043616   DAS U , BAJPAI R , CHAKRABORTTY D (Research Scholar International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station road, Deonar Mumbai) : River regulation and associated geo-environmental problems: A case study of lower reaches of shilabati river basin, West Bengal, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 233-40.

Since the very early civilization, rivers have been a vital source of livelihood for millions of people. Human use of river water had significant direct and indirect impacts upon fluvial environment in the form of river regulation. The processes of river regulation introduce short and long-term changes land-use and land-cover in morphology of the river basin. The present paper attempts to identify the spatial dimensions of river regulation in lower reaches of Silabati River and analyse the impact of human activities on morphology and ecological setting of the flood plains in parts of lower Silabati river basin, West Bengal, by using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study is primary based upon field survey along with the consultation of toposheet and satellite imagery. The secondary information has been collected from Ghatal block development authority of the region. The key parameters considered for this change are interlinking channels, cross valley, meander scars, sinuosity index and water logged area. The study concludes that in-channel morphology is dominated by glides and relatively fast flowing features; whereas the effect of abstraction created in regulation section reaches is dominated by slow flowing pool type dynamics. The dynamics of the off-channel are also regulated by the human beings for reclaiming the land for agricultural purposes.

9 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

043615   HIREMATA V, NARAYANASWAMY M , GANGAPRASAD S , SATISH KM , NARAYANSWAMY H (Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bagalkot, Karnataka) : Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and fruit traits in arecanut (Areca Catechu L.). Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 228-32.

Arecanut is the high value commercial crop of coastal and malnad regions of India. India stands first in area and production. It is used for chewing purposes and also in Ayurveda and veterinary medicines. Partitioning of genetic variability into various components helps in understanding the genetic nature of yield and its components. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Sringeri, Karnataka, India, using 10 cultivars in a randomized block design to know the pattern and degree of genetic variability. The analysis of variance indicated a significant variation among genotypes for all the characters. The genotype Mangala recorded higher mean value for characters like fruit length, fruit breadth, husk thickness, fresh weight of husk, fresh nut yield, bunch weight, fresh weight of kernel, dry weight of kernel, fresh weight of husk per palm, dry weight of husk per palm and number of inflorescences. High estimates of PCV (%), GCV (%), heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean were observed among the characters. The higher value of PCV and GCV were observed for yield (81.26 per cent and 79.74 per cent), dry husk weight (69.93 per cent and 67.78 per cent) and fresh kernel weight (65.05 per cent and 64.03 per cent). Heritability estimates varied from 13.23 to 99.0 per cent. Hence, these characters were found highly influenced by the additive gene action and could be used in genetic improvement through direct selection.

4 tables, 24 ref

043614   SRAVANTHI KR , KUMAR P L, REDDY T B , GAYATHRI K , PATRUDU B V , YESUDAS M (Environmental Sciences Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Assessment of water quality index of groundwater in Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 222-7.

The present paper aims at determining the water quality of Groundwater by analyzingthe physico-chemical characteristics and assessment of Water quality index (WQI) of Madhurawada region, Visakhapatnam city. Total of 30 samples were collected during the year 2018 and 2019 in pre and post monsoon respectively. The physico-chemical parameters include pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorides, DO and BOD. Results showed that most of the parameters were exceeded the recommended ground water quality levels of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The computed WaterQuality Index (WQI) values ranges from 62.92 to 123.97 and thereforecan be categorized into “Poor water” to “water unsuitable for drinking.” Of the all groundwater samples collected and calculated 7 % of samples fall under “poor water quality”, 54 % samples fall under “very poor water quality” andunfortunately, 40 % of the samples represent water “unsuitable for drinking purposes. Results obtained from the analyses showed that, pH are slightly alkaline in nature with ranges from 6.84–7.99 and Total hardness ranges from 235–585mg/l. pH is observed high at Chandrampalem ZPH School, APHB Kommadi and Carpenters Colony.Total Hardness values are above the permissible limits at Shilparamam, VambayColony and Dmart area. Total Dissolved Solids ranges from 350 to 1060 mg/l. TDS values are above the permissible limits in at DMart Area, NGO Layout and APHB Kommadi. Chlorides and Electrical Conductivity values are also above permissible limits. Chloride values are above the permissible limits at Chandrampalem ZPH School.Results revealed that ground water is getting polluted day by day due to Urbanization and Industrialization activities and treatment of groundwater is recommended before consumption.

2 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

043613   SAXENA A K, SINGH S , KUMAR J (Soil Science Dep, SGRR Univ, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Response of scheduled application of zn and fym on yield and micronutrient uptake under rice wheat rotation. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 215-21.

Application of Zn, FYM and their conjoint applications increased grain and straw yields of both rice and subsequent wheat crop however; no significant effect of treatment application schedule was recorded on yields of any crop. A proper nutrient management in rice-wheat system is warranted, so as to achieve high and sustainable productivity of the system present investigation was executed. Field experiments were conducted at Modipuram, District Meerut (U.P.) to evaluate the effects of zinc, farmyard manure and their combined application at two different schedules of application i.e. after two crop cycles or once in three years on yields and micronutrient uptake of third year rice and subsequent wheat crops. Combined application of 2.5 kg Zn + 5 t FYM/ha increased the grain and straw yield of rice and wheat crops by 39.3, 34.2, 29.5 and 15.0 per cent over control, respectively. Application of treatments after two crop cycles resulted higher Zn uptake in rice grain as compared to treatment application limited to first year rice crop. Combined application of Zn and FYM was more effective in increasing total Zn uptake of rice and rice + wheat than individual application of FYM or Zn. The interaction effect of treatments and their application schedule significantly influenced uptake of Cu, Fe and Mn in crops. Application of 2.5 kg Zn + 5 t FYM/ha to rice crop can be recommended for rice-wheat rotation on Zn-deficient Ustochrept soils of western Uttar Pradesh.

5 tables, 20 ref

043610   BHATNAGAR P, PRAJAPATI S , LODHI B, BHALAWI R , AARMO B S (Social Economics Div, Marketing and Mensuration State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Studies on lac host plant occurrence in different agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 197-204.

In the present study intensive surveys were undertaken in eleven Agro-Climatic Zones of Madhya Pradesh during the years 2014-15 to 2019-20 by Lac Co-operating Centre, State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) to find the natural occurrence of lac host plants and potential host plant sites to exploration of lac culture and in-situ conservation of hosts. It is revealed that 30 diverse lac host plant species occurrence was reported with 307 natural sites of host occurrence and 154 potential sites of host plants. The maximum number of potential sites with occurrence frequency 119 (77.29 %) was reported in Palas (Butea monosperma) host followed by 30 (19.49 %) of Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), 3(1.94 %) of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) and 1(0.64 %) of Ghont (Ziziphus xylopyra) species. In the context of occupied areas of host as per Agro-climatic zone, Seoni district under Kymore plateau and Satpura Hill occupied maximum 36(23.38 %) sites of patches followed by Balaghat 37(22.73 %) under Chhattisgarh Plain, Chhindwara 3(1.94 %) of Satpura Hills zone, Shahdol 11 (3.24 %) and Anuppur 3(1.94 %) of Northern Hill region of Chhattisgarh. In the state commercial cultivation of lac is being done on Palas (Butea monosperma), Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) and Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) host plants through traditional methods, farmers of this state are cultivating rangeeni strain on Palas (Butea monosperma) and Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) host and Kusumi strain on Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) host, except for more potential sites not under cultivation but having good natural resources of host availability. The efforts should be made to expand lac cultivation on new identified sites to enhance livelihood to rural communities.

2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

043609   MAHANTY M , DAS A (Agriculture Entomology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal) : Assessing efficacy level of some modified farmers’ practices against the important pests of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under new alluvial zone of West Bengal. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 193-6.

The present experiment was carried out at Dean’s Instructional Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jaguli, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal to identify the important insect pests and diseases of the zone and assessment of the performance of some safer pest management modules against the important pests of paddy and their safeness to natural enemies in paddy ecosystem on kharif/wet season paddy both during 2018 and 2019. The treatment included: three modified farmers’ practices (MFP), one farmers’ practice (FM) with an untreated check. Results revealed that modified farmers’ practices effectively checked the growth and development of the pest populations and their resultant damages registering fairly good yields (5.03 – 5.24t/ha) and in general, were significantly superior to farmers’ practice besides found quite safe to natural enemies found in paddy ecosystem.

3 tables, 25 ref

043608   SHARMA C, PAUL M K (Environment Management Div, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Assessment of invasive plant species and its impact on soil quality near national highway in Dimoria tribal belt of Assam. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 188-92.

The invasive species are one of the major threats to native plant diversity. Invasive plant species have dominated the fallow lands in Dimoria Tribal Belt of Assam state. The present paper gives an account of the phytosociology of the invasive species found growing on the fallow lands along the roadside of National Highway No. 37 and changes in its soil fertility status. Phytosociological parameters like density, abundance, and frequency of the species were collected by laying 3x3 m quadrates in the selected area. The soil quality indicators namely temperature, texture, bulk density, moisture content, p^H, organic matter, nitrate, phosphorus, and potassium were investigated under the five invaded sites with nearby forest vegetation as control. A total of 6 invasive plant species belonging to 3 families were recorded during the study period. The study revealed low soil quality status under the invaded sites as compared with the control. It is, therefore, necessary to check the invasion of these species through various measures.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

043607   SASIPRIYA S , BALRAM M , PARIMALA K , ESWARI KB (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agriculture Coll, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Assessment of molecular divergence in sesame (Sesamum indicum l.) genotypes using microsatellite (SSR) markers. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 182-7.

An investigation was carried out to detect the molecular diversity among 45 genotypes of sesame using 50 microsatellite markers. A considerable amount of genetic diversity was observed among the sesame genotypes under consideration. Out of 50 SSR markers screened, 30 markers (60.0 %) displayed clear and repeatable polymorphic bands for the analysis of 45 sesame genotypes. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value of SSR loci ranged from 0.5209 to 0.9128 with mean of 0.3940. NTsys analysis clustered the 45 genotypes into six main clusters forming the cluster VI as the largest one comprising of 32 genotypes. The genotype, N18- 8316 was clustered separately, which indicates its genetic isolation from other genotypes. Cluster I (IC-41945, IS-469-1-84-A) and cluster IV (FRP-8351-B, DS-37) were with two genotypes each indicating the relative closeness of those genotypes within the cluster. Further, cluster V was with five genotypes and cluster II was having three genotypes respectively. The study indicates that the molecular analysis of sesame using SSRs could aid in future population genetic structure studies and breeding programs of sesame.

1 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

043606   KAVYA ME , DUSHYANTHAKUMAR BM , MADHURI R , GANGAPRASAD S , MALLIKARJUNA HB , SUDHARANI N , DHANANJAYA BC (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agriculture Coll, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : An appraisal of genetic variability and diversity among traditional red rice landraces. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 177-81.

The current investigation was carried out during kharif 2019 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Shivamogga using Randomised Complete Block Design with an objective of evaluating 30 red rice genotypes comprised of 26 landraces and four varietal checks. Genetic variability parameters like phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were high for number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant and grain yield per plant. The traits viz., plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, test weight, grain length and breadth ratio and grain yield per plant recorded high broad sense heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean. Using Mahalanobis’ D² analysis genotypes were grouped into four divergent clusters. Cluster Ⅲ and cluster Ⅳ possessed maximum inter cluster distance between them suggesting that the genotypes falling under these clusters are genetically more diverse.

1 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

043605   DATTA R , LITT T B D (Journalism and Mass Communication Dep, Calcutta Univ, West Bengal) : Covid-19 has drastically reduced air pollution in 4 metro cities of India: A comparative scholastic study before and after lockdown period. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 170-6.

It is nothing to be mentioned that due to rapid urbanization in India, particularly the major metro cities induced huge environmental contamination in the environment, especially in the air with several particulate matters has posed a severe challenge to the urban population. However, owing to the pandemic situation for Corona virus concomitant lockdown in nearly all parts of the World has already started and in India also, the situation has changed significantly. All development activities were shut down. None can imagine that world is going to be at a stand-still as it is today. The present study is a time series analysis of the particulate matter in the air of 4 major metro cities of India from different corners within a specific time before lockdown, during lockdown and after lockdown, i.e. unlocks periods. Here, for study, Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai were considered. A significant spatial difference was observed and it was found that there was an abrupt decrease in particulate matter values during the lockdown and successive increase in 3 unlock periods. The lockdown phase associated with COVID-19 pandemic started in full swing on and from 25^th March, 2020 with the aim to retard the spreading of the virus. Time period for this study was just before lockdown, on the day of lockdown, during lockdown and 3 consecutive unlock periods respectively i.e. from 10^th March to 31^st July. The in-depth study with the data available of the surface atmospheric level of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂, NH₃, NO2 from central pollution control board at different places of the cities before and during the lockdown phase shows a significant decrease in the levels of particulate matters in 4 major cities and after lockdown, again increased.

14 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

043604   GUPTA A , SRIVASTAVA R , MOHAPATRA M (Environment & Sustainable Development Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Mercury, a silent killer to human health and environment: A review of India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 160-9.

The present paper reviews information from the existing literature about Mercury (Hg), a silent killer for humans and the ecosystem along with the summary of various Mercury removal techniques for commercial use. Among different Mercury forms, methyl mercury is the most injurious and UNEP stated that Mercury could never be removed from the environment as it may reside up to decades in the form of methylmercury in soil and up to two years in the atmosphere as inorganic elemental Mercury. The dose and rate of exposure to Mercury decide its toxicity and varies with its different form. So, this review focuses on assessing global sources of Hg, including its chemical and physical behaviour in the atmosphere, pathways of Mercury in the context of human health, and economical ideas for reducing all these by adopting techniques. Mercury limit should be 0.2mg/L in water stated by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In the last decade, the Indian population has been exposed to approximately 56.86 tons of Hg as per the UNEP calculation protocol. Mercury limits and standards need to be reestablished and reviewed to control mercury pollution at the source level, keeping in mind the irreversible neurotoxic effects it causes. Drinking-Water authorities need to install specific and reasonable treatment measures in affected and prone areas. Some techniques have shown good efficiency in Mercury removal such as Blue Pro technology, organic powdered activated carbon from the walnut shell, bio adsorption of mercury. The research and development need to be done more on the treatment technologies keeping in mind the climatic conditions and local availability of raw materials in the affected areas.

1 illus, 4 tables, 78 ref

043603   TEFERA F, ALAMEREW S , WEGARY D (Jimma Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box, 192, Jimma, Ethiopia) : Variation and genotype x environment interaction for quality characters among selected coffee hybrids under highland environments in Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 154-9.

An experiment to determine quantitatively the extent of morphological and quality variation in selected hybrid of Arabica coffee was conducted at two different sites around Gera district in South-western region of Ethiopia. Genetic variation, phenotypic diversity, genotype × environment interaction of 11 quality (three green bean and eight organoleptic cup quality) characters were studied in ten arabica coffee hybrids including two standard checks across four highland local environments (location-by-year combinations). The randomized complete block design was used in each environment. The quantitative phenotypic data were analyzed and partitioned into components using mixed model methodology through SAS. Coffee quality assessment result showed that genetic variation for most of quality attributes was low as expressed by the low to moderate line mean-basis broad sense heritability (<0.50). Moderately high heritability were estimated by two physical bean characteristics, bean size (0.91), shape and make (0.72), and two organoleptic quality characters, acidity (0.67) and overall quality (0.55). The G x E effect of these characters was also not severing. Thus, selection for bold, very good shaped bean and desirable cup quality (balanced acidity) should be possible at single location. The study indicates the presence of low to moderate variation for coffee quality characters among the tested hybrid genotypes.

4 tables, 31 ref

043602   WANG X-M , LIAO B-H , ZHANG J-M (Ping-ding-shan Univ, Ping-ding-shan, China) : Distribution of pharmacognosy plant species by the correlating to numbers of landscape types and numbers of tourists in Qi-Cheng park of China. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 152-5.

Landscape types attract numbers of pharmacognosy plant species and tourists. This article suggested that there are 7 types of ecoenviron-culture (such as Shang Culture, Yang-shao Culture, Long-Shan culture, Dong-zhou Culture, Chun-qiu Culture, Han Culture, and Dragon Culture) have 264 pharmacognosy plant species in Qi-cheng Eco-Environmental Culture Park. And there is the significant positive correlation between numbers of landscape types and numbers of tourists (P<0.01). There is the significant positive correlation between landscape types and distribution of 264 pharmacognosy plant species in Qi-cheng Park. Thus, it is a rule of relationships between 24 landscape types and numbers of pharmacognosy plant species, as well as landscape types are key factors of 264 pharmacognosy plant species by the quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis of “big data” in Qi-cheng Park of China.

3 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

043601   SIDDAYYA , NARAYANASWAMY H , EKABOTE S D , PRADEEP S , ADIVAPPAR N (Plant Pathology Dep, Agriculture Shivamogga Coll, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : Survey for the post-harvest diseases of onion with special reference to black mould in Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga and Davanagere districts of Karnataka. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 148-51.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of India's most valuable vegetable crops and is grown for domestic and export purposes, as well as a valued commodity for consumption, both medicinal and commercial. Some post-harvest diseases deteriorate the quality and quantity of the onion crop. Among many post-diseases black mould, basal rot, green mould and soft rot are the most important. A roving survey was carried out during 2019-2020 in the vegetable markets (APMC Markets) and in onion growing villages of Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga and Davanagere districts of Karnataka to know the severity of onion post-harvest diseases. The per cent disease index was recorded using 0-5 scale. The maximum per cent disease index of black mould (10.10 %) was recorded in the farmer's fields of Chitradurga district and the least severity (8.90 %) was noticed in the farmer's fields of Chikkamagaluru district. In case of APMC markets, the maximum disease severity of black mould (56.00 %) was recorded in Davanagere district followed by Chitradurga (35.00 %) and the least severity (25.50 %) was noticed in Chikkamagaluru district. Compared to onion field, disease severity is more in APMC markets.

1 table, 10 ref

043599   JADHAV P , BEERANNAVAR B , KUMAR TP B , NARAYAN S MAVARKAR N S , MALLIKARJUNA HB (Agricultural Extension Dep, Agriculture Coll, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : Documentation of indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) and its rationale in plantation crops in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 137-9.

The study was conducted in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka state during 2019-20 to document the indigenous technical knowledge in plantation crops. 80 respondents from 2 taluks were constituted as a sample for the study. In the study, 30 Indigenous technical knowledge practices which were using in cultivating of plantation crops are documented. And also found their rationale behind practice of those documented ITKs in cultivation of plantation crops like arecanut, coffee, coconut etc. The ITKs were documented with help of pre-structured interview schedule and rationales behind practice of these ITKs were found with support of experts.

1 table, 7 ref

043598   MAHESWARI P , KALARANI MK , SENTHIL A , SOWMIYAPRIYA S (Crop Physiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Biochemical parameters influenced groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) yield under water stress at different flowering phases. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 133-6.

The study was conducted to evaluate the variations in biochemical parameters and yield among groundnut genotypes under drought condition. Four genotypes viz., CO 7, COGn 4, TMV 7 and TMVGn 13 were used for this investigation with water stress at different flowering phases viz., Pre Flowering Drought - PDF (15-30 DAS), Flowering Drought – FD (35-50 DAS) and Post Flowering Drought - POFD (75-90 DAS) by withholding irrigation and also control maintained with irrigation to field capacity for comparison. Nitrate reductase activity-NR, proline content, peroxidase activity-POX and Superoxide dismutase activity-SOD were observed during stress period and after recovery of stress. Under stress condition, proline, POD, SOD levels were increased, but NR activity got decreased. After rewatering, flowering and post flowering stressed plants are failed to recover NR activity but it was completely recovered in pre flowering drought imposed plants. PFD recorded more kernel yield, than flowering and post flowering stage stress imposed plants.

1 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

043597   KUMAR S, KUMAR O , KUMAR A , PRAKASH D (Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi) : Black carbon: Climate and health perspective. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 129-32.

Ubiquitous ‘Black carbon’ released into atmosphere as a product of fossil fuels burning and biomass have significant role in climate system by absorbing and scattering of solar radiation as well as effect human health [cardiopulmonary hospitalization (short- term effect) to chronic respiratory disease (long- term effect)] due to sub-micron size. Its total global emissions are 8 TgCyr^-1 in 2004, in which maximum contribution is from open biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. But, shows large variation in emission estimates are due to different sources of emission. Mixing of different component like sulphates, nitrates, organics, dust and sea salt to black carbon, contribute to change in radiative forcing (changes by ~1.4-2). Apart, from warming of the troposphere and cooling of the surface, black carbon is responsible for snow melt, affects cloud cover and life time thereby affects rainfall mechanism, and reduced visibility. Also, act as site for various chemical transformations in the atmosphere, due to nature of porosity and absorption.

2 illus, 33 ref

043596   BAGHEL S , KUMAR A (Soil and Water Engineering Dep, M.tech (Soil and water Engineering) SVCAET & RS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Preparation of curve number map of mand catchment, Chhattisgarh in ARCGIS 10.5. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 124-8.

The study is carried out with a purpose to apply various techniques and tools in ArcGIS 10.5 for the delineation of Mand catchment, thirteen sub-watersheds and developing methods in order to calculate the weighted curve number for the all the thirteen sub-watersheds of Mand catchment in ArcGIS 10.5. Multiple layers like Hydrologic soil group layer, DEM and Land Use Land Cover layer was combined and CN map was prepared. In particular, SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Curve Number) is a method through which the estimation of the direct runoff can be achieved with the curve numbers determined. This method comprises numerous important properties of the watershed such as Hydrological Soil Groups and land use/ land cover, antecedent moisture content (AMC) which will use as an input for various hydrological model.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

043595   BEGUM S, REDDY V R , SRINIVAS B , KUMARI C A (Jagtial Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Heterosis and combining ability studies in rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.) with an emphasis to gall midge resistance. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 113-23.

The aim of this study was to develop rice hybrids with resistance to gall midge and make inferences regarding components of heterosis in hybrids obtained by crossing six lines and seven testers in Line X Tester mating design. General combining ability (GCA) of parents (six lines and seven testers) and specific combining ability (SCA) and heterosis among 42 hybrids for gall midge resistance, yield and its related traits were analyzed. The magnitude of SCA variances was higher than GCA variance for all the traits except panicle length and thousand-grain weight, where the GCA variance was higher. Among the lines, JMS 21A was found to be a good general combiner for spikelet fertility, number of grains per panicle, grain yield per plant and gall midge incidence. Among the testers, JR 67 recorded high grain yield per plant along with favorable GCA for the number of grains per panicle, grain yield per plant and gall midge incidence. Most of the hybrids recorded positive significant standard heterosis for grain yield per plant. Hybrid JMS 19A X JR 80 recorded significantly positive SCA effect and highest relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over checks for grain yield per plant along with moderate resistance to gall midge. The alleles that control resistance to gall midge resistance have a degree of dominance more than 1, which indicates a favorable situation for obtaining resistant hybrids.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

043594   PATTNAIK R, SATAPATHY , SETHI KK , SAMANTARAY SK (Agronomy Dep, Agriculture Coll, Bhubaneswar, Odisha) : Effect of fertility levels and split application of nitrogen on growth, total nutrient uptake and economics of different rice cultivars. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 110-2.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 to study the response of different fertility levels and split application of nitrogen on medium duration rice varieties at Agronomy Main Research Station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. Two fertility levels (100:50:50 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^-1 and 80:40:40 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^-1 ) each having two different splitting schedules of nitrogen (¼ basal + ½ tillering + ¼ PI) and (¼ basal + ½ tillering + 1/8 PI+ 1/8flowering) were allotted to the main plots whereas four rice varieties (Hasanta, Mrunalini, Ashutosh and Swarna) were allotted to the sub plots in a split plot design along with three replications. Growth variables such as Plant height, Maximum dry matter, Number of effective tillers and Total Nutrient Uptake were higher under application of 100:50:50 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^-1 with four splits of nitrogen. Among the varieties, Mrunalini recorded the maximum number of effective tillers, maximum accumulated dry matter, the highest total nutrient (NPK) uptake (237.26 kg ha ^-1 ), net return (Rs. 42,765ha^-1 ) and benefit: cost ratio (2.66).

1 table, 5 ref

043592   DEEPIKA R , WAMINATHAN CS , SATHIYAMOORTHY NK , KANNAN P (Agronomy Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Rainfall and crop diversity analysis for response farming in annur block of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 102-6.

The study has two components viz., farmers survey and rainfall analysis and was taken up in Annur block of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Through farmers survey information on various crops grown by them under rainfed situations and techniques employed were collected from a sample of 30 farmers. For rainfall analysis, 20 years data were collected and analysed for weekly rainfall based on standard meteorological weeks. The study revealed that length of growing period (LGP) in Annur block was from 32th to 48th/49th standard week of the year and about 13 crops were raised by the farmers in rainfed situation and among them sorghum was the lead crop with maximum area under cultivation. However the latest technologies were not adopted by the farmers and also they were growing local varieties. The scientific interventions like seed hardening, PPFM spray, foliar nutrition of potash could be advised to reduce the risk of cropping and yield reduction.

5 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

043591   PETLUR S , CHANDRAVAMSHI P , THIPPESHAPPA GN , CHANNEGOWDA R F , NANDISH MS (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Univ, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : Influence of different levels of phosphorous and pulse magic on growth and yield of soybean. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 99-101.

A field experiment was carried out during late Kharif-2019 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Babbur farm, Hiriyur, to study the effect of different levels of phosphorous and foliar spray of pulse magic on soybean under Central Dry Zone of Karnataka. Experimental design adopted was RCBD with three replications and nine treatments consisting of different levels of phosphorous viz., 75 % and 100 % RDP and foliar application of pulse magic (0.5 %, 1 % and 1.5 %) with first spray during 50 per cent flowering stage and second spray during 15 days after the first spray along with recommended dose of fertilizers. Pulse magic contained nitrogen 10 per cent, phosphorus 40 per cent, micronutrients 03 per cent and PGR 20 ppm. The results revealed that, basal dose of 100 % RDF along with foliar spray of pulse magic at 1.5 % recorded significantly higher plant height (52.56 cm), number of branches plant1 (10.97), number of leaves plant^-1 (7.40), total dry matter production (50.47 g plant^-1 ), number of pods plant-1 (51.34), test weight (13.88 g), seed yield (2476.34 kg ha^-1 ) and haulm yield (3986.37 kg ha^-1 ) over control.

2 tables, 11 ref

043590   KHARUMNUID W , BHARUCHA E (Bharati Vidhyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research (BVIEER), Katraj, Pune) : Documentation of traditional governance practices in Meghalaya for land and resources. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 88-98.

Governance practices of landscapes in the tribal lands of Meghalaya in north-east India differ significantly for specific purposes. The tribal communities of the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo tribes of Meghalaya utilize lands through traditional governance systems in the vicinity of their settlements. The different agricultural landscape elements are closely associated with forest conservation practices. These lands are protected and managed by the tribal people based on institutional arrangements developed to benefit the community. This study, documents the traditional practices by the local community of Meghalaya, through a survey in four representative Khasi Villages. Their traditional knowledge has led to conservation of floral and faunal diversity at varying levels of intactness through different management regimes depending on resource use, land management for agriculture and spiritual values. The paper emphasizes aspects of the traditional forest management systems that contribute to food security, health care and the preservations of forest related knowledge.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

043589   GHOSH S M , DAS A , CHAKRABORTY G (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal) : Bioefficacy of some new insecticidal formulation against rice yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) and study its impact on predatory fauna. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 84-7.

A field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal to evaluate the efficacy of some novel insecticidal formulation for the control of yellow stem borer in rice. Shatabdi -IET 4786, a popular cultivar considered as a test variety for the experiment. All the treatments were found significantly effective in reducing the infestation of stem borer and increasing the yield compared with control. Application of Lambda Cyhalothrin 25 % w/v + Chlorpyriphos 10 % w/v zw (Ladex) @ 120 ml/ha resulted by 47.57 % yield increase over control and only presence of 0.76 % and 1.44 % dead heart and white ear head respectively in field with a cost benefit ratio by (1: 4.56), proved to be the most effective treatment for reducing the stem borer infestation similarly proved to be highly safe towards the native predatory fauna.

3 tables, 10 ref

043588   NAYAK M H , KRISHNA P , PRASHANTH T , KUMAR S , BEGUM H (Fruit Science Dep, Horticultural Research Station, Telangana) : Standardization of mulching and fertigation on growth, yield and quality of banana CV grand naine. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 77-83.

Present investigation was aimed to standardize the mulching and fertigation schedule on growth, yield and quality of banana cv. Grand naine at Horticultural Research Aswaraopet, SKLTSHU, during 2018-2020. Black polythene mulch, organic mulch, 100 percent RDF, 75 percent RDF and 50 percent RDF doses were used as mulching and fertigation treatments. The results that, both mulching materials alone and in combination with 100 percent RDF fertigation significantly influenced, the yield characters in terms of number of fruits per bunch, fruit weight (g), bunch weight (kg), yield (t/ha). Whereas, mulching treatments did not significantly influence the quality parameters viz., TSS and shelf life. Among mulching treatments organic mulch (M₂) has recorded maximum yield (49.92 t/ha) by increasing the number of fruits per bunch (112.82), fruit weight (194.39 g) and bunch weight (20.22 kg) compared to control. RDF 100 percent (F₁) treatment has recorded maximum yield (51.72 t/ha) through increasing number of fruits per bunch (107.94), fruit weight (208.49 g) bunch weight (20.94 kg), and also improved the fruit quality parameters viz., TSS (22.67 ⁰Brix) and shelf life (11.11 days) compare to control and other fertigation treatments. Among the interactions organic mulch along with 100 percent RDF (M2F1) treatment has recorded maximum yield (52.89 t/ha) by increasing the number of fruits per bunch (118.45), bunch weight (21.42 kg) and also increased the fruit shelf life (11.56 days) compared to control and other combinations.

3 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

043586   SAHA D , KESHRI J P , SAHA N C (Burdwan Univ, West Bengal) : Assesment of seasonal phytoplankton diversity of abandoned coal pits in Harabhanga village, Raniganj, West-Bengal with reference to pollution status caused by heavy metals. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 59-66.

Coal mining is one of the core industries that contributes to the economic development of a country but deteriorates the environment in certain ways. In the process of mining, huge amount of water is discharged on surface to facilitate the mining operation. The discharged water often contains high load of TSS, TDS, hard and heavy metals, which contaminate the surface and ground water. Sometimes it is acidic in nature and pollutes the water regime. The water is mainly rain water and mine discharge. The investigation was carried out to determine the pollution status caused by heavy metals of abandoned open cast mine pits through the assessment of phytoplankton diversity. The investigated sites were abandoned Harabhanga pit and Damalia pit in Harabhanga Village, Raniganj, West Bengal. The seasonal limnological study with respect to heavy metals was targeted to get uncommon biomass & algal biodiversity variation. Diatoms, followed by pollution indicator forms like Scenedesmus, Oscillatoria, Euglena, Phacus etc. were noted. The Damalia pit was found richer in comparison. Interestingly Dinoflagellate genera like Peridinium & Gymnodinium were noted. Although diatoms were recorded, dominant genera were Trachelomonas, Anabaena, Microcystis & Oscillatoria. Harabhanga pit represented a different composition of diversity having Merismopedia & Oscillatoria among blue greens, Melosira & Melosira among diatoms, Euglena & Lepocinlis among Euglenophytes and Coelastrum, Closterium & Lacunastrum among green algae. Most of the genera are pollution tolerant but some Prasinophytes are found in all water bodies. After this work it was found that rainy season is the most affective time in terms of heavy metals contamination, so phytoplankton diversity is high. The same status continues in post-monsoon season due to retention of the same metal substances in the pit water bodies. The lower rate of contamination in pre-monsoon season or dry hot summer months due to lack of surface runoff or other contaminations phytoplankton diversity appeared higher.

7 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

043584   YOGEESHAPPA H, SRINIVASAMURTHY CA (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Horticulture Coll, Bagalkot, Karnataka) : Characterization of human urine: An alternative to plant nutrient sources in sustainable agriculture. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 49-54.

The concentration of nutrients in urine from persons of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet and of different age groups were conducted with objectives of characterize human urine and to study the changes in nutrient composition when stored under open and closed conditions. Human urine was slightly acidic in reaction (5.73, 5.56 and 5.59, from persons of 40 years age group, respectively), and has appreciable amount of salts 6.36, 7.50 and 7.24 dS m-1 from 40 years age group). The nitrogen varied slightly with age that is 0.30, 0.33 and 0.33 per cent N whereas, P and K content was almost half of that of nitrogen, 0.19, 0.17 and 0.16 per cent P2O5 and 0.16, 0.17 and 0.19 per cent K₂O, in urine from persons of < 20, 20 to 40 and >40 year age group, respectively. The concentration of calcium (11.80, 12.60 and 17.00 meql^-1 ) and magnesium (23.70, 29.23 and 36.94 meqL^-1 ) was found to be substantial. Human urine had anions like sulphate (0.12, 0.14 and 0.12 per cent), bicarbonate (9.09, 10.37 and 9.60 meqL^-1 ) and chloride (28.65, 32.66 and 31.41 meqL^-1 ). Human urine also contained appreciable amount of micronutrients. The zinc concentration with an average value of 18.02, 19.70 and 20.90 mgL^-1 . The iron content with mean value of 120.44, 122.40 and 126.90 mgl^-1 . The manganese average value of 22.36, 22.42 and 23.26 mgL^-1 . The copper content with the mean of 44.83, 45.83 and 46.69 mgl^-1 for samples of 40 years age group respectively. Later on 30 and 60 DAI all the samples from different categories recorded alkaline in reaction. The loss of Nitrogen content was recorded in case of openly incubated condition as compared to closed condition.

5 tables, 18 ref

043583   PRUTHVIRAJ , EKABOTE S D , DIVYAJYOTHI U, CHORGASTI N (Plant Pathology Dep, Agriculture Shivamogga Coll, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : Survey for fungal fruit spots and fruit rots of pomegranate in central dry zone of Karnataka. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 45-8.

Among the different fungal diseases, fruit spots and fruit rots pomegranate caused Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia geniculata and Pestalotiopsis microspora are the most important. Survey for the fungal fruit spots and fruit rots of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was conducted during 2017-2018 in major pomegranate growing areas in central dry zone of Karnataka to assess the severity of fungal fruit spots and fruit rots of pomegranate in Chitradurga, Tumkur, Davanagere and Hassan districts. The per cent disease index was recorded using 0-5 scale. The maximum per cent disease index (49.78 %) was recorded in Tumkur district followed by Davanagere (46.58 %) and the mean least severity (30.70 %) was noticed in Hassan district.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

043582   SINGH M , VIKAS V, SHARMA R (SKUAST Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir) : emporal change in Carbon dioxide levels in atmosphere during weekend lockdown restrictions amid COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu City (J&K Union Territory, India). Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 42-4.

An analysis was done to evaluate the change in Carbon dioxide level due to the implementation of weekend lockdown restrictions. The data was analyzed through Descriptive Statistics and Pearson Correlation using SPSS 16.0. Through the analysis, it was observed that the deviation in Carbon dioxide levels during 1^st weekend of lockdown compared to weekdays was -2.41 % and during 2^nd week, the deviation between weekends to weekdays was -1.90 %. Also, graphical analysis depicted that during the enforcement of restrictions in 1^st week; the values of CO₂ level in atmosphere went below 405 ppm, however during weekdays it surged to >420 ppm. Again in 2^nd week, the CO₂ levels were below than weekdays but slightly above 1^st weekend lockdown values. Thus, the consistently dropping pattern noticed in CO₂ levels describes weekend lockdown an effective solution to curb the pace of emissions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

043581   SHARMA D , VAIDYA P (Agriculture Dep, Maharishi Markandeshwar Univ, Sadopur Ambala, Haryana) : A review on effect of biofertilizers on paddy. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 38-41.

Biofertilizers are natural fertilizers which are microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae, fungi alone, or in combination. They augment the availability of nutrients to the plant and help in maintaining soil fertility. The biofertilizers use living microorganisms that establish a symbiotic relationship with the plants and promote plant growth by increasing the primary nutrient supply to the host plant. The role of biofertilizers in agriculture assumes special significance, particularly in the present context of the increased cost of chemical fertilizers and their hazardous effects on soil health. Blue-green algae (BGA) which act as a biofertilizer are known to contribute up to 80 kg N/ha/season. The application of biofertilizer with beneficial microbes improve the leaf chlorophyll, plant nutrients, and grain protein content in paddy. Hence, the application of biofertilizers helps reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by 50 %. Application of biofertilizers (yeast extract, Azolla, BGA, and rhizobium) with 107 kg N/ha in saline soils results in a slight increase in the paddy yield. Higher content (%) in grain and straw were found in PA-6444 with 125 % RDF + Biofertilizer treatment. Biofertilizers also reduce the intensity of diseases in paddy. Consortia of biofertilizers-Trichoderma spp. combined with composted straw reduce the intensity of rice diseases i.e. brown spot, narrow brown spot, sheath rice blight, and bacterial leaf blight diseases. Therefore, biofertilizers can be used in combination with inorganic fertilizers to increase the yield of paddy on a sustainable basis.

1 illus, 25 ref

043580   IANGRAI L , CHATURVEDI SS (Environmental Studies Dep, North Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong, Meghalaya) : Floristic composition and population characteristic of woody species in community forest of Mawlyngbna, Meghalaya. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 31-7.

Woody species diversity and population characteristics was investigated in Mawlyngbna, East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya, North East India. The village located in Cherrapunjee- Mawsynram plateau, one of the wettest place on the planet. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2018. The woody species was sampled by laying fifty quadrats of 100m² size randomly. During the investigation a total 38 species belonging to 33 genera and 22 families were recorded in the community forest of Mawlyngbna. Lauraceae, Fagaceae, and Euphorbaceae were the dominant families. Species diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 in the forest were individually counted, numbered and measured and their density per plot and frequency were estimated. Height of each tree were recorded using a rough estimation in all plots and were grouped into three height classes (large tree ≥ 15m, medium tree 8-15m, small tree < 8m).

3 illus, 6 tables, 42 ref

043578   KALARANI MK , VELMURUGAN M , KAVITHA PS (Crop Physiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Assessment of physiological efficiency of cassava genotypes under salt stress. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 21-4.

The present investigation was carried out during 2019-2020 at Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Yethapur to assess the physiological efficiency of cassava genotypes under salt stress. The experiment was initiated with cassava YTP2 and TCMS 7 (salt tolerant), H226 and Kunguma rose (moderately salt tolerant) and Sree Athulya (salt susceptible) with two level of salt treatments viz., control and 120mM NaCl. Cement structures were established with the height of 20cm and width of 30cm for adding salt water. Only one plant was maintained in each structure. Salt water treatments were imposed from day one of planting to 120 days after planting once in three days. Experiment was replicated five times and followed Completely Randomized Factorial Design. The results revealed that, cassava genotype YTP2 recorded maximum super oxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activity. Higher osmotic adjustment of 1.9 Mpa and 1.7 Mpa was seen in YTP2 and H226 leaves respectively. With respect to osmotic potential, more reduced potential was observed in TCMS7 (-3.8 Mpa) followed by YTP2 (-3.6 Mpa) and also minimum reduction on tuber yield was observed in YTP2 (17.3 %) under salt stress.

3 tables, 22 ref

043577   REDDY T R K , REDDY T B , RAMANA C V (Environmental Sciences Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Ambient air quality in and around industrial area, Visakhapatnam, AP, India. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 16-20.

Monitoring of air quality is mainly focused on consequences and present status of air quality of the study area. Monitoring was done at 3 different sampling locations i.e., Paravada, Vadachipurapalli and Appikonda. In the present study, four air quality parameters selected and analysed i.e., PM10, PM2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ at three different locations during three seasons covered within two calendar years of 2016 and 2017. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations recorded in higher during July 2016 to June 2017 and it decreases during July-October and increases from the month of February 2017 to June 2017. All the parameters were seasonally varied, the higher in winter seasons and decreased in rainy seasons. The annual concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were recorded at all the sampling locations were higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) during study period. Both NO₂ and SO₂ concentration were below the NAAQS levels during all the seasons. The present study can be reveals that the air pollution is deteriorating rapidly, and it is high time to implement the clean air act immediately to reduce such destruction.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

043576   MAHESH G, SAIDA NAIK D , CHANDRA MOHAN Y , NARENDER REDDY S , YASASWINI CHOWDARY B (Crop Physiology Dep, Agriculture Coll, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Path coefficient analysis and correlation among grain yield and kernel characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 12-5.

An investigation was carried out using 16 rice genotypes including 11 maintainer lines and 5 varieties for grain yield and kernel characters to understand the association among yield components and their direct and indirect influence on the grain yield. Analysis of variance revealed considerable variability among the genotypes for 13 the characters among 15 characters. The correlation analysis indicated that grain yield was significantly associated with plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, leaf area index and number of grains per panicle. Results of path-coefficient analysis revealed that kernel length had the highest positive direct effect on grain yield followed by number of grains per panicle, number of productive tillers per plant and test weight. Hence, selection based on these traits could help to bring simultaneous improvement of yield, yield attributes and kernel characters.

1 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

043575   BIRTEEB P T , AJIT , VARGHESE C , JAGGI S (ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi) : Development and comparative diagnosis of conventional (linear/nonlinear) and artificial intelligence techniques-based predictive models for estimating timber volume of Tectona grandis. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(4), 01-11.

This study aimed to develop volume estimation models which will be robust and useful for predicting merchantable volume of teak trees in different teak growing regions of the world. The data was statistically simulated based on various published models for different teak growing conditions in different parts of the world. A total of thirteen models comprising nine conventional (linear and nonlinear) and four Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques-based models, thus two Support Vector Machine (SVM) techniques and two Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques, were fitted to the data. Several statistical model selection criteria including Efron’s pseudo R-squared, Root Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Bias, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, Index of Agreement and Akaike Information Criterion were used to evaluate and rank the models’ performances from best to worst. All AI techniques-based models were superior over conventional models in performance, and the overall best model was SVM technique followed by an ANN technique. Among conventional models, allometric models generally fitted the data better than linear regression type models, with model ????₅ being the best while ????₂ was the worst. Combination of tree diameter at breast height (dbh) and height as predictors of tree volume was shown to improve model prediction accuracy for teak trees irrespective of the model involved. On the basis of the varied nature of the data used for model fitting, the developed models would be useful in making reliable predictions of teak timber volume for different teak growing regions across the world. The models have wide application potential and may be recommended for use in managing teak plantation inventory in different parts of the world.

2 illus, 8 tables, 53 ref

043574   RUHEENTAJ , VIDYAVATHI GY , SARAWAD IM , SURAKOD VS (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agriculture Coll, Vijayapur, Karnataka) : Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield, soil fertility, seed quality and economics of Moth bean in shallow black soil of northern dry zone, Karanataka. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 369-74.

The study was conducted during kharif 2018 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur to know the effect of organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient management practices on soil fertility, seed quality and economics of mothben cultivation. Results revealed that significantly higher available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium was found with combined application of 12.5:25:0 N: P₂O₅: K₂O kg ha^-1 + Vermicompost at 1.0 t ha^-1 followed by FYM at 2.5 t ha^-1 + 12.5 : 25 : 0 N: P₂O₅: K₂O kg ha^-1 as compared to control. Significantly higher crude protein content was also observed with above said treatments. Significantly higher B: C was found with FYM at 2.5 t ha^-1 + 12.5: 25: 0 N: P₂O₅: K₂O kg ha^-1

3 tables, 16 ref

043573   BHAVANA B , LAXMINARAYANA P , LATHA A M , ANJAIAH T (Agronomy Dep, Agriculture Coll, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Precision nitrogen management through leaf colour chart for improved yield attributes and yield of transplanted rice. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 366-8.

A field experiment was carried out during kharif, 2018 on sandy loam soil at college farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, with an objective to optimize nitrogen level and to determine LCC critical value for short duration transplanted rice. There were 9 treatments with 3 replications laid out in RBD which included two doses of nitrogen (120 and 150 kg ha^-1 ) applied on basis of two critical LCC values^{- 3} and 4. In turn N was applied in 3 equal splits incase of 120 kg N ha^-1 and with 150 kg N ha^-1 it was applied in 3 and 4 splits with half as basal. These LCC based treatments were evaluated against control with no nitrogen, recommended method and farmers practice with (120-60-40), (180-80-40) RDF respectively applied at fixed time intervals. Results revealed that, N application based on LCC value^-4 was more beneficial than LCC^-3 in improving yield attributes and yield of rice. N application at 150 kg ha^-1 at LCC^-4 (T₉) produced significantly (p=0.05) highest panicles m^-2 (279), length of panicle (22.9 cm), spikelets panicle^-1 (108), filled grains panicle^-1 (98), test weight (24.71 g) and grain yield (6,533 kg ha^-1 ). Thus LCC-4 based N applicaton is considered as suitable nitrogen management technique in transplanted rice.

1 table, 12 ref

043572   GURUSAMY P , RUDRASAMY B , RAMAN MS (Insitute of Agriculture, Kumulur, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Consumer awareness and preferences towards genetically modified crops. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 362-5.

Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) refer to plants and animals containing genes transferred from other species to produce certain characters such as resistance to pest, disease and drought etc. There are controversies in GM crops production and consumption, apart from that it’s useful to know the consumer awareness and preferences is essential for policy development towards the production and consumption of GM crops. This paper analyzes the consumer awareness and preferences of genetically modified crops in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. Apart from consumer survey, the probit model was used to analyze the willingness and non-willingness of the consumption of GM crops. The results showed that the consumer preferences towards GM crops is positive and about more than 50 % of the sample respondents are willing to consume GM crops if the government approved. Yet, there are many challenges ahead for the scientists and governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation and food labeling.

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

043571   MOHAPATRA D , LAKSHMI V V (RMCS Dep, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Perception towards E-waste management among rural and urban households. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 357-61.

The splurge of technology and frequent innovations in ICT sector had multiplied the obsolete electronic products due to complete or partial dependency by majority of the population. With a view to analyse awareness on e-waste, the present study was undertaken to study the impact of education on perception towards E-waste management among Rural and Urban Household Users in Hyderabad. Total samples of 120 were selected through simple random sampling method. Exploratory research design was adopted by using a structured questionnaire. The demographic profile was distributed according to the different categories given in Modified Kuppuswamy’s socio-economic status scale updated for the year 2019. The data was analysed using frequency, percentage, mean and chi-square test. The results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to the age of 30-40 years (32.50 %), male members (61.67 %), were graduates (53.33 %), had occupation of professionals (46.67 %), income between Rs.39,033 to 78,062 (39.17 %), belonged to the upper middle class (35.83 %), nuclear family (67.50 %) and living in own residence (69.17 %). The overall mean score of perception level by the help of likert scale was found within the range of 2.53 to 3.53 values. Hence, the perception levels regarding e-waste disposal in the community was observed as medium. A positive and significant association was found between education and perception of the respondents. This implies that education leads to more perception. So, educational campaigns are needed to increase the awareness about e-waste among masses.

3 tables, 14 ref

043569   ARYA P , RATHORE H , PANWAR NL (Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Household (Kitchen) air pollution and its health effects and control measures. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 344-8.

Worldwide, more than three billion people are dependent on the burning of solid fuel for cooking and heating of their houses. Incomplete combustion products emitted into the indoor air form a health threat, especially for women, young children and senior citizens. Air quality is also influenced on a local and global scale and the unsustainable harvesting of fuel wood leads to deforestation. Household (Kitchen) environmental quality has a significant impact on public health and well-being. These hazards cause and exacerbate a variety of adverse health effects in humans, ranging from acute and chronic respiratory symptoms etc. This review is an attempt to explore effects of kitchen allergen exposure and focusing on household (kitchen) pollutants such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter (PM_2.5) due to combustion of solid fuel. Additionally, control measures are described and improvement of such harmful environmental conditions should be undertaken.

52 ref

043568   BASAVARAJAPPA SH , RAJU NS (Studies and Research in Environmental Science Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shimoga, Karnataka) : Interrelationship between phytoplankton groups and water chemistry variables in two lakes of Mysore using multivariable analysis. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 336-43.

Interrelation between plankton groups and water chemistry variables in two lakes of Mysore (Hadhinaru lake and Arasanakere lake).were studied. Multivariable analysis was used for the study; Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that in Hadhinaru lake Desmids and Euglenaceae were negatively correlated to physico-chemical parameters and in Arasanakere lake very few plankton showed +ve correlations. Desmids showed high correlation with physico-chemical variables correlation coefficient were significantly high in both water bodies CCA serves as an important tool in freshwater ecological studies.

4 illus, 8 tables, 18 ref

043566   PANDEY A K , SINGH A , SINGH U (Mandan Bharti Agriculture Coll, Agwanpur, Saharsa, Bihar) : Knowledge and attitude of farmers towards vermicompost technology in Saharsa district of Bihar. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 329-30.

A study was conducted with 120 randomly selected farmers in from the Saharsa district of Bihar state. The study revealed that majority of the farmers (70.83 %) had medium level of knowledge and about (75 %) had favourable attitude towards vermicompost technology. The major constraints noticed were inadequate training facility, lack of organized market, lack of extension contact, lack of government support, lack of scientific knowledge, lack of relevant literatures and attack of insect. Removing these constraints need organized efforts from all stakeholders namely; farmers, government global administration and research institute and non-government organization. There is great’s need of creating awareness and ensuring active participation.

2 tables, 11 ref

043565   HIREMATA V, NARAYANASWAMY M , NARAYANSWAMY H , SATISH KM (Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bagalkot, Karnataka) : Survey for the assessment of arecanut yellow leaf disease (YLD) incidence in malnad region of Karnataka. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 326-8.

Arecanut is one of the most important commercial crops of coastal and malnad region of Karnataka. It is threatened by many diseases, of which yellow leaf disease is the major threat for the arecanut cultivation. The roving survey conducted during September 2018 in Sringeri and Koppa taluks of Chikkamagalur district of Karnataka. The incidence of YLD in arecanut plantations was ranged from 86.59 to 96.20 per cent. Among different villages of Sringeri and Koppa taluks surveyed, highest disease incidence was recorded in Muruvinakombe village (96.20 %) followed by Talamakki (94.89 %) and disease index was also highest in the Muruvinakombe (95.14 %) and followed by Talamakki (95.15 %). YLD incidence was comparatively more in certain varieties / hybrids where highest population of the plant hoppers found in that particular area. This could be attributed by the genetic composition of the cultivars grown in that area and the variation in the environmental conditions like temperature and relative humidity, vector population, cropping pattern and collateral natural hosts.

1 table, 13 ref

043563   SUNITHA CH, CHINNAM NAIDU D , RAJA KUMAR N , BHAGYA LAKSHIMI K , CHITTI BABU G (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh) : Assessment of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) hybrids for performance and adoptability at Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 317-9.

Tomatoes are known for their nutritional significance and they are cultivated by the majority of farmers worldwide. Majority of the farmers in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh cultivate local varieties which are not high yielding and high prone to pests and diseases. In this contest introduction of high yielding hybrids are necessary to enhance productivity. By keeping this in view Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh conducted On Farm Trial on “Assessment of Tomato Hybrids in Srikakulam district” in order to assess the performance of hybrids such as Arka Abhed and Arka Samrat with locally cultivated Lakshmi hybrid. The Average fruit weight was recorded 70.96g, 70.69g, and 68.11g and number of fruits per plant recorded 26.08, 25.01, 22.15 respectively in Arka Abhed, Arka Samrat and Lakshmi hybrids. A considerable increase in yield (54.55 t/ha) in Arka Abhed and (52.35 t/ha) in Arka Samrat was recorded where compared to farmers practice (45.33 t/ha) Lakshmi hybrid.

2 tables, 16 ref

043562   RAJESWARI V , VIJAYALAKSHMI D , SRINIVASAN S , SWARNAPRIYA R , VARANAVASIAPPAN S , JEYAKUMAR P (Crop Physiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Dissection of physiological traits for drought and heat stress tolerance in chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 307-16.

Combined occurrence of drought and heat stresses becomes a major constraint in the era of 21^st century. The present study was carried out in chilli K1, TNAU chilli hybrid CO1 and Ramanathapuram Gundu with six treatments of heat and drought to standardize the combined stress levels. The experiment to study the physiological basis of stress tolerance was conducted in open top chambers. The results showed that chilli could tolerate a combined stress up to a stress tolerance index of 0.501 based on the flowering and yield traits and this coincided with 60 % pot capacity and ambient temperature + 3 °C stress. Variety K1 had better tolerance to the combined stress with minimum yield reduction of 43.90 % while, the Hybrid CO1 had poor performance with higher yield reduction of 57.23 %. Irrespective of the genotypes, osmotic potential, osmotic adjustment and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were traits strongly associated with drought tolerance. Melaondialdehyde (MDA), plant height and leaf temperature were found to be associated with heat tolerance. The susceptibility of Hybrid CO1 was strongly correlated with severe reduction in RLWC and plant height and significant increase in MDA content under combined stresses

4 illus, 4 tables, 51 ref

043561   SINHA A , ROY A , GOGOI P , PANDIT A , DAS BK (ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Enhancing livelihood of rural tribal of Sagar Island, Sundarbans through fisheries management in derelict open waters. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 300-6.

The Sagar Island, situated at the mouth of Hoogly River and known as Ganga Sagar, is a part of Indian Sundarbans and rich in rivulets, creeks and mangrove swamps. The low-lying Sagar Island is cyclone prone but inhibited by many settlements flanking the coastline. Tribal population particularly, Santhal and Munda clans are settled in some pockets of Sagar Island. Poverty, illiteracy and financial exclusion made the tribal community vulnerable to economic shock. An attempt was made to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor through improved fish culture practices in derelict water bodies in Khan Saheber Abad village of Sagar Islands. Fish seed, feed, fertilizers, nets etc. were distributed to fifteen numbers of households to encourage them for fish culture in the derelict waters in the village. After a culture period of eleven months, a total of 1,057 kg fish was harvested from an area of 1.017 ha of derelict water bodies. Fish species named Scatophagus argus, Liza parsia, Liza tade, Rhinomugil corsula, Mystus gulio were cultured in brackish water while, fresh waters were stocked by Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhimus mrigala, Labeo bata, Puntius sarana and small indigenous fish viz., Amblypharyngodon mola, Puntius ticto and Salmostomo bacaila for continuous availability of fishes for nutritional security of the poor villagers. Cost benefit ratio1.39 was achieved which show that utilization of derelict waters could be an alternative livelihood for the rural tribal’s of Sagar Island.

1 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

043560   BOOMIGA M , JEGADEESWARI V (Spices and Plantation Crops Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Drought screening in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) based on root and shoot parameters. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 289-99.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) belongs to the family Malvaceae originated from Amazon forests and highly sensitive to drought or water deficit condition. This study was conducted with 35 cocoa single plant selections collected from Thondanuthur and Vedapatti regions of Coimbatore districts and the screening was done in Coconut nursery, Department of Spices and Plantation crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The seedling of 3 months old were used for the screening with two different moisture conditions viz., 100 percent field capacity and 50 percent field capacity. After imposition of treatments, observations on root and shoot parameters were taken after 45 days. Among the 35 plus trees, under 50 % FC Tc (Vedapatti) 48 recorded more number of roots, maximum fresh weight, maximum whole plant fresh weight and highest root volume. Tc (Vedapatti) 2 recorded increased fresh root weight and dry root weight under stress condition. Tc (Vedapatti) 86 recorded high dry shoot weight and whole plant dry weight under 50 % FC when compared to control. Baby santhini (2017) also reported the same in case of root characters evaluated under different stress condition in cocoa. Similarly, the seedling of plus trees, Tc (Vedapatti) 2, Tc (Vedapatti) 48 and Tc (Vedapatti) 86 was also recorded less difference in root recorded under different irrigation regime (50 and 100 per cent respectively). Hence, these plus trees can be further evaluated in the field condition to screen for drought tolerance.

10 tables, 9 ref

043559   KAUR H, DEVI M , PARMAR N (Maharishi Markandeshwar Univ, Sadopur, Ambala, Haryana) : Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil physio-chemical and biological properties: A review. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 286-8.

The population of India crosses 1000 million people. It is estimated that the population will reach 1400 million by 2025, requiring 300 million tonnes of food grains and the increase in production will have to come from higher yields. In order to reach the required yield levels, the use of fertilizer will need to increase and improve. In this review paper we discuss the effect of an organic and inorganic fertilizers on the soil physio-chemical and biological properties. The efficiency of fertilizer use could be improved through combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers that include an application of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients according to crop requirements. The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers effect the soil properties at very high rate. The use of inorganic fertilizer is extreme in major agricultural states like Punjab and Haryana where NPK use ratios are very high. India’s Chemical Fertilizers: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium consumption per hectare in all India data was reported at 133.120 kg per hectare in 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 127.880 kg/ha for 2018. The organic fertilizers help to increase soil fertility and quality as compared to inorganic fertilizers. A literature search revealed that application of NPK plus pig manure is the preferred option to enhance SOC accumulation, improve soil fertility and quality, and increases yield of crop.

19 ref

043558   SAXENA R (Govt. M.J.S. PG Coll, Bhind, Madhya Pradesh) : Evaluation of chemical aspect of biogas upgradation (CBG production) techniques & their environmental impact. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 278-85.

Biogas is a renewable source of energy derived from anaerobic digestion of biomass which mainly comprises of dairy waste widely available in form of cattle dung in the Indian villages. Its main constituent comprises of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide with trace of nitrogen, water vapour, hydrogen, oxygen, organic silicon compounds and ammonia, however, their composition varies with the source. In modern world compressed biogas is the fuel of choice and necessity, not only in India but for the world. Biogas upgrading is a gas separation task, finally yielding a methane-rich product. In order to obtain methane rich gas, the biogas must pass through two processes, a cleaning process & an upgrading process. In the later calorific value and other parameters are adjusted to meet the specifications of it as fuel by the removal of carbon dioxide, sulphur & moisture etc. This upgraded gas can be compressed to CBG, which is a good alternative to CNG and can be used as vehicle fuel and for running power plants and also it has other important uses in different industries. The upgrading systems used could be organic physical scrubbing, water scrubbing, amine scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, water scrubber, cryogenic separation and liquefaction. The suitability of technology is decided by various aspects including cost, size and quantity of biogas generation, quality of biogas and process economics. The clean and upgraded biogas can be introduced in to the natural gas grid since it is comprised of mostly CH4. The purified biogas can be bottled in CNG cylinders to obtain CBG and it can be used as an alternative to CNG. The paper intends to summarize the technologies available for biogas upgradation that can be carried out for production of effective compressed biogas. The cost of storing and transporting biomethane along with the assessment of environmental impact of these methods is also reported.

3 tables, 40 ref

043557   CHOUKSEY N, MISHRA GC , CHOUKSEY R (RMD Coll of Agriculture & Res. Sta. Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh) : Hybrid time series model for forecasting of nitrogen uptake in rice. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 2020, 2(3), 274-7.

There are available several linear time-series forecasting models in the literature. In which important and most comman technique for analysis of univariate time-series is Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology (Box et al., 2007). Sometimes addition of the other exogenous variables increases the prediction accuracy of ARIMA model (ARIMAX). For this aspect, we applied different p and q order ARIMAX model for five nutrient combinations of nitrogen content, which is further, developed by including organic carbons an input (exogenous) variable. Among the linear models, the ARIMAX model performed better as compare to ARIMA model. However, the performance of machine intelligence techniques like Hybrid of linear and nonlinear model is better as compared to linear time series models. The variations in nitrogen uptake for rice crop data for all treatments are large. This could be the reason that Hybrid of linear and nonlinear model found heterogeneous trend in the data set and performed well as compare to ARIMA and ARIMAX. Further the comparision of the forecasted values by hybrid model of different treatments ( control, 100 % NPK, 100 % NPK+ Zn, 100 % NPK+ FYM, 50 % N+100 % PK+ GM) result has been concluded that 100 % NPK+FYM treatment gave highest forecasted value in comparison to other treatments.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref