Vadiraj A;Kamaraj M
020973 Vadiraj A;Kamaraj M (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: kamaraj@iitm.ac.in) : Effect of plasma nitriding on fretting fatigue damage of surgical grade titanium alloys. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 503-9.
Fretting fatigue failures of bioimplants such as hip joints and bone plates occurs due to relative sliding motion of two bodies under contact pressure. In this experiment, fretting fatigue performance of plasma nitrided pairs is compared with unmodified pairs in Ringer solution which represents simulated body fluid. Calibrated proof ring with pads was used for applying fretting damage. Unmodified pairs have exhibited high friction and severe oxidation due to high metallurgical compatibility of the pairs. Plasma nitrided titanium alloys pairs have shown significant improvement in fretting fatigue lives over unmodified pairs with low friction between contact pairs. The oxidation at contact is similar to unmodified pairs but the lives are longer. Three body abrasive damage is also evident at the contact. The steady formation of oxides at the contact seems to play an important role in altering friction during fretting fatigue.
10 illus, 1 table, 12 ref
Tripathi V;Singh R P
020972 Tripathi V;Singh R P (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Bulter Technologies Institute, Kanpur-208 002, Email: vpshbti@rediffmail.com) : Production of mona and diacylglycerols by lipase-catalyzed hydrosis of rice bran oil. J Lipid Sci Technol 2006, 38(3), 122-23.
Lipases from several origins have been used for the production of mono-and diacylglycerol by hydrolysis of rice bran oil and immobilized lipase Rhizomucor miehei (RMIMl) was found to be the most effective biocatalyst. In the presence of lipase, triacylglycerol hydrolyzed to diacylglycerol, diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol to glycerol and fatty acid, and all reactions take place at milder reaction conditions. The conversion to diacyglycerol plus monoacylglycerol was found to be 77.3% of rice bran oil.
3 tables, 8 ref
Sugimoto K
020971 Sugimoto K (NO, Shinshu Univ, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan, Email: sugimot@gipwc.shinshu-u.ac.jp) : Advanced high-and ultra high strength trip-aided steels. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 725-38.
Many formable high or ultra-high strength TRIP-aided steels have been developed to realize a drastic weight reduction and excellent crash worthiness of vehicles since 1987. In general, formability of the low alloy TRIP-aided steels is principally influenced by chemical composition and heat treatment conditions which control retained austenite characteristics and matrix microstructure of the steels. In this paper, carbon-enrichment mechanism, deformation-induced transformation behavior and characteristics retained austenite of advanced TRIP-aided steels with different matrix structure are introduced. Also, the effects of alloying elements, heat treatment conditions and forming conditions on the formability and mechanical properties (hydrogen embrittlement performance, impact toughness and fatigue property) of the TRIP-aided steels are mentioned with explanation of improvement mechanism by retained austenite.
23 illus, 66 ref
Srivastava T K;Karunesh K;Prasad B N;Kumar S; Das S
020970 Srivastava T K;Karunesh K;Prasad B N;Kumar S; Das S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-830 001, Email: sumitesh@aut.tatasteel.com) : Preliminary applications of voronoi cell technique to the microstructural modelling of single and dual phase steels. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 511-19.
Implementation of the Voronoi algorithm to approximate single and dual-phase microstructure of ferritic steels. This approximated microstructure is that of grains separated by grain boundaries for single phase and the volume fraction of pearlite in ferrite for dual phase steels. In both cases, the model employs the Voronoi cell technique to construct polygons with straight lines to represent the different microstructural features. Variations in the polygonal shapes are due to the choice in number and position of initial nuclei. The paper also outlines a strategy evolving a mechanical equation of state to predict the flow stress using the information of the grain sizes and volume fractions. The model is developed on a MS-Visual Basic 6.0 platform. The flow stress predicted by the present model is in close agreement with other published data.
5 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref
Srinivas T;Ramanathan S;Anantharaman M
020969 Srinivas T;Ramanathan S;Anantharaman M (NO, CTCRI, Thiruvananthapuram 695 017) : Exploring industrial potential of cassava in India. Indian Hort 2006, 51(6), 8-9.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta ) is a staple food crop cultivated in several developing coutries. It is consumed either directly as cooked or as value-added products. Its crop is concentrated in southern peninsular region of India in 0.24 million ha, producing 6.7 million tonnes with highest productivity of 27.92 tonnes/ha in the world. Among many value-added products. starch and sago are very important ones. More than three lakh tonnes of cassava starch is being produced annually in 800 small units and three large units are concentrated in Tamil Nadu an Andhra Pradesh.
Speer J G;Matlock D K;Krauss G
020968 Speer J G;Matlock D K;Krauss G (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Advanced Steel Processing and Porducts Research Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 USA, Email: jspeer@mines.edu) : Recent development in the physical metallurgy of ferrous long products. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 749-767.
Ferrous long product components are critical in a wide of variety of applications. This review highlights briefly several recent advancements related to alloying, microstructure, and thermomechanical processing of steel long products and forgings. Among the topics highlighted are product development trends, including automotive applications such forged steel crankshafts which are replacing cast iron in high performance engines, and Nb microalloying additions to suppress grain growth during new carburizing processes that can operate at higher temperatures. Induction processing illustrates just one important example where intermediate processing after the steel manufacturing process controls the final properties, but is influenced by steel manufacturing characteristics such as segregation and banding. Machinability is an important manufacturing consideration for bar steels and forgings, and remains an active area of research. Microalloying and thermomechanical processing technologies more developed in flat rolled processes are being implemented increasingly in long products and forgings, to replace heat treated components, and increase strength and/or toughness in reinforcing bar steels, structural beams and wire, and develop ultrafine microstructures with new property combinations. A new concept related to mitigating hydrogen delayed fracture in high strength bolts is outlined, along with a new thermal processing route to produce controlled amounts of retained austenite. Dilatometric studies to develop models to predict and reduce heat treating distortion and residual stresses are also highlighted. In each of these areas, fundamental mechanisms associated with alloy design, transformation behavior and microstructural influences on performance are emphasized.
19 illus, 1 table, 59 ref
Singh S;Tyagi N S
020967 Singh S;Tyagi N S (Fire Research Laboratory, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667) : Sealant fire stops for cable installations. Paintindia 2006, 56(11), 69,70,72.
Method has been developed to conduct fire performance evaluation test of through penetration cable fire stop. Method is based on time temperature history, exposed to a high heat source typical of building fires. Cable fire stop was prepared with a chemical formulation developed for intumescent sealing mastic. The test provides information relating to the thermal stability of intumescent char formed on the reaction of chemicals which quickly fills the hollow spaces formed by burning insulation cables. Trapped noncombustible gases within the intumescent cellular char provides insulating abilities which protects the more deeply located cables or conductors from further radiation. Metal hydroxide releases water, which causes intensive cooling of the hot surfaces, interrupting the heat transfer process taking place through the conductor.
2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref
Singh B K;Singh P N;Singh V
020966 Singh B K;Singh P N;Singh V (Metallurgical Engineering Dep, Centre for Advanced Study, Institute of, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005) : An investigation of low cycle fatigue properties, deformation characteristics and fracture behaviour of the Ti-6al-1.7Zr-3.3Mo-0.3Si alloy: influence of temprature, strain rate and hold period. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 447-61.
Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) behaviour of the α + β type high temperature titanium alloy Ti-6Al-1.7Zr-3.3Mo-0.3Si (GTM 900) was studied in the α+P solution treated, air cooled and stabilized condition at different total strain amplitudes, at room temperature and 773K. It was observed from the cyclic stress response curves that there was continuous and extensive softening at room temperature. However, at 773K there was only mild softening during the initial 60 to 200 cycles and it was followed by stabilization of stress in the subsequent cycles and finally by secondary hardening in the terminal stage, in particular at lower strain amplitudes (Δε
20 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref
Shivaprasad P V;Mandal S;Venugopal S;Naraynan C;Shanmugam V;Raj B
020965 Shivaprasad P V;Mandal S;Venugopal S;Naraynan C;Shanmugam V;Raj B (Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Tamilnadu) : Artificial neural network modelling of the tensile properties of indegenously developed 15Cr-15Ni-2.2Mo-Ti modified austenitic stainless steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 437-45.
Severe and hostile operating conditions of fast breeder reactors demand the development of new austenitic stainless steels that possess higher resistance to void swelling and irradiation embrittlement. Discusses the efforts made in the laboratory and industrial scale development of a 15Cr-15Ni-2.2Mo-Ti modified austenitic stainless steel "and the evaluation of tensile properties. Melting and casting were carried out in a vacuum induction furnace and the data on recovery of various alloying elements was obtained for charge calculations. Based on the recovery data and decarburisation behaviour under different vacuum levels, a series of alloys with close chemistry variations were prepared. Heat treatment was optimised for these special steels to control the grain size at required level. The ingots were thermo-mechanically processed and tensile properties were evaluated. This experimental data has been used to train and test an artificial neural network. The input parameters of the neural network are chemical compositions and test temperature while the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation were obtained as output. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) based feed-forward network with back-propagation learning algorithm has been employed. A very good performance of the developed network is obtained. The model can be used as a guideline for new alloy development.
9 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref
Shertukde V;Narkhede J
020964 Shertukde V;Narkhede J (Institute of Chemical Technology, N.M. Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-19, Email: vikrantsher@rediffmail.com) : Specialty organic pigments. Paintindia 2006, 56(10), 91-2,94,96.
3 illus, 7 ref
Sharma R;Sharma P
020963 Sharma R;Sharma P (NBPGR Regional Station, , Shimla-171 004) : Optimization of enzymatic pretreatments for maximizing olive oil recovery. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(1), 52-5.
Enzymatic pretreatments to enhance oil recovery in olive oil extraction process were investigated. The laboratory scale mechanical method consisting of crushing of olive fruits in fruit mill, malaxation in oil press for 60 min followed by pressing in hydraulic press at 15 ton/m<^>2 for 30 min and finally centrifugation of oil-water mixture (5000 rpm for 20 min) to separate oil was optimized. Combination of pectinase + cellulase (1: 1) @ 0.05% resulted in maximum oil recovery and minimum loss of oil in cake compared to individual enzymes (pectinase, cellulase and pectinaseCCM) even at higher concentrations. The oils obtained with enzymatic treatments had relatively higher natural antioxidants (total phenols), slightly higher oil clarity, and lower free fatty acids and peroxides. All the quality parameters of olive oil extracted with or without enzymes were well within the specifications of Indian Food Laws and Codex Alimentarius. Enzymatic pretreatments significantly improved oil recovery and did not exert any adverse effect on the nutritional and pharmaceutical quality of the oil.
2 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref
Sharma B R;Dhuldhoya N C;Merchant S U; Merchant U C
020962 Sharma B R;Dhuldhoya N C;Merchant S U; Merchant U C (Lucid, Colloids Limited, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: brsharma@idh.lucidgroup.com) : Hydroxypropyl galactomannan- a new entrant in paint industry. Paintindia 2006, 56(11), 87-8,90,92,93.
2 illus, 2 tables, ref
Shao P;Jiang S T;Ye Y K
020961 Shao P;Jiang S T;Ye Y K (School of Biotechnology and Food Engng, Hefei Univ of Technol, Hefei-230 009, China, Email: jiangshaotong@yahoo.com.cn) : Influence of feed and condenser temperature on molecular distillation of ideal binary mixtures. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(1), 37-46.
Balanced equations of a binary mixture for molecular distillation (MD) were derived on the basis of relation of heat and mass transfer in liquid films on both the evaporating and condensing surface. Effects of feed temperature and condenser temperature on film thickness, film surface temperature and concentration, degree of evaporation and concentration of distillate were analyzed for MD. The length of evaporating cylinder along with surface temperature of evaporating film reached steady state decreasing with increasing of feed temperature. Evaporation rate decreased with increasing of condenser temperature because of re-evaporation. Influences of splashing on distillate and re-evaporation were minimized and gradient concentration of distillate and increased degree of evaporation were obtained by the divided evaporator and condenser. Evaporating film temperature was increased with the gradient increase of divided evaporator temperature. Mode of divided molecular still could be used for the separation of mixtures with largely different saturated pressure at one stage operation. Model values agreed well with the experimental values of Cvengros. Maximum relative differences did not exceed 5.1%.
9 illus, 21 ref
Saxen H;Pettersson F
020960 Saxen H;Pettersson F (Heat Engineering Laboratory, Abo Akademi Univ, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Abo, Finland, Email: hsaxen@abo.fi) : Genetic evolution of novel charging programms in the blast furnace. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 593-605.
Burden distribution plays a key role in the daily control of the blast furnace due to its effect on the gas distribution and the chemical and thermal efficiency of the dry part of the shaft, as well as on the shape and level of the cohesive zone. Because of difficulties to measure the burden distribution on-line, operators base their control measures on know-how and experience from cold model trials, and indirect on-line information, such as gas temperatures and composition measurements from above-burden or in-burden probes. An abundance of possible charging programs makes the decisions of control actions difficult. This paper describes a method where a genetic algorithm is applied to automatically evolve novel charging programs. The programs are interpreted by a mathematical model of the burden distribution, and the differences between the desired and calculated radial distributions of ore (sinter and pellets) and coke are minimized subject to constraints of the charging (movable armor settings, skip size, etc.). The method is used on a set of examples where the charging programs evolved by it are illustrated and analyzed.
9 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref
Roy P;Tyagi V K;Khanna R K
020959 Roy P;Tyagi V K;Khanna R K (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Synthesis and characterization of n-n-ethylene-bis(1-dodecylsuccinamic acid). J Lipid Sci Technol 2006, 38(3), 119-21.
Synthesis of N-N'-ethylene-bis (1-dodecyl succinamic acid), a new anionic gemini surfactant by reacting 2- dodecen -1-ylsuccinic anhydride with ethylene diamine using dichloromethane as solvent. The effect of reaction variables like time and molar ratio of raw materials on anionic content (%) and yield (% wt) has been studied. The study revealed that 2:1 molar ratio of reactants and 6 hr duration was optimum for yielding gemini surfactant with a maximum anionic content of 49.4%. The structure of synthesized anionic gemini surfactant was characterized by FT-IR, <^>1H NMR and <^>13C NMR spectral studies.
1 illus, 4 table, 9 ref
Ray R K;Saha R
020958 Ray R K;Saha R (R & D and Scientific Div, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur-831 001, Email: kray@iitk.ac.in) : Effects of severe cold rolling on the evolution of microstructure and texture in low carbon steels. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 739-48.
Severe cold rolling of low and extra low carbon steels, beyond what is normally practiced conventionally, can produce much thinner gauge steel with a finer grain size and excellent deep drawing quality texture. A technique consisting of multistage cold rolling and annealing appears to be a much better method than the conventional single stage cold rolling and annealing in this respect.
8 illus, 84 ref
Rana P;Azeem N;Singh S B;Mohanthy O N
020957 Rana P;Azeem N;Singh S B;Mohanthy O N (Ferrous Metallurgy Dep, RWTH Aachen, Intzestr. 1,Aachen Germany-520 72, Email: Rana@iehk.rwth-aachen.de) : Mechanism of Annealing in interstitial free steels. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 491-6.
Annealing behaviour of two high formable ultra low carbon steel grades, IF and IF-HS has been studied using thermoelectric power and resistivity techniques along with conventional methods. The dominant mode of annealing is recovery, rather than recrystallisation for these steels. Greater degree of deformation results in faster kinetics of recovery in IF and IF- HS steels. Phosphorus does not appear to affect the recovery process, but recrystallisation seems to get sluggish. Resistivity at liquid nitrogen temperature and thermoelectric power at room temperature appear to be effective tools in studying cold rolling and annealing processes of these steels.
5 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref
Rajeshwararao B R;Rajput D K;Kaul P N; Bhattacharya A K;Naqvi A A
020956 Rajeshwararao B R;Rajput D K;Kaul P N; Bhattacharya A K;Naqvi A A (Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Resource Centre Boduppal, Uppal (PO), Hyderabad-500 039, Email: brrraol@rediffmail.com) : Effect of short and long-term storage on essential oil content and composition of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht. & Presl.) leaves. J Spices aromatic Crop 2006, 15(1), 19-24.
Effect of duration of storage of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) leaves on the content and chemical composition of essential oil was studied. The results revealed that neither the essential oil content (1.9%-2.2%), nor the chemical composition of essential oil (eugenol 87.1%-90.7%; eugenyl acetate 2.9%-5.5%; linalool 0.8%-1.2%; benzyl benzoate 0.3%-0.6%) was affected during the storage of leaves for up to 15 months.
18 ref
Pradip
020955 Pradip (NO, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Pune, Email: pradip.p@tcs.com) : Processing of alumina-rich Indian iron ore slimes. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 551-68.
Indian hematite ores are typically rich in iron but contain unusually high alumina (as high as seven percent) and in some cases, problem of high phosphorous content is also noted. The current practice of iron ore washing in India results in three products, namely coarse ore lumps, directly charged to blast furnace, the classifier fines, (3-5% alumina) which with or without beneficiation are fed to sintering plants and the slimes (6-10% alumina) discarded as waste. Practice of discarding slimes is not at all sustainable, considering the acute shortage of land and water on the one hand and the increasing proportion of slimes likely to be generated as a consequence of the urgent necessity of producing lower alumina burdens for the blast furnace on the other. An integrated approach of processing Indian iron ore slimes is presented in this communication. It consists of an appropriate beneficiation strategy (including selective flocculation-dispersion, flotation), a downstream pelletization/sintering/briquetting process to prepare a product acceptable to blast furnace and a cost effective, eco-friendly semi-dry technology of tailings management (substituting tailings ponds) and/or production of value-added products from the iron rich alumino-silicate residue. Development of selective reagents capable of accomplishing hematite-alumina/gibbsite separation has been identified as a key research challenge in this context.
6 illus, 2 tables, 97 ref
Patel A;Dighe A K;Patel C;Patel K
020954 Patel A;Dighe A K;Patel C;Patel K (NO, Sophisticated Instrumentation Center for Applied Research & Testing, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Polyurethane- acrylic (PU-AC) hybrid dispersion: the mechanism, processing and an overview. Paintindia 2006, 56(11), 63,64,66-7.
Polyurethane dispersions are widely used in coating industries but in some application areas they are bound by the cost factor although it has very good performance properties. In order to achieve a true price/performance balance: Polyurethane - Acrylic hybrids are appropriate. Hybridization of polyurethane -acrylics are done by various mechanisms to achieve average smaller particle size, narrower molecular weight distribution and a particulate morphology.
5 illus, 3 ref
Pal S;Lahiri A K
020953 Pal S;Lahiri A K (Applied CFD Lab, Global Research, General Electric, 122 EPIP, White Field Road, Bangalore-560 066, Email: subrat_pal@yahoo.com) : An overview of mathematical model of liquid iron making processes. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 569-81.
Technology of blast furnace is well established for a very long time. But understanding of the process based on mathematical modeling is of comparatively recent origin. Serious effort in this direction started from sixties. On the other hand, mathematical modeling is being used as a tool even during development stage for Smelting reduction processes. Modeling effort of last four decades has vastly improved the understanding of the processes and revealed their inherent complexity. Highlights key features of mathematical modeling of blast furnace and COREX process.
^iia11 illus, 63 ref
Pal D
020952 Pal D (NO, Berger Paints India Ltd. Auto & GI R&D, Howrah) : Micro particle to nano particle- the technology of tomorrow. Paintindia 2006, 57(1), 87.
Nano technology is more than a process that simply miniaturizes micro-technology. "Nano" stands for a promising form of basic and interdisciplinary technologies. It combines physical technologies, chemical materials sciences and biological principles with application-driven engineering. Scientists take molecular-theoretical ideas and use them as concepts for functional nanostructures that can be manufactured through the selective manipulation of molecules and atoms. The innovative potential for new materials, which make new applications possible while lowering materials costs, turns nanotechnology into an interdisciplinary technology of the future. The paint industries are exploring the potential uses of this technology in research with the ultimate objective of creating superior nano based paints.
10 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref
Mukherjee C;Bhattacharya D K
020951 Mukherjee C;Bhattacharya D K (Chemical Technology Dep, University Colleges of Sciences and Technology, Calcutta Univ, 92,A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700 009) : Dieatry effect of punicic acid on oxidative behaviour and lipid profiles of brain, heart, liver and kidney tissue lipid of rats. J Lipid Sci Technol 2006, 38(3), 124-8.
Experimental study comprises in vivo oxidative behaviour of punicic acid (9 cis, 11 trans, 13 cis -18:3 fatty acid), occurring in snake gourd seed oil, when blended with soybean oil at various percentages, soybean oil being the control. The difference in the ratios of n-6/ n-3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) is noticeable, particularly the ratio of n-3 PUFA/. PA (punicic acid). The amount of 18:2 and 18:3 in the plasma lipid was found to be maximum with rats raised on 0.6% punicic acid, followed by 1.2% punicic acid, which showed greater polyunseturation, especially that of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid). The amount of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) was found to be maximum with rats fed 2.4% punicic acid, followed by 0.6 and 1.2%, respectively. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity in the various tissues revealed distinct variations, in the trend of oxidative behaviour at dose dependent levels. At 2.4% punicic acid in the brain and liver lipid, total cholesterol seemed to decrease while, the same phenomenon was observed at 0.6% level in the heart tissue.
2 illus, 4 tables 9 ref
Moharir G
020950 Moharir G (NO, , Krishna Kutir, 165, Sri Krishana Nagar, Borivali (East), Mumbai-400 066, Email: rajchemind@yahoo.com/info@rajadditicies.com) : Basics of pigment dispersion. Paintindia 2007, 56(12), 95-97.
Moharir D G
020949 Moharir D G (NO, , Krishna Kutir, 165, Shrikrishna Nagar, Borivali (East), Mumbai-400 066, Email: rajchemind@yahoo.com) : Rheology. Paintindia 2006, 57(1), 111-12.
ref
Mishra P K;Mohanty J;Rath P C;Nayak B B; Parmaguru R K
020948 Mishra P K;Mohanty J;Rath P C;Nayak B B; Parmaguru R K (Regional Research Laboratory, (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Bhubaneshwar-751 013, Email: pm_140@yahoo.com) : Titanium powder from titanium dioxide by molten salt electrolysis - prepration and characterization study. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 463-68.
Preparation of titanium by electrodeoxidation of sintered titanium dioxide pellets in molten calcium chloride bath is reported. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopic and electron probe microanalysis studies of the product at different stages of the electrolysis confirmed the formation of titanium. Current- time characteristics and the mechanism of the electrolytic process are also discussed.
2 tables, 5 illus, 17 ref
Militzer M
020947 Militzer M (The Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering, The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4, Email: militzer@platinum.cmpe.ubc.ca) : Microstructure evolution in dual-phase steels. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 711-24.
Microstructure evolution during the industrial processing of low carbon dual-phase steels is reviewed for both hot-rolled and cold-rolled annealed products. For both processing routes, the austenite-ferrite transformation assumes a critical role in tailoring the desired ferrite-martensite microstructure. As a result, run-out table cooling for hot-rolled products and intercritical annealing for cold-rolled annealed products have been identified as the key processing steps. The design of robust processing routes during the transformation range can greatly benefit from developing microstructure process models. The austenite-to-ferrite transformation is well studied in these materials and models are available that readily can be applied to industrial processing conditions, i.e. run-out table cooling and cooling after intercritical annealing, respectively. The description of subsequent austenite decomposition into other transformation products is less advanced but empirical relationships are available that characterize the required cooling conditions to obtain martensite rather than bainite and/or pearlite as the second transformation product. Austenite formation, on the other hand, is not as thoroughly studied and the available models appear to have limited predictive capabilities for intercritical annealing such that further investigations are required. Further, the future need to develop higher strength dual-phase steels has also led to consider novel processing technologies in the laboratory for the production of ultra fine grained dual-phase steels.
10 illus, 69 ref
Mathew M D;Latha S;Ramkumar R;Rao K B S; Mannan S L
020946 Mathew M D;Latha S;Ramkumar R;Rao K B S; Mannan S L (Metallurgy and materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, TN-603 102) : Modelling the thermal creep behaviour of alloy D9 stainless steel clad tubes using theta projection method. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 469-79.
Uniaxial creep rupture properties of alloy D9 stainless steel clad tubes have been evaluated at 923 and 973 K over a wide range of stress levels. The creep strain-time data (creep curve) have been analysed following the 4 Theta and 6 Theta parametric approaches. The stress dependencies of the Theta parameters were established and used to predict the creep curves. By applying strain to fracture as the failure criterion, the rupture lives were predicted at various test conditions. The creep curves of alloy D9 stainless steel could be modelled reasonably well using the 6 Theta approach whereas modeling using 4 Theta parameters was not satisfactory. The predicted rupture lives showed good agreement with the experimental data.
13 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref
Maithani A;Srivastava D;Agarwal D
020945 Maithani A;Srivastava D;Agarwal D (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, H.B. Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002, Email: arun_maithani@rediffmail.com) : Vinyl ester resins and their blends for protective coatings. Paintindia 2006, 56(10), 97,98,100,102,1.
Vinyl ester resins (VER's) of varied acid values (12, 26 and 40 mg/gm solid) were prepared by reacting different monoepoxies (DEGBA, cresyl, phenyl and butyl glycidyl ether) with methacrylic acid (mole ratio 1:0.9) in the presence of triphenyl phosphene (1 phr by wt. of epoxy resin) as catalyst and hydroquinone (200 ppm) as an inititor at 85 ñ 1 °C. Samples of different VER's for curing studies was prepared by using JO/4/0.2 (by wt.) of resin, reactive diluents (Styrene) and benzoyl peroxide respectively. Blends of different VER's of comparable acid values were also cured in the same manner as with the individual VERs. The curing conditions of the experimental coatings were determined by using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) system. The DSC scans were obtained under dynamic and isothermal conditions to choose a temperature and time for completion of curing reaction (90 min at 85°C). Coatings of individual VER's and their blends when exposed to different chemicals for a period of one year showed better chemical resistance properties than already available monoepoxy based coating systems. Thermal stability of VER's having lower acid values was better than those of VERs having higher acid values. Cresyl and phenyl based VER's blend showed better mechanical and chemical resistance properties as compared to those synthesized from DEGBA and butyl based VER's blend.
10 tables, 12 ref
Mahapatra S S;Mohanty S R
020944 Mahapatra S S;Mohanty S R (National Inst of Technol, , Rourkela-769 008, Email: ssm@nitrkl.ac.in) : Lean manufacturing in continuous process industry: an empirical study. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(1), 19-27.
Lean manufacturing is a production strategy for organizational effectiveness focusing on waste reduction and improving productivity through application of various tools. This paper attempts to find out the reasons for sparse adoption of the concept in Indian manufacturing organisations through a cross-sectional survey study. The study highlights knowledge and understanding levels of Indian managers about the concept of lean manufacturing, its adaptability, the driving factors that lead to its adoption, benefits derived thereon and application of lean tools looking into operating environments (whether a continuous or discrete). The study finally concludes with a broad implementation framework for application of lean manufacturing in continuous process industries by emphasizing its key areas of application.
3 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref
Lai M;Bassan D;Fuganti A;Serra R;Federici C
020943 Lai M;Bassan D;Fuganti A;Serra R;Federici C (Centro Ricerche Fiat, , Strada Torino 50, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy, Email: manuel.lai@crf.it) : Weight reduction in automotive applications by using high strength steels: the challenge of a competitive manufacturing. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 799-804.
Vehicles development weight reduction is one of the most important driving forces often conflicting with other missions that would require additional mass (crashworthiness, comfort, etc). The use of HSS, especially new grades with very high strength and good formability is the most competitive way to reduce weight. Nevertheless some limitations come from manufacturing HSS: springback, residual stresses, weldability and should be taken into account in product development in order to avoid an expensive set up phase in the press shop and in the body shop. This paper focus on the recent experience achieved by Fiat in introducing HSS up to reach a share higher than 60% in weight while applying and developing new methodologies to solve in the design phase any criticality arising from the use of this material.
5 illus, 5 ref
Kundu S;Chatterjee S
020942 Kundu S;Chatterjee S (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Dep, Bengal Engineering and Sciences Univ, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103) : Effect of bonding time on structure and properties of transition joints between commercially pure titanium and 304 stainless steel with nickle interlayer. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 481-9.
Diffusion bonding between commercially pure titanium and 304 stainless steel using nickel interlayer was carried out at 900°C temperature for 30, 60 and 90 minutes under uniaxial pressure of 3MPa in vacuum. The microstructure of the diffusion interfaces has been evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stainless steel-nickel (SS-Ni) interface is free from reaction products up to 60 minutes bonding times; however, α-Fe+λ+χ phase mixture occurs for the bonded sample processed for 90 minutes. At nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) interface, TiNi
4 illus, 18 ref
Kumar V;Bhardwaj Y K;Jhadav N G;Goel N K; Sarma K S S;Dubey K A;Chaudhari C V;Sabharwal S
020941 Kumar V;Bhardwaj Y K;Jhadav N G;Goel N K; Sarma K S S;Dubey K A;Chaudhari C V;Sabharwal S (Radiation Technology, Development Section Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Electron beam curing of epoxy acrylate on to wood surfaces : effects of reactive diluent on coating properties. Paintindia 2007, 56(12), 87,88,90.
Electron beam curing of commercial grade epoxy aery/ate (Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate) on wood surfaces to provide high performance protective and decorative coating is discussed in the paper. Effect of three multifunctional reactive diluent monomers namely, 1,6-Hexane dioldiacrylate (HDDA), Dipropylene glycoldiacrylate (DPGDA) and Tripropylene glycoldiacrylate (TPGDA) on the performance characteristics of coating such as.abrasion resistance, scratch resistance, gloss at 60° angle, pencil hardness, pendulum hardness, impact resistance, chemical resistance, stain resistance, steam resistance and cigarette burn resistance has been investigated. Results of the study show that presence of reactive diluents improved abrasion resistance, hardness, chemical resistance property and ease of application by lowering the viscosity of the coating. However, higher diluent content resulted in micro-distortions on the coating surfaces and induced brittleness that adversely affected gloss and scratch resistance of the coating. EB cured wood surfaces exhibited excellent stains and steam resistance properties.
4 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref
Kavak Akpinar E
020940 Kavak Akpinar E (Mechanical Enging Dep, Firat University, 23279, Elazig, Turkey) : Thermodynamic analysis of strawberry drying process in a cyclone type dryer. J scient ind Res 2007, 66(2), 152-61.
Thermodynamic analysis of the thin layer drying process of strawberry are investigated. Drying experiments were conducted at inlet drying air temperatures of 60, 75 and 85°C and at drying air velocities of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m s<^>-l in a cyclone type dryer. Using the First Law of Thermodynamics, energy analysis was carried to estimate the ratios of energy utilization. However, energy analysis was accomplished to determine type and magnitude of energy losses during the drying process by applying the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Strawberry samples were sufficiently 'dried between 60-85°C at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m s<^>-l of drying air velocity during 12000-33600 sec despite the energy losses of 0-0.715 kJ s<^>-1.
10 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref
Kanetkar V R;Deulgaonkar D S
020939 Kanetkar V R;Deulgaonkar D S (Technology of Intermediates and Dyes Div, Mumbai Univ, Institute of Chemical Technology (M.U.I.C.T.), Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Azomethine pigments: a review. Paintindia 2006, 56(9), 53-4.
10 tables, 21 ref
Kamani P K;Bajpayee M
020938 Kamani P K;Bajpayee M (NO, H.B. Technology Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Synthesis and characterization of multifarious oil/alkyd-acrylic hybrid for architectural and industrial coatings. Paintindia 2006, 56(8), 71.
Hybrids, oil/alkyd-acrylic, were synthesized by polymerizing different acrylic monomers in the presence of colloidal oil/alkyd droplets. The presence of oil/alkyd caused retardation in the polymerization through radical delocalization following radical transfer to the unsaturated groups of the fatty acids in the oil/alkyd but the adjustment of reaction condition could give 100% conversion. The homogeneity of the hybrids differed from blends as was observed in good film formation without the use of co-solvents. In some cases a true synergistic behaviour was observed. The mechanism of interaction of resin in the hybrid is discussed. Main objective of this research is to develop a resin system with common characteristics of two or more (if any) resins. The hybrids thus developed have significant Improved performance over the blends and the individual system. The application properties of hybrids could be varied over a broad range by changing either the acrylic part or the alkyd part or their ratio. The hybrids were applied on various substrates and their performance were studied. Significant improvement in adhesion, on various substrates gloss and gloss retention, hardness, dirt rebar found. Describes the design, synthesis, characterization and coating performance of the hybrids.
8 illus, 17 tables, 80 ref
Kadam M P;Bhowmick D N
020937 Kadam M P;Bhowmick D N (Oils Oleochemicals and Surfactants Div, University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), Mumbai Univ, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Lipase-mediated incorporation of gamma linolenic acid into phosphatidylcholine. J Lipid Sci Technol 2006, 38(3), 129-32.
Phosphatidylcholine was modified with borage oil by lipase-catalysed transesterification to incorporate gamma linolenic acid. Enzymatic modifications were carried out in hexane medium using four immobilized lipases. Effect of catalyst dosage, temperature, substrate ratio and source of enzyme were studied. About 26.11 mol % of gamma linolenic acid was incorporated when transesterification was carried out with 1:10 molar ratio of phosphatidylcholine and borage oil using 7.5% w/w Novozym 435 at 60°C for 12 hr.
4 illus, 15 ref
Jongenburger C P;Boom R
020936 Jongenburger C P;Boom R (Corus Research, Development & Technology, IJmuiden, The Netherlands, Email: peter.jongenburger@corusgroup.com) : The corus way of technology management in the iron and steel industry. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 805-17.
Global consolidation of the iron and steel industry creates steel companies with powerful positions in purchasing, marketing and sales. Technology management as a strategic asset has been neglected for a while but is gaining importance again as a tool to develop sustainable and efficient processes, new and reliable products and innovative applications. At Corus Group technology is considered as a critical success factor for the company. Corus Research, Development & Technology (CRD&T) is organised such that in close partnership with the business units and the corporate centre technology is developed and implemented leading to improved or new processes, products and applications. An overview of the structure of CRD&T is given and the management process leading to technology programmes is described. External research contacts are crucial to achieve the knowledge needed to execute R&D projects. The philosophy of collaboration with universities and institutes worldwide is described. Results from ironmaking and steelmaking to steel forming and coating are presented to illustrate the Corus way of technology management.
^iia12 illus, 6 ref
Jayaprakash M;Raman G S
020935 Jayaprakash M;Raman G S (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: ganesh@iitm.ac.in) : Effects of contact pressure on fretting fatigue behaviour of AISI 304 stainless steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 431-6.
Fretting fatigue behaviour of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel was studied at three different contact pressures (50, 100 and 150 MPa). Friction force and surface roughness of fretting scar in tested specimens increased with increase in contact pressure. The fretting fatigue life decreased monotonously with increase in contact pressure due to higher stress concentration and increased surface damage. Multiple crack initiation was observed in specimens tested at higher contact pressures. Though the samples tested at a contact pressure of 150 MPa exhibited the lowest fatigue lives, more martensite formed in the fretting region compared with that in specimens tested at lower contact pressures of 100 and 50 MPa.
9 illus, 16 ref
Iwase M;Hasegawa M;Wakimoto K;Yamada K; Kikuchi Y;Katogi K
020934 Iwase M;Hasegawa M;Wakimoto K;Yamada K; Kikuchi Y;Katogi K (Energy Science and Technology Dep, Ferrous Metallurgy Research Group, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan) : Control of slag volume in steelmaking. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 671-79.
The key to reduce steelmaking slag volume is effective phosphorus removal. Thermodynamic considerations revealed the advantage of heterogeneous slags saturated with solid lime and solid tetra-calcium phosphate. With these slags, the activities of P
11 illus, 1 table, 16 ref
Holtham P N
020933 Holtham P N (Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, Queensland Univ, Australia, Email: p.holtham@uq.edu.au) : Dense medium cyclones for coal washing. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 521-33.
Reviews current statistics for the world coal industry in terms of production and use before examining the dense medium cyclone process. The history of the process is reviewed, including the background to the development of the Dutch State Mines cyclone and its introduction as a coal-washing device. A number of separation vessels have been proposed as alternatives to the cyclone and these are discussed. The current state of the art in modelling the dense medium cyclone is reviewed, demonstrating that the focus of research is no longer on process models for simulation but on fundamental models for cyclone design. It is concluded that CFD will ultimately be used to develop cyclones for specific process applications, eliminating the design-build-test-scrap cycle used since the inception of the process.
^iia3 illus, 4 tables, 65 ref
Hirani H;Dighe A;Patel C
020932 Hirani H;Dighe A;Patel C (Sophisticated Instrumentation Center for Applied Research and Testing, Vallabh, Vidyanagar-388 120) : Effective cost saving in high performance coating by replacing titanium dioxide with calcium aluminium silicate & magnesium aluminium silicate. Paintindia 2006, 56(10), 75-6,78,80,82,.
Titanium dioxide is the brightest, whitest pigment available. Ti0
6 illus, 12 tables, 12 ref
Haseebuddin S;Patil N V
020931 Haseebuddin S;Patil N V (NO, Asian Paints Ltd., LBS Marg Bhandup (W), Email: syed.haseebuddin@asianpaints.com) : Renewable materials in surface coatings. Paintindia 2007, 56(12), 81-6.
Maturing of conventional technologies, depletion in petroleum based resources and their long-term effect on environment is driving scientists to seek new paradigms based on biological concepts and renewable materials. This study discusses the possible potential uses of natural resources in surface coatings. Novel raw materials such as oils (Mahua, Vernonia, Lesquerella etc), polyols (Inulin and sucrose), additives (Isosorbide), enzymes (Procine Pancreatic Lipase and Candida cylindracaea, Lipozyme), bio-mimetic catalysts (Iron-ascorbic acid palmitate) etc have been suggested for use in coatings. All these raw materials are from undepletable renewable resources, which are increasingly desirable in coatings technology.
9 illus, 17 ref
Gummeson J J
020930 Gummeson J J (A, B, C, Email: india@cytec.com) : Advances in waterborne 2K epoxy/amine primers for heavy duty applications. Paintindia 2006, 56(11), 75-6,78,80,82,8.
Adhesion and corrosion protection performance of various 2K epoxy/amine systems have been compared. Waterborne systems, based on solid epoxy resin dispersions, have also been compared to solventborne counterparts. The amine hardener type has been considered for its contribution to consistent adhesion on a variety of metal substrates. The hardener level and type of anticorrosion pigments were also evaluated for their effect on performance in a waterborne 2K epoxy/amine system. Reviews the results of a new hydrophobic amine hardener in a 2K waterborne epoxy coating, focusing on the adhesion and corrosion protection on metal substrates such as cold rolled, galvanized, and sand blasted steel as well as aluminum. Waterborne 2K epoxy systems for "high end" zinc rich primer applications are also discussed.
10 illus, 5 tables, ref
Gumaste J L;Singh S K;Galgali R K;Mukherjee P S
020929 Gumaste J L;Singh S K;Galgali R K;Mukherjee P S (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubneshwar-751 013, Email: jlgumaste@rrlbhu.res.in) : Catalyst assisted graphitisation of calcined petroleum coke (CPC) in an extented argon arc plasma reactor EAAPR. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(4), 497-502.
Effect of addition of boron to the calcined petroleum coke (cpc) charge on its high temperature graphitisation behaviour is studied. An extended argon arc plasma reactor (EAAPR) of 35 kW capacity is utilised for heating the quasi crystalline calcined petroleum coke to the graphitisation temperature. The XRD studies on boron mixed samples heat -treated in argon arc plasma showed peaks corresponding to pure 4-H graphite. The sample mixed with 5 wt% boron and heat treated in argon arc plasma for 45 minutes shows electrical resistivity of 0.024 Ω cm and apparent density of 1.95 g/cc. The cpc sample mixed with 0.5 wt% boron and plasma heat treated in argon arc plasma showed resistivity of 0.03 Ω cm and apparent density of 2 g/cc. The boron additions as catalyst in different concentrations seem to enhance kinetics of high temperature plasma graphitisation.
4 tables, 2 illus, 12 ref
Ghosh A
020928 Ghosh A (Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Inclusions and their control in steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 635-53.
Harmful effects of non-metallic inclusions on properties of steel as well as on nozzle clogging during teeming, considerable research and development work have been, and still are being carried out on inclusions in steel. For better quality, increasing efforts are being given to manufacture cleaner steels, which should have as low inclusion content as possible. Also residual inclusions are being modified by suitable additions during secondary steelmaking to minimize their harmful effects. All these have led to considerable modifications to steelmaking and casting practices that existed earlier, as well as invention of new design and processing techniques. Inclusion control in steel encompasses all these. This paper briefly reviews salient features of inclusions and their origin in steel, as well as strategies for their control . There is a brief outline of quantitative thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, which have been found to be a useful theoretical tool for predictions of deoxidation and inclusion precipitation in molten steel. Finally, it has been pointed out that consistent inclusion control is intimately related to general process control during steelmaking.
^iia13 illus, 1 table, 36 ref
Gangotri L T;Singh V;Gour R S
020927 Gangotri L T;Singh V;Gour R S (Surface Coating Technology Dep, Laximinarayan Institute of Technology, RSTM, Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033) : Studies in ketonic resin. Paintindia 2006, 56(9), 69,70-2,73.
Three different compositions were tried for the preparation of ketonic resin by changing the mole ratio of cyclohexanone and formaldehyde. 1: 1 mole ratio was found to give excellent results. Ketonic resins of different softening points ranging from 72-112°C were prepared. The reaction temperature was 60°C. Heat effect on the resin was also evaluated at 110°C, 150°C, 200°C for 1,2 and 3 hours. The study showed that the softening point of the resin increased from 112°C to 170°C.
8 tables, 26 ref
Gangotri L T;Pimplapure R D
020926 Gangotri L T;Pimplapure R D (Surface Coating technology Dep, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, RTM Nagpur Univ, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 033) : High temperature coatings based on "Titanium oleate". Paintindia 2006, 56(8), 61.
High temperature coatings based on titanium oleate and aluminium pigment were prepared and evaluated for their heat resistance properties. Coatings were found to sustain the temperature up to 800°C without any damage to the film. These coatings have shown excellent adhesion, scratch hardness with bright, lustrous and smooth finish. The coating did not lose any polymer part at this temperature. Titanium oleate samples were prepared by reacting oleic acid with titanium dioxide at 230°C without any catalyst.
1 illus, 13 tables, 12 ref
Gaikwad J
020925 Gaikwad J (Research and Development, Thermax Babcock & Wilcox, Thermax Limited Div, D1 Block, MIDC, Chinchwad, Pune-411 019) : Environmental friendly technologies for heat recovery from waste fuels and process/industrial wastes. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(3), 99-102.
Heat recovery from low-grade waste fuels and various industrial/process wastes assumes great importance in the present scenario with increase in global prices for oil and coal due to increasing demand and limited supplies. Firing of low-grade waste fuels/process wastes gives double benefit, firstly the available energy is recovered efficiently and secondly the waste material is disposed off in environmental friendly manner. In both of these cases the energy which was otherwise going to waste is recovered and put to proper use and conserves the main source of energy which would have been otherwise used. Discusses on technologies, operating experience boilers for firing various waste fuels for effective and economical generation of power/steam.
ref
Fruehan R J
020924 Fruehan R J (Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research, Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh PA (USA), Email: fruehan@andrew.cmu.edu) : Oxygen versus EAF steelmaking in the 21st century. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(5), 607-17.
Attempts to answer the question "which technology will dominate steelmaking in the next twenty to thirty years?" It also examines what role new technologies will play and some research on these technologies. It is clear that no single technology is superior in all cases. The three major factors determining process selection are raw material availability, the steel market being served, and environmental constraints. A few examples of how these factors impact process selection are given. A crude economic analysis indicates the lower cost process depends on local material cost and capital required for the plant. In some cases, oxygen steelmaking have lower costs than an EAF. New ironmaking processes and concepts and the merging of the technologies with EAF's using more oxygen and converters melting more scrap are briefly examined.
11 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref