004785   DEKA A M, BORA P C, KALITA H, ZAMAN A S N, SAIKIA P (Assam Agricultural Univ, Nagaon- 782 002, Email: anjumaladeka.sms@gmail.com) : Effect of dates and methods of winter rice (Oryza sativa L.) transplanting on relayed niger (Guizotia abyssinica) and soil health. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 435-40.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of dates of transplanting under different methods of cultivation on productivity of winter rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their effect on rice-niger (Guizotia abyssinica) relay system at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Shillongani Nagaon, Assam during kharif-rabi seasons in the year 2014-15 and 2015-16.  Rice transplanted on 20 June recorded significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield of rice (59.19 q/ha) as compared to the later dates of transplanting, and it was followed by 5 July- transplanted rice. Transplanting on 20 June resulted in higher values in respect of yield attributes, yield of relayed niger, rice equivalent yield (REY) of rice- niger relay system (75.68 q/ha), NPK uptake by rice and niger as well as soil fungal and bacterial population after harvest of rice and niger. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) recorded significantly higher value of yield attributes and grain yield of rice (60.34q/ha) as compared to conventional method. In case of relayed niger, yield attributes, seed yield and REY were found higher under SRI method of rice cultivation. Under SRI method, higher uptake of NPK by rice and niger and higher soil fungal and bacterial populations after harvest of rice and niger were observed as compared to conventional method. However, conventional method of rice cultivation recorded significantly higher values of soil available N, P₂O₅ and K₂O content at the end of two year-crop cycle over that of SRI.

12 ref

004807   HIMABINDU K, GURUMURTHY P, PRASAD P R K, LUTHER M M (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agricultural Coll, Naira- 532 185, Email: peddintigurumurthy@gmail.com) : Available macronutrient status of soils in various cropping systems of Thotapalli irrigation project Ayacut of North coastal Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 429-34.

Assessment of macronutrient status of soils under five major cropping systems namely, rainfed mango/cashew orchards, rainfed groundnut/mesta cropping, irrigated rice followed by pulses, irrigated rice followed by maize and irrigated sugarcane in Thotapalli irrigation project ayacut area of north coastal Andhra Pradesh was carried out.  A total of 125 random soil samples were collected from five different cropping systems from five villages of five Tehsils (mandals) namely, Cheeprupalli, Therlam (both tehsils from Vizianagarm district), Ranasthalam, Regidiamadalavalasa and Laveru (from Srikakulam district). The results of the study revealed that the soil organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) contents of the irrigated land was higher than adjacent rainfed upland, however the exchangeable calcium and magnesium were higher in rainfed uplands and relatively lower in irrigated cropping systems. Significant positive correlation was noticed between percent clay content with available N (r = 0.311**), available P₂O₅ (r = 0.232*), available K₂O (r = 0.473**), available Sulphur (r = 0.249*), likewise organic carbon content also positively correlated with available N (r = 0.456**), available P₂O₅ (r = O.578**), available K₂O (r = 0.211*) and available sulphur (r = 0.298*), while available phosphorous, was negatively correlated with soil pH, EC and CaCO₃ contents. The variations in soil properties and nutrient status among cropping systems indicate need for employing integrated and soil test based nutrient management in sustainable manner.

33 ref

004800   GUL A, SALAM A, AFRIDI M S, BANGASH N K, ALI F, ALI M Y, KHAN S, MUBEEEN R (Life Sciences Dep, The Islamia Univ of Bahawalpur, Pakistan- 63100, Email: bot419@gmail.com) : Effect of urea, bio-fertilizers and their interaction on the growth, yield and yield attributes of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 423-8.

A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station Bahawalpur (Pakistan) during Kharif, 2016 to evaluate the response of cluster bean against bio and chemical fertilizers. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen (urea 75 g, 85 g and 95 g/40 g seeds) with three level of Rhizobium (1.5 g, 2.0 g and 2.5 g/40 g of seeds). The experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications. Combine treatment of urea and Rhizobium resulted in maximum plant height, number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seeds weight, yield/plant, and chlorophyll content. Similarly, application of 2.5 g rhizobium and 85 g of urea separately resulted in highest number of leaves. Our results concluded that the use of urea and rhizobium in consortium could be a potential agronomic practice for the production of high grain yield in cluster bean.

4 tables, 35 ref

004819   KAR S, PANT K S, CHANDEL A, DUBEY G D (Silviculture and Agroforestry Dep, Dr. YS Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan- 173 230, Email: satyajeetkar1010@gmail.com) : Standardisation of tree spacing and organic manure dose for growing garden pea under Grewia optiva D. based agri silviculture system. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 411-6.

A field experiment was carried out to explore the possibilities of successful cultivation of garden pea as intercrop under different spacings of Grewia optiva, to standardise the tree spacing and organic manure dose for optimum growth and yield of garden pea. The experiment comprised of four treatment of tree spacing (8m×1m, 8m×2m, 8m×3m and open i.e. tree less area) and eight manure doses treatment (T₁-160 % of recommended doses of Nitrogen through Vermicompost and Poultry manure in 50-50 ratio, T₂-140 % of RD N through VC and PM, T₃-120 % of RD N through VC and PM, T₄-100 % of RD N through VC and PM, T₅-80 % of RD N through VC and PM, T₆-60 % of RD N through VC and PM, T₇-100 % of RD of NPK and T₈-Control i.e. no manures and fertilisers). Growing of Garden pea with the use of 120 % of the recommended doses of nitrogen through vermicompost and poultry manure, under 8 m×3 m spacing of grewia was found better to other treatment combinations with respect to growth, yield, net revenue and B:C ratio.

8 tables, 14 ref

004905   SINGH H, SINGH R K, MEENA R N, KUMAR V (Agronomy Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: hsagro666@gmail.com) : Nitrogen fertigation schedule and irrigation effects on productivity and economics of spring sugarcane. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 405-10.

The field experiment was conducted to find the appropriate irrigation method, fertilization schedule and its influence on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane.  The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam, neutral in reaction (pH 7.7), low in organic carbon (0.41 %) and available nitrogen (167.0 kg ha^-1), medium in available phosphorus (19.1 kg ha^-1) and potassium (208.0 kg ha^-1). Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of three irrigation methods in main plot viz., flood, furrow and drip; five nitrogen scheduling in sub plot viz., farmers practice, 4 splits, 6 splits, 8 splits and 10 splits. In flood method of irrigation all growth and quality parameter were recorded lowest. Thus, it may be concluded that to achieve highest millable cane and quality parameters, drip irrigation is a better option. The number of tillers (177.2 thousand ha^-1), number of millable canes (123.3 thousand ha^-1), cane length (367.98 cm), cane yield (168.51 t ha^-1), commercial cane (CCS) yield (25.05 t ha^-1) and economic return were found significantly higher under drip irrigation during first year. Similar trends were recorded during second year of experimentation. The highest dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were also recorded under drip irrigation during both the years. Similarly, water use efficiency and water productivity were found maximum under treatment of drip irrigation. Significantly highest number of tillers (165.6 thousand ha^-1), millable canes (116.3 thousand ha^-1), cane yield (154.72 t ha^-1), dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, CCS yield (23.39 t ha^-1) and economic return were recorded with 6 splits of nitrogen application. The overall effect of nitrogen scheduling was in the order of 6 splits > 8 splits > 10 splits > 4 splits > farmer’s practice. 

5 tables, 22 ref

004924   THAKUR A, KUMARI N, SHARMA V (Bioscience and Biotechnology Dep, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur- 304 022, Email: amritathakur20@gmail.com) : Effect of elicitors on growth, biochemical and antioxidant activity in two varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought. Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 398-404.

The study investigated the effect of different elicitors on two varieties of Triticum aestivum (10 days old seedlings) under drought stress. The growth of plants along with various biochemical and antioxidant parameters was determined on 5^th, 10^th and 15^th day of drought stress. Six varieties of wheat viz. RAJ-4120, RAJ-4079, RAJ-3077, RAJ-4238, RAJ-4037 and RAJ-3765 were treated with different elicitors i.e. sodium nitroprusside (0.5 mM), salicylic acid (10 mM) and silver nitrate (10 mM) for six hours before sowing and exposed to drought stress. Chemically primed seeds were sown in pots containing soil along with hydro primed seeds which were not pretreated with any chemical and were used as control. The results indicated that in all the control plants, growth of the seedlings increased with time. In drought stressed seedlings the growth was less than the control plants. Seedlings pretreated with sodium nitroprusside showed the highest growth, biochemical and antioxidant activity. Under drought stress also these parameters were higher in sodium nitroprusside pretreated plants when compared to stressed plants having no pretreatment.

24 ref

004801   GULL M, SOFI P A, MIR R R, ARS A, ZARGAR S M (Genetics and Plant Breeding Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Kashmir, Sopore-193 201, Email: parvazesofi@gmail.com) : Productivity and resilience based indices for identification of water stress resilient genotypes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 391-7.

This paper reports the usefulness of a new method for identification of productive and resilient cowpea genotypes. The new indices called as Yield Susceptibility Score Index (YSSI) and Yield Production Score Index (YPSI)  are based on a scoring scales, offer simple and easy visualization and identification of genotypes that possess resilience, productivity, both or none. A set of 40 cowpea genotypes was evaluated  and stress indices were combined  in terms of  new indices based on a combination of stress susceptibility index, the stress tolerance index, the mean productivity index and the tolerance index, which have been previously used either in isolation or together for understanding water stress adaptation. This new selection method could help breeders and researchers by defining clear and strong criteria to identify genotypes with high resilience and high productivity and provide a clear visualization of contrasts in terms of grain yield production under stress. The approach is highly useful in initial evaluation of large germplasm sets for identification of resilient and productive cowpea genotypes. 

14 ref

004890   SARANYA M, NELSON S J, PARAMASIVAM M, MAHALINGAM C A (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore- 641 003, Email: suganpraveen9@gmail.com) : Evaluation of different solvent extracts of sweet flag rhizome, Acorus calamus (L.) on pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Indian J Agric Res 2019, 53(4), 373-82.

Investigation was conducted to test the insecticidal activity of sweet flag rhizome (Acorus calamus L.) extracts on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on cow pea in storage during 2016-2017 at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore. Sweet flag (SF) extracts obtained by different extraction methods (soxhlet and mechanical shaker extraction)  using various solvents viz., hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol exhibited varied levels of insecticidal action on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Pulse beetle on cow pea seeds, there was a positive correlation between the concentration of the sweet flag extracts and the insecticidal action. The LC₅₀ value of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of SF obtained in soxhlet extraction for C. maculatus was 0.042, 0.230 and 0.069 per cent at 48 hours, respectively. The LC₅₀ value of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of SF obtained in mechanical shaker extraction for C. maculatus was 0.009, 0.275 and 0.069 per cent at 48 hours, respectively. Hexane extract of SF obtained from both extraction methods (soxhlet and mechanical shaker) showed cent per cent mortality at 0.09 and 0.1 per cent on 5^th day after treatment (DAT). For ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of SF obtained from both extraction methods (soxhlet and mechanical shaker), caused more than 80 per cent mortality was observed on 6^th DAT at 0.09 and 0.1 per cent on pulse beetle respectively. On 90 DAT, hexane extract of SF obtained from both extraction methods and of ethyl acetate extract of SF obtained from mechanical shaker extraction, there was no progeny development of C. maculatus at 0.05, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.1per cent concentrations. Cent per cent mortality and there is no progeny development C. maculatus in 0.09 and 0.1 per cent of hexane extract of SF (both extraction methods) and ethyl acetate extract of SF (mechanical shaker extraction) treated cowpea seeds upto 90 days when compared to untreated control.

3 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

004794   GAMI Y M, PATEL M P, PAWAR M M, CHAUDHARI A B, RATHOD B S, PANCHASARA H H, PATIL S S (Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar– 385 506, Email: yogeshgami@sdau.edu.in) : Production performance, feed efficiency and their correlation in lactating Kankrej cows at organized farm. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 61-3.

A study was conducted to assess production performance, feed efficiency and their correlation in lactating Kankrej cows at organized farm. The variables such as average dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition and feed efficiency were evaluated in 49 lactating Kankrej cows over a period of 30 days. The mean dry matter intake was 9.71 ± 0.08 kg/d. The average milk yield and energy corrected milk were 12.45 ± 0.35 kg/d and 14.27 ± 0.47 kg/d, respectively. Feed efficiency was 1.48 ± 0.05 in Kankrej cows, and it was significantly affected by average milk yield and energy corrected milk. The average milk yield and energy corrected milk were highly correlated with feed efficiency. Pearson’s square correlation coefficient was 0.96 between feed efficiency and energy corrected milk.

1 table, 11 ref

004793   GADEGAONKAR G M, PATIL M B, GULVANE S U, KARAMBELE N R, JAGADALE S D (Animal Nutrition Dep, Bombay Veterinary Coll, Mumbai- 400 012, Email: drgmgadegaonkar@gmail.com) : Effect of supplementation of slow release non-protein nitrogen compound on the lactation of cows. Indian J Vet Sci Biotech 2019, 14(3), 24-7.

A feeding trial to study the effect of slow release non-protein nitrogen compound was conducted for 180 days in twelve early lactating Gir and crossbred cows that were divided into two equal groups viz., T₀ (Control) and T₁ (treatment). T₀ received farm made concentrate mixture and T₁ received concentrate mixture containing 1 % SRNPN (Slow release non-protein nitrogen compound). The animals in both the groups were fed mixed hay as dry roughage and paragrass as green roughage. Dry matter intake in T₀ and T₁ was comparable. The average daily milk yield, 4 % FCM yield, TDN and DCP intake of cows inT₁ was significantly (P<0.01) higher than T₀ . The efficiency in terms of DM, TDN and DCP required per kg FCM were significantly (P<0.01) better in T₁ than T₀. The specific gravity, milk protein, solids not fat, total solids and total ash contents of milk were comparable in both the experimental groups, however, the average milk fat percentage in T₁ was significantly (P<0.01) higher than T₀ . Digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients were higher in SR-NPN supplemented group than SR-NPN non-supplemented feed. Profit realized per day over feed cost per cow was higher in T1 (Rs.108.34) than T₀ (Rs. 90.29). It can be inferred that efficient utilization of poor quality roughages, better productivity and higher profit margin can be achieved by inclusion of SR-NPN at 1 percent level in the concentrate mixture of lactating cows.

2 tables, 10 ref

004866   PRAJWAL S, VASUDEVAN V N, SATHU T, IRSHAD A, SUNANDA C, PAME K, GUNASEKARAN P, POOBAL P (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Coll, Thrissur-680 651, Kerala, Email: vasudevan@kvasu.ac.in) : Characterization of meat from three Indian native cattle breeds and cross-bred cows. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1113-7.

The current study was undertaken to evaluate various quality attributes of meat from three Indian native cattle breeds and cross-bred cows using Principal Component Analysis. Three muscles each from eight Vechur, Kasargod Dwarf, Gir and cross-bred cows of 10 years of age were utilized and analyzed for 13 variables such as physico-chemical and compositional attributes. The coefficients of variation of each parameter were in the range from 1.04 to 42.54 per cent. PCA transformed the variables into five principal components (PC), which explained about 75 per cent of total variability. PC1 was comprised of Warner-Bratzler shear force, collagen content, collagen solubility and sarcomere length. PC2 was characterized by a*, b*, cooking loss and fat content. Loading plots of the first two PCs revealed high correlation for objective measures of meat tenderness. In score plot, meat samples from cross-breds and native cattle breeds were organized into two distinct groups. 

22 ref

004935   WAGH R U, THOMBRE B M, SHINDE A T (Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402, Email: rajeshwagh8@gmail.com) : Studies on linear body measurements of Gaolao calves in the breeding tract of Maharashtra. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1109-12.

The body measurement and body weight of Gaolao calves at various stages of growth were studied for both male and female at different location in the breeding tract. The idea is to obtain the real picture of the breed in the breeding tract. The body measurements play an important role in judging calves and often help in predicting probable value of the calves. Body length and height at wither are the measures of bone growth while chest girth is measures of development of muscles, bone and fat and it has close relationship with the live body weight.

11 ref

004917   SUNDER J, KUNDU A, KUNDU M S, SUJATHA T, DE A K (Animal Science Div, ICAR- Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 105, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Email: jaisunder@rediffmail.com) : Farming practices and morphometric characterization of Andaman local goat. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1097-1103.

Andaman Local Goat (ALG) is an indigenous goat breed of Andaman and Nicobar islands. The present study was designed to characterize the ALG for its phenotypic characters, feeding and management system. Study revealed that these goats are medium to short in stature with colour combination of black, brown and white. Ears are flat and leaf-like, medium-sized and drooping. Both sexes have small horns, curved upward and backward. Flock size per family ranges from 5 to 35. Age at first mating, weight at first mating, age at first kidding, weight at first kidding, service period, kidding interval and gestation period were 260.0 ± 15.0 days, 8.49 ± 0.89 kg, 420.0 ± 12.0 days, 13.26 ± 1.61 kg, 101.20 ± 11.23 days, 300.0 ± 20.0 days and 147.0 ± 2.0 days respectively. The common diseases observed were parasitic infestation, diarrhoea, bloat, grass poisoning, orf, and tetanus. The risk of extinction of the breed is increasing in these islands due to decrease in the number of breedable male and reduction in the total population. Efforts for conservation of this indigenous breed should be strengthened to save this breed from extinction.

41 ref

004869   PRIYA Y, PUTTY K, PATIL S R, REDDY Y N, REDDY Y V, JYOTHI J S, SUSMITHA, RAO P P (P.V.N.R. Telangana Veterinary Univ, Rajendrangar-500 030, Hyderabad, Email: kalyaniputty@gmail.com) : Standardization and application of immunofluorescence and immuno- peroxidase tests for detection of bluetongue virus antigen. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1074-9.

India is enzootic for bluetongue (BT), a predominant disease of small ruminants. The most important task in the control of disease is rapid and sensitive detection of virus. The present study was undertaken to standardize immunofluorescence (IFT) and immunoperoxidase tests (IPT) employing BTV serogroup specific VP7 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), polyclonal homologous, and polyclonal heterologous antisera against specific serotypes of BTV for detection of BTV antigen. Serial tenfold dilutions of BTV-9 were tested for limit of detection (LoD) of IFT, IPT, and molecular assays by using MAbs against VP7, homologous anti-BTV-9 serum, and heterologous anti-BTV-16 serum. LoD of IFT was found to be 10¹ TCID50/mL using MAbs against VP7, anti BTV-9 serum, and anti BTV-16 serum. LoD of IPT was found to be 10¹ TCID50/mL, 10² TCID50/mL, and 10² TCID50/mL using MAbs against VP7, anti BTV-9 serum and anti BTV-16 serum, respectively. LoD of RT-PCR was 10¹ TCID50/mL and that of real time PCR was 10⁰ TCID50/mL. This standardized assay was then applied for BTV detection in BTV suspected field samples collected from BT outbreaks followed by confirmation with virus isolation and NS3 group specific PCR. The current study shows that IFT and IPT are specific tests for group specific BTV identification. For IFT, monoclonal and polyclonal (homologous and heterologous) source of antibodies had similar sensitivity in the ability of BTV detection; whereas the most sensitive mode of detection by IPT was with MAbs. 

24 ref

004757   ALQAZZAZ M, SAMSUDIN A A, IDRIS L H, ISMAIL D, AKIT H (Animal Science Dep, Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang- 43400, Malaysia, Email: henny@upm.edu.my) : Effect of energy to protein ratio using alternative feed ingredients on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1069-73.

Present study was conducted to evaluate the different levels of energy to protein ratios (EPR) using food waste and black soldier fly larvae meal (FWBSFL) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers. A total of 160 one-day old broiler chicks were divided randomly to four groups and each group had 8 replicates with 5 chicks per replicate. The control diet was formulated using conventional feed ingredients with EPR of 154 for the starter period and 167 for the finisher period. The other treatments were diets with normal, low, and high EPR (154,143, and 166 for the starter period; 167, 155, and 177 for the finisher period) using FWBSFL. Feed consumption and body weight gain as well as digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber, and fat were decreased due to feeding of FWBSFL diets. Different levels of EPR using FWBSFL decreased growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers.

32 ref

004857   PASTSART U, PIMPA O (Prince of Songkla Univ, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand, Email: umaporn.p@psu.ac.th) : Meat quality, colour stability, lipid and protein oxidation of broilers on diets supplemented with Piper sarmentosum leaves. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1064-8.

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of Piper sarmentosum leaves (PSL) on meat quality of broilers. The 144 commercial broiler chicks, one day old, were randomly assigned to 5 groups with three replicate cages. The five treatments were: 1) basal feed (8 chicks/cage), 2) basal feed (10 chicks/cage), 3) basal feed supplemented with 1% of PSL (10 chicks/cage), 4) basal feed supplemented with 2% of PSL (10 chicks/cage), and 5) basal feed supplemented with 3% of PSL (10 chicks/cage). The duration of dietary treatments was 42 days. The results showed that the group supplemented with 3% PSL had higher redness, yellowness, and cooking loss than the control group with 10 chickens/cage (P < 0.05). It was also observed that the 3% PSL treatment gave significantly lower lightness than the 0% and 1% PSL treatments with 10 chickens/cage (P < 0.05). Overall, the study indicated that PSL might improve chicken meat colour and protect against protein oxidation, but it has no potential in protecting against lipid oxidation in broiler filet. 

31 ref

004928   UPADHAYA S D, LEI X J, SERPUNJA S, KIM I H (Animal Resource and Science Dep, Dankook Univ, Cheonan- 330-714, South Korea, Email: xjlei1988@gmail.com) : Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis RX7 and Bacillus methylotrophicus C14 as probiotics on growth performance, digestibility, blood profile and fecal microbiota in weaned pigs. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1059-63.

A total of 60 weaned piglets (28-day old; [Landrace ×Yorkshire]×Duroc) were used to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus-based probiotic on performance, digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in weaned pigs. The piglets were randomly allotted to three treatments with 4 pens per treatment and 5 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of: CON, basal diet; BS, basal diet + 0.1% of Bacillus subtilis RX7; BM, basal diet + 0.1% of Bacillus methylotrophicus C14. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced (P=0.01) in BS and BM treatments compared with CON. The apparent total tract digestibility of energy was increased (P<0.05) in BS and BM compared with CON on day 14. The supplementation of probiotics led to increase (P<0.05) in fecal lactic acid bacteria counts on day 42. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation reduced feed intake, increased energy digestibility and lactic acid bacteria counts and numerically reduced Salmonella counts in weaned pigs.

26 ref

004760   ANSARI S T, RAVI A, RAMANA J V, RAJU G G (Animal Nutrition Dep, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Andhra Pradesh, Email: raviakst@gmail.com) : Voluntary intake and plane of nutrition of sheep fed hydroponic fodder varieties. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1054-8.

Voluntary intake and plane of nutrition of adult sheep fed six varieties of hydroponic fodder i.e. Sorghum Sudan Grass, cowpea, horse gram, maize, jowar and barley as a sole feed was evaluated using four Nellore Jodipi rams.  The average yield of fodder  after 7 days of sprouting  from 1 kg of seed was higher (P<0.01) from maize and barley  than from jowar seeds and it was 7.17, 8.07, 7.10, 9.13, 5.38 and 8.22 respectively from Sorghum Sudan Grass, cowpea, horse gram, maize, jowar and barley.   The DM was 10.2 to 12.5 % among the fodder varieties with the CP and CF content ranging from 13.7 to 41.0% and 16 to 24%, respectively. The NFE was lower in cowpea and horse gram fodder and it was higher, 61.94% in maize fodder. Sorghum Sudan Grass fodder contained lower lignin of 3.03% while it was higher in cowpea, 10.94%. The  DMI (% body weight) was 0.34, 1.11, 0.70,1.31,0.41 and 1.06 from  barley, maize, cowpea, horse gram, jowar and Sorghum Sudan Grass, respectively and was lower than the recommended 2.6 to 2.8 % of body weight for maintenance of adult sheep. The DCP was 9.98, 34.49, 23.9, 9.34, 17.91 and 12.73 while the TDN was 45.83, 75.79, 68.08, 77.57, 64.07 and 77.63 % in Sorghum Sudan Grass, cowpea, horse gram, maize, jowar and barley fodder, respectively. The nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance of sheep was negative in all varieties.  It was concluded that economic fodder production was possible with maize and hydroponic fodder as a sole feed did not meet maintenance requirements. 

27 ref

004899   SHEIKH G G, MASOOD D, GANAI A M, MUZAMIL S, AFZAL Y, AHMAD H A (Animal Nutrition Dep, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: gull2217@gmail.com) : Effect of probiotics mix supplementation on haemato-biochemical parameters and bacterial faecal shedding in Corriedale lambs fed paddy straw based complete feed. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 1049-53.

Growth trial of 90 days was conducted on 12 male Corriedale lambs, divided in two groups of six lambs each, to study the effect of feeding of paddy straw based complete feed supplemented of probiotic mix (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2×10¹⁰cfu/g + Lactobacillus acidophilus 6×10⁹cfu/g) in equal ratio @ 3 % of DM, as per the in vitro studies, while complete feed without probiotics served as control. There was significantly (P<0.01)  higher haemoglobin concentration, RBC, WBC and monocyte count in animals fed probiotic mix than control, with no significant effect on PCV, lymphocyte, eosinophill and neutrophill count. Blood glucose, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, BUN and serum creatinine values were statistically higher in probiotic mix supplemented animals. Lambs fed with probiotics show significant (P<0.01) decrease in serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides with increment of HDL-cholesterol than animals fed unsupplemented diet, with no effect on enzyme activities of liver enzymes. The lambs fed on probiotic mix shows significant reduction in faecal shedding of E. coli and total coliform with firm pellets faecal consistency. Probiotic mix has great potential to beneficially affect the haemato-biochemical parameters and gut micro-flora and hence improve physiological health status of animals.

32 ref

004799   GOWRIMANOKARI K V, THIAGARAJAN R, VENKATARAMANAN R, GOPI H (Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kanchepuram-603 203, Tamil Nadu, Email: manokarivet8@gmail.com) : Effect of inbreeding on pre-weaning and sow performance traits in Large White Yorkshire pigs. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 997-1001.

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of inbreeding on pre-weaning and sow performance traits of Large White Yorkshire pig population. Data on 7596 Large White Yorkshire pigs maintained at PGRIAS, Kattupakkam from the period of 1990 to 2015, were subjected to least square analysis to study the effect of inbreeding and other non-genetic factors viz., period, season, sex, parity, litter size at birth on various traits using general linear model. Inbreeding was calculated as Wright’s path co-efficient. The mean inbreeding co-efficient of LWY population studied was 2.45 %.  Among 7596 animals in the pedigree, 2088 were inbred and the range of individual inbreeding co-efficient (F) was from 0 to 37.5 per cent. The average inbreeding in the inbred population was 8.92 %. The effect of inbreeding was found to be significant for weaning weight, pre-weaning average daily gain and litter weight at weaning, where the traits were found to increase with inbreeding (enhancement). The absence of depressive effect on fitness traits observed in the present study could be due to lower levels of inbreeding, which was possible due to periodic introduction of breeding animals and planned mating.

13 ref

004805   HAUNSHI S, BURRAMSETTY A K, RAMASAMY K T (ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad-500 030, Telangana, Email: santosh575g@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity analysis of C-type lectin like receptors genes in indigenous and white leghorn chickens. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(8), 991-6.

C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs), play an important role in immune functions of the organisms. In chicken, B-NK and B-Lec genes encode CLRs that contain C-type lectin like domain. Polymorphism in CDS of B-NK and B-Lec genes were investigated in Ghagus, Nicobari and WLH breeds. Significant variations in polymorphisms were observed among three breeds. Highest number of SNPs was observed in Ghagus followed by Nicobari and WLH breed. Among two genes higher number of SNPs was detected in B-NK as compared to B-Lec gene. In B-NK gene, a total of 32 SNPs were detected in three breeds (24 in Ghagus, 23 in Nicobari and 17 in WLH). The interesting feature of polymorphism in this gene was that almost all SNPs were of NS type. A six bp identical insertion resulting in addition of two amino acids with open reading frame of 681 bp was observed in Nicobari and WLH and no such insertion was observed in Ghagus. In B-lec gene, a total of 8 SNPs were detected in Ghagus while only 2 SNPs each in Nicobari and WLH breeds were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of coding sequence nucleotides of B-NK gene clustered Ghagus and red jungle fowl into a separate cluster. Study revealed higher variability in coding sequence of CLR genes in the form of higher SNPs in indigenous breeds of chicken.

15 ref

004840   MAHANTHESH M T, PRASAD C K, BARMAN D, NAG B S P, AHIRWAR M, NARAPPA G (ICAR–Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raichur- 584 104, Karnataka, Email: ckprasad91@gmail.com) : Performance and economics of Kenguri ram lambs under different rearing systems. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 984-7.

The experiment was conducted to study the performance of Kenguri ram lambs in two different production systems in an organized farm in Koppal district of Karnataka. Sixty weaned Kenguri ram lambs of uniform body weight and morphological characteristics were selected and randomly allocated to two rearing systems (R₁ and R₂) of thirty each. The lambs of R₁ were considered as control group, they were on grazing for 8 hours daily from 9.00 am to 5.00 pm and fed paddy straw during night hours. The lambs of R₂ were reared in intensive system and fed commercial concentrated feed (IS. 5569. 1970) (17% DCP and 70% TDN) from three to nine months. The animals were provided concentrate feed based on their age. The green grass like Congo signal, hybrid Napier and paddy straw were also provided ad libitum along with clean, potable drinking water in the stall. The comparative economics of both the groups was worked out by comparing the expenditure incurred and returns obtained from the selling of lambs. The average live weight obtained in R₂ was significantly higher (p< 0.01) than R₁ . The respective output price, net profit and cost- benefit ratio was higher in R₂ compared to R₁ . Thus the Kenguri lambs can be reared in intensive system with better income in semi-arid conditions of Karnataka.

19 ref

004927   TUFEKCI H, OLFAZ M (Animal Science Dep, Yozgat Bozok Univ, Yozgat- 66100, Turkey, Email: hacer.tufekci@bozok.edu.tr) : Effects of fattening duration on carcass and meat quality traits of Saanen X Hair goat (G1) hybrid male kids fattened in different fattening systems. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 967-72.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fattening duration on carcass and meat quality traits of Saanen x Hair Goat (G1) hybrid male kids fattened in intensive, semi-intensive and extensive fattening systems. Two different slaughter times (120 and 150 days) were applied. Slaughterhouse weights of the kids for 120 and 150-days were measured as 31.22 kg and 31.03 kg in intensive fattening, as 30.08 kg and 27.26 kg in semi-intensive fattening and as 28.69 kg and 28.72 kg in extensive fattening system respectively. Hot carcass weights were measured as 15.29 kg and 15.98 kg in intensive fattening, as 14.48 kg and 12.85 kg in semi-intensive fattening and as 13.85 kg and 13.8 kg in extensive fattening system respectively. With regard to meat quality traits of pH₂₄, pH₄₅, water holding capacity, passive water loss and cooking loss, significant differences were not observed between fattening systems and between fattening durations. Warner-Bratzler peak shear forces decreased with prolonged fattening duration and the greatest marbling score was observed in 150-day intensive fattening system. 

28 ref

004851   NHA B, PATTARAJINDA V (Animal Science Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen- 40002,Thailand, Email: virotekku@hotmail.com) : Effect of physically effective neutral detergent fibre and moisture content in fermented total mixed ration on lactating cow performance. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 913-7.

This experiment aimed to determine the effectiveness of physically effective neutral detergent fibre as peNDF_{1.18 mm} and the moisture levels of fermented total mixed rations (FTMR) in lactating cow performance. Eight crossbred Holstein cows with 430 ± 17.1 kg BW in mid-lactation were used in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design (LSD). The treatments consisted of 20 and 25% physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) and 30 and 60% moisture contents. The results showed that DMI, and DMI of %BW0.75 were increased in 20 and 25% of peNDF with 30% moisture content. CP, EE, NDF, ADF and NFC digestibility was increased on 25% peNDF with 60% moisture content in FTMR. Acetate was increased in 25% peNDF (P<0.05), but propionate was higher in 20% peNDF compared to 25% peNDF. Milk fat percentage was increased in 25% peNDF. No differences were observed in blood glucose and BUN. Consequently, 20 and 25% peNDF_{1.18 mm} with 60% moisture content in FTMR were the optimum levels for lactating cows.

19 ref

004919   SUPHRAP N, WACHIRAPAKORN C, THAMRONGYOSWITTAYAKUL C, WONGNEN C (Animal Science Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen- 40002, Thailand, Email: naphongphot@hotmail.com) : Effect of vegetable oil source supplementation on feed intake, nutrients digestibility and rumen biohydrogenation bacterial population in Thai Friesian dairy cows. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 907-12.

The  investigation aimed to study the effect of vegetable oil sources   on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and biohydrogenation bacterial population in Thai Friesian dairy cows. Three fistula Thai Friesian cows with mean body weight (BW) of 600 ± 100 kg were assigned to receive three vegetable oil sources i.e. palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO) included at 4 %DM in commercial concentrate. All cows were fed on different diets that contained concentrate of 1 %BW and rice straw of 1 %BW according to a 3×3 latin square design (LSD). The results revealed that dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) tended to be higher in cows fed on SBO and SFO (P=0.06). Moreover, the DNA copy numbers (copies/ml) of biohydrogenation bacteria (Ruminococcus albus) and cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Prevotella ruminicola) were higher in cows fed on SBO (P<0.05). In summary, supplementation of SBO in diet resulted in a higher nutrient digestibility and rumen biohydrogenation bacteria population. 

40 ref

004789   DINANI O P, TYAGI P K, MANDAL A B, TYAGI P K, DUTTA N (ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr_dinani@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of feeding value of rice based distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for broiler chickens. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 901-6.

A biological experiment of 160 day old chicks for six weeks was undertaken with completely randomized design (CRD) divided into five treatments, each consisting of 4 replicates and 8 chicks in each replicate. Five experimental diets as per ICAR (2013) were prepared by incorporating rice distillers dried grains with solubles (rDDGS) at inclusion level of (0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0%). Chemical analysis revealed that rice DDGS on as such basis is high in both crude protein 44.68% and gross energy 4232 kcal/kg. In vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestibility (IVPPD) of rDDGS was found 79.81%. At the inclusion level of 7.5, 10 and 12.5 %, growth performance and nutrient utilization did not show any significant (P>0.05) difference as compared to control but at 15% rDDGS inclusion level, growth performance (body weight gain, feed intake and FCR) and nutrient utilization (dry matter and energy metabolizability, nitrogen retention %) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in 15% rDDGS (T5) group as compared to control (T1) and other dietary treatments. Carcass traits did not show any significant (P>0.05) difference between control and other dietary treatments. Cost of production per kg live weight and meat yield were significantly (P<0.01) lower in 7.5 % and above rDDGS levels.  Thus, it is concluded that rDDGS can be safely incorporated in broiler chickens diets up to the inclusion level of 12.5% as alternate protein meal for economic broiler production.

18 ref

004918   SUPHRAP N, WACHIRAPAKORN C, THAMRONGYOSWITTAYAKUL C, WONGNEN C (Animal Science Dep, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen- 40002, Thailand, Email: naphongphot@hotmail.com) : Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 895-900.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447 ± 44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P<0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P>0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

36 ref

004922   SWATHI K, PRAKASH M G, SAKARAM D, RAGHUNANDAN T, CHANDRA A S, KALYANI P (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary Univ, Hyderabad- 500 030, Telangana, Email: swathi.koppula014@gmail.com) : Molecular characterization of MHC class II DRA cDNA in Deoni cattle. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 886-9.

The present study was undertaken to clone and characterize DRA gene in Deoni cattle. The cDNA for the DRA gene was amplified by using specific primers designed based on available cattle sequences and purified products were cloned in competent E.coli (DH5á) strain. The full length 1013bp product of cDNA of DRA contained a single ORF of 762 nucleotides that coded for 253 amino acids translated product. Twenty four amino acids formed signal peptide while 229 constituted mature peptide. The deduced amino acid sequences resembled those of class II molecules of other species for all the conserved residues having critical functional role. But a single N-linked glycosylation site in á1 was observed in cattle and buffalo when compared to human and swine which contain a second site in α2 domain. The signal peptide was found more variable among the species compared. Comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among related species and dendrogram constructed revealed that the cattle sequences are more similar to buffalo sequences. 

21 ref

004838   LIU D, NIU X, TYASI T L, QIN N, ZHU H, CHEN X, XU R (Animal Genetics Dep, Jilin Agricultural Univ, Changchun- 130 118, China, Email: 3386469724@qq.com) : New polymorphisms of PAPPA and PAPPA2 genes and their associations with egg production traits in Chinese Dagu chickens. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 880-5.

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin1 (PAPPA) and pappalysin2 (PAPPA2) genes were implicated in regulation of hen ovarian follicular development and growth. Four novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified using PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing. Among them, A/G transition at position 172864 and T/C mutation at position 172952 in 3‘-untranslated region (UTR) of PAPPA named SNP A172864G and T172952C, respectively. A/G transition at position 77421 and T/C at position 77455 in 3‘-UTR of PAPPA2 gene named as SNP A77421G and T77455C, respectively. For SNP A172864G and T172952C (PAPPA), 360 Dagu hens were classified as AA, AB and BB genotypes based on PCR-SSCP patterns, and BB genotype correlated significantly (P<0.05) with higher hen-housed egg production (HHEP) at 30 and 57 weeks (wks) of age and higher egg weight (EW) at 43 wks of age. Consequently, these SNPs identified will be potential genetic markers to improve egg productivity in chicken breeding. 

15 ref

004904   SINGH B, BONIA K K, TAMULI M K, SINHA S, TAMULY S, SARMA A K, BHUYAN G (Assam Agricultual Univ, Guwahati- 781 022, Assam, Email: kkbonia35@gmail.com) : Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on preseservabilty of boar semen at 15^°C. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 870-3.

A total of 30 ejaculates comprising five from each  of six boars (three Hampshire and three Rani breeds) were collected to study the effect of  DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) on preservability  and fertility  of  boar semen at liquid state at 15°C in ten extenders viz.Androheps+Strepto-penicillin+Gentamycin GEPS+Strepto-penicillin+Gentamycin, Androheps + 1% DMSO, Androheps + 0.7% DMSO, Androheps + Gentamicin sulfate + 0.5% DMSO,Androheps +Strepto-penicillin + 0.5% DMSO, GEPS (Glucose-sodium salt of EDTA-potassium sodium tartrate-sodium citrate dihydrate) + 1% DMSO, GEPS+0.7% DMSO, GEPS+Gentamicin sulfate+0.5% DMSO and GEPS+ Strepto-penicillin + 0.5% DMSO extenders. After holding semen each ejaculate was split into 10 parts and extended (1:3) with the said experimental dilutors and preserved at 15°C in refrigerator up to 168 hr. The evaluation of sperm motility and Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) of preserved semen samples were recorded at 0 (just after extension), 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hr as per the standard method. The results indicated that the addition of DMSO in extenders had no significant effect on preservability of boar semen at 15°C.

12 ref

004854   PANDEY A, THAKUR M S, PANDEY Y (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science Univ, Jabalpur-482 001, Madhya Pradesh, Email: akpandey1109@rediffmail.com) : Polymorphism of beta (β) casein gene and their association with milk production traits in Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle. Indian J Anim Res 2019, 53(7), 847-51.

Present research work was carried out on 50 Sahiwal and 50 HF Crossbred cattle in the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding of College of Veterinary Science and A H Jabalpur. During the research work the PCR amplified products of 121 bp was digested by restriction endonuclease enzyme DdeI, which recognizes G^AATTC sites. The patterns evolved in the present study showed that the presence of one restriction site on one alleles and absence of restriction site on other alleles resulted in the appearance of three bands of 121, 86 and 35 bp.This genotype was referred to as A1A2. When both strand had no restriction sites for the enzyme, only one band of 121 bp was observed on the gel such genotype was designated as A2A2 type. The β- casein gene showed A2A2 and A1A2 genotypes were observed in Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle. The genotypic frequencies of β-casein (CSN2)/ DdeI gene for A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 are 0.00, 0.30, and 0.70 in Sahiwal and 0.00, 0.64 and 0.36 in HF crossbred cattle, respectively and the gene frequency A1 and A2 is 0.15 and 0.85 in Sahiwal and 0.32 and 0.68 in HF crossbred cattle. High frequency of A2 allele was observed in both the breeds of cattle under the study.

16 ref

004844   MOHAMMADABADI T, KAKAR A R (Animal Science Dep, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Univ of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: mohammadabadi@asnrukh.ac.ir) : Comparison of in vitro digestibility of diets containing subabul plant as fodder in dromedary camel and cow. Explor Anim Med Res 2019, 9(1), 61-6.

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro digestibility of diet containing Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) at blooming stage in cow and dromedary camel. The experimental diets were including 0, 25, 50 and 100% of Subabul branches as a replacement of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The ingredients of diets were Alfalfa, wheat straw, corn silage, corn, barely, bran and mineral-vitamin supplement by a ratio of concentrate and forage at 50:50. Rumen fluid was taken from fistulated cow and dromedary camels and in vitro digestibility of experimental diets was determined. The obtained data were analyzed in a split plot design. The lowest digestibility of dry matter in dromedary camel (73.1%) and cattle (71.9%) was found in the treatment containing 100% of Subabul (p<0.05). But digestibility of natural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of diets containing different levels of Subabul instead of Alfalfa were not different in cow and camel (p>0.05). Digestibility of NDF and ADF in the treatment containing 100% Subabul in the cattle were 70.36 and 68.21%, respectively, and in the dromedary camel were 71.19% and 69.02%, respectively (p<0.05). Treatments containing 50 and 100 % Subabul (74.38 and 70.37%) had the lowest dry matter digestibility (p<0.05). The ADF digestibility in treatments containing 50 and 100% Subabul in compared with control treatment was 72.4 and 67.6 vs 73.5 %, respectively, and NDF digestibility was 72.45, 69.65 and 75.33 % in treatments containing 50 and 100% Subabul and control, respectively (p<0.05). As per the result, the digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF of Subabul were not different between cow and dromedary camel (p>0.05). The result of these experiments showed that in vitro digestibility of 50 % Subabul instead of Alfalfa in diet of cow and camel was better than other levels, therefore it can be used in cow and dromedary camel nutrition.

4 tables, 34 ref

004914   SRIVASTAVA N (ABBS Degree Coll, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: nehasri_fzd@yahoo.com) : Integrated management of root knot disease complex of brinjal by using fungal bioagent. Bio-Sci Res Bull 2019, 35(2), 64-9.

In systematic survey a disease complex was found which caused disease complex resulting in heavy damage of brinjal crop caused by root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and root will fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Several sprophytic fungi were found associated with the rhizosphere soil viz. Trichoderma hazarium, Aspergillus terreus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Cladosporium oxysporum, Penicillium oxalium, Aspergillus species which was not egg parasitic but exihibited high toxicity (85-100 %) to second stage juveniles (J2), C. oxysporum parasitized the egg by 84 % but in effective against J2, while the eggs and juveniles of M. incoginita get effected by T. hazarium by 80 % and 72 % respectively. The soil is amendment of vasicular mycorrhiza by talc based formulation of T. hazarium @8 g Kg ^-1 (2×10⁶ spore load) along with leaf powder (0.05 % w/w) of Tinospora longifolia and vasicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum) @ 100 chlamydospore per kg soil.

5 tables, 20 ref

004763   ARUN A, SHANTHI A, POORNIMA K, ARUMUGAM T (Nematology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore– 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Email: shanthigovardhan@yahoo.co.in) : Occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in cabbage growing regions of Tamil Nadu. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 289-94.

A total of 60 samples were collected from cabbage viz., Quisto, Priyadharshini, Golden Acre and Maha Rani at a depth of 10-15 cm. The soil samples were analyzed by using modified Baermann’s funnel technique and the root samples were analyzed by using Acid fuschin lactophenol solution for identification of females. The survey revealed that, the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, spiral nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera, lance nematode, Hoplolaimus indicus, dagger nematode, Xiphinema americanum and Tylenchus filiformis were encountered in the samples. Among the districts, the highest incidence of damage by M. incognita was observed in Krishnagiri followed by The Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts. The maximum population (262.48 / 250cc soil) and minimum population (72.93 / 250cc soil) was observed in Krishnagiri and Theni districts, respectively.

3 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

004876   RAJKUMAR, PERVEZ R, SUREKHA, BHAT R (ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod - 671 124, Email: rajkumarcpcri@gmail.com) : Weeds as alternate hosts of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in Coconut garden. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 285-8.

In this study, four weed species were found to be hosts for Meloidogyne incognita in coconut garden in costal sandy soils of Kasaragod, Kerala. Egg mass production and gall/knot index differed (P<0.05) among these weed species, Alternanthera sessilis (4.4 gall index) and Vernonia cinerea (3.8 gall index) were highly infected by the root knot nematode with maximum knots/galls compared to Ageratum conyzoides (2.5 gall index) and Leucas aspera (1.0 gall index). These weeds were more frequently encountered in coconut garden where plant parasitic nematodes are serious problem in vegetables, spices, fruits and other crops grown as intercrop/mixed crop in the coconut garden. Since, weeds are alternate host for plant parasitic nematodes, weed management is important for preventing multiplication of M. incognita and reduce the population build up in coconut gardens interm of growing nematode free intercrops/mixed crops and better yield to sustain the additional income of the farmer.

4 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

004823   KHAN R M, AHMAD I, KUMAR K H, SINGH A (ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow-227 107 (U.P.), Email: rmkhanlucknow@rediffmail.com) : Identification of Meloidogyne enterolobii infesting guava using mitochondrial DNA based analysis and host status. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 282-4.

Study reveals the prevalence of Meloidogyne enterolobii and confirms its identity based on morphological characters and perinal pattern of the females. A precise technique using mitochondrial DNA analysis also corroborated morphological observations. Five vegetable crops including Momordica charantia, Vigna unguiculata, Cucumis sativus, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula were found to be susceptible to highly susceptible to Meloidogyne enterolobii under pot culture conditions. Pisum sativum, Cicer aritinum despite their exposure to nematode population for seventy five days did not develop characteristic galls.

2 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

004812   JAYAKUMAR J (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Cuddalore- 607 001, Tamil Nadu, Email: jayakumarpandiyan@yahoo.co.in) : Eco-friendly management of sugarcane nematode, Pratylenchus zeae. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 279-81.

A ratoon crop was maintained under sick plot of lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae to evaluate various eco-friendly management strategies. Application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i/ha served as standard check alone with one untreated check. Experimental results revealed that, all the evaluated management strategies caused significant reduction in population of lesion nematodes in soil samples taken at different intervals compared to untreated check. Maximum and significant reduction in lesion nematode population in soil was observed in plots incorporated with combination of all the treatments compared to the untreated control. Significant increase in the cane yield, commercial cane sugar percentage and sugar yield of canes was noted as compared to untreated check.

2 tables, 6 ref

004764   ASHOKKUMAR N, POORNIMA K, KALAIARASAN P, KAVINO M (Nematology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Email: poornimamurtysista@gmail.com) : Screening and histological characterization of guava (Psidium guajava) cultivars against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 270-8.

Survey was done in major guava growing districts of Tamil Nadu in India for incidence for guava root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii was found positive in all the districts, Theni district showing total infestation. The screening results showed that Mini Guava (4.0), Local (4.0), White seedless (3.6), Red seedless (3.6), Panneer guava (3.6) were susceptible to M. enterolobii, based on gall index, unfortunately other cultivars were highly susceptible. Root exudate was collected in 15 cultivars and tested the hatching ability of eggs and second stage juvenile (J₂s) mortality rate. The root exudate increased the egg hatching ability and decreased the juvenile mortality rate. The increase in hatching ability and decrease in mortality rate was directly proportional to increase in time and concentration. Moreover, the histopathological response of M. enterolobii infested roots showed complete damage of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem and phloem cells of roots and different stages of M. enterolobii were found exist in clusters.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

004804   HATZADE B, RAO U (Nematology Div, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi– 110 012, Email: umarao@iari.res.in) : In vitro evaluation of selected basmati and non-basmati rice varieties against Meloidogyne graminicola. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 264-9.

Rice is the staple food for more than half the world’s population and India contributes about 25 % of global rice production. Rice root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola is one of key nematode pests among various biotic factors in most of the rice growing areas of India, leading to significant yield loss. The performance of some of the popular basmati and non-basmati rice varieties against M. graminicola is not well studied. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate nine basmati and three non-basmati rice varieties against M. graminicola under a well established in vitro assay using Pluronic F 127. Among the nine basmati rice varieties, Pusa 1460 was found to be resistant while others were susceptible. The resistant variety had less number of galls, endoparasites, egg masses, average eggs/egg mass and multiplication factor in comparison to the susceptible varieties. All the three non-basmati varieties were susceptible. The identified resistant variety can be used in resistance breeding programs since plant resistance is the most convenient, environmentally safe and economical approach of nematode management.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

004811   JAYAKUMAR J (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Cuddalore- 607 001, Tamil Nadu, Email: jayakumarpandiyan@yahoo.co.in) : An evaluation of biocontrol agents for management of sugarcane nematodes under field conditions. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 261-3.

The results showed that the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) at 2.5 kg/ha significantly reduced population of Pratylenchus zeae (173.2/ 200 g of soil as compared to the untreated control (648.5) at 360 days after planting which resulted in 73.2 % reduction over control. The same treatment were also enhanced the number of millable cane (161.49 000’ /ha), commercial cane sugar % (12.7), cane yield (129.4 t/ha) and sugar yield (16.38 t/ha). Regarding the application of fungal antagonists Paecilomyces lilacinus @ 2.5 kg/ha also found significant reduction in the nematode population at 197.8 in 200 g of soil after 360 days of planting as compated to control. Application of P. lilacinus had enhanced number of millable cane (164.94 000’/ha), commercial cane sugar % (12.8), cane yield (129.8 t/ha) and sugar yield (16.61 t/ha).

2 tables, 9 ref

004756   ABHIMANYU, SIMON S, LAL A A (Plant Pathology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Prayagraj– 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, Email: Abhimanyugodara123@gmail.com) : Effect of organic amendments in management of fusarial wilt of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 254-6.

Results revealed that among all the treatments, neem cake compost was significantly the most effective treatment in managing wilt disease of tomato and recorded minimum disease incidence (22.2 %) as compared to untreated check (55.5 %), fresh shoot weight (142.04 g), fresh root weight (10.97 g), dry shoot weight (30.69 g), dry root weight (2.07 g), root length (20.55 cm) and yield (54.90 q/ha) as compared to untreated check.

2 tables, 8 ref

004771   BHATNAGAR A, SHARMA V, KUMAR M, PANT R P (ICAR- Central Potato Research Institute, Meerut- 250 110, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.anujbhatnagar@gmail.com) : Effect of netted scab (Streptomyces sp.) on bio-chemical attributes of potato cultivars. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 250-3.

Studies revealed a significantly increased in the level of reducing sugar and sucrose content in nine potato cultivars infected with netted scab. Similarly, total free amino acid content was also increased drastically in Cvs, in Kufri Surya, K. Anand, K. Bahar and K. Pukhraj. Phenol content resulted increased trend in the infected tubers while dry matter content on the other hand decreased substantially (4.9-15.8 %). It is therefore, concluded that tubers infected with netted scab increased bio-chemical attributes except dry matter, resulting poor quality of tubers, not fit for processed products. These results may be used for bio-chemical base of resistance against this disease in future

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

004860   PATIL G, LAL A A, NIVRUTTI K, SIMON S (Plant Pathology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Prayagraj- 211 007, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of FYM and neem based compost against wilt of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 247-9.

The trial was conducted during the rabi season of 2017-18 on chick pea with a view to manage the disease in a sustainable manner by using eco-friendly approaches. There were nine treatments viz. T₁ (FYM), T₂ (FYM + Neem cake), T₃ (FYM + Neem cake + Neem leaves), T₄ (Neem leaves), T₅ (Neem leaves + FYM), T₆ (Neem leaves + Neem cake), T₇ (Neem cake), including T₈ (Carbendazim) as treated check and T₀ (Control) as untreated check were evaluated against Fusarial wilt of chick pea under field conditions and RBD was used with three replications. Treatment containing composted FYM + Neem cake + Neem leaves (T₃ ) showed minimum disease incidence (30.3 %), maximum root length (14.4 cm), shoot length (45.29 cm) and yield (13 q/ha) however C:B ratio showed that Neem leaves + FYM was economical with C:B ratio of 1:2.91.

2 tables, 9 ref

004830   KUMAR R R, RAJABASKAR D, BALAKRISHNAN N, KARTHIKEYAN G (Plant Pathology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, Email: rran637@gmail.com) : Influence of weather parameters with incidence of Mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease and its vector population in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 241-6.

The present study revealed that, the maximum whitefly population observed during 24th, 36th, 3rd and 20th SMW and the MYMV incidence was highest 25th, 38th, 4th and 21st SMW in summer, kharif, rabi 2017 and summer 2018. The correlation analysis revealed that, maximum temperature was positively correlated with whitefly population at all the seasons (1.97/plant, 1.55/plant, 1.55/plant and 1.58/plant). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that, % contribution of maximum temperature on whitefly population and MYMV disease incidence was 68 % (R² = 0.687) and 88 % (R² = 0.889) in summer 2017, 67 % (R² = 0.670) and 72 % (R²= 0.720) in kharif 2017, 79 % (R² = 0.794) and 78 % (R² = 0.785) in rabi 2017 and 70 % (R² = 0.709) and 60 % (R²= 0.605) in summer 2018.

4 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

004810   JAIGANESH V, KANNAN C, SHANTHINI V D, KUMAR R S R, SELVI M T (Plant Pathology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Cuddalore DT– 608 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: Ann Plant Prot Sci) : Changes in enzymatic content of rice var. ADT 36 as influenced by bioinoculant, plant activator and sheath blight pathogen inoculation. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 232-6.

The Pot culture studies were undertaken to investigate the changes of enzymatic compound in rice as influenced by Bioinoculant Pseudomonas fluorescens, plant activator salicylic acid and Sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani inoculation. Among the various treatments seed treatment with P. fluorescens (Pf) @ 10 g/kg of seeds along with foliar application of plant activator Salicylic acid (SA) @ 50 ppm on 15 Days After transplanting (DAT) recorded the minimum disease incidence followed by foliar application of plant activator Salicylic acid @ 50 ppm on 15 DAT and 30 DAT which were statistically at par. Foliar application of Pf @ 1 % on 30 DAT was the least effective when compared to fungicide, Hexaconazole 5 SC @ 0.2 % and control treatments. Also, the results exploited that the same treatment increased activity of Ascorbic acid oxidase, PAL, PPO and PO activity due to treatment with combined application of resistance inducing chemical, bioinoculant and pathogen alone inoculated control when compared to control treatments. The activity of PO, Ascorbic acid oxidase and PAL increased up to 14th day of sampling and then decreased in plants treated with the combination treatment consisting of Pf, SA and challenge inoculated with the pathogen whereas the activity of Polyphenol oxidase showed increase up to the maximum period of observation (up to 21st day). The cost benefit ratio 1:2.63 proved the worthiness of the new treatment combination developed in this study.

4 tables, 16 ref

004821   KARTHICK K S, CHINNIAH C, RAMASUBRAMANIAN T, KALYANASUNDRAM M, DEVRAJAN K, VENKATARAMAN N S (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Agricultural Coll and Research Institute, Madurai- 625 104) : Studies on biology of leaf (or) web mite, Schizotetranychus andropogoni Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae) on varieties of sugarcane. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 220-5.

The biology of sugarcane leaf mite / web mite, Schizotetranychus andropogoni was studied on three varieties of sugarcane leaves viz., Co 86032, Co 356 and Co 7015 in in vitro condition at A.C.R.I., Madurai. Among three varieties, Co 86032 recorded on egg period of 3.50 ± 0.62 days, oviposition period of 16.75 ± 0.62 days, fecundity of (15.08 ± 0.50), hatching percentage (92.3) and sex ratio (1:1.50); followed by Co 7015 (3.45 ± 0.62 days, 16.24 ± 0.62 days, 13.75 ± 0.50 nos., 88.23 % and 1:1.40) and the lowest in Co 356. Larva (1.85 ± 0.50 & 1.81± 0.50 days), protonymphal period (2.96 ± 0.50 & 2.88 ± 0.50 days), deutronymphal (3.28 ± 0.44 & 3.22 ± 0.50 days), adult longevity ( - 11.92 ± 0.44 and 11.33 ± 0.44 days and - 10.60 ± 0.50, 10.00 ± 0.50), pre – oviposition (0.65 ± 0.62 & 0.63 ± 0.62 days) and post oviposition period of 3.88 ± 0.50 and 3.08 ± 0.50 days which was maximum in Co 356 and Co 7015 and the lowest in Co 86032. The longer life span of mite tend to more loss to crop and short life span of mite caused higher damage to the crop, because of several generations in a short span.

2 illus, 12 ref

004931   VENNILA S, ISLAM A, NISAR S, BHAT M N, TOMAR A, SHARMA S, SARAO P S, MATHIRAJAN V G, RAO M S, PRABHAKAR M (ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi-110 012, Email: svennila96@gmail.com) : Prediction of rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Guenee) for future periods under climate change scenario of 4.5 representative concentration pathway. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 214-9.

Standard meteorological week (SMW) based catches of leaf folder in light traps (Chinsurah type) during kharif (22-44 SMWs) over 2011-15 and corresponding weather were used for development of location specific rule based predictions for three rice growing locations from different agro ecological regions viz., Ludhiana (Punjab), Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Aduthurai (Tamil Nadu) representing three agro climate zones. The order of importance of leaf folder incidence across locations during 2011-15 was Ludhiana (PB)> Aduthurai (TN)> Raipur (CG). Weather based criteria evolved indicated the importance of maximum temperature (^oC), minimum temperature (^oC), morning relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm) and sunshine hours (h/day) in determining leaf folder severity as to high, moderate and low on fulfilling more than three, three and less than three weather criteria, respectively. Such weather based predictions revealed an accuracy of 82.6 %, 86.9 % and 100 % for Ludhaina (PB), Raipur (CG) and Aduthurai (TN), respectively for kharif 2016. Future projections on climate change made using representative concentration pathways (RCP) at radiative forcing level of 4.5 W/m² with stabilization after 2100 used in conjunction with weather based criteria and rules of prediction indicated increase in moderate severity of leaf folder at Raipur (CG)> Ludhiana (PB) > Aduthurai in 2020. Moderate severity of leaf folder was on more occasions during 2050 and 2080 over 2020 and present periods at Ludhiana (PB). Ludhiana (PB) also had more of high severity in 2020 with similarities of 2050 and 2080 to present period (2016). Although moderate severity was the highest in 2020 followed by 2080 and 2050 at Raipur (CG), high severity was absent during 2080 and lower than present status in 2020 and 2050. Absence of high severity at all periods was the scenario of leaf folder at Aduthurai (TN). Future projections imply lesser significance of leaf folder at Aduthurai (TN), its careful monitoring until 2020 at Raipur (CG) and relatively increasing and continued importance at Ludhiana (PB) in the context of changing climate.

4 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

004782   CHINNIAH C, SRINIVASAN G, KALYANASUNDARAM M, SHANTHI M (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Madurai- 625 104, Tamil Nadu, Email: prof.chinniahento@gmail.com) : Bio-efficacy of spinetoram 10 % w/w WG + sulfoxaflor 30 % w/w WG against thrips, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus on grapevine. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 210-3.

Grapevine thrips, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus pose an increasing threat to grapes cultivation in all the grape growing areas in India by causing scab formation on berries resulting in heavy yield loss. The combination products spinetoram 10 % w/w WG + sulfoxaflor 30 % w/w WG were evaluated against thrips at Odaipatty village of Chinnamanur block, Theni District, T.N. which is a traditional belt for grapes cultivation. Three rounds of foliar application of spinetoram 10 % w/w WG + sulfoxaflor 30 % w/w WG @350 ml/ha and spinetoram 10 % WG + sulfoxaflor 30 % WG @ 300 ml/ha were superior and effective in reducing the thrips damage on leaves and berries, which also recorded higher fruit yield and Cost-Benefit Ratio.

2 tables, 8 ref

004913   SRINIVASAN G, KALYANASUNDARAM M (Agricultural Coll and Research Institute, Madurai District- 625 104, Tamil Nadu, Email: srinivasan.govindaraj@yahoo.com) : Efficacy of spinetoram 10 % wg + sulfoxaflor 30 % wg against Earias vittella Fab. infesting okra. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 204-9.

Okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella is an important destructive pest on okra in India causing economic damage both in open field and polyhouse conditions. The combination product Spinetoram 10 % w/w + Sulfoxaflor 30 % w/w WG was evaluated against the pest during summer 2016 at Alagapuri village, Alanganallur Block, Madurai, Tamil Nadu under field conditions. Three rounds of spray of Spinetoram 10 % w/w + Sulfoxaflor 30 % w/w WG @ 140 g a.i./ha and Spinetoram 10 % w/w + Sulfoxaflor 30 % w/w WG @ 120 g a.i./ha from 30 DAT at 10-15 days interval were effective and superior in reducing the fruit borer, Earias vittella on okra.

2 tables, 10 ref

004824   KHARE U K, GUPTA P K (Plant Pathology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidylaya, Jabalpur– 482 004, Madhya Pradesh, Email: pkgtaxo@gmail.com>) : Pathogenic behaviour of Metarhizium anisopliae - A potential entomopathogenic fungi against Helicoverpa armigera. Ann Plant Prot Sci 2019, 27(2), 200-3.

In the present study the pathogenicity of the fungus under in vitro conditions was conducted on second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to study the effect of spore suspension of Metarhizium anisopliae. In vitro, the spore suspension (Direct spray method) at 1.0×10⁸ spore/ml recorded highest mortality (76.6 %) after ten days of spraying spore suspension on the body of H. armigera. The lower concentration resulted in lesser mortality

2 tables, 8 ref