out with xylene as reaction medium and anhydrous FeCl₃ as catalyst. The co-polyesters remained unchanged in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and gradually degraded in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). They were later tried as enteric coating materials on diclofenac sodium core tablets and their drug release patterns correspond to BP standard drug release profile of enteric coating material.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

002906   Bag D S;Shami T C;Bhasker Rao K U (Defence Materials and stores Research and Development Establishment (D, , G.T. Road, Kanpur-208 013, Email: ds_bag@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of a chiral monomer and its polymer, poly [D-(+)-α-methyl benzyl methacryloylamine]. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(1), 51-62.

A chiral monomer, D-(+)-α-methyl benzyl methacryloylamine was synthesized by the condensation reaction of D-(+)-α-methyl benzyl amine and methacryloyl chloride. The melting point of the monomer is 95.5°C. The synthesized monomer was polymerized by radical polymerization using 2,2-azo bis isobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator under nitrogen atmosphere. The chiral monomer and its polymer were characterized by FTIR, NMR and UV- VIS spectroscopy. The number and weight average molecular weights of the polymer are 2.05 x 10³ and 2.78 x 10³ respectively as measured by GPC. The optical rotation ([α]³⁰_D C=0.5, CHCI₃) of the chiral monomer is +23° and that of the corresponding chiral polymer is +59°. Bisignate cotton effect is observed in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the chiral monomer and its polymer. TheT_gand T_m of the chiral polymer is 100.6°C and 255°C respectively.

12 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

002905   Amrutia R R;Parsania P H (Chemistry Dep, Polymer Chemistry Div, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and characterization of poly(4,4'-cyclohexylidene diphenyloxy-4,4'-diphenylene sulfone). J Polym Mater 2007, 24(1), 77-83.

Poly(4,4'-cyclohexylidene diphenyloxy-4,4'-diphenylene sulfone) (PES-C) has been synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone and 1,1'-bis (4-hydroxy phenyl)cyclohexane in N,N-dimethyl acetamide as a solvent and Na₂CO₃ as a catalyst at 170-175°C for 6-20 h. PES-C is soluble in common solvents and its structure is supported by IR and NMR spectral data. The density of PES-C is determined by specific volume method in different solvents at room temperature. The experimental and theoretical densities do not agree due to solvation phenomena. DTA thermogram showed Tg at 234°C and exothermic decomposition transitions at 485° and 591.4°C. PES-C is thermally stable up to about 350-C in nitrogen atmosphere and involved apparently single step decomposition reaction.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

002904   Alam M A;Miah M A J;Ahmad H (Chemistry Dep, Rajshahi Univ, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh, Email: samarhass@yahoo.com) : Relative stability of immobilized trypsin on stimuli-responsive composite polymer particles. J Polym Mater 2007, 24(1), 85-90.

Submicron-sized stimuli-responsive poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)/poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)[P(DM-EGDM)] composite polymer particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerization of DM and EGDM in presence of PMMA seed particles. Seed particles were obtained by emulsion polymerization. The performance of PMMA/P(DM-EGDM) composite polymer particles as a carrier for biomolecules were evaluated by measuring the enzymatic activity of adsorbed trypsin at temperature above and below the lower critical solution temperature. The immobilized trypsin retained its activity during the measurements.

1 illus, 27 ref

001899   Siddeshwar S;Reddy K K;Madhava Rao T;Arun K; Reddy P V M (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, S V Veterinary Univ, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: hyd2_kkreddy5@sancharnet.in) : Screening and estimation of pre-biotic oligosaccharides in fruits and vegetables. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2008, 2(1), 183-91.

Attempt was made to estimate the oligosaccharides content in fruits, vegetables and edible roots and to find the effect of drying on different oligosaccharides (stachyose, raffinose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose and maltoheptaose) considering their importance as prebiotics (substrate for the growth of probiotics in human colon). Quantification involved hot water extraction (98C/ 2 h) of oligosaccharides, different filtration steps, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis using 70 % acetonitrile as eluent with refractive index (RI) detector and oligosaccharide standards as reference. Raffinose content was observed (mg/g of DM) in Okra (0.089), onion (0.3015) and potato (in trace amounts). Stachyose content was noticed (in mg/g of DM) in apple (traces only) Maltotriose content was observed (mg/g of DM) in onion (0.1148). Maltotetraose content was observed (mg/g of DM) in beet root (0.2394), okra (traces), onion (0.105), garlic (0.3075), guava (0.0678) and banana (0.177). Maltopentaose content was found in three samples (mg/g of DM) in yam (traces), garlic (0.3929) and tomato (0.549). Maltohexaose content was present (mg/g of DM) in carrot but only in traces. Maltoheptaose content was not found in any analysed samples (fruits, vegetables and roots). Drying had no effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of different oligosaccharides compared to fresh samples. Carrot, okra, onion, garlic, beet root, yam, guava, apple, tomato and banana appear to be good sources for commercial extraction of prebiotics by using membrane processing technology.

2 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

001898   Hemlatha P;Vadivel E;Saraswathi T;Rajamani K (NO, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural, Copimbatore-641 003) : Role of preservatives and storage temperature on the post harvest quality of Aloe vera gel.. Adv Pl Sci 2008, 21(2), 471-3.

The investigation on the effect of preservatives and storage conditions on shelf life and quality of Aloe vera gel was carried out. It was found that all the parameters viz., gel weight reduction (0.030% and 0.100%), gel pH (3.380 and 4.195), TSS (0.688% and 0.572%), titrable acidity (3.968% and 3.771%) and fibre content (0.090% and 0.075%) were found to be best in the treatment T^-1 composed of Sodium benzoate (1000 ppm) and Citric acid (1%) up to 20lh Day After Storage (DAS) at room temperature and 35th DAS at 5°C temperature respec- lively. However the TSS content (0.6% to 0.7%) of the gel as reported by Chaudhuri and Mukundan (2001) was found to be maintained only upto 30th DAS (0.622%) at 5°C temperature condition. Hence, aloe gel can be stored for more number of days (3Odays) at 5°C temperature without any deterioration in its quality.

1 table, 5 ref

000991   Zarei K;Atabati M;Karimian N (Chemistry Dep, Damghan Univ of Basic Sciences, Damghan, Iran, Email: zarei@dubs.ac.ir ) : Simultaneous kinetic spectrophotometric determination of citric and ascorbic acid by H-point standard addition method. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 417-22.

The H-point standard addition method was applied to kinetic data for simultaneous determination of citric and ascorbic acid or selective determination of ascorbic acid in presence of citric acid, The method is based on the difference in the rate of reaction of citric and ascorbic acid with copper(II)-ammonia complex. The linear dynamic ranges for the two analytes of citric and ascorbic acid are 0.80-1.15 x 10² and 0.70-10.00 mM, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of citric and ascorbic acid in some powdered drink mixtures and vitamin C tablet.

6 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

000990   Vishwanatham S;Haldar N (Applied Chemistry Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Email: sunkari_v@yahoo.com ) : Corrosion inhibition of N80 steel in hydrochloric acid by phenol derivatives. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 501-6.

The inhibitory action of methoxy phenol (MPH) and nonyl phenol (NPH) on corrosion of N80 steel in 15% HCl has been investigated at different period of exposure (6 to 24 h) and temperature (30 to 110°C). Nonyl phenol and methoxy phenol have shown maximum inhibition of about 83 and 78% at 75 mM inhibitor concentration in the acid respectively after 6 h exposure test at ambient temperature. The inhibition efficiencies of nonyl phenol and methoxy phenol are found to be about 79 and 30% respectively after 24 h exposure. Nonyl phenol has shown maximum inhibition of about 59 and 44% at 75 mM inhibitor concentration in the acid respectively at 90 and 110°C respectively. The inhibition afforded by methoxy phenol was found to be relatively low (about 34% at 60°C). Heat of adsorption was found to be 50 KJ/mol in case of MPH, indicating formation of a protective chemisorbed film on the metal surface, which suppresses the dissolution reaction. NPH showed heat of adsorption of about 26 KJ/mol indicating a weak chemisorption. Both these compounds inhibit corrosion by adsorption mechanism and follow Temkin isotherm. The results of polarization studies indicate that the compounds are mixed type inhibitors. The FT1R spectral analyses of the surface product suggest involvement of hydroxyl group (un protonated as well as protonated) of these inhibitor molecules in the adsorption process.

5 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

000989   Vinod Kumar (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Thermo-mechanical simulation of steel processing operations:equipment and approach. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 56-62.

Production of special steels requires careful design of alloy chemistry, proper continuous casting operation to produce defect-free casting and optimized hot rolling and post-cooling or cold rolling and annealing process. Each of these steps needs to be fine-tuned and optimized to achieve maximum benefit towards reduction in alloy additions, quality and yield of the steel product. A Thermo-Mechanical Simulator can be effectively utilized for this purpose. In this paper a brief description of the Gleeble Thermo-Mechanical Simulator is presented along with the approach to simulation of continuous casting, rolling, welding and strip annealing operations, based on our extensive experience over the last six years period.

1 table, 6 illus

000988   Uddin M T;Mozumder S I;Figoli A;Islam A; Drioli E (Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science Dep, Shahjalal Univ of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangaladesh, Email: mtuddin-cep@sust.edu) : Arsenic removal by conventional and membrane technology. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 441-50.

Presently used arsenic removal technology has been reviewed, pointing especially to the promise of membrane technologies as a practical means of purification. The membrane technologies include reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltraiion (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF). Among them, the applications of the first two have proved to be reliable in removing arsenic from water. The influence of membrane materials, membrane type, operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, pH of the feed solution and feed concentration on arsenic removal efficiency by membrane technologies are discussed. This paper also provides a comparison between conventional technologies and membrane technologies for arsenic removal and concludes that membrane technology is preferred for water treatments to meet the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) standard.

2 illus, 3 tables, 52 ref

000987   Tiwari D C;Jain R;Sahu G (School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior-474 011, Email: rajeevjain54@yahoo.co.in) : Electrochemical reduction of ornidazole at a composite polymer membrane electrode. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 560-5.

Composite polymer membrane has been fabricated on platinum foil using electrochemical deposition of pyrrole and aniline as monomers. The composite has been used as an electrode to analyse ornidazole. The results were comparable with the glassy carbon electrode. The mechanism of biological action of ornidazole is dependent upon the nitro group reduction process. In aprotic medium the reduction of the ornidazole occurs in two steps, the first involving one electron to form the nitro radical and the second step involving three electrons, resulting in the formation of the hydroxylamine derivative.

11 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

000986   Thangaraj V;Chitharanjan Hegde A (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Srinivasnagar-575 025, Email: achegde@rediffmail.com) : Electrodeposition and compositional behaviour of Zn-Ni alloy. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 246-32.

This paper discusses the optimization of an electroplating bath for smooth and uniform deposition of zinc-nickel alloy on mild steel. Electroplating has been carried out in a chloride bath using glycine and gelatin as additives. The effect of bath conditions and operating parameters on chemical composition, micro-hardness and appearance of the deposit have been studied and discussed. The experimental results reveal that a bright Zn-Ni alloy having about 13.6 %Ni is showing good performance against corrosion. The corrosion resistance of the deposit is found to be characteristic of its %Ni content, and is improved drastically after chrome passivation. The bath follows anomalous codeposition with preferential deposition of Zn over the entire current density range used for the study. The increase of %Ni in the deposit with current density is due to the depletion of more readily depositable Zn²⁺ ions at the cathode. No transition current density, at which the codeposition behaviour changed from the anomalous to normal type, was observed during the study. The increase of %Ni in the deposit at high current density (c.d.) is attributed to high ratio of Ni²⁺/Zn²⁺ in the bath. The effect of temperature on the plating process showed that codeposition of metals on the cathode is diffusion controlled.

12 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

000985   Sunil Kumar;Gupta A;Yadav J P (Environmental Science and Engineering Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ, Hisar-125 001, Email: yadav1964@rediffmail.com) : Fluoride removal by mixtures of activated carbon prepared from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Kikar (Acacia arabica) leaves. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 355-61.

Fluoride removal from aqueous solution was investigated using activated carbon developed from mixture of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Kikar (Acacia arabica) leaves. In this study, the mixture of sizes 0.3 mm and 1.0 mm (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2) adsorbent were prepared by mixing the thermally activated Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves carbon and thermally activated Kikar (Acacia arabica} leaves carbon, according to their efficiency for fluoride removal. Batch type experiment was carried out for the adsorption of fluoride using mixture adsorbent. In the batch study influence of pH, adsorbent dose and contact time were investigated. Adsorption of fluoride was pH dependent and was found to be maximum at pH 6. Fluoride removal increased with increased dose of carbon. The adsorption process obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm, Langergren's equation and intraparticle diffusion. Fluoride removal increased with decreasing particle size of carbon. In mixture, adsorbent ratio 2:1 had slightly higher capacity than the 1:1 and 1:2.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

000984   Sundaram R;Hariprasad K S (Chemistry Dep, Science and Humanities, Maamallan Institute of Technology, Sriperumbudur-602 105, Email: sundramrsram@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis of chloride ion-selective potentiometric sensor based on coordination polymer complex. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 451-8.

Describes the fabrication of an ion-selective electrode in which a 2,5-dihydroxy-p-benzoquinone (DHBQ) is used as the ionophore. The polymers prepared were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-infrared spectra, solid state electrical conductivity studies leading to activation energy, conductance measurements and thermoelectric power measurements. The DC conductance (1/R) values of Fe(III)-DHBQ, Co(II)-DHBQ, Ni(II)-DHBQ and Cu(II)-DHBQ arc 8.75x10^{-8, 11.8x10-8, 8.33x10-8 and 1.28x10-8 <87>-1, respectively. The current increase exponentially against temperature proves the semiconductive nature. Thermoelectric power (TEP) measurements showed the sign of the seebeck coefficient which was positive in the temperature range and hence it was concluded that the majority carriers are of n-type. The low activation energy is interpreted in terms of intermediate trap levels. The main advantage of the electrode is that it is mechanically stable up to 3 years. The electrode shows a linear response in the range of 2.5 x 10-5 - 0.5 x 10-1 mol dm-3. I he response time of the electrode is 30 s. The pH range at which the electrode works is 3.8 to 6.8. The electrode was found to be selective towards chloride ion in the presence of ions like Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, CH₃COO-, NO₃-, SO₄2-, Br and NO₂-.}

6 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

000983   Sivakumaran N;Radhakrishnan T K (Process Control Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620 015, Email: radha@nitt.edu) : Predictive controller design for non-linear chemical processes. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 341-9.

Focusses on the design of Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) for non-linear systems in real time using Matlab and dSPACE interfacing card. A pH neutralization and quadruple tank process are considered here for predictive control, based on the system matrix formulation using data obtained from real time, for which, linear optimization based constrained controller design is performed. The controller effort weighing (λ) and number of predictions steps (P) are tuned for the real time. The systems are analyzed for reference tracking and disturbance rejection behaviour.

8 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

000982   Singh V B;Ray M (Chemistry Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: vijaybs@bhu.ac.in) : Corrosion studies of Ni-free austenitic stainless steel in methanol containing H₂SO₄, HCl and LiCl. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 488-93.

The corrosion behaviour of an austenitic stainless steel containing nitrogen with negligible amount of nickel has been investigated in methanol-H₂SO₄, methanol-HCl, and methanol-LiCl solutions using potentiostatic polarization technique. The cathodic reaction was the hydrogen evolution reaction. Active, passive and transpassive behaviours were observed only at high concentrations of H₂SO₄ (0.01-1.0 M) in methanol, and passivity was due to the high inherent water content in sulphuric acid. Pitting was also observed on the steel surface. The pitting potential became nobler as the concentration of H₂SO₄ increased. In 0.1 and 1.0 M H₂SO₄, a cathodic loop, characterized by measured negative current in the anodic region, was also observed. In methanol-HCl and methanol-LiCl solutions, the steel dissolved actively and no active-passive transition was observed. The corrosion rate was significantly higher in methanol-HCl solution as compared to methanol-LiCl due to the synergistic effects of acid and chloride ion.

4 illus, 31 ref

000981   Singh S P (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur-247 001) : Relationship of z-tensile strength with in-plane strength properties of paper. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 317 20.

Several methods are available for the measurement of strength of paper in the thickness direction. However, the values obtained from these methods are highly correlated with each other and also with the in-plane strength measurements. The relationship between z-direction tensile strength and in-plane tensile index of handsheets made at varying extents of pulp beating, types of strength aids and doses of strength aids has been studied. It has been noticed that the z-direction tensile strength of paper can be expressed in terms of in-plane tensile index by a single relationship whether the tensile index is changed by refining, or by adding strength aids, or by increasing the dose of the strength aid. In practice, an appropriate value of tensile index may be specified to ensure adequate performance of the paper even when it is subjected to stresses in z-direction.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

000980   Shukla S K;Saha B B;Tripathi B D;Ram avtar (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Simulation studies in hot dip process simulator for full hard galvanized steel sheets. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 45-50.

Full hard galvanized steel sheets (thickness : 0.37 to 0.80 mm) are characterized in terms of higher strength/hardness (≥ 85 HR_B) along with moderate bendability property, and are used for making roofs, silos, storage bins etc. Prior to plant scale trial, simulation studies were conducted in HOPS to determine optimum process parameters for production of full hard galvanized sheets. Based on the information collected from Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDGL), Bokaro Steel Plant for the processing of conventional galvanized sheets, design of experiments were finalized for simulation studies. Through simulation studies, optimum annealing temperature, hydrogen gas content and dew point to be maintained in annealing furnace for producing full hard galvanized sheets were determined. It was found that to achieve hardness level ≥ 85HR_B in galvanised sheet, strip temperature in different furnace sections of the HDGL should not exceed 570°C and increase in H₂ content from 5 to 20% in annealing atm. at strip annealing temperature of 570°C enhanced the strip reflectance from 70 to 94% for the as received cold rolled strip surface reflectance of 54%. Further, coating adherence of the full hard galvanized sheet was found superior, when dew point was maintained at ≤-20°C in the furnace atmosphere during annealing and Al level in zinc bath was maintained at ~0.20%.

4 illus, 6 tables, 2 ref

000979   Sharma H K;Quraishi M A (NO, G L Institute of Technology and Management, Plot No 2, Email: drhksharma@rediffmail.com ) : Inhibitive effect of some gemini surfactants on mild steel corrosion in acid solutions. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 494-500.

Four gemini surfactants namely N-trimethyl butane-diyl -1,2-ethane-bis-ammonium bromide (BEAB), N-hexane-diyl-1,2-ethane-bis-ammonium bromide (HEAB), N-dodecane-diyl-1,2-ethane-bis-ammonium bromide (DDEAB) and N-hexadecane-diyl -1,2-ethane-bis-ammonium bromide (HDEAB) were synthesized in the laboratory and their influence on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 1 N sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The values of activation energy and free energy of adsorption of all the compounds were calculated to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The results of potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that all the compounds were mixed type inhibitors and inhibit the corrosion of mild steel by blocking the active sites of the metal. The adsorption of all the compounds on mild steel surface in both the acid solutions was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency of the compounds was found to vary with their nature and concentration, solution temperature, immersion time and acid concentrations.

5 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

000978   Shanbhag A V;Prabhu R A;Kulkarni G M; Kalkhambkar R G;Venkatesha T V (Chemistry Dep, S.D.M. College, Honavar-581 334, Email: drtvvenkatesha@yahoo.co.uk) : Inhibitiory effect of some imines on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 584-91.

The inhibition effect of 4-[(E)-(phenylimino)meihyl]phenol (PIP), 4-[(E)-(4-fluorophenylimino)methyl]phenol (FIP), 4-[(E)-(4-chlorophenylimino)methyl]phenol (C1P), 4-[(E)-(4-bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol(BIP) and 4-[(E)-(4-nitro-phenylimino) methyl]phenol (NIP) on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid was investigated. The corrosion inhibiting action was studied through weight loss and electrochemical techniques. The corrosion parameters such as anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes (b_a and b_c), corrosion potential (E_corr), corrosion current densities (I_corr), surface coverage (0) and corrosion inhibition efficiencies %IE were determined. The polarization measurements indicated that the inhibitors are of mixed type. The adsorption obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiencies increased with increase in inhibitor concentration but decreased with increase in temperature and also with increase in acid concentration. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated for different temperatures.

5 illus, 6 tables, 33 ref

000977   Sen S K;Bhattacharyya S;Kumar V;Prasad N K; Prakash K (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Thermomechanical controlled rolling for production of special steel thick plants. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 30-4.

An attempt was made to improve impact toughness in micro-alloyed steel thick plates by refining ferrite grains through controlled rolling. The main objective was to avoid the normalizing treatment, which is the general practice. Continuously cast slabs of SAILMA-350 HI and DIN 17100 grades were hot rolled, either in roughing or in combination of roughing and finishing mills, into 63 and 65 mm thick plates at finishing temperature of 950 - 860 C. In case of niobium micro-alloyed SAILMA-350 HI grade steel (65 mm thickness), with finishing temperature 860°C and total deformation of ~60% below 950°C ferrite grains mere found to get refined to 8.4 - 8.5 micron (average value) and the impact toughness ( CVN value ) was observed to improve to 87 - 130 Joules at -20°C. As rolled and normalized SAILMA-350 HI plate (63 mm thickness) showed lower CVN impact value of 76 Joules at -20°C compared to controlled rolled plates. DIN 17100 grade steel slab was initially given 62.5% deformation above 1000°C and finally 38.5% deformation with a finishing temperature of 916°C. It showed CVN value of 68.60 Joules at -20°C, though the ferrite grains were coarser (9.20μ) and pearlite content was more (27.83%). This steel with high finish rolling temperature (940-950°C) had lower Charpy impact value (36.75 - 51.4 Joules) at -20°C on account of bigger pearlite grains. Both the steels (SAILMA - 350 HI and DIN 17100 grades) with finish rolling temperature range of 950 to 860°C were found to have good tensile properties.

1 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

000976   Selvakumar R;Kavitha S;Swaminathan K (Microbial Biotechnology Div, Biotechnology Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore-641 046, Email: selvabiotech@gmail.com) : Adsorption of as(V) from aqueous solution by chemically doped coir pith carbon. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 276-82.

Examines the possible use of coir pith, a by-product from coir fibre industry as a means of removing As(V) from aqueous solution. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the thermally activated coir pith carbon (TCPC). The efficiency of TCPC was improved by doping with FeSO₄.7H₂O (FCPC) and CuSO₄.5H₂O (CCPC). Adsorption studies were carried out using these doped and undoped coir pith carbon. Maximum removal was observed with FCPC with a Q_o value of 18.9 mg/g followed by CCPC with (Q_o value of 14.77 mg/g at maximum As(V) concentration. TCPC was comparatively less efficient when compared to the doped adsorbents and had a Q_o value of 8.39 mg/g. The rate of adsorption was dependent on the As(V) concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied and the experimental data fitted well with these isotherms. The desorption and regeneration studies revealed that FCPC after regeneration could remove 62.8% As(V) when recycled. The results indicate that FCPC could he used as an effective adsorbent for As(V) removal from ground water sample.

3 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

000975   Selva Kumar M;Krishna Bhat D (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology Kanataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar-575 025, Email: denthaje@gmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of an all solid supercapacitor based on polyaniline-Al₂O₃ layer on aluminium alloy-Al-2024. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 572-8.

The characteristics of an all solid state supercapacitor based on polyaniline (Pani)-Al₂O₃ coating on aluminium alloy 2024 (Al-2024) surface prepared by the constant current method have been investigated. Three stages arc observed in the potential- electrolysis time relation for the simultaneous preparation of the dielectric layer and the conducting polymer on the aluminium foil. The deposition of polyaniline film has been confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The solid state capacitor has been studied by AC impedance spectroscopy and the capacitive behaviour of the cell is discussed in terms of Nyquist plots, complex capacitance and complex power. The study revealed that the capacitor has comparatively good capacitance, ranging from 450 to 600nF/cm², a low time constant and also very low resistance. The normalized reactive power, |Q|/|S| and active power |P|/|S| versus frequency plot for the solid state capacitor allow an overview of the whole frequency behaviour of the supercapcitors, ranging from a pure resistance at high frequency to a pure capacitance at low frequency. When a capacitor is used as a source stiffening capacitor and is buffering the supply by delivering initial current, a lower RC time constant allows delivering significantly more current. So this type of solid-state capacitor can be used for the DC-DC converter modules.

8 illus, 15 ref

000974   Sarkar S;Adhikari B (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: ba@matsc.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Biodegradation of lactic acid and polyethylene glycol based polyester urethanes. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 221-8.

A novel polyester urethane based on lactic acid and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) was synthesized. The biodegradation of the polyester urethane under soil burial condition and by cultured bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at different temperatures (5, 15, 37°C) was studied. The biodegradation was assessed from the weight loss, tensile strength and ultimate elongation as well as chemical changes by FTIR spectroscopy and visual changes by optical and scanning electron microscopy. After 30 days of exposure of the polyester urethane films to cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa around 33-36% degradation in terms of weight loss was observed. Under soil burial degradation the samples have shown 62% weight loss in 180 days but there is around 98 to 99% loss in tensile strength and elongation at break.

5 illus, 21 ref

000973   Sains K; (Food and Nutrition Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: kiranbains68@hotmail.com) : Analysis of various vegetable preparations for calcium, iron and zinc intake of Punjabi urban and rural families. Nat Prod Radiance 2007, 6(2), 106-10.

Study was conducted to determine the importance of traditional vegetable preparations as sources of calcium, iron and zinc among urban and rural families during winter season. Information on vegetable consumption, storage and cooking practices was collected from 60 families, 30 each from urban and rural areas of Ludhiana district, Punjab, ludia. The total daily vegetable consumption by urban and rural families was 411.7 and 365-9g; the contribution of vegetable preparations to the total vegetable intake being 68.7 and 85.0%, respectively. The edible portion in all kinds of vegetables was 78.9%. Ten vegetable preparations which were most frequently consumed by the families i.e. mustard saag, potato-spinach, potato-fenugreek, potato-brinjal, potato-cauliflower, potato-capsicum, potato-carrot, potato-beans, potato-peas and cabbage-pea were selected for nutritional analysis. The samples of preparations were prepared in the laboratory as per the information supplied by surveyed families. The average calcium, iron and zinc in vegetable preparations were: 81.9,1.60 and 0.46 mg/l00g fresh weight, respectively. The average losses of calcium, iron and zinc during pre-preparation and cooking of vegetable preparations were: 12.9, 12.6 and 14.0%, respectively. The vegetable preparations provided 47.2, 12.5 and 6.6% of calcium, iron and zinc of the recommended level in case of urban families; and the corresponding percentages for rural families were 52.4,13.9 and 7.3 per cent.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

000972   Reddithota D;Yerramilli A;Krupadam R J (NO, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Hyderabad-500 072, Email: rj_krupadam@neeri.res.in) : Electrocoagulation: a cleaner method for treatment of Cr(VI) from electroplating industrial effuents. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 240-5.

Chromium contamination in waters are highly toxic even in very low concentrations and need to be completely removed from the effluents before they are discharged into a stream, sewer or on land. Electroplating industry is one of the industrial sectors producing chromium bearing waste waters, mostly originating from chromium plating, anodizing, electroplating solutions and dip solutions like passivating dips, bright dips, etc. Chromium concentration in the effluents varies from 3 to 50 mg/L depending upon the care with which the plating operations are carried out. The results of this study have shown the applicability of electrocoagulation as a clean method for treatment of Cr(VI) containing wastewaters. The optimum removal of Cr(VI) was attained between pH 4-8. Increase in current density enhances the removal rate and the quickest treatment with an effective reduction of Cr(VI) concentrations was achieved below permissible level within 20 min. Iron electrodes were found to be more efficient in removing chromium in comparison to the aluminum and hydrid Al/Fe electrodes. This may be due to the formation of stable Fe-Cr complex which is more stable than Al-Cr complexes. On the other hand, 1 kg of Cr(VI) removal produces only 2,8 kg of sludge against 36 kg of sludge generated from iron sulphate precipitation method. The rate of removal is faster in comparison to the adsorption on activated carbon which is one of the most important requirement for practical application of this treatment method.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

000971   Ray S K (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Influence of chemistry and solidification behaviour on quality of cast slab and rolled product of stainless steels. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 63-71.

A comprehensive understanding has been developed on the role of chemistry in influencing solidification behaviour, and consequent quality issues during continuous casting of stainless steels. The ratio of nickel equivalent and chromium equivalent has been found to represent the characteristic chemistry of stainless steels, much like carbon equivalent in low alloy steels. This ratio controls the mode of solidification, and delineates the relative proportion of ferrite (δ) and austenite (γ) during and subsequent to solidification. The temperature dependence of the formation of δ and γ has been shown to influence microsegregation, thickness of solid shell vis-a-vis mushy zone, and strength and ductility of solidifying strand. Specific problems of mould sticking, strand bulging or depression formation in different stainless steel grades have been traced to the dynamic interaction between these effects. The developed understanding has been utilised to eliminate specific metallurgical quality problems in continuously cast slab and rolled product of different standard grades. This knowledge can be used for casting of good quality slab of new grades of stainless steel having any specific chemistry.

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

000970   Ravi Chandra P V S;Venkateswarlu C (Process Dynamics and Control Group, Chemical Engineering Sciences Div, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: chvenkat@iict.res.in) : Multistep model predictive control of ethyl acetate reactive distillation column. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 333-40.

An unconstrained model predictive control (MPC) strategy is presented for single input-single output (S1SO) control of a reactive distillation column. The predictive model of the MFC is based on the autoregressive moving average (ARX) model structure, whose parameters are updated on-line using the process measurement information. The design and performance of the control strategy is evaluated by applying to a highly nonlinear ethyl acetate reactive distillation column with double feed column configuration involving an esterification reaction with azeotropism. The controller performance is studied with respect to the effect of tuning parameters involved in the ARX model parameter adaptation algorithm and also towards the influence of model prediction and control horizons. The simulation results illustrate the superior performance of the multistep model predictive control strategy over the conventional PI controller for both setpoint tracking as well as disturbance rejection.

6 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

000969   Rathore H S;Varshney G;Ishratullah K (Applied Chemistry Dep, Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim Un, Aligarh-202 002, Email: hsrathore2003@yahoo.com) : Assessment of the movement of some dithiocarbamate fungicide by soil thin-layer chromatography. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 400-6.

Describes the mobility of dithiocarbamate fungicides such us mancozeb, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate ziram, propineb and zineb on chromatoplates coated with different types of soil and admixtures of charcoal - soil in water aqueous solutions and organic solvents. It also comprises the results of adsorption of these fungicides obtained by batel process. The results so obtained are discussed for use in the control or deactivation of dithiocarbamate fungicide translocation from soil to plant.

10 tables, 20 ref

000968   Randhawa M A;Anjum F M;Asi M R;Butt M S;Ahmed A;Randhawa M S (National Institute of Food Science & Technology, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad, Pakistan 38040, Email: atifrandhawa@yahoo.com) : Removal of edosulfan from vegetables by household processing. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(10), 849-52.

Effect of washing, peeling and cooking on endosulfan residue (ER) levels was determined in winter (spinach, cauliflower, potato) and summer vegetables (brinjal. tomato, okra) grown under controlled supervised field trials. Highest ER was found at raw stage in brinjal (2.43 mg/kg) followed by okra (1.83 mg/kg) and spinach (1.25 mg/kg) and lowest in potato (0.177 mg/kg). ER in vegetables was found to be reduced as follows: washing, 15-30; peeling, 60-67; and cooking, 13-35%. High levels of ERs exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs) were observed in brinjal and tomato samples at raw stage. However, vegetable household processing reduced ER below the MRLs.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

000967   Rafiquee M Z A;Saxena N;Khan S;Quaraishi M A (Corrosion Research Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Dep, Engineering Faculty & Technology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: nidhisaxena01@gmail.com) : Some fatty acid oxadiazoles for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in HCl. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 576-83.

Inhibition effect of some fatty acid oxadiazoles on the corrosion of mild steel (MS) in aqueous solution containing 1 N HCl was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of these compounds was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Various thermodynamic parameters were calculated to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The effect of inhibitor concentration, solution temperature, immersion time and acid concentration on the corrosion of mild steel has also been investigated by weight loss technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the surface morphology of the mild steel samples both in absence and presence of inhibitor at optimum concentration. Potentiodynamic polarization data showed that the compounds studied are cathodic type inhibitors in the acid solution. Electrochemical impedance speclroscopy was also used to investigate the mechanism of the corrosion inhibition.

12 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

000966   Prasad S N;Gupta S K;Ghantasala S R;Basu D S (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Influence of microalloying on the bainitic hardenability of low alloy steels. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 1-11.

A detailed experimental program was undertaken to study the influence of microalloying on the bainitic hardenability of low alloy steels. Three steel compositions were selected. All steels contained 1.0 % Mn, 0.3% Ni, 0.47% Cr and Cu each. In addition, steel 1 had 0.1 % C, 0.1 % P, steel 2 had 0.1 % C, 0.05% P and 0.024% Nb, while steel 3 had 0.2% C, 0.054% Nb and 0.046% V. They were soaked at 900-1200°C and air cooled and also rolled at 1000 to 740 °C after soaking at 1000 or 1100 °C. It has been found that microalloying significantly influences the hardenability of weather resistant steels due to increase in the austenitisation temperature. All the steels exhibited ferrite and pearlite at 900 °C. However, due to dissolved Nb (C, N) at higher temperature (1100 °C), hardenability increased and, therefore, pearlite got gradually replaced by granular bainite in case of microalloyed steels 2 and 3. TEM examination revealed that granular bainite consists of acicular ferrite, martensite-austenite (M/A) constituent, in addition to polygonal ferrite. The amount of granular bainite transformed on air cooling after austenitisation at a particular temperature was found to be less in the controlled rolled samples than that observed for air cooled (no deformation) samples, because nucleation sites for ferrite transformation increased due to controlled rolling, resulting in poor bainitic hardenability. The amount of Mn (0.88%) in steel 1 (without microalloying) is not sufficient to produce bainite/granular bainite in this steel after austenitisation and air cooling or controlled rolling.

11 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000965   Prasad S;Gautam A (Chemical Engineering Dep, M.I.T.S., Gwalior-474 005, Email: sprasadmits1957@rediffmail.com) : Role of momentum exchange coefficient in cirulating fluidized-bed. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(3), 258-62.

Tne interphase momentum exchange coefficient play an important role in formulating the mathematical description of Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) system. The present study provides a theoretical and numerical investigation and its effects on various parameters. The relevancy of evaluation of interphase momentum transfer and its effect on the voidage profile is discussed. The analyzed numerical result provides a broader perspective for the range of variation of computed data. The results are very near to reality.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

000964   Prasad G K;Mahato T H;Ganesan K;Singh B (Defense Research Development Establishment (DRDE), , Gwalior-474 002, Email: gkprasad@lycos.com) : Breakthrough behaviour of sulphur mustard vapor on activated carbon. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(7), 582-5.

Active carbon (surface area, 1250 m²/g) was used to study vapor breakthrough behavior of sulphur mustard (2, 2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide). Effect of length of carbon bed on vapor breakthrough time has been examined. Rate constant (k_v) is found to increase while kinetic saturation capacity (W_e) is invariable with increase in airflow rate. Both k_v and W_e decrease with the increase of temperature, however, no significant effect on W_e and k_v was observed due to concentration change (0.3-0.6 mg/l). Values of kinetic saturation capacity are used to predict service lives/breakthrough times of carbon beds (when used in filtration systems).

3 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

000963   Pradhan M K;Dash P;Pattnaik G C; Chandrasekaran S;Mohanty P C (Rourkela Steel Plant, Sail, Rourkela-769 001) : Reduction of caster breakout at SMS-II of Rourkela Steel Plant. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 24-9.

A "breakout" in the caster adversely affects the overall performance of SMS. A thorough analysis has been made of different types of breakout. Discusses the causes of breakout, and appropriate measures taken to control this problem. Improvements have been implemented with respect to selection of suitable mould flux, proper deoxidation and reoxidation control and elimination of machine defects. Incidence of breakout has come down from 0.86 % in 1997-98 to 0.14 % in 2006 - 07.

7 illus, 6 ref

000962   Palma M S A (Chemical and Biochemical Technology Dep, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ of Sao Paulo, Av.Prof.Lineu Prestes, 580 05508-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, Email: msapalma@usp.br) : Effect of monomer feed rate on the properties of copolymer butyl acrylate/vinayl acetate in semi-batch emulsion polymerization. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(5), 515-22.

The effects of the pre-emulsion feed rate on the instantaneous and overall conversion, average particle diameter, particle size distribution, polymer particle concentration, polymerization rate, average number of radicals per particle, viscosity and coagulum of a 65 wt% total solid contents of butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate copolymer latexes during relevant emulsion polymerization over pre-emulsion feeding times of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h were investigated. The temperature of reaction was maintained at 85°C during the feed input and at 90°C for 1 h after the end of the feed. The effect was quite significant for feeding times of 1 to 3 h and it was of minor significance for feeding times varying from 3 to 6 h for the conversion, average particle diameter and polymer particle concentration. The polymerization rate was influenced by the feeding time, while the particle size distribution was not affected by the feeding time. The viscosity and average number of radicals per particle exhibited a clear tendency of inversion at the critical feeding time of 3 h. The coagulum formation decreased with feeding time up to 4 h and increased drastically for 6 h.

9 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

000961   Nath R K;Singh Y P;Mukherjee A K;Majumdar S (R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Sail, Ranchi-834 002) : Production of low carbon steel using combined blowing in BOF at Bokaro Steel Plant. Steel India 2007, 30(1), 35-8.

Bokaro Steel Plant has been producing low C, low N steel with the help of combined blowing. But carbon below the desired level of 0.03 wt % could not be consistently achieved. Inadequate bottom blowing intensify during the end phase of the blow was identified as the major drawback. With an aim to consistently achieve low carbon and low nitrogen, a new bottom blowing procedure was developed and trials were carried out in a 300 t converter of SMS-II. Carbon below 0.03 % was achieved in 85 % cases during the trial period, without over-oxidising the bath. The product of FeO and C came down from an average of 0.68 to 0.52 in the trial heats. These improved results could be achieved without any post purging.

3 illus, 3 ref

000960   Misra A K (Chemistry Dep, NMSN Dass (P.G.) College, Budaun-243 601, Email: akmisral1234@rediffmail.com) : Retention behaviour of synthetic dyes on coconut oil impregnated egg shell layers in pure and mixed solvent systems. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 407-11.

The retention behaviour of twenty four anionic, cationic, sulphonated and amphoteric synthetic dyes has been examined on plain and coconut oil impregnated egg shell layers using pure methanol, pure acetonitrile and methanol-water, acetonitrile-water, acetonitrile-methanol and acetonitrile-acetone mixed mobile phases. The mobile phase composition and the effect of solubility of dyes on hRf values have been discussed. The mechanism of migration is explained in terms of partition on impregnated egg shell layers and the polarity of the mobile phase used. The acetonitrile-acetone (75:25) system was found to be most effective and gave several quaternary separations of dyes. A large number of separations of same coloured dyes as well as having approximately similar structural formula have been achieved. The separation of acidic dyes from basic dyes; acidic dyes from acidic dyes; and acidic dyes from amphoteric dyes arc of special interest.

2 tables, 16 ref

000959   Mishra P;Srivastava P;Mishra P K;Kundu S (School of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: drpradeep19@gmail.com) : Recovery of cephalosporin C from aqueous solution using polymeric adsorbent. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 592-6.

Commercially available neutral polymeric sorbents are used for recovery of beta lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C (CPC), from aqueous solution. The objective of this work is to evaluate the separation of CPC from fermentation broth during purification process. The neutral forms of CPC are preferentially adsorbed onto the neutral sorbents. Adsorption of CPC was higher onto the aromatic (XAD 4) as compared to aliphatic ester sorbent (XAD 8). The kinetics of CPC adsorption on aromatic polymeric adsorbent has been investigated. Isopropyl alcohol solution was used to desorb CPC.

5 illus, 13 ref

000958   Math M C;Irfan G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, R L Jalappa Institute of Technology, Doddaballapur-561 203, Email: mcmath1018@yahoo.com) : Optimization of restaurant waste oil methyl ester yield. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(9), 772-6.

Biodiese may be cost effective if produced from low cost oils (animal fats, restaurant waste oil and trying oil), which, however, contain high amount of free fatty acids (FFA). Different amounts of methanol (20. 25. 30. 35. 40 and 45%), catalyst concentrations (0.3. 0.5. 0.7, 1.0 and 1.5 % NaOH). reaction temperature (30. 45 and 55°C) and different reaction times (60, 90 and 120 min) were selected for transesterification of restaurant waste oil in order to optimize experimental conditions for maximum biodiesel yield. Methyl ester yield (65.50-85.50 %) in the laboratory scale biodiesel reactor was obtained maximum (85.50 %) at the optimized process parameters such as methanol (35% by vol), NaOH (0.3 g), reaction temperature (55°C) and reaction time (90 min).

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

000957   Mandavgane S A;Paradkar G D;Varu J;Pamar R; Subramanian D (Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, , Nagpur-440 019, Email: mandavgane@rediffmail.com) : Desilication of agro based black liquor and green liquor using jet loop reactor. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 606-10.

Non-wood fibers represent the largest resource of fibrous materials for many developing countries in the world. Attention is now being focused on cellulose bearing agricultural residues, which can be used as raw materials for production of paper. Though chemical pulping of these raw materials poses no problem, major difficulty arises in the recovery of heat and chemicals from the spent cooking chemical (black liquor). The presence of silica in black liquor obtained from agro based pulp and paper mill causes serious problems at filtration, washing, evaporation, burning, recausticizing and clarification levels of chemical recovery. It is, therefore, necessary to remove silica before the black liquor is concentrated to high solid content. The success of the desilication process by carbonation lies in accurate pH control otherwise lignin co-precipitation occurs during desilication. In the present work, a high mass transfer efficient, compact Jet Loop Reactors (JLR) or some limes called as Highly Compact Reactor (HCR) is used for desilication to obtain exact pH control. The experiments were carried out in a 15 L reactor at room temperature as well as at higher temperatures. The results obtained in JLR are compared with those obtained by Bubble Column Reactor (BCR). Desilication of green liquor in both the reactors at different temperatures is also studied. The results show that desilication in JLR is more efficient at higher temperatures.

5 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

000956   Mamatha G P;Sherigara B S;Mahadevan K M (Post-Graduate Studies in Industrial Chemistry Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577 451, Email: bssherigara@rediffmail.com) : Electrochemical reduction of 2-acetyl benzofuran and its derivatives at glassy carbon electrode. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(6), 566-71.

Electrochemical reduction of 2-acetylbenzo[b]furan and its derivatives namely 2-acetylbromobenzo[-b]furan, 2-acetylbromo-5-bromobenzo[b]furan and 2-acctyl naphtha[2,1-b] furan has been carried out in four different aqueous solvents namely DMSO. DMF, acclonitrile, ethanol using Britton Robinson buffer as supporting electrolyte at glassy carbon electrode employing cyclic voltametric techinque. Single irreversible wave was observed due to the reduction of >C=O moiety to secondary alcohol derivatives of benzofuran. Formation of pinacol due to dimerization of the intermediate radical was ruled out on steric consideration. The other data viz. the effect of sweep rate, concentration of the electroactive species, effect of temperature, effect of surfactant, effect of dielectric constant on cathodic peak potential (E_pc), and cathodic peak current (i_pc) has been found out. Diffusion coefficent (D₀) and heterogeneous rate constant (k₀) have been evaluated. The electrode process was shown to be diffusion controlled and irreversible. The electrolytic products are characterised/identified by controlled potential electrolysis. The results of the electroreduction are compared with that of the chemical reduction method.

5 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

000955   Maheria K;Chudasama U (Applied Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M S Univ of Baroda, Vadodara-390 001, Email: uveres@gmail.com) : Studies on sorption and elution behaviour of dyes using titanium phosphonate. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(12), 1047-53.

Titanium-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (TiHEDP), a novel hybrid ion exchange material of the class of tetravalenl metalacid (Una) salt, has been synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by elemental analysis (ICP-AES), thermal analysis (TG/DTA and DSC). FT-IR and X-ray diffraction studies. Chemical resistivity of the material in acids, bases and organic solvents has been assessed. Sorption behaviour of dyes, crystal violet (CV). rhodamine 6G (R6G), melhylene blue (MB)and pink FG (PFG) towards TiHEDP has been studied, based on therrhodynamic parameters evaluated and adsorption isotherms(Langmuir and Fruendlich). Breakthrough capacity and elulion behaviour of dyes have also been studied. Sorption affinity of dyes towards TiHEDP is found to be MB>CV>R6G>PFG.

7 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

000954   Maheria K;Chudasama U (Applied Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M.S. Univ of Baroda, Vadodara-390 001, Email: uvcres@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of a new phase of titanium phosphate and its application in separation of metal ions. Indian J chem Technol 2007, 14(4), 423-6.

Amorphous Titanium Phosphate (TiP), an inorganic ion exchanger of the class of tetravalent metal acid (tma) salts has been synthesized by sol-gel method. TiP has been characterized by elemental analysis (ICP-AES), spectral analysis (FT-IR), thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) and X-ray diffraction studies. Chemical resistivity of the material has been assessed in various media- acids, bases and organic solvents. The Na⁺ ion exchange capacity (IEC) has been determined and effect of heating on IEC studied. The distribution and elution behaviour of TiP towards several metal ions has been studied in different electrolyte media/concentrations. Based on the distribution studies a few binary metal ion separations have been achieved.

1 table, 19 ref