024270   Kamwendo G;Kamwendo J (NO, KwaZulu-Natal Univ, South Africa) : Indigenous knowledge-systems and food security: some examples from Malawi. J hum Ecol 2014, 48(1-i), 97-101.

The paper explores the extent to which indigenous knowledge-systems can contribute to the achievement of food security. With examples drawn from Malawi, the paper illustrates the way in which indigenous knowledge-systems can assist in food preservation and food storage, leading to food security. The paper examines the way traditional ways of food preservation impact on food security and access at household level. In addition, we also highlight the role of women in food preservation and food storage using indigenous knowledge systems. We argue that the abandonment of the indigenous knowledge-systems is one of the causes of food insecurity as we witness it nowadays.

14 ref

024269   Hemalatha S;Srividhya (NO, , CSE Adhiparasakthi Engineering College) : Design and implementation of a university navigation maps using mobile application. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(4), 30-1.

Smart phones author carry with us are becoming ubiquitous with everyday life and the sensing capabilities of these devices allow us to provide context-aware services. In our paper, they explains' the development of University navigation, a context-aware mobile application that delivers personalized campus maps for universities. The application utilizes university students' details to provide information and services that are relevant and important to them. It helps students to give the direction within the campus and become familiar with their university environment quickly. This study was to evaluate the acceptability and usefulness of the campus map, as well as the impact on a users map reading efficiency by utilizing the personal and environmental information. The result indicates the integration of personal and environmental information on digital maps can improve its usefulness and navigation efficiency.

8 ref

024268   Bora A;Sasikala S;Monis S A;Vinothini K (Food Process Engineering Dep, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur, Chennai) : Evaluation of biochemical and nutritional composition of tray dried bamboo shoot (Bambusa balcooa() powder (BSP). Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(4), 17-20.

This paper investigated the study of biochemical and nutritional content of tray dried edible bamboo shoot (Bambusa balcooa) powder (BSP). The biochemical and nutritional analysis of bamboo shoot powder of Bambusa balcooa results showed that it contained 90.78% moisture, 0.88% ash, 0.28% fat, %2.96 protein, 5.28% carbohydrate. The colour analysis of bamboo shoot powder was performed using Hunter colori meter. The present study indicated that the bamboo shoot powder (BSP) could significantly use as a food additive on the basis of its nutritional composition in different food applications.

2 tables, 21 ref

024267   Bilgicli N;Levent H (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan Univ, 42060, Konya, Turkey) : Utilization of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) flour and bran with xylanase enzyme in cookie production. Legume Res 2014, 37(3), 264-71.

Wheat flour was replaced with the lupin flour (10-30%) and lupin bran (10-20%) in cookie formulation with the addition of 0.4% xylanase enzyme. The effects of the lupin flour, lupin bran and xylanase enzyme addition on the physical (diameter, thickness, spread ratio, hardness and color), chemical (ash, protein, fat and mineral) and sensory properties of cookies were investigated. It has been observed that cookie spread ratio values increased with lupin bran replacement over 15% level. Xylanase enzyme increased the spread ratio and decreased the hardness value of the cookie samples prepared with lupin flour and lupin bran (p<60>0.05). Lupin flour and bran usage in cookie formulation improved mineral (Ca, Cu, Mg and P), while lupin flour (at 30% level) caused a considerable increment in protein content (from 5.91 g/100g to 11.87 g/100g) of cookies.. Compared to control cookie, cookies containing lupin flour up to 20% substitution level gave similar or higher sensory score in terms of all sensorial properties. However, lupin bran over 10% levels had a detrimental effect on color, appearance, odor and taste of cookies.

4 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

024266   Ahmad O (ECE Dep, National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research UTI, Chandigarh) : Survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(4), 44-7.

WSN is one of the most commonly used communication tools. It is used in many areas of life for both civilians and militaries purposes. These network comprises of small size sensor nodes with sensing, computation and wireless communications capability. The sensor nodes communicate together by many wireless strategies. These communication strategies are administrated by routing protocols. There are different types of routing protocol. Classically most routing protocols can be classified as data-centric, hierarchical and location-based protocols depending on the network structure and application. This paper deals with the availability and reliability of each class of these routing protocols.

3 illus, 18 ref

023312   Yenge G B;More H G;Shelar S D (Agricultural Process Engineering Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Email: govindyenge89@gmail.com) : Acceptability of stevia as low calorie alternative to sugar in mango RTS juice. Green Fmg 2015, 6(1), 196-8.

Stevia extract was prepared by boiling stevia leaf powder in water. Sweetness equivalence was tested by comparing sweetness of extract with sugar. The Mango RTS juice was prepared using stevia extract and sugar for sensory evaluation. Results revealed that 0.045g of stevia white powder and 4 ml of stevia extract in 100ml of water were equal in sweetness with 10 gm of sugar in 100ml of water. Mango RTS juice prepared by using stevia white powder and stevia extract received less score than with sugar. Even though it was acceptable as it is low in calories.

6 tables, 7 ref

023311   Wong Y H;Beh J S;Tan C P;Long K;Nyam K L (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI Univ, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: nyamkl@ucsiuniversity.edu.my) : Phenolic compounds from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seeds by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Free Radical Antioxidant 2014, 4(2), 8-12.

There is great interest in the replacement of synthetic antioxidants with natural sources, especially from plant materials. Kenaf seed potentially contained phenolic compounds. Kenaf seed extract (KSE) was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Then, the purification was carried out using silica gel column chromatography. Finally, the phenolic compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. There were 11 phenolic acids identified from the purified KSE, which were identified as sinapic acid (3563.67 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (2085.55 mg/100 g), catechin hydrate (1189.02 mg/100 g), tannic acid (1032.24 mg/100 g), narmgin (385.75 mg/100 g), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (382.51 mg/100 g), gallic acid (380.18 mg/100 g), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (372.00 mg/100 g), protocatehuic acid (207.04 mg/100 g), syringic acid (189.13 mg/100 g). and cinnamic acid (85.51 mg/100 g). The KSE was found to exhibit an antioxidant capability, and it is potentially suitable to be used as an alternative source of antioxidants.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

023310   Unal K;Babaoglu A S;Karakaya M (Food Engineering Dep, Agriculture Faculty, Selcuk Univ, 42050, Konya, Turkey, Email: ulusoy_kubra@hotmail.com) : Effect of oregano, sage and rosemary essential oils on lipid oxidation and color properties of minced beef during refrigerated storage. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2014, 17(5), 797-805.

The effects of oregano, sage and rosemary essential oils on lipid oxidation and color properties of minced beef during refrigerated storage for 10 days were investigated. Minced meats were divided into four treatment groups and were homogenized with 2% (w/w) of oregano essential oil, sage essential oil and rosemary essential oil separately. Samples in the control treatment had no essential oils added. The results of the present study show that adding essential oils protect minced beef against lipid oxidation and extend the shelf-life of minced meat during refrigerated storage. Oregano, rosemary and sage essential oil treatments demonstrate higher antioxidant activity and L* values when compared to control treatment. Oregano and sage treatment have lower oxidation of minced beef than rosemary and control treatment. Oregano essential oil showed the highest antioxidant activity, when compared to the control and the others groups. In conclusion, the best antioxidative effects were obtained from oregano essential oil.

4 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

023309   Suresh H L;Sreenivas K N;Thotad M;Ramakrishna B M;Shankarappa T H;Krishna H C (Post Harvest Technology Dep, College of Horticulture, Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore Camus, Bangalore-560 005, Email: knsreenivaspht@gmail.com) : Fermentation extraction of aonla components into wine at varied levels of sugar concentrations. Envir Ecol 2015, 33(1A), 203-7.

A study was conducted to know the effect of different sugar concentrations to extract beneficial properties of aonla by alcoholic fermentation in three successive fermentations. The study indicates that 24°B TSS sugar syrup was found to extract maximum amounts of tannins (35.25 to 26.50 mg/100 ml) and antioxidants (1306.05 to 1259.74 mg AAEL^{-1) from me aonla wine. This particular treatment also resulted in the maximum production of alcohol (13.73 to 12.06%), however the alcohol production was significantly less in the first batch of fermentation compared to second and third batches. The titrable acidity (0.69 to 0.58%) and ascorbic acid (341.81 to 263.77 mg/100 ml) contents were also optimum in the aonla wine prepared with 24°B TSS sugar syrup under three successive fermentations.}

5 tables, 11 ref

023308   Suresh H L;Sreenivas K N;Thodad M;Shankarappa T H;Krishna H C;Amingad V (Post Harvest Technology Dep, College of Horticulture, Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore Campus, Bangalore-560 005, Email: knsreenivaspht@gmail.com) : Preparation of wine from arils and rind of market discarded pomegranate. Envir Ecol 2015, 33(1A), 208-13.

Alcoholic fermentation of pomegranate to extract the compounds into pomegranate wine and the effect of different concentrations of sugar on ex-tractability of pomegranate compounds was attempted. Pomegranate wine prepared from unmarketable cultivar of Kesar by Sacckaromyces cerevisiae var ellipsoidem (USD 522) with arils in presence 40° B sugar syrup and 7.5% pomegranate rind powder gave best results for TSS (15.07°B). ascorbic acid (12.77 mg/100 ml), alcohol (13.54%), tannin (71.60 mg/ 100 ml) and anti oxidant (1307.60 mg AAE/ 100ml) contents over other wine formulations at the end of 90 days storage, also this wine gave best results for organoleptic characters.

5 tables, 11 ref

023307   Sundaram P K;Singh J;Bhattacharya T K;Patel S K (Land and Water Management Div, ICAR-RCER, ICAR Parisar, Patna-800 014, Email: prem.k.sundaram@gmail.com) : Fuel properties of rice bran oil methyl ester-ethanol blends. Envir Ecol 2015, 33(1A), 362-6.

Alternative fuels like hydrogen, CNG, LNG, producer gas, biogas, alcohols. vegetable oils are being explored around the globe with a view to supplement fuels and reduce environmental pollution. The alcohol fuels could not be exploited on a large scale because the petroleum fuels were abundant, cheap and easy to produce. Rice bran oil methyl ester-ethanol blends were evaluated for its suitability as fuel in terms of stability, viscosity, heating value, API gravity, flash and fire point and other fuel properties. The characteristic fuel properties indicate that the blends of rice bran oil methyl ester with ethanol are feasible and can be used as fuel in diesel engine. The kinematic viscosity of rice bran oil methyl ester (RBOME) was found about 2.12 times higher than that of diesel. The flash and fire point of rice bran oil methyl ester was found to be 168°C and 175°C while for anhydrous ethanol it was 19°C and 23°C respectively. The fuel properties of the blends were found to be suitable for use in compression ignition en-sine.

2 tables, 15 ref

023306   Srivastava M;Mogra D;Gupta P (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture & Technol, Udaipur-313 001, Email: dollymogra@gmail.com ) : Dye extraction from Rheum emodi for colouring silk using natural mordants. J appl nat Sci 2015, 7(1), 182-6.

Applicability of natural dyes has increased several folds in the past few years due to the eco-friendly approach of the people. This paper concerns with the dyeing of silk fabric with colorant extracted from Rheum emodi (commonly known as rhubarb, himalayan rhubarb, Indian rhubarb) in the presence of selected five natural mordants. Extract using hot percolation with methanol was (27.55%) found suitable and maximum absorption (λ_max) was observed at pH of 10 in aqueous solution. A wide range of shades ranging from yellow to olive green were obtained. As per the visual evaluation Concentration (0.1%), dyeing time (60 min.), mordant concentration (2%) and pre mordanting method were observed optimized for dyeing. From the results of fastness grade for sunlight and washing it is concluded that the samples mordanted with Harda (Terminalia chebula) and Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) were excellent followed by Anar (Punica granatum), Bahera (Termirudia belerica) and Katth (Acacia Catechu).

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

023305   Sengupta A;Ghosh M;Bhattacharyya D K (School of Community Science and Technology, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata) : Comparative study of physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion and gastrointestinal absorption of medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oil and native rice bran oil. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(3), 95-101.

In the study, the preparation of different medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oils were carried out and comparison of their in vitro digestion study and in vivo intestinal absorption in the single-pass perfusion rat model with that of rice bran oil was studied. Medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oil was prepared by enzyme catalysis technique which resulted in substitution of long chain fatty acids in rice bran oil with medium chain fatty acids. In vitro digestion study showed that medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oil was better digested in comparison to native rice bran oil. In situ absorption efficiency of the oils was measured in laboratory acclimatized adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequent analysis (e.g. percent volume absorption, percent lipid absorption) have shown that the medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oil has significantly enhanced the absorption of lipids from the emulsion system, in the small intestine of the rats.

6 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

023304   Rao C V N;Padma Sree R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam-530 048, Email: padvan@gmail.com) : Two-degree-of-freedom controllers for double integrating systems with time delay and unstable first order plus time delay systems with an integrator. Indian chem Engr 2014, 56(4), 336-54.

Design of two-degree-of-freedom Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controller for Double Integrator with Time Delay systems and Unstable First Order plus Time Delay systems with an Integrator is proposed. The robustness of the proposed controller for uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov's theorem. The stability region for all model parameters is evaluated for the proposed controller and compared with the controllers designed by recently reported methods. The proposed controller is applied to various transfer function models and the performance comparison of the proposed controller is made with the PID controllers designed by recently reported methods to show the efficiency of the proposed controllers.

7 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

023303   Patil R M;Chikkasubbanna V;Katagi A (Hotriculture Div, Agricultural Sciences Univ, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: ravishankar.horti@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical characters, sensory quality and storage behavior of rose apple RTS blended with jamun. Green Fmg 2015, 6(1), 193-5.

Rose apple is one of the underutilized minor fruit crop. Research was carried out to develop RTS by blending rose apple and jamun in three different proportions of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 (rose apple :jamun). RTS containing 10 percent blended juice (50: 50 per cent juice of rose apple and jamun respectively), 20 per cent TSS and 0.5 per cent acidity was found to be more acceptable with good organoleptic scores. Various physico-chemical parameters were studied during the three months of storage where TSS content, total sugars and reducing sugar had increasing trend whereas ascorbic acid and non-reducing sugar had decreasing trend. Decrease in acidity was in corresponding increase in pH. The product was free from spoilage during the storage period.

3 tables, 3 ref

023302   Pandiyan C (Dairy Science Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: ch.pandiyan@gmail.com) : Optimzing parameters for the preparation of pineapple juice added sweetened whey drink. J Envir Biosci 2014, 28(1), 25-7.

Milk whey is a by-product during preparation of paneer and cheese. The quantity of whey obtained during the manufacture of paneer or cheese is wasted and creating unwanted pollution to the environment and water sources. The pineapple juice added sweetened whey drink was prepared by using whey, sugar, and pineapple juice. The treatments were divided into control, T1 using 4 per cent, T2 using 5 per cent and T3 using 6 per cent pineapple juice. The total solids content and the total sugar content of the control and treatments showed no significant difference. Sensory analysis of the treatments showed a significant difference (P<62> 0.01) among the treatments for colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. Pineapple juice added treatments scored a high by the sensory panel. Pineapple juice added sweetened whey drink can be prepared by using 4, 5 and 6 per cent of pineapple juice with highest consumer acceptability as compared to the control. Whey contains about half of the milk solids and addition of pineapple juice in the preparation of whey drink increases the deliciousness and nutritional value.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

023301   Pampangouda;Munishamanna K B;Gurumurthy H (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore-560 065, Email: pampannagoudap@gmail.com) : Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation on little millet (Panicum sumatrense). J appl nat Sci 2015, 7(1), 260-4.

The fermentation of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) carried out by probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus). The germinated little millets grains were fermented for 5 days grains were dried and grounded in a grinder and sieved. The sieved flours were analyzed for proximate composition, minerals and phytic acid content. The results showed that the little millet fermented by combined inoculation of Saccharomyces boulardii and L. acidophilus significantly enhanced protein content (10.95%)and decreases the fat (2.61%) and carbohydrate (82.01%) and single inoculation with L. acidophilus decreased the fibre (1.05%) and ash (2.30%). Single inoculation of L. acidophilus enhanced the minerals content Ca (41.44mg), Mg (141.08 mg), phosphorus (238.43mg), Fe (7.98 mg) and Zn (4.69mg) and over dual inoculation and control treatments. Similarly, Single inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus showed significant reduction in phytic acid (114.76 mg) content over dual inoculation (126.49 mg) and control (188.95 mg) treatments. The results indicated that fermentation of little millet by L. acidophilus enhanced mineral contents and reduction in phytic acid content.

3 tables, 21 ref

023300   Mohini Y;Kaki S S;Jabeen T;Reddy J R C;Rao B V S K;Reddy B V P;Prasad R B N (Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Email: rbnprasad@iict.res.in) : Oil content and fatty acid composition of four new minor tree borne oilseeds. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(2), 51-3.

Fatty acid composition of four new seed oils were determined and reported for the first time. Oil was extracted from tree borne seeds of Adina cordifolia, Anogessious latifolia, Anthocephalus cadamba, Callitris glauca and the oil contents varied from 0.4 to 4.4%. Fatty acid compositions of all the four oils were analyzed and it was observed that all of the oils were found to contain linoleic acid as a major fatty acid. The content of linolenic acid was higher in Adina cordifolia (74.6%) and Anogessious latifolia (54.6%) compared to Anthocephalus cadamba (38.6%) and Callitris glauca (28.4%). Anthocephalus cadamba and Callitris glauca were also found to contain linolenic acid.

2 tables, 17 ref

023299   Mishra S;Bhattacharjee P (Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata, Email: pb@ftbe.jdvu.ac.in) : Assessment of shelf stability and heat transfer coefficient of mustard and sesame oil blends during frying. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(2), 54-65.

The primary objective of this work was to ascertain the shelf stabilities of mustard and sesame oils and their blends by physicochemical assays. The secondary objective was to determine the heat transfer coefficient (h) for the least oxidized oil (or blend), employing deep frying. Mustard and sesame oils and their blends (90:10, 80:20, 50:50) were stored for 60 days and assayed for physicochemical properties at an interval of 10 days, post frying of potato wedges using shallow frying. The blend of mustard and sesame (90:10) was found to be least affected by oxidation with storage and shallow frying. The SFA: MUFA: PUFA ratio of the same was found to be 1:3.98:2.33. This blend was used for computation of 'h', both by direct and indirect methods ('with' and 'without bubbling' effects) using deep frying at 130, 150 and 170°C. Our studies recommend 150°C as the most preferred temperature for industrial scale frying operations. The 'h' values obtained by indirect method were significantly different in presence and absence of bubbling. We advocate indirect method of estimation of 'h' and bubbling effect to be crucial in modeling frying operations.

9 illus, 8 tables, 29 ref

023298   Kapoor S;Ranote P S;Sharma S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Punjab Agriculural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: swatikapoor74@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant potentials and quality aspects of Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) supplemented unleavened flat bread (Indian chapatti). J appl nat Sci 2015, 7(1), 309-15.

Enriched chapattis prepared by supplementing whole wheat flour with Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) pulp at 5, 10 and 15% were assessed for antioxidant activity and quality. Jamun pulp supplementation enhanced the bioactive composition of chapatti in terms of increased anthocyanins, total phenols and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity increased 99.73% and 44.38%, respectively after incorporation of Jamun pulp (15%) to whole wheat flour Indian chapatti. Anthocyanins were not observed in control chapatti and in Jamun supplemented chapatti the range was 1.41-2.64 mg/100g content for 5-15% supplementation level. Qualitative evaluation revealed non-sticky behavior of dough supplemented with Jamun at 5 and 10% level and slight stickiness at 15% level. Chapattis exhibited full puffing at all supplementation levels. Sensory scores were highest for 10% Jamun supplemented chapatti. Crude fiber content improved significantly (13.77% increase) in chapattis on supplementation of Jamun pulp. The study concluded that supplementation of wheat flour with Jamun pulp improved nutritional and antioxidant status of chapatti.

3 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

023297   Kadu P K;Raut V U (Horticulture Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Email: prajakta.amt@gmail.com) : Different recipe for ready-to-serve beverage from karonda and its storage. Green Fmg 2015, 6(1), 202-4.

Karonda ready-to-serve beverage were prepared by diluting pulp and water in three different proportions such as 1:2,1:3,1:4 with 10 °brix, 15°brix, and 20°brix TSS and 0.03% acidity is constant for all recipes.) Among the different recipes, the recipes with 1 percent pulp and 2 percent water and 20°brix total soluble solid with 0.03% acidity showed highest score in terms of sensory attributes and found to most superior and acceptable up to 30 days at ambient storage condition and 90 days at cool temperature conditions than other recipes.

2 tables, 11 ref

023296   Chandrakala U;Prasad R B N;Rao B V S K; Prabhavathi Devi B L A (Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Email: prabhavathi@iict.res.in) : Valorization of glycerol to cyclic acetals employing heterogeneous carbon acid catalyst derived from glycerol. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(3), 110-16.

Glycerol-based SO₃H functionalized carbon catalyst was employed for conversion of glycerol to cyclic acetals with acetone and benzaldehyde for the preparation of isopropytidine glycerol (IPG) and benzylidine glycerol in high yields and selectivity. All the acetalization reactions were Carried out at 80°C using 5 wt% of the catalyst to obtain excellent conversions (<62>99%) and selectivity towards 1,2-IPG (98%) and 1,2-benzylidine glycerol (92%) demonstrating the potential of SO₃H-carbon as a highly active, stable, water resistant and reusable heterogeneous solid acid catalyst. The same catalyst was also used for the deprotection of IPG and benzylidine glycerol in methanol at reflux temperature in 3 h. The catalytic activity of the solid acid catalyst was compared with p-TSA along with reusability studies. This methodology is highly advantageous to solve the problem of an over production of glycerol, which is a major co-product of the bio-carburant industry.

7 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

023295   Bisht D;Petri J (NO, UOP India Pvt. Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana, Email: deepak.bisht@honeywell.com) : Considerations for upgrading light cycle oil with hydroprocessing technologies. Indian chem Engr 2014, 56(4), 321-35.

The worldwide demand for additional transportation fuels is primarily focused on more diesel fuel. The need for more diesel fuel far outpaces gasoline growth and the demand for heavy fuel oil is even declining. Light cycle oil (LCO) is a diesel boiling range product from fluid catalytic cracking units. However, LCO is a poor diesel fuel blending component without further processing. Discussed in this paper are various ways of economically upgrading LCO, which include hydrotreating, high pressure hydrocracking for full conversion of LCO into naphtha and a more optimised partial conversion hydrocracking process. The optimised partial conversion hydrocracking process provides an effective and flexible process to process LCO into desired products such as very-low sulphur diesel and high-octane high-aromatics naphtha.

^ssc11 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

023294   Awasthi N P;Upadhyay S K;Singh R P (NO, Ruchi Soya Industries Limited Baikampady, Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: neeraj_pa03@rediffmail.com) : Low temperature synthesis of fatty acid amide (erucamide) using micro-emulsion. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(3), 102-9.

A new method for synthesis of fatty acid amide using water-in-oil micro-emulsion was studied. This process is economical and it shortens the reaction time. It involves use of urea at atmospheric pressure in the presence of micro-emulsion in place of conventional processing using ammonia at high pressure and high temperature, for synthesis of fatty acid amides that results in poor colour of the product. At the same time formation of by-products is also there due to processing at high temperature. In the present study, the stable micro-emulsion was prepared by optimization of the conditions which were obtained using 46% (w/w) of iso-amyl alcohol, 40% (w/w) of soy bean oil, 7% (w/w) of surfactant (sodium lauryl sulphate), and 7% (w/w) of water. The reaction conditions were optimized and it was observed that the use of erucic acid and urea in, molar ratio of 1:4, reaction time of 240 min, and temperature of 115°C with 20 ml micro-emulsion was found to be optimum. The process gives good yield comparable to any other commercial method with lighter colour erucamide in less reaction time with least amount of by-products.

4 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

023293   Amarnath N;Chakrabarti P P (Center for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Email: pradosh@iict.res.in) : Membrane processing of biodiesel wastewater for possible reuse. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(2), 66-72.

Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. In down stream process of the alkali catalyzed transesterificatiibn, or in acid catalyzed esterification a significant amount of wastewater is generated. This wastewater is to be treated before discharge. In the present study, the wastewater generated in a biodiesel production plant was treated. In pretreatment steps, alum was used as coagulant. The alum dosage, stirring time and settling time were optimized to 50 mg/L, 1 h and 2 h respectively. After coagulation treatment, the treated water was subjected to adsorbent treatment using powdered activated charcoal (PAC) for the removal of color and odoriferous compounds. It was found that the optimized dosage of PAC in adsorbent treatment was 0.5 g/L and stirring time was 2 h. After the pretreatment, the pretreated water was first passed through ceramic microfiltration membranes having the pore size; of 0.2 μm and then it was followed by spiral wound nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. All the major contaminants could be separated significantly by the combinations of these membrane separation techniques. The processing conditions were also optimized for various membrane separations. The quality of processed water after membrane separation was found to be suitable for reuse in the process or for various other purposes.

6 tables, 25 ref

023292   Agarwal R K;Bosco S J D (Food Science and Technology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Puducherry, Email: agarwalravi.ibt13@gmail.com) : Optimization of aqueous enzymatic extraction of virgin coconut oil through coconut milk. J Lipid Sci Technol 2014, 46(2), 43-50.

The aim of the present work was to optimize the simultaneous extraction of milk and oil from coconut by means of aqueous enzymatic extraction process using the commercial enzyme Viscozyme-L. To this purpose, the combine effect of grinding time (2- 4 min), amount of Viscozyme-L enzyme [60-180 FBGU (Fungal β-Glucanase Units)] and incubation time (2-7 h), were optimized using Response Surface Methodology. The study showed that the method can produce best yield of coconut milk (73.88 ± 0.5%,w/w) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) (21.57 ± 0.4%, w/w) 86.14% of fat present in fresh coconut kernel could be recovered by using grinding time (3 min), amount of enzyme (120 FBGU) and incubation time (4.5 h). The experimental results were significantly (P<60>0.05) comparable with the predicted yield of coconut milk (73.33%) and coconut oil (21.12%). These results were confirmed by validation model that performed within the selected ranges of variable, microscopic image of cell wall and particle distribution in coconut milk. The results suggested that the use of Viscozyme-L could enhance the extraction of oil with quality.

2 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

022301   Zuwei Z;Zhang Z;Yue S;Hong H (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510 641, People's Republic of China) : Preparation and curing behavior study of primary amine-functional benzoxazine/epoxy copolymer. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 477-89.

A novel thermosetting resin, primary amine-functional benzoxazine/epoxy copolymer (BEC), was synthesized by thermal polymerization. The structure and curing behaviors of BEC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (OSC). During curing, two-step successive reactions, including addition reaction between primary amine with epoxy group and ring-opening reaction of oxazine group, occurred and led to the formation of binary crosslinking copolymer. The ring-opening reaction of oxazine ring is catalyzed by amine group and simultaneously follows autocatalytic mechanism ascribed to the generation of hydroxyl groups. The kinetic parameters of ring-opening reaction of oxazine ring were evaluated by Nonisothermal dynamic analysis using Kissinger, Ozawa, crane and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods. The value of E_a increased with the increase of curing degree, indicating an apparent diffusion control due to the lowering of molecular mobility in curing process.

9 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

022300   Xiangxiang D U;Yongjie Y;Guohua J (Materials Engineering Dep, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou-310 018, P R China, Email: ghijang_cn@zstu.edu.on) : Preparation of multi-responsive micelles from functionalized polysuccinimide for drug release. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 421-32.

Multi-responsive graft copolymers with tertiary amine side groups (PSI-g-OEEOA-OOA) were designed and synthesized via ring-opening reactions of polysuccinimide (PSI) with N, N. diethylethylenediamine (DEEDA) and dodecylamine (DDA). PSI-g-DEEDA-DDA could be further self-assemblied into polymeric micelles in aqueous solution due to the difference of water solubility of side chains. The composition and structure of micelles have been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (^{1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). A hydrophobic drug, indomethacin (IND) , has been chosen as a model drug to investigate the drug release properties triggered by pH, temperature, and CO₂, This work provided a new platform for development drug delivery vehicles with multi-responsive properties.}

6 illus, 36 ref

022299   Vivekanandan J;Mahudeswaran A;Jeeva A; Vijayanand P S (Physical Sciences Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam-638 401, Erode Dt, Email: vijayps6@yahoo.co.in ) : Facile synthesis and characterization of a new conducting copolymer: Poly (aniline-co-4-fluoroaniline) Doped with silver nanoparticles. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 463-75.

A new series of dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and silver nanoparticles doped poly (anilineeco-4-f1uoroaniline) nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical oxidative in-situ polymerization method. The characterization of these copolymer nanocomposites were carried out by using FTIR, UV- visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a standard four probe conductivity method. The synthesized copolymer shows good solubility in common organic solvents such as DMF, THF and NMP UV-Vis absorption spectrum shows 320 and 623 nm which corresponds to the π-π* and polaronic band. In FT-IR spectroscopy a band around 2924 cm-1 corresponds to C-H vibration indicating good agreement with the characteristics bands of DBSA. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the crystalline nature of copolymer. The scanning electron microscopic study shows the surface of the nanocomposites has the spherical granular structure of agglomerated morphology with average size of 100 nm. The increase in conductivity is also due to the chemical interaction of nano-scaled DBSA coated Ag nanoparticles in the poly (aniline-co-4-fluoroaniline) matrix that leads to the faster charge transfer.

5 illus, 1 table, 72 ref

022298   Vishnu Vardhan T S;Mahesh Kumar;Arumugam P (Food Process Engineering Dep, SRM University, Kattankullathur District, Tamilnadu) : Anti-psoriatic activity of orange peel extract using monocytic cell line. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(3), 119-29.

An orange, specifically, the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. Orange trees are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates for the bitter fruit, which is peeled or cut (to avoid the bitter rind) and eaten whole, or processed to extract orange juice, & also for the fragrant peel. Citrus fruits are at the top not only in total production, but also in Economic value. The anti oxidant activity of the orange peel is evaluated by DPPH and HRSA assay and the Anti psoriatic activity is determined by MTT assay. The presence of Phytochemicals like Proteins, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavonoids,Tannins and Saponins are screened. TLC is carried out in partial purification of Bioactive compounds.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

022297   Thareja P (NO, , ) : Green manufacturing with steel swarf. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(3), 21-31.

The industrial sector drives nearly one-third of global energy demand, with most of this energy used to produce bulk materials. However, the rate of recycling of metallic materials is much higher than non metallic ones, especially when the scrap is heavy. But in very loose swarfs the transformation rates are poor, and processes are unsustainable. To improve the life productivity of bulk materials, and also lower the specific energy consumption, the innovative route to sustainable manufacturing of near dense products was attempted. The process is seen to compare favourably with an energy efficient process deployment, though some nonconforming skull had to be rejected because of high pore volume, lapping and other defects. The process of swarf forming competes well within the given constraints of swarf and energy sustainability, and thus qualifies to support green manufacturing.

022296   Sonkar S;Tiwari P;Nand Kumar (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, College of Home Science, C S A U A & T, Kanpur, Email: seemasonkar07@yahoo.com) : Development and nutritional analysis of products fortified with Moringa (Moringa oleifera). Hortflora Res Spectrum 2015, 4(1), 86-8.

Study was carried out by recipe standardization and assessment of their physic -chemical properties. The sensory quality analysis of Biscuit was 7.28 than other developed products which were reported by panel members. It was found that percentage of moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and fibre were increased but the quantity of ash decreased (but increase as quality wise). The other developed products acceptability on basis of organolaptically and nutritional were decreased as well as in quantity and quality wise. This type research is remarkable step in the context of development of products for health benefits of people in one and other hand.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

022295   Singh P; (Defence Materials and Stores Research Development Establishment, DMSRD, , Kanpur-208 013, Email: safarazkazmi@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and characterization of highly processable perylene copolyimides and their luminescence and thermal properties. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 491-502.

Various copolyimides containing different amount of perylene units in the main chain have been synthesized in order to impart solubility to perylene derivatives for several organo-electronic applications. This class of copolyimides consists of varying mole percents of 3,4,9,10 perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) another anhydride 3,3', 4,4', biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTCDA) (100-x mole percent) and 100 mole percent of diamine 4,4' @hexafluoroisopropylidene bis -(4-phenoxy aniline) (HFIPA). The amount of perylene into the polymer backbone was limited to very low mole percent in order to obtain a fair processable derivative since PTCDA itself is insoluble in most of organic solvents. The amount of PTCDA was checked to increase beyond one mole percent since it results totally infusible copolyimide , and hence restricting it's application for device fabrication by solution processing/solvent evaporation methods. In this study we found that copolyimide with 0.50 mole percent PTCDA, 99.50 mole percent of BPTCDA and 100 mole percent HFIPA shows excellent solubility in most of organic solvents ego Chloroform, dichloromethane, dimethyl acetamide, THF, hexane etc. The synthesized copolyimides were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, UV- Vis, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Thermal stabilities of these copolyimides are outstanding as they are thermally stable upto 525°C.

8 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

022294   Shinde P;Gupta S (D Y Patil College of Engineering, , Pune) : Effect of deep frying process on degradation of fatty acids and Cis-Trans Fatty Acids Isomers of selected edible oils. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(11), 58-63.

Four edible oils namely Sunflower (Su), Groundnut (Gn), Soybean (Sb) and Mustard (Mt) has been taken for comparative study on the deterioration and thermal stability, sold in local market in Pune, India. For analysis two types of oil samples were prepared by treating four edible oils for prolong deep frying. The degradation of sunflower, groundnut, soybean and mustard oil after first frying and second time frying can be determined by FT-IR spectroscopy as well as by Iodine Value. The intensity of absorption at 3009cm^{-1 and 3006cm-1 were used for determination of linoleic or linolenic acid and oleic acid respectively. It is noted that due to deterioration of these fatty acids, absorption intensities of the bands in this spectrum decreases. By the FT-IR analysis it is observed that fatty acids composition of groundnut oil remains nearly same with prolong deep frying time. The intensity of absorption band at 966cm-1 is used for determination of formation of trans fatty acids. It is seen that intensity of absorption band at 966cm-1 increases gradually during prolong deep frying time of each Su, Gn, Sb and Mt oil samples. At 722 cm-1 it is observed that the intensity of absorption band of each oil samples decreases gradually during prolong deep frying time which may be due to bending out of plane cis -CH=CH-. IV decreases maximum for Sunflower, Soybean and Mustard in comparison with Groundnut oil. Therefore analysis suggest that Sunflower, Soybean and Mustard oil possessing high PUFA undergoes degradation more on prolong deep frying in comparison to Groundnut oil. It is indicated that Groundnut oil is more chemically stable than Sunflower, Soybean and Mustard oil during deep frying.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

022293   Sharma S;Prasad S (NO, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior) : Modelling of non-premixed methane BERL combustor through CFD approaches and prediction of methane burning. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(12), 68-71.

This paper focuses on the modeling of methane burner engineering research laboratory (BERL) combustor through non premixed models by CFD approaches and the prediction of methane burning in order to produce energy and the prediction of NOX formation that is, in the form of pollutants . This model works on large eddy simulation (LES).LES mainly works on two parameter that is probability density function (PDF) and mixture fraction.PDF is applicable under non adiabatic condition and mixture fraction is calculated on the basis of mole and mass fraction of element .The aim of combustion process is to reduce NOX formation and produce energy.

9 ref

022292   Salahudeen N;Ajinomoh C S;Nakakana S (NO, , ) : Adsorption isotherm study for activated carbon produced from cassava peel. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(3), 8-12.

Adsorption isotherm study of Activated Carbon produced from cassava peel was carried out using phenol solution as the adsorbate. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed for the study. Varying ratios of 1:1, 0.75:1, 0.5:1, and 0.25:1 activating agent to cassava peel were used for the formulation of the Activated Carbon. The Freundlich R2 value for the 1:1, 0.75:1, 0.5:1, and 0.25:1 formulations was 0.822, 0.979, 0.971 and 0.974, respectively. While the Langmuir R2 value for the 1:1, 0.75:1, 0.5:1, and 0.25:1 formulations was 0.021, 0.139, 0.001 and 0.894, respectively.

022291   Rao N R;Rao T V;Reddy S V S Ramana;Rao B S (Physics Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004) : Influence of gamma irradiation on chemical structure and thermal properties of polyethylene maleic anhydride. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 503-15.

The effects of gamma irradiation on polyethylene maleic anhydride (MANPE) are investigated by employing various techniques. Radiation doses of 30, 60 and 90 kGy are selected to study the effect on chemical structure and thermal properties on MANPE. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of irradiated MANPE at radiation doses 30 and 60 kGy have resulted in the formation of macro-radicals such as (-CH₂-H-CH₂-) (I) and maleic anhydride (II). Recombination of radicals was observed in temperature dependent ESR spectra of irradiated MANPE. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that absorption band at 929 cm^{-1 has shifted to 923 cm-1 on irradiation. The cleavage of side groups due to gamma irradiation on MANPE caused the melting point to increase from 102°C to 112°C which is indicated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The crystalinity of the MANPE is calculated from DSC results and are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction data. The results indicate that on irradiation, MANPE preferably undergo degradation and crosslinking at low and high doses, respectively.}

10 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

022290   Patnaik S C;Swain P K;Mallik P K;Sahoo S K (NO, , ) : Wear characteristics of aluminium-graphite composites produced by stir casting technique. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(3), 13-20.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are finding more applications due to their significantly improved properties such as high specific strength, high specific modulus, good damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Graphite is one of the most suitable and low density reinforcement available for making light-weight and wear resistant parts for aircraft and automobile industry. At present the particulate reinforced aluminium matrix composites are gaining importance because of their low cost with advantages like isotropic properties and ease of fabrication. Use of aluminum as an antifriction material has been limited because of unfavorable wear. To improve wear resistance, it has been proposed to disperse graphite particles in to Al matrix. The present investigation is an attempt to produce particulate Al-graphite composites with superior wear resistance. Al-graphite composites with 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt% graphite were prepared by stir casting technique by addition of graphite particles into the Al-melt treated with magnesium. Wear, hardness, and coefficient of friction studies of the composites were carried out. Graphite addition was found to increase wear resistance and the composite with 1wt% graphite had maximum hardness.

022289   Patel J V;Bhatt R D;Parsania P H (Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemistry Dep, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania@aol.com) : Synthesis and characterization of methacrylate epoxy resin of 1,1' -Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane an its composites. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 409-20.

Methacrylate epoxy resin of 1, 1'-bis( 4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (EBCMA) was synthesized and mixed with 40% styrene as a reactive diluent. The structure of EBCMA was characterized by IR and ^{lHNMR techniques. Cured and uncured resins are thermally stable up to about 322-326°C and followed two and three steps degradation reactions, respectively. Jute. (J-EBCMASt) and glass(G-EBCMASt) showed respectively 34.5 and 220.9 MPa tensile strength; 32.3 and 101.6 MPa flexural strength; 1.6 and 2.1 kVmm-1 electric strength and 5.9 X 1012 and 4.5 X 1013 ohm.cm volume resistivity. Both the composites showed excellent chemical resistance against harsh environmental conditions. Good thermal, mechanical and electrical properties and good environmental stability of the composites signified their industrial importance in construction, electrical and marine applications.}

7 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

022288   Mansoori Y;Fakhteh B (Applied Chemistry Dep, College of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran-56199-11367, Email: ya_mansoori@yahoo.com) : Polyimide/clay nanocomposites Based on a new Aromatic Diamine (BAMO) containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 445-61.

The synthesis of a new diamine 2,5-bis(3-amino-4-methyl benzene)oxadiazole (BAMO) has been reported. Sodium montmorillonite (Na^{+Mt-) has been treated with hydrochloride salt of BAMO to give an organophilic clay BAMO-Mt. The clay treatment with BAMO increases basal spacing in the layered silicate showed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). High thermal stability of BAMO-Mt in comparision with conventional montmorillonite modified with aliphatic long chain surfactants is found. A series of polyimidelorganoclay nanocomposites (PCN) consisting of BAMO and benzophenone-3, 3', 4, 4'-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) were also obtained by an in with situ polymerization reaction followed by thermal imidization. Then, prepared nanocomposite materials were studied by XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exfoliated PCNs were obtained for clay content of 1wt. %. PCNs with 3 and 5wt. % showed intercalation significantly. The obtained PCNs were studied by differential thermal analysis/thermogravimertic analysis (DTA- TGA) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Improved thermo-mechanical properties were observed for PCN 1 wt. %.}

11 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

022287   Makhwana R J;Singh A;Ahlawat R T;Neelima P (ACHF, Navsari Agricultural SPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry,, , Navsari, Gujarat, India-396 450, Email: dralkasinghdhaka@gmail.com) : Standardization of low temperature storage technology with novel packaging techniques in rose cut flower CV passion. Hortflora Res Spectrum 2015, 4(1), 44-7.

Rose cut flowers of cv. Passion were subjected to storage techniques viz., seal packaging with polypropylene (PP 24 μ), butter paper (52 μ), holding in 200 mgL^{-1 Al₂(SO₄)₃ vase solution, holding in vase (distilled water) and without any packaging and without holding in vase water at low temperature (2°C) for 10 days. The ten days cold stored flowers were compared with fresh cut flowers for vase life and quality. The polypropylene packaged low temperature stored cut roses showed optimistic results with best postharvest flower quality at the end of 10 days storage period as compared to other treatments. The PP packaged low temperature stored rose cut flowers showed maximum water uptake, retention of fresh weight, retained higher anthocyanin pigment content in the petals and maximum bud length and diameter when held in vase (distilled water) after 10 days of low temperature storage and were at par with fresh flowers (not stored). Cut flowers held in vase solution during low temperature storage failed to retain bud stage but showed advance bud opening at the end of the storage period. PP packaged low temperature stored cut roses showed higher membrane stability index (MSI) of petal tissue. The same treatment recorded maximum score for quality test. Thus PP packed cold stored rose flowers retained best flower quality as well as showed higher vase life as compared to the rose flowers stored with other treatments.}

3 tables, 15 ref

022286   Maan A;Niyogi U K;Singh A K;Mehra D S;Rattan S (NO, Shriram Institute for Industiral Research, Delhi-110 007, Email: ukniyogi@shriraminstitute.org) : Development and characterization of fly ash reinforced natural rubber composite. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 397-408.

Fly ash is generated in large quantities by the combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants. The production of fly ash is increasing every year causing serious environmental pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to utilize fly ash for various industrial applications. In this study, fly ash was used as filler for making fly ash-natural rubber composite by mixing and molding process. Properties of the composites viz. hardness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, skid resistance, compression set, density and water absorption were determined. It was found that with increase in fly ash loading, hardness, density, skid resistance and compression set increased whereas tensile strength and abrasion resistance decreased. The effect of particle size of fly ash on composite was also studied. Composites having fly ash of smaller particle size had higher tensile strength and lower tendency to compression set.

3 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

022285   Juan D;Huang Y;Han T (Dep of Applied Chemistry and The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physi, , Northwestern Poytechnical University) : Mechanical and thermal strudy of graphene oxide/cyanate ester/epoxy nanocomposites. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 433-44.

Graphene oxide/cyanate ester/epoxy nanocomposites were successfully synthesized. The prepolymers of the nanocomposites were tested with a non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The graphene oxide played a role of catalyst in the curing process. The mechanical and thermal behaviors of the nanocomposites were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties and storage modulus of nanocomposites were good with appropriate content of the matrixes. The glass transition temperature (T_g) and thermal stability of the nanocomposites were found to be lower than those of the pure cyanate ester resin.

7 illus, 2 tables, 46 ref

022284   Hassan F;Muhamed P A;Geethalakshmi V;Sankar T V (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: femeenahassan@rediffmail.com) : Quality assessment of chromatophores isolated from squid skin as natural pigment in formulation of lipstick. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(3), 171-5.

Lipsticks are made to appeal to the current fashion trend and come in a wide range of colors. Lipstick is the only cosmetic ingested, and because of this strict controls on ingredients, as well as the manufacturing processes, are imposed. As long as cosmetics remain in fashion, the market for lipstick will continue to be strong, adding markets in other countries as well as diversifying currently identified markets. But the pigments used in lipsticks can cause health hazards like infertility, anemia and cancer, as well as learning disabilities, mental retardation and behavioral problems, nausea, attention deficit, headaches, skin irritation, etc. The FDA has laid strict regulations regarding the use of lead as a lipstick ingredient. In the present study the chromatophores from squid skins were isolated, and used as natural pigment in lipsticks. Five shades (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5) were developed using this pigment and they were screened for consumer acceptance applying hedonic scale method (0 to 9). Comparison with the instrumental reading was also done for the sensory scores. The newly formulated lipstick (SQ2) was subjected to physical, chemical and microbiological quality evaluation. The product was compared with the commercially available lipstick brand and the new product was found to have superior properties compared to the latter (p<60>0.01). It was also found that the new product met with the national quality standards laid down for such category of products. The new product gives a way to utilize squid skin, which is not otherwise useful.

3 tables, 11 ref

022283   Gurnani L;Vishwanathe S;Mukhopadhyay A (NO, , ) : Bulk polycrystalline ceramic nanocomposites for structural applications: Present issues and perspectives. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(3), 1-7.

This article brings to light some of the unresolved issues associated with bulk structural polycrystalline ceramic nanocomposites (both nano-particulate and nano-fibre reinforced), that even to-date suppress extensive commercial applications and realization of the full potency of the nano-reinforcements. Such issues are primarily related to the presently used processing routes, which in turn influence the microstructure development; and concomitantly the mechanical and tribological properties. The first section introduces this materials class, along with brief mention about some of these drawbacks. Subsequently, the next two sections discuss these issues in more details in relation to the more relevant classes of the ceramic nanocomposite family. Some of the possible avenues to address such drawbacks, which are presently being explored in our research group, have also been briefly mentioned towards the end of the sections.

022282   Gaurav Madhu;Bhunia H;Bajpai P K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Thapar University, Patiala-147 004, Punjab) : Investigation of physico-mechanical properties and biodegradability of high density polyethylene/polylactide blends. J Polym Mater 2014, 31(4), 381-95.

Thin films from blends of high density polyethylene (HOPE) and polylactide (PLA) polymers, anhydride modified high density polyethylene (MAH) were produced through melt-compounding. HDPEIPLA (80120) and HDPEIPLAIMAH (8012014) blends were traced as the blends with paramount combination of mechanical (tensile) properties and PLA content. The characterization of the blends was done by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and parallel-plate rheometry. Percent biodegradation of the samples was also analyzed according to ASTM 05338. DSC studies showed that the melting and crystalline temperatures of HOPE and PLA were not changed considerably upon blending, but the melting enthalpy of the blends decreased fairly as compared to the neat polymers. WAXD analysis revealed lesser crystallinity of the blends than pure HOPE. SEM indicated that addition of MAH improved compatibility and interfacial adhesion between HOPE and PLA phases. The biodegradability levels of the samples were obtained as 4.57% for HDPEIPLAIMAH (8012014) and 4.43% for HDPEIPLA (80120), which suggested that the microorganisms could degrade PLA blended HOPE.

6 illus, 3 tables, 45 ref

022281   Dhumal T D;Waghmare J S (Oils Dep, Oleo chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Techn, Mumbai-400 019, Email: jyotsna.waghmare@gmail.com) : Pediculicidal activity of clove oil. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(2), 857-65.

Humans head lice are a nuisance for millions of people worldwide with high prevalence in children. Head lice have been treated by methods that include the physical removal of lice, various domestic treatments and conventional insecticides. None of these methods render complete protection and there is clear evidence for the evolution of resistance and cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Non-toxic alternative options are hence needed for head lice treatment or prevention and natural products from plants, especially essential oils (EOs) are good for safer control agents that may provide good anti-lice activity and low levels of evolved resistance. A few Essential oils have been tested as repellents with promissory results, although often in vitro tests and clinical trials produce contradictory results. The use of pyrethroids to control head louse infestations have suffered considerable loss of efficacy due to the development of resistance. In the last past few years, several new alternative products to synthetic pyrethroids have been developed and are sold in the market against head lice. The present study investigated the efficacy of some essential oil that have high medicinal value and therefore use against head lice as Chemical constituents of essential oils present a wide range of biological activities. The aim of this work was to evaluate insecticidal activity of essential oil specially clove oil and eucalyptus oil and compare the relative toxicity of essential oil. In the present study, it is observed that from literature survey it is given that eucalyptus has higher toxicity than clove but practically clove oil have higher toxicity as compare to eucalyptus oil to head lice was found. This essential oil was obtained by distillation process and components were identified by FTIR and GC.

18 ref

022280   Deole G S;Tambavekar A S;Baviskar V R;Sable S R;Chitale MM;Nimbalkar V M (NO, , ) : Wear behavior of Al-Alloy (Al-5 Mg) in-situ reinforced TiB2 particulate. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(3), 32-7.

A research has been carried out for replacing Al monolithic alloys by aluminium (Al) based metal matrix composites (MMCs) in many engineering applications where high wear resistance and stiffness are required. In this paper, the investigated dry sliding wear behavior of TiB2 particulate reinforced composite of Al-Alloy (Al-5 Mg) is discussed. The in-situ Al-Alloy (Al-5 Mg) 10wt% TiB2 composite material were prepared by molten flux reaction synthesis using electric melting furnace. Dry sliding wear behavior of composites was estimated by pin on disc method and wear data is linked with SEM studies. The end result showed that the wear resistance of cast Al-Alloy (Al-5 Mg) can be improved further by fine size TiB2 particulate reinforcement formed in in-situ during reaction synthesis and have moral bonding with matrix.

022279   Bhatia K;Asrey R;Varghese E (Post Harvest Technology Div, , New Delhi-110 012, Email: ramu_211@yahoo.com) : Correct packaging retained phytochemical, antioxidant properties and increases shelf life of minimally processed pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) arils Cv. Mridula. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(3), 141-4.

This study investigated the effect of packaging materials (Poly propylene, low density poly ethylene and KPA bags) with different water and gas transmission rate on minimally processed `Mridula' pomegranate arils stored at 5 ñ 2 °C and 85 ± 5 % RH for 15 days. During course of storage, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of minimally processed arils were determined at 3 days interval. The results indicated that packaging material influenced ascorbic acid, phenols, anthocyanins, antioxidant and sensory score of minimally processed arils. Arils packed in PP bags retained better total phenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant compared to LDPE and KPA packed arils. PP packed arils maintained higher acceptance score over the recommended commercial acceptance level (above 6.0) up to the 15 days of storage.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

022278   Ashani H;Saxena P;Pabari J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad) : Coagulation studies in Industrial wastewater treatment. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(11), 23-7.

Among the varied sized particles present in wastewater, the particles that are retained in a Gouchc crucible and cannot be filtered are called colloidal particles (0.01 to 1.0 μm). Their removal is necessary before treating water chemically and biologically. The current work focuses on the use of coagulation as an efficient industrial wastewater pre-treatment method for removal of these colloidal particles from wastewater. During experimentation runs, Standard Jar Test apparatus was chosen for carrying out coagulation in selected industrial wastewater. The procedures included rapid mixing, followed by slow mixing and settling. Ferric chloride (FeCl₃.6H₂0) was used as a coagulant for experiment purpose. Using ferric chloride, different experimental runs were conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions and parameters. The operating conditions and parameters chosen were coagulant dosage, agitator rpm, and time of agitation. The optimum conditions obtained were 40 rpm, 30 minutes of agitation. Treated water samples were checked for turbidity (NTU) by using Nephelometer, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal and color reduction. Thus, a comparative analysis emerged out showing the effect of various conditions on the selection of dosage of coagulant used for the type of wastewater under consideration.

13 illus, 9 tables, 8 ref